Famous American economists of the last century K.R. McConnell and S.L. Brew writes that "a market is any institution or mechanism that brings together buyers and sellers of a particular product or service."
The market, in general terms, is a system of exchange of products of labor, different in their consumer properties, as commodities. The exchange between suppliers and buyers is not free, but is carried out on a reimbursable basis. It follows that the market presupposes the presence of labor products that are different in their consumer properties, as well as different owners.
The emergence and formation of the market is due to the development of the social division of labor and commodity production. With the growth of commodity production, the market also develops - a way of exchanging products that are intended for sale, and not for consumption by the producers themselves.
Under the slave system, the production of goods and commodity circulation within individual countries were extremely poorly developed. This fact led to a low product range, which was sent to the foreign market. And yet, it was during this period, with the slave-owning mode of production of goods, that the world market arose. In those days, it was mainly an inland market. Greece, Rome, Ancient Egypt traded between themselves and with numerous cities of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. But slavery, by its very nature, was not commodity production and therefore could only partially serve as the basis for the development of foreign trade. Its stronger foundation was handicraft production. Therefore, the world commodity market that took shape in the era of slavery, in its socio-economic nature, was a craft-slave-owning market.
There was almost no differentiation in social production. Commodity exchange between individual commodity producers covered only small areas. Merchant capital, acting as an intermediary between commodity producers, gradually involved more and more new districts and regions in the exchange.
But in the conditions of their political and industrial disunity, commodity exchange was of an irregular nature: there was no single national market, social needs were satisfied mainly with locally produced products. The weak development of the social division of labor within individual countries prevented the establishment of regular trade relations between them. Foreign trade had not yet received significant development and was not essential in meeting the needs of feudal society as a whole.
However, it was under feudalism that the ancient world intracontinental market developed into an intercontinental one. Medieval China traded not only with India, but also with Arabia and South Africa. Venice and Genoa traded both with the feudal countries of Europe, and with Egypt and the states of the Middle East. The voyage of Vasco da Gama connected these two regional international markets, and the discovery of America by Columbus and the circumnavigation of Magellan connected all regional markets into a single chain.
The method of exchanging products of labor as goods produced by owners separated from each other began to develop at the end of the era of feudalism under the influence of the emergence of capitalist enterprises, the separation of industry from agriculture, with the specialization of agriculture in different regions in the production of certain types of goods, due to crushing industrial production for a growing number of industries.
Under the conditions of developing capitalist commodity production, each of the branches of industry and agriculture is gradually becoming a market for each other. The differentiation of production into specialized branches contributed to the expansion of the social division of labor. The deeper the division of labor becomes, the more commodity production develops, the more the sphere of commodity exchange expands, i.e. a national market emerges. When the process of specialization of capitalist production goes beyond the boundaries of individual countries, then it is supplemented by international exchange, and on this basis a new world market develops.
Thus, the world market began to represent a set of markets of individual countries, which are interconnected by barter. The world market is based on the international production specialization of individual countries and is an area where, in order to ensure expanded reproduction, products produced by one country are replaced by products from another. The exchange of goods on the world market is a process that ensures the continuity of expanded reproduction. Therefore, the relationship between producers different countries through the exchange of goods expands as the scale of production increases. .
The world market in its development goes through three stages, determined by the development of production:
Each stage in the development of the world capitalist market has its own characteristics, determined by the capitalist mode of production itself. The world market at the stage of preparation for the capitalist mode of production was still in its infancy, undeveloped state. The defining feature of foreign trade at this stage was the predominant role of merchant capital, which acted as an intermediary in the process of circulation of goods produced mainly by small commodity producers and partly by capitalist manufactories.
The decisive influence on the formation of single national markets, and then the further development of the world intercontinental market, was exerted by big industry. As a result of the industrial revolution that took place in England in the last third of the 18th century, and then during the 19th century. and in other countries of Europe and America, large-scale industry began to develop rapidly, which accelerated the formation of national markets and led to the formation of a world capitalist market.
The world market in the stage of capitalism covers the period from the industrial revolution in England at the end of the 18th century to the end of the 18th century. until the end of the 70s of the XIX century, when world trade acquired fully developed features. This stage is characterized by the confident victory of large-scale machine industry in England. The world market is emerging from its initial state and is beginning to take shape as a category of capitalism.
In the 60-70s of the XIX century. A characteristic feature of the world market is the final consolidation of the dominant role of industrial capital in the economic life of the developed capitalist countries, primarily Germany and the USA, whose industry in terms of its level of development began to catch up with England.
The corporate stage of capitalism covers the period from the 80s of the XIX century. to the present day, when the transition from the capitalism of free competition of individual enterprises to different forms corporate dominance. At this stage, the formation of the world market was completed on the basis of the formation of a single capitalist economic system and the worldwide dominance of finance capital.
There are several periods in the development of the modern world economy and the involvement of national economies in it.
The first period - 20-30s. XX century - crisis phenomena in the development of the world economy. The crisis was accompanied by a general instability economic ties caused by the First World War, the Great Depression of the late 20-30s. in the development of the economy of the leading countries of the world.
The second period - the end of the 40s-80s. XX century - the main force in industrial relations became transnational corporations (TNCs), which formed international production complexes, including the creation of a product, its implementation, payments, lending.
The United States, which had sharply increased in its economic power during the Second World War, assisted in the economic revival of Western Europe. In June 1947, US Secretary of State General George Marshall put forward a plan to help European countries, which included measures to overcome devastation, stabilize public finance conversion and political stabilization. In April 1948, the US Congress passed a relief bill based on the Marshall Plan.
For four years (1948-1951) western European countries received assistance worth $17 billion at current prices (more than $150 billion at end-of-the-century prices), of which 70% was for fuel and food. American exports during this period increased by 60%, European - by 50%. The production of the most important types of industrial products in Europe has grown by 60-200%. In 1951 European GDP was 15% higher than pre-war levels.
The Soviet Union was also invited to participate in the Marshall Plan. But the leaders of the USSR (Stalin and Molotov) made a gross political mistake by rejecting the offer of help and dragging the country into a 45-year confrontation with an economically powerful enemy.
The Marshall Plan is one of the most successful economic programs in history. His results are impressive:
After the completion of the Marshall Plan (1951), as the colonial empires collapsed, aid programs were redirected to developing countries in order to keep them in the system of relations between Western countries. The elimination of the colonial system in the mid-60s. brought to the forefront of international life a large group developing countries which still occupy a special place in the world economy.
In the 50-80s. there was a convergence of the levels of development of the United States and other industrial developed countries. However, each individual country has not been able to get close enough to the level of development American economy. Foreign economic relations had a steady tendency to expand and deepen. The export quota of industrialized countries increased from 11% to 21%, and of developing countries - from 18% to 26%.
The third period - the last decade of the XX century - our days. The degree of development of geographical space has increased, economic interaction and interdependence have intensified. In the Eastern European countries, processes of formation and folding of economic and political structures close to Western states are taking place. The entry of the world economy into a new phase of development may mark the intensification of cooperation between countries, cause a strengthening of the unity of their economic and political structures.
The leading position in the world economy is occupied by seven industrialized countries - the USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. They account for more than 80% of the industrial production of the group of industrialized countries (AKP) and about 60% of the total world industrial production; respectively 70 and 60% of electricity production; more than 60% and about 50% of exports of goods and services.
In the last decades of the XX century. The United States significantly surpassed all countries in the world in terms of foreign trade turnover (share in world exports on average 13%, in imports - 11%) and the export of capital; the second place was occupied by Germany, the third - by Japan, which for the 1960-1990s. almost doubled its share of world exports.
By the end of the XX century. China entered the top ten trading powers (in 1980 - 20th in the list of leaders), with a share of 3.4% in world exports. By the beginning of the XXI century. the pace has risen sharply economic development and exports of China. The average annual growth rate of exports in the XXI century. (about 30%) put China among the world leaders in world trade.
Thus, the modern world market has developed in the process of long historical development on the basis of the domestic markets of some leading states. The market relations of these countries gradually went beyond the national-state framework.
Contemporary world economy heterogeneous. It includes states that differ in social structure, political structure, level of development productive forces and industrial relations, as well as the nature, scale and methods of international economic relations.
The main reasons for the emergence of an international system of commodity-money relations, which was formed on the basis of domestic markets, is globalization and the international division of labor. Development international relations began in the XVI-XVIII centuries, when the owners of manufactories were looking for new markets for the sale of products. Part of the goods began to be sold in other countries, forming national markets export oriented. The development of the industry influenced the unification of disparate trading centers, which contributed to the formation of a world market.
Characteristic features of the world market are: import-export of raw materials and finished products, the lack of clear time and territorial boundaries, the scale of cooperation, the use of leading currencies for transactions.
Acting as the basis for the international exchange of goods and services, the world market occupies a primary position in relation to production, informing industrial companies about what products and in what volume it is necessary to produce.
The activities of the world market are regulated by international agreements and standards, the implementation of which is controlled by the relevant international organizations.
The structure of the world market consists of:
The subjects of trade and economic relations between countries are individuals, entrepreneurs, commercial and industrial companies, financial institutions, government agencies, transnational corporations. The trading sector is represented by commodity, currency, stock exchanges, international exhibitions and fairs. Some of the above markets operate electronically.
Introduction
Questioning of respondents is one of the most important tools of sociological research.
Polls are an indispensable method of obtaining information about the subjective world of people, their inclinations, motives, and opinions. It is almost a universal method. Provided the proper precautions are taken, it provides information no less reliable than examination of documents or observation.
With the development of information systems and the growing influence of Internet technologies, a new stage has begun in the field of sociological research. At the moment, it is thanks to the worldwide network that it is easy to conduct surveys and surveys of a large and diverse audience.
This way of collecting information has more advantages in comparison with traditional methods. First, the Internet survey allows you to cover large geographic areas. Secondly, the results can be obtained at any time. In addition, this method of studying public opinion significantly reduces labor and financial costs.
The high efficiency of the method of conducting surveys on the Internet is due to the fact that, due to its communicative properties, it brings the interviewee and the interviewer as close as possible. In addition, the Internet allows you to significantly reduce the time spent on completing the questionnaire along the chain "interviewer - questioned - completed questionnaire - entering the questionnaire into the database - analyzing the questionnaire - presenting the results in graphical form." Modern information tools make it possible to reduce the time it takes for data to pass through this chain to just a few minutes. By comparison, doing all these steps manually takes at least a few days.
To the number distinctive features conducting surveys using the Internet also includes their low cost, automation of the survey process and analysis of its results, and the ability to focus the survey on the target audience.
Conducting a survey in the absence of an automated system is a very laborious process that requires large human resources. Summing up the results of the survey manually is a very time-consuming process, and in this case human errors are not ruled out. The developed system can significantly facilitate the work of the marketing department, reduce the time spent on summing up the results of the survey, reduce the number of employees involved in the process of conducting the survey, and also reduce the likelihood of errors when summing up the results of the survey.
The customer of this system is the marketing department of the BF MESI. One of the tasks of the marketing department is to conduct marketing research. Currently, in the implementation of this task, the marketing department expends certain resources, both material and human. The process of conducting a survey from preparation to the direct collection of questionnaires in the MESI CF is carried out manually. Therefore, there was a need to create a Web application that can automate the business processes of marketing research.
The main business goal of the project is to reduce costs when conducting marketing research at the MESI CF. Achieving this goal is planned by automating the process of questioning and the process of data processing using a Web application.
1. Choice of development methodology
The creation of any quality application is accompanied by the use of some methodology. Methodology is a systematized set of techniques, methods and principles for building, maintaining and/or improving software. The methodology provides the basis for the exchange of information, provides tools and techniques for organizing a reliable, repeatable software development process. The methodology divides the entire scope of work into organized phases and / or stages, which are then, in turn, divided into a plan and tasks, inputs and results, technological methods, tools, and the roles of team members in the product development process. A set of systematic examples of work is presented in the form of templates, routes, scenarios of actions and examples of organization of actions. Samples of work are easily adapted to projects of any specifics, creating a reliable basis for forming the structure of the organization. Based on the chosen methodology, specific design tools and software are selected. The most famous and popular methodologies for organizing a quality application development process are Rational Unified Process (RUP) and Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)
The Rational Unified Process (RUP) offers an iterative development model that includes four phases: start, explore, build, and deploy. Each phase can be broken down into stages (iterations) that result in a release for internal or external use. The passage through four main phases is called the development cycle, each cycle ends with the generation of a version of the system. If after that the work on the project does not stop, then the resulting product continues to develop and again passes through the same phases. The essence of work within the framework of RUP is the creation and maintenance of models, not paper documents, therefore this process is tied to the use of specific modeling tools (UML), as well as a specific design and development technology (object-oriented analysis, object-oriented analysis, OOA , object-oriented programming, object-oriented programming, OOP). RUP is a workflow that allows you to increase team productivity and unify the process of developing complex information systems by providing ready-made work organization models and document templates. The purpose of RUP is to create conditions for the development of products that fully meet the requirements of customers. RUP's scheduling charts help you streamline the development process and thus meet predetermined project deadlines and budgets.
The MicrosoftR Solutions Framework (MSF) is a set of detailed "how to" guides for developing both applications and infrastructure projects. Along with assistance in choosing a technology, MSF focuses on the human factor, as well as individual components of the development process. The system includes principles, models and examples of projects that help identify the most common errors and address them for correction to those responsible for this part of the project. A disciplined approach is critical to delivering quality business solutions to meet deadlines, requirements, and budget. MSF is similar to RUP, it also includes four phases: analysis, design, development, stabilization, is iterative, involves the use of object-oriented modeling. MSF is more focused on business application development than RUP.
As a development methodology, I settled on MSF, since this methodology was developed by Microsoft and adapted to the software products of this company. The MSF is a set of models, principles, and guidelines for designing and developing enterprise-wide solutions to successfully manage the people, processes, and tools of a project. MSF also offers proven methods for planning, designing, developing and deploying enterprise solutions.
The process model defines the design order and describes the life cycle of the project. There are two main formal models life cycle- cascade and spiral models.
Figure 1.1 Life cycle models
These models represent two different approaches to the organization of the project life cycle.
Cascade model. Here, the evaluation and transition of the project to the next stage is performed at milestones. All tasks related to one phase must be completed before the next phase begins. The waterfall model works best when a consistent set of requirements for the solution being developed can be clearly defined early in the project. Recording transitions from one phase to another makes it easier to assign responsibilities, report, and follow the project schedule.
Spiral model. This model takes into account the need for constant review, refinement and evaluation of design requirements. This approach can be very effective in rapid development. small projects. It stimulates active interaction between the project team and the customer, as the customer evaluates the progress and results of work throughout the project. The disadvantage of the spiral model is the lack of clear milestones, which can lead to chaos in the development process.
The MSF process model describes the overall workflow for building and deploying enterprise-level solutions. The model is quite flexible and adapts to a wide variety of requirements in projects of various sizes. MSF's process model is stage-oriented and controlled based on checkpoints, with an iterative approach applied to the development and deployment of traditional applications, enterprise e-commerce solutions, and distributed Web applications.
The MSF Process Model brings together the best of the Waterfall and Spiral models: milestone-based scheduling and predictability from the waterfall model, along with the feedback and collaborative creativity of the Spiral model.
The MSF process model consists of five well-defined steps:
Creating an overall picture of the application;
planning;
Developments;
stabilization;
Deployments.
Each stage ends with a checkpoint.
At the stage of creating a big picture of the application, the team, the customer and project sponsors define high-level business requirements and the overall goals of the project. the main task- agree on how the project is seen by different participants, and develop a common opinion among team members about the usefulness of the project for the company and its feasibility. At this stage, the main attention is paid to the clarity of the formulation of tasks.
At the stage of creating an overall picture of the application, the team solves various tasks.
Definition of the composition of the team, in which all the roles provided by the MSF team model should be represented. (The person responsible for creating the team is usually appointed by the company's management.) When organizing a team, it is important to take into account the skills, experience and performance of its individual members. Also, don't forget practical considerations such as the availability and accessibility of resources and budget.
Definition of the project structure - definition of the administrative structure of the project team and project management standards.
Definition of business goals - analysis of the business problem and opportunities to identify the goals of creating a product.
Assessment of the existing situation - analysis of the current state and assessment of the gap between the actual and expected state of affairs. The purpose of such an analysis is to formulate a list of tasks and determine the direction of the project.
Creating a project vision and scope document - developing and documenting the concept of the solution that the project team should be guided by in order to achieve the long-term business goals of the project. The scope of a project determines what is included in the context of the project and what is outside the scope of the project.
Defining user requirements and profiles - identifying all stakeholders, end users, and project sponsors, and documenting their solution requirements. This information helps to "sketch" the overall picture and boundaries of the project, as well as create a concept for the solution.
Development of the concept of the solution - the creation of the basic concept of the solution, that is, the "backbone" of the solution, which will become the basis of the future product. The concept is created based on the collected requirements.
Risk assessment - identification and clarification of the importance of various types of risk for the project, as well as the development of measures to eliminate or reduce risks. It is an iterative procedure carried out at all stages of the product life cycle.
Closing the solution big picture stage - completion of the stage, which is confirmed by the solution big picture and scope document approved by all stakeholders and the project team
The results of solving each task of the stage form the context and direction of subsequent stages of the project, as well as the overall picture and scope of the solution, which are provided to the customer. Here are the goals that the team achieves when creating the big picture of the solution.
The big picture and scope of the solution:
formulation of tasks and business goals;
analysis of existing processes;
the most general definition of user requirements;
user profiles that determine who will work with the product;
· the document of the big picture and the definition of the scope;
a solution concept that describes how the project is planned;
solution design strategies.
Project structure:
· a description of all MSF team roles and lists of team members;
Project structure and process standards to be followed by the team.
Risk assessment:
preliminary risk assessment;
a list of predefined risks;
plans to eliminate or reduce the impact of identified risks.
During the planning phase, the team decides what needs to be developed and creates product implementation plans. The team prepares the functional specification, creates the solution design and work plans, and evaluates the cost and timing of the planned results.
The planning phase analyzes the requirements, which are divided into business requirements, user requirements, functional requirements, and system requirements. They are necessary for designing the product and its functions, as well as for checking the correctness of the design.
After collecting and analyzing the requirements, the team creates a draft solution. Profiles are created that define the users of the product and their roles and responsibilities. The team then generates scenarios for using the system. A system use case (SIS) is a description of a process performed by a particular type of user. The command creates separate SIS for all user profiles. Then system use cases (SIS) are formed, which determine the sequence of steps performed by the user in the SIS.
The planning stage consists of three stages.
Concept design. The task is considered from the point of view of user and business requirements and is defined in the form of scenarios for using the system.
Logic design. The task is viewed from the perspective of the project team, and the solution is defined as a set of services.
physical design. The task is considered from the point of view of developers (programmers). At this stage, technologies, component interfaces and solution services are specified.
During the development phase, the project team creates the solution, including developing and documenting the product code, and creating the infrastructure for the solution.
Development process
During the development phase, the team performs several tasks.
Beginning of the development cycle. The team checks all tasks specific to the solution big picture and planning phases and prepares to start product development.
Creation of an application prototype. Testing the concepts embodied in the design of the solution in an environment that is similar to the environment where the future product is ultimately expected to be deployed. The environment should reproduce the industrial environment as accurately as possible. This task is completed before development begins.
Development of solution components. Development of the main components of the solution and their adaptation according to the needs of the solution.
Create a solution. A sequence of daily or more frequent builds that culminates in the release of base builds that mark the implementation of major product features.
Closing the development phase. Completion of all application features and delivery of code and documentation. The solution is considered ready, and the team moves on to the checkpoint approval process.
During the stabilization phase, the team builds, downloads, and beta tests the product, and reviews deployment scenarios. The focus is on discovery, salience, and problem resolution, all of which prepare the solution for final release. At this stage, the specified level of product quality is ensured. In addition, upon completion of the stage, the solution is ready for deployment in a production environment.
At this stage, the team deploys the technologies and environment components necessary for the created product to work, installs and stabilizes the solution in a deployed state, transfers the project into the hands of the maintenance and support teams, and receives the final approval of the project by the customer.
After deployment, the team performs a project analysis and survey to find out the level of customer satisfaction. The Deployment phase ends with the "Solution Deployed" checkpoint.
The modeling tool will be UML (Unified Modeling Language) - a standard language used to model information systems of varying complexity - from large corporate IT systems to distributed systems based on the Web.
The creators of UML sought to provide users with a standard visual language to develop and share understandable models. UML is independent of specific programming languages and development processes and is used to:
Visualization of a software system by a set of strictly defined symbols. An application developer can unambiguously interpret a UML model created by another developer;
Specification Descriptions information system. UML helps to build accurate, unambiguous and complete models;
Designing IT system models that can be directly converted into text in various programming languages;
Documenting software system models, expressing system requirements at the development and deployment stages
Main features of UML:
Simple, extensible and expressive visual modeling language;
Consists of a set of notations and rules for modeling software systems of varying degrees of complexity;
Enables the creation of simple, well-documented and easy-to-understand software models;
It does not depend on both the programming language and the platform.
The UML allows system designers to create standard blueprints for any system and provides a wealth of graphical tools that can be used to visualize and analyze a system from a variety of perspectives. Based on diagrams, various representations of the system are created. Collectively, all representations of the system constitute the model of the system.
Models or views are used to visualize a complex information system, with various aspects of the information system being displayed as UML views. The following representations are commonly used:
User view (user view) expresses the goals and objectives of the system in terms of users and their requirements for the system. This view refers to the part of the system that the user is interacting with. A custom view is also called a UseCase Chart Set View.
Structural view (structural view) reflects the static or idle state of the system. It is also called the design view.
The behavioral view reflects the dynamic or changing state of the system. It is sometimes called the process view.
The implementation view represents the structures of the logical elements of the system.
The environment view reflects the distribution of the physical elements of the system. The environment of the system determines its functions from the point of view of users. The environment view is also called the deployment view.
The various UML views contain diagrams that show the solution being developed from different perspectives. You don't have to design diagrams for every system you create, but you should be able to understand the system's representations and the corresponding UML diagrams. Also, it is not necessary to use all diagrams to model the system. It is necessary to single out only those models that will allow you to successfully model the system.
The following UML diagrams are used to depict various views of the system:
Class diagrams contain classes and their relationships. Links (associations) between classes are represented by bidirectional connecting lines;
Object diagrams (object diagrams) depict the various objects of the system and their relationships;
VIS diagrams (use case diagrams) show the set of functions that the system provides to external objects;
Component diagrams (component diagrams) display a representation of the implementation of the system. It contains the various components of the system and their relationships, such as source code, object code, and executable code;
Deployment diagrams show the correspondence of software components to the nodes of the physical implementation of the system;
Diagrams of collective interaction (collaboration diagrams) are a set of classes and messages sent and received by them;
Sequence diagrams describe the interaction between classes - the sequence of messages exchanged between classes;
State diagrams describe the behavior of a class when it is accessed by an external process or object. It displays the states and responses of the class when an action is performed.
2. Create a big picture of the solution
Gathering information is a complex process. The main difficulty in this process is the collection of a sufficient amount of information and compliance with high quality. Such information makes it possible to develop reasonable recommendations and send them for consideration to the management of an organization or institution, to form a methodology for the qualitative management of the process of training, retraining and advanced training of employees.
Of course, information is acquired from two main sources:
Existing - available in the institution;
information from various types of employee surveys.
Typically, information that already exists in the institution is used first, although the amount of this type of information will vary and its usefulness will depend on the nature of its analysis. However, at the very beginning of the project, only such information is available for processing and analysis, so it is important to collect and analyze this information. This will help identify additional information needs and approach further data gathering from a different perspective of an informed person.
In the process of analyzing training needs, it will be necessary to collect “raw” and “fresh” information, that is, the views of managers and employees of the organization, consumers on the development of training, retraining and advanced training of employees and the educational process. The usual means of obtaining such information is a survey.
The most common survey forms are:
structured;
· semi-structured;
· group discussions and meetings;
questionnaires.
In a structured survey, the correspondent offers a series of prepared questions that are placed one after the other in order to ascertain the information that is being collected. The disadvantage of this form of survey is that the subject of the conversation is already defined, and some key and interesting aspects for the project can be dropped, since they were not previously noted.
With semi-structured interviewing, a broad area for investigation is already defined for the conversation, but additional areas are reviewed during the conversation and the correspondent decides from time to time whether to continue discussions on this particular issue.
Group discussions and meetings are useful as part of the training needs analysis, as they increase the quality of information. Management and employees discuss ideas and offer, through discussion, new approaches to its solution, which provides more reasoned information. But when using group discussions, effective discussion habits are required from heads of human resources departments of an institution or training centers.
Questionnaires are the most common means of collecting a variety of information, but questionnaires are also the biggest problem. The problem lies in their design and analysis, not their acceptability. In organizations and institutions with a large number of staff or with a large number of offices - questionnaires can be a major part of the methodology.
The main goal of the marketing department of the regional structure is to identify, form and effectively meet the educational needs of various consumer groups at the regional level.
In accordance with the main strategic goals of MESI and its current tasks, the marketing department of the regional structure in its daily activities is obliged to implement the following main tasks:
1. Providing the marketing department of the head structure with the necessary marketing information for the joint development of the strategy and tactics for the development and market behavior of the regional structure when promoting educational products and services in regional markets. The marketing department of the regional structure is obliged, if necessary, to clarify and supplement the specified information, as well as to comply with all necessary work on the analysis and evaluation of various kinds of current and prospective market situations in regional markets.
2. Carrying out the whole range of market research related to the market of educational products and services in the regions, the regional labor market, consumers regional structures, both according to the approved research schedule, and according to special instructions from the marketing department.
3. Studying the activities of regional competitors, strategies and tactics of their impact on customers (advertising, pricing policy, other methods of competition) and providing reporting information to the marketing department, in accordance with the schedule of marketing activities.
4. Constant participation in the development of the strategy and tactics of market behavior of the regional structural unit of the EAOI through the formation of a marketing strategy: commodity, price, marketing, advertising and service.
5. Formation of demand, organization of promotional activities, sales promotion, development of a set of PR - activities, coordination with the marketing department and provision of reporting information, in accordance with the schedule of marketing activities.
6. Periodic consultation with the marketing department of the head university on the marketing activities of the regional structure.
7. Development of long-term (for a year) and current plans (for a month) of regional marketing and coordination with the marketing department of the head university.
8. Development and approval of the structure and volume of the marketing budget with the marketing department of the head university.
9. Development of proposals for the concept of pricing strategy, including a system of discounts in the regions and approval with the marketing department of the head university
10. Analysis of the causes of unsatisfied demand for educational services and products of the regional structure in the educational services market and development of proposals to reduce its size.
11. Creation and operational maintenance of databases "Consumers" and "Competitors".
12. Development of proposals for the development of new types of educational services in the regions that meet the needs of new Consumers / Students.
13. Development of proposals for the formation / adjustment of a positive image of MESI in the minds of regional Consumers / Students and a unified corporate culture, direct participation in their practical implementation using advertising media.
14. Search for performers / co-executors for marketing and advertising work among third-party organizations, setting tasks for them, operational control and analysis of the work performed by them.
When conducting marketing research, a huge part of the time is spent on conducting surveys and further processing the data obtained. In accordance with the Regulations on the marketing activities of regional structures, the marketing department must conduct the following types of surveys:
1. High school students and graduates of secondary schools (pre-university events) (questionnaire + report form - Word);
2. Applicants, including visitors to the DOD (questionnaire + report form - Word);
3. Students of 1, 5 courses (questionnaire + report form - Word);
4. Students of 2, 3, 4 courses (questionnaire + report form - Word). Students (quality of education) (questionnaire + report form - Word);
5. Students - external students (questionnaire + report form - Word);
6. Students of seminars, courses, etc. (questionnaire + report form - Word).
7. Questioning of employers (determination of attitude to external studies) (questionnaire + report form - Word);
8. Questioning of employers (identifying the need for specialists and the requirements for their training) (questionnaire + report form - Word).
The process of conducting a survey from preparation to the direct collection of questionnaires is carried out manually, which takes a lot of time and paper, and at the same time there is a high probability of errors that can lead to incorrect results. Further, it may be necessary to select that part of the questionnaires that meets a certain criterion. For example: how only women answered these questions, etc. This will lead to re-processing of the questionnaires. Here there is a need to create a program that can perform many actions for collecting and processing information automatically, which significantly reduces the time to obtain the result and reduces the possibility of errors to a minimum. But, given that such studies should be carried out fairly regularly, it is unprofitable for an enterprise to pay for new program, therefore, the system being created should be universal and suitable for various types of questionnaires. To collect data, it is necessary to use modern information technologies that make it possible to place information at the workplace in the form of a screen form of a questionnaire for local implementation of the system in individual regional survey centers (organizations), or place the form on a remote server, access to which is performed by users using standardized means of Internet and Intranet technologies.
2.2 Scope
The goal of any project is to solve some problem, so it basically determines the solution project. Task formulation allows you to define the tasks that the team will solve.
The main goal of the project is to reduce costs in marketing research.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform the following tasks:
· Preparation of questionnaires
· Conducting surveys
· Data processing
Storage and further retrieval
The following users are defined for this system:
System Administrator
・Marketing department manager
Regular user (applicant, student, employer)
One of the critical conditions for the success of the project is the clarity of the definition of the project scope (project scope), that is, what is included in the scope of the project. This parameter is determined based on the overall picture of the decision and the limitations due to the finiteness of design resources, time and other factors. The scope also depends on the features that the customer considers mandatory and that the team must implement in the first version of the solution. When defining project boundaries, the team has the right to transfer to future versions functionality, which are not directly related to the underlying functionality of the solution. Out-of-scope functionality is documented in the next release or next draft
The figure shows a UseCase diagram representing part of the business operations.
Rice. 2.1 General usage diagram for the system
The implementation of the system provides for the solution of the following tasks:
Creation of the layout of the questionnaire;
· convenient editing of the existing questionnaire;
export and import of the profile
Conducting surveys (filling out questionnaires);
Processing of survey results;
Viewing statistics (formation of reports).
Maintaining a database in which the results of the survey are stored.
2.3 Create a solution concept
The solution concept describes the team's approach to solving project problems and serves as the basis for moving to the planning stage. After defining the business problem and creating the big picture and scope of the solution, the team creates a solution vision that describes, in broad terms, how the team plans to solve the problem.
The thin client will be used as a browser. "Thin clients" are terminal stations for which users work, and all applications are executed on the server. Thus, this solution is based on a multi-user operating system, in our case it is Windows Server 2003, running all applications on a server running IIS (Internet Information Services).
.NET technology will be used as a development platform. It opens up broad prospects for improving the way enterprise applications are developed. Visual Studio .NET provides the framework for a common environment on which multiple languages are based. Visual Studio .NET is also more Web-centric than previous versions, with a strong focus on Web services, XML, and distributed applications.
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 will be used as a DBMS, which represents a new generation of scalable solutions in the field of database management systems and data warehouses for tasks that require fast information acquisition and analysis. It is aimed at solving a wide range of tasks in all areas of business, including e-commerce.
Benefits of Microsoft SQL Server 2005:
Full web orientation. Query, analyze and manage data via the Web. Using the XML language to exchange data between remote systems. Easy and secure access to data using Web browsers, quick search for necessary documents. Analysis of data flows and obtaining information about users, including via the Web.
Scalability and reliability. SQL Server 2005 enables virtually unlimited storage growth by increasing system reliability and scalability while taking full advantage of multiprocessing.
The speed of building solutions. SQL Server 2005 reduces the time to build, deploy, and time-to-market modern applications for business, e-commerce, and uses a built-in T-SQL debugger. Improves and speeds up the process of searching for data, simplifies management, allows you to use user-created functions in other applications, provides ample opportunities for creating Web applications.
Record speed performance. Even before its final market launch, SQL Server 2005 set a new world performance record, well ahead of competing solutions across multiple platforms.
Key features
SQL Server 2005 integrates into existing systems without programming, using built-in support for W3C standards, including XML, Xpath, XSL, and HTTP. Allows viewing and accessing relational data using a simple mapping technique of XML elements and relational schema attributes.
SQL Server 2005 accesses data via URLs (using SQL, XML templates, or Xpath in queries), returns XML objects from SQL queries, and manipulates their form using formatting options.
SQL Server 2005 supports the use of XML to select, insert, update, and delete tabular data from anywhere, even through a firewall, allowing you to transfer, transform, and load data from any source entirely into SQL Server 2005 relational tables. The product works with XML documents, as with SQL tables, using T-SQL and built-in procedures.
SQL Server 2005 takes full advantage of multitasking and parallel data processing, such as reliable operation with user- or application-shared databases, data flow sharing across servers, parallel index creation, faster database scans on multiprocessor systems, and synchronization data on all servers in the cluster, regardless of their location. The product reinstalls and restores any branch in case of failure in the cluster, without affecting the rest, is easily configured for replication and distribution of flows, and has built-in server cloning technology.
SQL Server 2005 allows you to analyze the collected relational and OLAP data, including input streams and access history, to understand trends and generate forecasts, performs analysis of large amounts of data (10M+ records), due to associated storage. At the same time, the product leaves the server available for other tasks when updating indexes, supports fast archiving with low system resources, archiving only changed elements, allows you to move and copy databases and objects between servers using special wizards.
The T-SQL debugger allows you to debug stored procedures, sets breakpoints, defines breakpoints, views variable values, allows code stepping, monitors executable code on the server and clients, creates templates.
Built-in MDX designer, SAN support, OLAP processing, bootstrap and management algorithms, support for user-created functions, integration with Active Directory - all this increases the possibilities and scope of SQL Server 2005.
Full text search via Web or intranet for formatted documents (Word, Excel, HTML).
Redundant server support - MS SQL 2005 uses an active and passive failover model with redundant hardware.
Requests in English.
Analysis and security services. MS SQL 2005 locks data using array and cell security and restricts access to special cell sets.
Data transformation services. MS SQL 2005 imports and exports data and keys between supported databases, programs multi-phase data paging, and saves DTS packages as Visual Basic code.
Safety. MS SQL 2005 includes support for SSL connections, has a C2 security certificate. The default installation is set to high level protection. In May 2005, Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Enterprise Edition was certified Federal Service on technical and export control on compliance with the assessment level of trust EAL 1 (enhanced) when working under Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, in accordance with the guidance document “Information Technology Security. Criteria for evaluating the security of information technologies” (State Technical Commission of Russia, 2002). The certificate confirms that Microsoft SQL 2000 Enterprise Edition can be used to build automated systems up to security class 1G inclusive.
Connection of OLAP cubes on different servers for performance analysis. Secure access to cube data via the Internet is supported.
Parallel DBCC - quickly and efficiently validates data in databases with multiprocessor support.
3. Planning
3.1 Overview of the planning phase
The information gathered by the team during the big picture phase of the solution is usually enough to start working on the project. At this stage, a base document of the overall picture and scope of the solution is created. Toward the end of the big picture phase, the team moves on to planning the MSF process model. At this stage, you need to make sure that the business problem being solved is fully understood and the team is able to design an adequate solution. In addition, you should plan how the solution will be developed and assess whether there are enough resources for this.
At the planning stage, a set of models and documents with a list of requirements is created - a functional specification, or a draft solution plan. Work on it begins at the planning stage.
During the planning phase, the project team continues the work that began in the big picture phase of the solution, namely, working on prerequisites, tasks, their sequence, and user profiles.
As a result, the architecture and design of the solution, plans for its development and deployment, and calendar schedules for completing tasks and loading resources should be developed. At this stage, the team creates the clearest possible picture of the solution. The planning process is supposed to move the project forward, but many teams stumble on it, devoting too much time to planning. The key to success is to catch the moment when there is already enough information to move forward. With a lack of information, it is risky to move on to the next stage, on the other hand, an excess of information can cause the project to stagnate.
During the planning stage, three types of design are developed: conceptual, logical and physical, and these processes are not performed in parallel. They have "floating" beginning and end and depend on each other.
The logical design is built on the basis of the conceptual one, and the physical design is based on the results of the logical one. Any changes to the conceptual design are reflected in the logical design and in turn result in modifications to the physical design.
3.2 Concept design
Concept design is the process of collecting, analyzing, and prioritizing business features and user perspectives on a problem and a future solution, and then creating a high-level view of the solution.
During information gathering, prerequisites are collected. It is very important that the team understands the difference between the different categories of requirements: user, system, procedural, and business requirements.
Prerequisites are usually formulated based on initial interviews and other information collected at that time. As the understanding of the business problem deepens, the prerequisites are expanded and refined.
3.2.1 Description of the AS-IS business process model
Currently, the process of collecting and processing marketing research by the method of questioning is as follows.
Rice. 3.1. General survey plan
Survey planning:
On the basis of the marketing reporting schedule, an internal marketing research schedule is drawn up. At this stage, all the necessary information is collected for conducting a survey and compiling questionnaires, which includes the formation of a list of groups in which the survey will be conducted, drawing up a schedule for conducting the survey in accordance with the schedule of the educational process.
Rice. 3.2. Survey planning
Create a questionnaire
A person is appointed responsible for creating the questionnaire, which, based on the template, forms the questionnaire, develops the questions of the questionnaire, as well as the list of required answers. In the future, the formed form of the questionnaire is replicated for further distribution.
Rice. 3.2. Create a questionnaire
Conducting a survey
The persons responsible for conducting the survey are appointed. They distribute questionnaires among the surveyed contingent, as well as explain how to fill out the questionnaire. They also collect completed questionnaires.
Rice. 3.3. Conducting a survey
Data processing
Responsible persons are appointed who review the collected questionnaires, analyze them, and, based on the analysis, receive the results. The analysis of the collected data is carried out using Microsoft Excel. Based on the collected data, marketing research reports are generated, which are drawn up in accordance with the template.
Rice. 3.4. Data processing
In order to create an accurate and usable conceptual design for a solution, an efficient method is needed for presenting and discussing the solution with users. For this, project task models are created. One way to model such tasks and their sequences is to build use cases for the system.
3.2.2. Building a Use Case Diagram
A use case specifies the behavior of a system or part of it and is a description of a set of sequences of actions performed by the system so that the actor can obtain a certain result.
Using use cases, you can describe the behavior of the system you are developing without defining its implementation. Thus, they allow to achieve mutual understanding between developers, experts and end users of the product. In addition, use cases help validate the architecture of a system as it is being developed. They are implemented in cooperation.
Well-structured use cases describe only the essential behavior of a system or subsystem and are neither too general nor too specific.
A critical feature of developing use cases is that you don't specify how they will be implemented. Use cases specify the desired behavior but say nothing about how to achieve it. And, very importantly, it allows you, as an expert or end user, to communicate with developers who are designing the system according to the requirements, without delving into implementation details.
In the UML, behavior is modeled using use cases that are specified in isolation from the implementation. A use case is a description of a set of sequences of actions (including their variants) that are performed by the system so that the actor receives a result that has a certain meaning for him. This definition includes several important points.
A use case describes a set of sequences, each of which represents the interaction of entities outside the system (its actors) with the system as such and its key abstractions. These interactions are really system-level functions that you use to visualize, specify, construct, and document the desired behavior of the system during the requirements gathering and analysis phases. A use case represents the functional requirements for the system as a whole.
Use cases involve the interaction of actors and the system. An actor is a logically related set of roles that users of use cases play while interacting with them. Actors can be both people and automated systems.
The development of precedents can be done in different ways. In any well-designed system, there are use cases that are either specialized versions of other, more general ones, or are part of other use cases, or extend their behavior. The general reusable behavior of a set of use cases can be distinguished by organizing them according to the three kinds of relationships described.
Every use case must do some amount of work. From the point of view of a given actor, a use case does something of some value to it, for example, calculates a result, creates new object or changes the state of another object.
Use cases can be applied to the entire system or to parts of it, including subsystems, or even individual classes and interfaces. In any case, use cases not only represent the desired behavior of these elements, but can be used as a basis for testing them at various stages of development.
The following diagram describes the process of creating a questionnaire:
Rice. 3.5. Use Case Diagram Create Questionnaires
Rice. 3.7. Use Case Diagram Post Questionnaires
Rice. 3.8. Use Case Diagram Create Reports
From these diagrams, it becomes clear that the functional set that needs to be implemented.
3.3 Logic design
In the conceptual design process, the solution is described from a business and user perspective. The next step is to think through the solution from the perspective of the project team. This is exactly what is done in the logical design stage.
During the analysis phase of the logic design process, the team breaks down the problem and its solution into smaller parts, or modules.
3.3.1 Creating modules and services
Modular decomposition
· Module “Creating questionnaires”
Module “Questioning”
· Module “Creating reports”
Module “Report Viewer”
The following functions are implemented in the module “Creating questionnaires”:
· Creating questionnaires - when creating a new questionnaire, the name of the questionnaire and its title are indicated, as well as additional parameters, for example, introductory text.
· Editing existing questionnaires - there is a possibility to edit all those parameters that are specified when creating a questionnaire.
· Deleting profiles.
· Adding questions to the questionnaire - when adding new questions, the required question type is selected from the list of types. The types of questions depend on the form of the answer. For example, there might be a question that asks you to select one option from several options, a question that asks you to enter a string for an answer, and so on. Depending on the question type you select, different question options are set, such as a list of answers.
· Editing questions - when editing questions, it is possible to change the question type, as well as all the necessary parameters.
· Viewing the questionnaire - at any stage of creating the questionnaire, you can view the resulting questionnaire.
The Questionnaire module allows users to complete various types of surveys.
The module "Creating reports" allows you to create various templates for generating reports, as well as their further editing and deletion.
The "View Reports" module allows you to analyze the entered data and view reports based on the created templates
3.3.2 Logical data model
To represent a logical design, a logical model of objects or data is used. However, the design team sometimes creates both models, presenting the logical design from different angles. This is necessary when one of the models represents any part of the project very clearly.
Logical design is an intermediate stage between conceptual and physical design. By creating a data model, the conceptual requirements for data (they are defined during the conceptual design) are transformed into real entity objects and relationships that reflect the real interaction of the data. The information obtained helps to further model the physical design.
When moving to the logical stage of data design, one of the first tasks is to formulate entities based on data requirements and other related information. An entity is usually considered a person, place, element, or concept that defines data or about which data is collected and stored. An attribute is a characteristic that is additional definition and a description of the properties of the entity instance. An entity usually has several attributes.
After defining the entities, the necessary attributes should be defined - they describe the entities of the solution.
When implementing a physical design, attributes are usually turned into columns of database tables.
The logical data model is represented in the form of entity-relationship diagrams (ERD), designed to develop data models and provide a standard way to define data and relationships between them. In fact, with the help of ERD, the detailing of the data stores of the system being designed is carried out, and the entities of the system and the ways of their interaction are documented, including the identification of objects important for the subject area (entities), the properties of these objects (attributes) and their relationships with other objects (links).
This notation was introduced by Chen and further developed by Barker. Chen's notation provides a rich set of data modeling tools, including the ERD itself, as well as attribute diagrams and decomposition diagrams. These diagramming techniques are used primarily for designing relational databases (although they can also be successfully applied to modeling both hierarchical and network databases).
An entity is a set of instances of real or abstract objects (people, events, states, ideas, objects, etc.) that have common attributes or characteristics. Any system object can be represented by only one entity, which must be uniquely identified. In this case, the name of the entity must reflect the type or class of the object, and not its specific instance.
In its most general form, a relationship is a relationship between two or more entities. The naming of the relationship is carried out using the grammatical turnover of the verb (has, determines, can own, etc.).
In other words, entities represent the basic types of information stored in a database, and relationships show how these data types are related to each other. The introduction of such relations has two fundamental goals:
ensuring that information is stored in a single place (even if it is used in various combinations);
the use of this information by various applications.
Relationships are used to identify the requirements under which entities are involved in relationships. Each link connects an entity and a relationship and can only be directed from the relationship to the entity.
A pair of link values belonging to the same relation determines the type of this relation. Practice has shown that for most applications it is sufficient to use the following types of relationships:
1. 1*1 (one-to-one). Relations of this type are used, as a rule, at the upper levels of the data model hierarchy, and are relatively rare at the lower levels.
2. 1*n (one-to-many). Relations of this type are the most commonly used.
3. n*m (many-to-many). Relations of this type are usually used in the early stages of design in order to clarify the situation. In the future, each of these relations must be transformed into a combination of relations of types 1 and 2 (possibly with the addition of auxiliary entities and with the introduction of new relations).
As a result of the use case study, the following entities were identified:
5. User
7. Results
The questionnaire contains a list of all questions and, at the same time, the same question can be used in different questionnaires. Therefore, the Question and Question entities are in a many-to-many relationship.
Question - one of the items of the questionnaire, formulates a certain problem, the attitude towards which the person being interviewed must express. Each question is assigned a fixed list of questions, so the Question and Answer entities are in a one-to-many relationship.
The same questionnaire can be used in different surveys, that is, it can be used a huge number of times in different periods of time, while the current survey passes only one questionnaire. Therefore, the Questionnaire and Poll entities are in a one-to-many relationship.
The survey can be completed by an arbitrary number of users, however, a user can only participate in one survey. Therefore, the User and Poll entities are in a one-to-many relationship.
One user can have several roles, on the other hand, the same role can belong to different users. Therefore, the entities User and Roles are in a one-to-many relationship.
As a result of the survey, the user selects a certain answer to the question posed, as a result of which the results of the answers are formed, which can belong only to this survey, on the other hand, the survey contains a certain number of response results. Therefore, the Survey and Results entities are in a one-to-many relationship.
So, we get the following entity relations:
"Questionnaire": "Question" = "many-to-many"
"Question": "Answer" = "one to many"
"Poll": "Poll" = "one to many"
"User": "Poll" = "one to many"
"User": "Roles" = "many-to-many"
"Poll": "Results" = "one to many"
The logical data model is shown in the figure
Rice. 3.9 Entity-relationship diagram
3.4 Physical design
3.4.1 Building a class diagram
Physical design is the last step in the planning phase of the MSF process model. The project team moves to it after all members confirm that sufficient information has been obtained during the logical design stage. During the physical design stage, technological restrictions are imposed on the conceptual and logical design. Because physical design grows out of these two types of design, its success is highly dependent on how carefully they are developed, and this fact also ensures that the physical design satisfies the requirements of the business and users.
During the planning stage, the project team focuses on analyzing the requirements and creating a solution design that satisfies them. Thus, in addition to defining the features of the future product, the project team analyzes the data requirements and determines how they should be structured, how they will be stored and verified, and how to provide access to them.
The study and analysis of data requirements begins at the conceptual design stage. Requirements allow you to define what exactly a business solution should store and process. During the logical design process, the design team identifies a set of data entities based on the logical object model, use cases, and data artifacts such as the schema, triggers, constraints, and topology of the existing data store. During the physical design process, the team creates a data schema, defining tables, relationships, field data types, and indexes, and finalizes the data services.
In addition, activities are planned for data migration, backup and recovery of data, as well as ensuring fault tolerance.
Central to OOAP is the development of a system model in the form of a class diagram. Class notation in the UML is simple and intuitive to anyone who has ever had experience with CASE tools. A similar notation is used for objects - instances of a class, with the difference that the name of the object is added to the class name and the entire inscription is underlined.
UML notation provides ample opportunities for displaying additional information (abstract operations and classes, stereotypes, public and private methods, detailed interfaces, parameterized classes). At the same time, it is possible to use graphic images for associations and their specific properties, such as an aggregation relation, when other classes can act as components of a class.
Class diagram (class diagram) serves to represent the static structure of the system model in the terminology of object-oriented programming classes. The class diagram can reflect, in particular, various relationships between individual entities of the subject area, such as objects and subsystems, and also describes their internal structure and types of relationships. This diagram does not provide information about the time aspects of the system operation. From this point of view, the class diagram is a further development of the conceptual model of the designed system.
The class diagram is a kind of graph, the vertices of which are elements of the "classifier" type, which are connected by various types of structural relationships. It should be noted that a class diagram may also contain interfaces, packages, relationships, and even individual instances such as objects and relationships. When talking about this diagram, they mean the static structural model of the system being designed. Therefore, the class diagram is considered to be a graphical representation of such structural relationships of the logical model of the system that do not depend or are invariant on time.
A class diagram consists of many elements that collectively reflect declarative knowledge about the subject area. This knowledge is interpreted in the basic concepts of the UML language, such as classes, interfaces and the relationships between them and their constituent components. At the same time, the individual components of this diagram can form packages to represent more general model systems. If the class diagram is part of a package, then its components must correspond to elements of that package, including possible references to elements from other packages.
The following figure shows the class diagram
Rice. 3.10. class diagram
3.4.2. UI Model
When designing an application, it is important to choose the most appropriate user interface model, as it affects the deployment process, how users interact with data, and how the current state is maintained throughout the application and user dialogue. The most common models and technologies for implementing the user interface include:
Standard Windows user interface;
Web interface;
Standard Windows interface
The standard Windows interface is used when users need to work offline and when rich system functionality is needed. It also enables efficient state management and ensures data persistence, as well as all the benefits of local data processing.
Web interface
In Microsoft .NET, the Web user interface is developed using ASP.NET. This technology provides a feature-rich environment that allows you to create complex Web interfaces. Here are just a few of the features of ASP.NET:
Unified development environment;
Binding data to the user interface;
Component-based interface with controls;
Built-in .NET framework security model;
Extensive opportunities to support caching and state management;
Availability, performance and scalability of Web data processing)
It is assumed that the system will use the Web interface
Once the user interface design has been selected, the next step is to create a user interface prototype based on interview data, requirements documents, system use cases created during the planning phase.
3.4.3 Creating a physical data model
A database (DB) is a specially organized set of data values, and a database schema defines exactly how data is organized in a database. In the process of physical design, members of the project team create a database schema to determine what exactly needs to be created, but what tools will be used to implement it should be thought about later.
In the logical design process, the team describes the entities and attributes that will be stored in the database and how users will access, manipulate, and view them. During the physical design process, the team creates a database schema, which is a specification for creating, reading, modifying, and deleting the data used in the product.
At the beginning of the development of a database schema, it is strongly associated with the logical model of objects. The schema defines the main entity objects needed for the future solution, their attributes, and the relationships between these entities. In most data modeling techniques, an entity is defined as an abstract representation of a real world object. Typically, database objects are modeled in entity-relationship diagrams. The logical design of the database was considered at the logical design stage.
Types of physical data models
In addition to determining the logical design of the database, it is necessary to choose a technology for the physical storage of data. The physical data model of a database management system (DBMS) defines the internal structure that a DBMS uses to manage data. This structure reflects the types of database tables that are allowed to be created, as well as the speed of access and versatility of the database. The most common types of physical data models are listed below.
DB on flat files, or unstructured DB. In such a database, all data is located in one file as a set of rows and columns. In this architecture, there is no communication between different flat files, since none of these databases knows anything about the others. It supports fast updating and reading of data due to the ISAM (indexed sequential access method) indexing method. ISAM technology is used in legacy mainframe databases and small PC-based databases.
Hierarchical databases are capable of storing a wide variety of information in a variety of formats. They are distinguished by extensibility and flexibility, so such databases are used when the requirements for storing information can be very different or change. An example of a hierarchical database is the Microsoft Exchange server, which is capable of storing a variety of types of information in a format that satisfies the requirements of messaging and collaboration applications. These requirements consist in the possibility of encapsulation in messages of the most heterogeneous information.
The Belgorod branch of MESI currently uses Microsoft SQL Server 2000 to store data. Therefore, a relational database was chosen for the system. The physical model reflects the target implementation environment.
In the process of logical design, the use cases of the system for defining entity objects and attributes were analyzed. Entities and attributes form the basis of logical design and are used in the physical design process to model the physical design of a future product. The logical design ensures that the design of the decision data correctly reflects the conceptual requirements. However, the actual storage infrastructure is optimized for the environment in which the physical data model is intended to be implemented.
The results of the logical design in the physical design process are used to create components, user interface specifications, and the physical design of the database. Entity objects, attributes, and constraints obtained during the logical design process are converted into tables, fields, relationships, and database constraints, which thus become the physical implementation of the logical model.
Table Definition
Tables are the physical representation of an entity in a relational database. They are capable of storing a wide variety of data - names, addresses, images, audio and video files, Microsoft Word documents, etc. Due to their flexibility, databases are used to store not only simple text data, but also the corporate knowledge base of an enterprise, regardless of the form of this knowledge. The database represents relationships between various data elements.
Data in a table is stored as rows, or records, each of which must be unique.
The traditional format for interacting with relational data is ANSI strings, and the language is SQL. This language resembles English and represents the operations performed on the database in the form of human-readable expressions, such as Insert (insert), Update (update) and Delete (delete). Most databases conform to the ANSI SQL standard, although its versions and extensions vary from system to system.
Defining columns
The data in each table is stored in columns (columns), or fields, which are determined based on the attributes of the entity object presented and presented as a table. Each field contains various data elements, such as a username.
During the analysis of the entity-relationship diagram, the following tables were identified:
The Users table contains a description of the users.
Table No. 3.1
The Roles table contains a description of the user's roles Table No. 3.2 The entities User and Roles are in a one-to-many relationship, so as a result of normalization, the UserRoles table was selected, in which a specific user corresponds to a specific role. Table No. 3.3 The Form table contains the necessary information about the questionnaire Table No. 3.4 The Question table contains a list of questions Table No. 3.5
The Answer table contains a list of answers to a specific question Table No. 3.6
Since the Questionnaire consists of many questions, and the same question may be present in different questionnaires, as a result of normalization, the Common table was selected, which contains a list of answers to a specific question. Table No. 3.7 Table No. 3.8 Rice. 3.11. Physical data model 4. Development 4.1. Overview of the development phase Development is the third stage of the MSF development process model. It follows the "Planning" stage, which ends with the approval of the project plan. So far, the design team has focused on concept, product architecture, and planning. At the stage of "Development" the main task is the implementation of the project. The main question that the project team asks at this stage is: how to organize the development in order to create the designed product in the planned time frame? The answer to this question is based on understanding the concept of the product, taking into account the need to release a working application. The "Development" stage ends with writing the code and releasing the first version of the application. The results of the stage "Completion of development" are as follows: all the necessary functionality of the application is implemented (although probably not in the most optimal way); the product has passed initial testing; elimination of identified errors continues (completion of this work at this stage is not necessary); the project team and other project participants agree that all implemented functionality meets the concept and functional specifications and is implemented successfully; Preparations for product performance testing and stabilization completed. The Develop phase is similar in many ways to the other stages of the MSF development process model. For example, the "Planning" phase ends with the preparation of functional specifications. These documents become the source for the "Development" stage. In addition, they are necessary to evaluate the various characteristics of the development process. Keep in mind that these documents do not remain static - they may well change as the Development phase progresses. This stage is completed when revised versions of these documents have been prepared, as well as: source code and executable modules of the project; results of the performance study; the main components of the testing process. The "Development" stage is often referred to by programmers as the "real work". Indeed, its main task is to create a working product. The design of the product architecture at the Design stage determines the success of its implementation at the Development stage. Steve McConnell, in his book Software Project Survival Guide, describes the relationship between these stages, comparing them to moving upstream and downstream. Designing architecture in the Planning stage, he says, is like going upstream—the higher you get, the easier it will be to float downstream in the Design stage. This process, which begins at the end of the design stage and ends with the release of the product, will be more successful and easier, the better the architecture is thought out. Functional specifications describe the conceptual, logical, and physical designs of an application, which are the basis of coding. During development, each variant of an application is considered an intermediate version. Intermediate versions received closer to the completion of the "Develop" process are transferred to users. As a development tool, it was decided to use Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 4.2 Choosing a development tool The Visual Studio .NET system today enables developers to build the next generation of Internet applications. Providing the most modern and feature-rich development environment, Visual Studio .NET gives developers the tools to integrate applications with any operating system and programming language. With Visual Studio .NET, you can easily transform your existing business logic into reusable XML Web Services by encapsulating processes and making them accessible from applications, no matter what platform they're running on. Developers can easily combine any number of web services cataloged and available in various UDDI catalogs, providing a solid foundation for the services and business logic of the applications they create. In its universal language approach, Visual Studio .NET supports VB.NET, C#, C++, and J#. C# is a completely new language. VB.NET has changed so much that it can almost be considered a new language. For the most part, the Visual Studio languages use the updated IDE, and one or more of three formats are used to create software components and user interface elements: Windows Forms, Web Forms, and Web Services. All languages use .NET Framework Classes, a class library that provides support for native Visual Studio functions. In Visual Studio .NET, all roads lead to the Common Language Runtime (CLR). Regardless of the language used - C++, C#, VB.NET, or J# - the program is eventually converted to MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) format, which is interpreted by the CLR compiler. Visual Studio .NET is a truly integrated development environment, regardless of the chosen language or the type of application you create, it is completely object-oriented and built on a single platform (.NET Framework). The overall look and feel of the tooling in Visual Studio .NET is largely preserved, while the vast amount of code and most of the development tools (particularly design, editing, and debugging tools) can be visualized in Visual Studio .NET - this is also Microsoft's attempt to influence the future Web services and the entire developer software market. The company has gone to great lengths to provide the average programmer with the tools to create Web services; at the same time, tools for developing server and Web applications, application programs for working on mobile devices and on the local network. The new combination of ASP.NET and Web Forms has been greatly improved. Instead of bundling HTML, ASP code, and scripting text into a single file, Web Forms allow you to separate HTML and program logic code into separate files that can then be successfully compiled. In Visual Studio .NET, data management and connectivity has changed radically to suit a more web-centric environment. In particular, the ADO technology has been almost completely rewritten, and in new version, which is called ADO.NET, supports XML and greatly expands the functionality of working with data in conditions of disconnection from data sources. Rice. 4.1. Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 The most notable feature of Visual Studio .NET is its support for Web services. The default representation of data in the .NET Framework is XML, which also ties in nicely with the SOAP protocol. Microsoft has automated almost every step of creating and using Web services. A programmer can know almost nothing about SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI and still create working Web services. In addition to the enterprise-level capabilities found in Visual Studio .NET, such as a robust debugging system, the Enterprise Architect edition includes tools to support group project development, as well as Enterprise Templates (enterprise templates) and the Visio modeling system. Full UML support is also provided, with eight diagram types and free form. 4.3 Creating modules According to the MSF methodology, the Development phase is divided into a conditional number of iterations, and they, in turn, if necessary due to the complexity of the task, into works. Iterations were distributed in accordance with the allocated modules. The following describes the sequence of work. Therefore, a clear sequence was built in the implementation of the System. The process of coding and the use of algorithms was not regulated. This is the prerogative of the programmer. At the first stage, the module for creating questionnaires was implemented, which, in turn, was later tested. The results are shown in the figure. Rice. 4.1. Create a questionnaire Rice. 4.2. Creating/editing questions At the next stage, a module for publishing questionnaires was implemented, the results were also tested and the results are shown in the figure. The next stage of implementation was writing a module for direct questioning, then it was tested. The results are shown in the figure. Rice. 4.3. Passing the survey The next step was writing a reporting module, which, in turn, was also tested. The results are shown in the figure. Rice. 4.5. Survey Report 5. Economic justification for a custom solution 5.1 Cost-benefit analysis plan For further development of the System, it is necessary to calculate economic efficiency project. To do this, you must select the direction of distribution of the System. The system was ordered by the Belgorod branch of MESI. We will calculate the economic efficiency of the project from the point of view of a custom project. The structure of the economic part when creating software by order of the company is as follows: 1. Feasibility study for software development; 2. Calculation of costs for software development; 3. Cost of software implementation by the Customer; 4. Costs of the customer during the operation of the software; 5. Efficiency of software implementation for the Customer; 6. Legal aspects. 5.2 Feasibility study for software development This software product is designed to assist in the work of persons responsible for conducting marketing research, starting from creating a questionnaire and ending with the processing of the received data. The purpose of the introduction of this product is to reduce the costs of marketing research - this is a quantitative indicator that can be seen in terms of money. 5.3 Calculation of software development costs The one-time costs of the developer include the costs of theoretical research, problem setting, design, development of algorithms and programs, debugging, trial operation, paperwork, market research and advertising. Development costs. Since the System was developed entirely according to the MSF methodology, it was decided to abandon traditional system cost estimates (TOR, preliminary design, technical design, detailed design, implementation) in favor of a more acceptable methodology. The phases and content of the work are presented in Table 3.1: Table No. 5.1 Labor intensity Building a big picture of the solution collection of information, analysis of requirements, definition of the image of the project as a whole Planning Requirements analysis and system design, description of business processes, planning necessary action and resources, documentation Implementation low-level development and coding Stabilization and implementation testing, user training, open problem resolution The total labor intensity of software development is calculated by the formula: where is the total complexity of development, days; Ti - labor intensity by stages, days; n is the number of development stages. It took 53 working days to create the System. The cost estimate includes the following items: basic and additional salaries; contributions for social needs; The cost of tools overhead costs. payroll fund The basic salary for R&D includes the salary of all employees directly involved in software development. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the basic salary of the developer (student), diploma supervisor, economic consultant. Thus, the basic salary (Z osn) when performing R&D is calculated by the formula: where 3 sred.dnj is the average daily salary of the j-th employee, rub.; n is the number of employees directly involved in software development. The average daily salary of a developer is determined at the rate of 7000 rubles. per month and is equal to: W cf. days R. =7000/20=350 rubles/day The consultation is scheduled for: 24 hours - graduation supervisor, 3 hours - economics consultant. The salary of the diploma supervisor is 100 rubles per hour. Therefore, the salary of the diploma supervisor: 3 hands \u003d 24 * 100 \u003d 2400 rubles. The salary of an economics consultant is 80 rubles per hour. Z cons \u003d 3 * 80 \u003d 240 rubles. We get that the basic salary when performing research is equal to: 3 main \u003d 3 times + 3 hands + 3 cons \u003d 350 * 53 + 2400 + 240 \u003d 21290 rubles. Additional salary is equal to 10% of the basic one, therefore: Z additional \u003d (10 * Z main) / 100 \u003d (10 * 21290) / 100 \u003d 2129 rubles. The total basic and additional wages are: W total \u003d 21290 + 2129 \u003d 23419 rubles. Deductions for social needs currently account for 26% of the total fund wages, Consequently: About social \u003d W total * 0.26 \u003d 23419 * 0.26 \u003d 6088.94 rubles. The cost of machine time for preparing and debugging programs. The cost of computer time Z omv depends on the cost of a machine-hour of operation of a computer with an MCH, as well as the time of work on a computer T computer, and includes depreciation of computers and equipment, electricity costs, The cost of a machine-hour of a computer is equal to: Equipment use time: Equipment costs. where A M - depreciation deductions, rub.; О f - the cost of computers and equipment, rub.; N am - depreciation rate,%; T m - equipment use time, days Electricity costs. Thus, the cost of computer time for preparing and debugging programs is equal to: Using the toolkit. The cost of tools includes the cost of system software (SSW) used in the development of the software, in the amount of depreciation over the period of use. The depreciation rate for the SPO is 30%, and the usage time is 36.55 days. The funds used are presented in Table 3.2. Table 5.2 Cost (c.u.) Cost, rub.) Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 Microsoft Visio Standard 2003 A and \u003d ((O f * N am) / (365 * 100)) * T m \u003d ((28501.8 * 30) / (365 * 100)) * 36.55 \u003d 856.22 rubles. where About f - the cost of funds used; H am - depreciation rate; T m is the time of using the tools, days. So, the development cost estimate is given in Table 5.3: Table No. 5.3 5.4 Cost of Software Implementation by the Customer The one-time costs of the user of the software K total include the costs of paying: software C software; · tools CIS; · Computers, other hardware and network equipment K computers; · staff training Software cost. In this case, the cost is equal to the cost plus the developer's profit (in practice, it usually amounts to 20-30% of the cost), as well as a 20% value added tax. For calculation, you can use the following formula, where - software cost, - developer's profit, - value added tax. There is no need for the customer to purchase software, since the work is built almost entirely on the customer's software ( workplace employee with the necessary software). The developer's profit is 6180.78 rubles The cost of the tools necessary for the functioning of the system. They usually include operating systems as well as application software. At the enterprise of the customer all necessary tools are already installed and used. Therefore, the implementation does not provide for the costs of these items. The cost of technical support required for the deployment of the System. Since, again, all the necessary technical support is installed in the organization and no additional equipment is required for implementation, the costs under this item are not provided. The cost of training the staff of the organization. The calculation is made according to the following formula: The total costs for the customer are presented in table 5.4. Table 5.4 The total costs for the customer and the developer are presented in Table 5.5. Table 5.5 Cost type Costs (rub.) Customer costs Developer costs The distribution of investments over the time of project implementation is carried out on the basis of preliminary calculations of the time required for software development for individual design stages (Table 3.7), development costs and total amount one-time capital investment. Table 5.6
The calculation results are presented in the form of an investment plan Table 5.7
5.5 Efficiency of implementation for the Customer We will evaluate the effectiveness of the product introduction in terms of reducing material costs. Prior to the introduction of the product, almost all work on the survey was carried out manually using paper. In accordance with the schedule for the provision of marketing reporting, the survey is conducted on 15 types of questionnaires, which in turn consist of approximately two sheets. It turns out that 30 sheets of paper are used at a time. According to last year's data, about 6,500 questionnaires were printed, of which 4,350 questionnaires were completed. Thus, we get that 2 * 6500 = 13000 sheets of paper were spent. Since a pack of paper consists of 500 sheets, it turns out that 26 packs of paper were spent on the survey last year. The cost of one pack of paper is 120 rubles. As a result, we get: 26*120 = 3120 rudders needed only for paper resources Also, the cost of replicating questionnaires includes the cost of printing, replication of questionnaires takes place on a copier, and it includes the cost of using a copier, as well as the cost of ink. One cartridge costs 1700 rudders, the resource of which is enough for 2500 sheets, it turns out that you need to use about 3 cartridges. As a result, we get that the cost of paint is: 3 * 1700 = 4420 rubles It is also necessary to take into account the costs of the employee conducting marketing research. Since Moscow sends questionnaire templates, they need to be finalized for further replication. It takes about 15 hours for an employee conducting marketing research to edit 15 questionnaire templates. After the survey has been completed, it is necessary to process all the received questionnaires, i.e. enter data into Excel. On the this species work takes about 240 hours a year. It takes one working day to complete a report for one type of questionnaire, which in total amounts to 120 hours for all types of questionnaires. As a result, we find that an employee spends 375 hours (45.85 working days) per year on conducting marketing research through a questionnaire. The employee's salary is 5394 rubles. The total cost of conducting a survey is 20,182 rubles. Since this software product involves the automation of the process of creating questionnaires that will be stored in electronic form, as well as the direct passage of the questionnaire using a computer and the ability to generate reports, these costs constitute an economic effect. Having spent 37484.72 rubles on the implementation of the module and saving 20182 rubles per year, we get that the payback period will be: 37484.72/20182 = 1 year and 8 months. 5.6 Legal aspects Legality of tools When developing the System, all the terms of the license agreements for Microsoft products and related components were strictly observed. Costs for commercial use developer tools were counted above. License agreement The concept of a license agreement came from the West. End user license agreement (EULA) - a document usually existing in electronic form, the signing of which is a necessary condition for using the program on a computer. The EULA of the developed system contains the following items: rights to distribute the program protection of developer liability (as is principle) protection of integrity and replication (copying, disassembling, decompiling, etc.) When creating the System, the developer was guided by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1992 N 3523-I (as amended by the Federal Law of December 24, 2002 N 177-FZ) "On the Legal Protection of Programs for Electronic Computers and Databases". Article 4 of the Law contains a description of the conditions for recognition of copyright. According to the article, “recognition and exercise of copyright in a computer program or database does not require deposit, registration or other formalities. The copyright holder may, starting from the first release of a computer program or database, use a copyright protection sign, consisting of three elements, to inform about his rights: letters C in a circle or in parentheses; title (name) of the right holder; year of the first release of a computer program or database into the world. Thus, the following entry appeared in the "About the program ..." window: "Copyright ©, BF MESI, 2006" Chapter Conclusions After analyzing all the above indicators, we can say that the project is cost-effective. During the calculations, the following results were obtained: · Calculated development costs - 37484.72 rubles; · Calculated the economic effect of the implementation - 20182 rubles; · The payback period of the project is 1 year and 8 months. Conclusion While doing thesis I designed and developed an automated system for conducting marketing research and calculated the economic indicators of implementing the system for the customer. The goal of the developer was to create a solution that would automate the process of conducting marketing research through questionnaires, which in turn would help reduce costs and greatly facilitate the work of the marketing department. During the implementation of this project, I received and consolidated theoretical and practical skills in the field of determining customer requirements, researching the subject area and an object-oriented approach to software development. I got acquainted with the world-recognized MSF methodology, and all the work was done according to this methodology. At the stage of creating an overall picture of decision making, business requirements and project goals were determined, as well as the scope of the project, i.e. the tasks that need to be automated to achieve the goal are identified. At the planning stage, the business processes of the marketing department were studied in more detail, and as a result, AS-IS diagrams and system use case diagrams were built. As a result of the study of UseCase diagrams, the modules of the system were determined. Entities were also identified and a logical data model was built, presented in the form of an entity-relationship diagram. At the physical design stage, system classes were identified and a physical model of the database was designed. At the implementation stage, it was decided to use Microsoft Visual Studio.NET as a development tool, with the help of which the system modules were developed. The last chapter describes the economic part of the diploma, in which the economic efficiency and relevance of the developed project were calculated. List of used literature 1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of September 23, 1992 No. 3523-I (as amended of December 24, 2002 No. 177-FZ) On the legal protection of programs for electronic computers and databases. 2. Regulations on the marketing activities of regional structures 3. Analysis of requirements and creation of solution architecture based on Microsoft .NET. Training course MCSD/Trans. from English. -- M .: Publishing and trading house "Russian Edition", 2004.- 416 pages. 4. Belyaevsky I.K. Marketing Research: Information, Analysis, Forecast: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001 5. Butch G. Rumbaugh. D. Jacobson A. UML. User guide: Per. from English. DMK, 2000. - 432 p. 6. Wildermus, Sean. Practical use of ADO.NET. Access to data on the Internet. : Per. from English. - M.: publishing house "William", 2003. - 288 p. 7. Kotler F. Fundamentals of marketing / Per. from English. - M., Progress, 1999 8. Design of economic information systems: Textbook/G.N.Smirnova, A.A.Sorokin, Yu.F.Telnov. - M: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 512 pages. 9. Development of Web applications in Microsoft Visual Basic .NET and Microsoft Visual C# .NET. Training course MCAD/MCSD/Trans. from English. - M .: Publishing and trading house "Russian Edition", 2003. - 704 pages: 10. Seppa D. Microsoft ADO.NET / Per. from English. - M .: Publishing and trading house "Russian Edition", 2003- - 640 pages. 11. Theory and practice of building databases: D. Krenke. - Peter, 2003. - 800 pages. 12. Royce, Winston W., "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems," Proceedings of IEEE Wescon (August 1970): pp 1-9 13. Barry Boehm, "A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement", IEEE Computer, Vol.21, No. 5 (May 1988): pp. 61-72 14. Analytical information <#"45170.files/image037.gif">
,
, where is the number of personnel for training, is the cost of training one person per day, is the training time. It is assumed that 1 employee in the organization will use the system. The time required for training is estimated at two working hours. The cost of training one person per day is 200 rubles. The total cost of staff training is 400 rubles.
With the expansion and deepening of world economic ties, commodity markets are losing national and territorial boundaries, turning into world commodity markets, which are traded by traders from all countries.
The world market is represented by various types of commodity markets, service markets, financial markets, resource market, incl. and labor. The activities of world markets for goods and services are regulated by international commodity agreements. Each commodity market has its own centers of trade - "main markets", the prices of which are recognized as basic in the trade of the corresponding goods.
According to the method of organizing trade, special types of markets are distinguished: commodity exchanges, auctions, auctions, international exhibitions and fairs.
AT last years there is a significant increase in the scale of the global financial market. If earlier the world financial market was traditionally considered to be part of the structure of the world loan capital market, then at present the boundary between them is becoming less distinct and strict, since trading in financial and derivatives financial instruments cannot be fully subsumed under the category of loan capital.
Loan capital, having a monetary form, differs not only from functioning capital, but also from money. The qualitative difference is determined by the fact that loan capital is one of the forms of self-increasing value; money, being a special commodity that plays the role of a universal equivalent, does not in itself give an increase in value. The quantitative difference lies in the fact that the mass of loan capital exceeds the amount of money in circulation, since the same currency unit can repeatedly act as loan capital.
For example, in the United States in 1975, the amount of public and private debt, which is conditionally taken as the amount of loan capital, amounted to 3 trillion dollars, and money supply reached $301.6 billion. Thus, the main feature of loan capital as economic category is the transfer of value for temporary use in order to realize its specific quality - the ability to make a profit in the form of interest.
- Monetary circulation and credit of the capitalist countries Ed. prof. L. N. Krasavina, M., "Finance", 1977 (OCR kredit-moskva.ru in abbreviation)
Financial instruments are understood to mean any document specially executed in writing in accordance with regulatory requirements (or as an obligation orally expressed and subsequently confirmed by various telecommunication means) that provides their owner with certain property rights. Foreign economists divide the world financial market into money markets and capital markets, based on the criterion of the urgency of the instruments of these markets. This allows us to speak of the global financial market as a set of national and world markets that provide the direction, accumulation and redistribution of monetary capital between market entities through banking and other financial institutions in order to reproduce and achieve a normal relationship between supply and demand for capital. From an economic point of view, the global financial market is a system of relations and a mechanism for collecting and redistributing credit resources on a competitive basis between countries, regions, industries, and economic agents.
The world financial market accumulates and redistributes loan capital, which manifests itself in the form of the world money market and the world capital market. Capital is a set of economic relations about self-increasing value. Self-increasing value is understood as the value that, as a result of the use of hired labor, brings surplus value. The money market is a market in which transactions are carried out. short term financing. Based on the export and import of capital, an international capital market arises. It is a system of economic relations that ensure the accumulation and redistribution of capital between countries. If the world money market the determining factor is the high liquidity of its instruments, then in the world capital market - credit risk borrower, interest rate risk, political risk, etc.
International economic relations take the following forms:
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The system of stable commodity-money relations between countries interconnected by participation in the international division of labor. In English: World market Synonyms: World market See also: Regional markets Globalization Financial vocabulary… … Financial vocabulary
See WORLD MARKET. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M .: INFRA M. 479 s .. 1999 ... Economic dictionary
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The sphere of international exchange of goods and services, which is based on the international division of labor; in a narrow sense, the totality of the markets of individual countries connected with each other by trade economic relations. One of the preconditions... Political science. Dictionary.
World market- World market (Global market) - a historically established system of international commodity-money, trade, economic and credit financial relations countries representing the global economic system. Consists of markets of different levels ... ... Economic and Mathematical Dictionary
world market- The historically established system of international commodity-money, trade, economic and credit-financial relations of countries representing the world economic system. It consists of markets of different levels of development from highly developed to developing and ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook
world market- A wide and stable international exchange of goods and services, including the national markets of individual countries, connected with each other by trade and economic agreements ... Geography Dictionary
WORLD MARKET - component the world economy, providing the sphere of supply, demand and exchange of goods and services; system of commodity-money relations between countries. In the context of the deepening and expansion of world economic ties, commodity markets are losing their … Legal Encyclopedia
The sphere of international exchange of goods and services, which is based on the international division of labor; in a narrow sense, a set of markets of individual countries connected with each other by trade and economic relations. One of the preconditions... encyclopedic Dictionary
The set of national markets of individual countries connected with each other by trade and economic relations. It was formed for the first time on the basis of the capitalist mode of production as the World Capitalist Market. In the modern era... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The world market is a sphere of stable commodity-money relations between countries based on MRI and the separation of production factors. It unites the national economies of all countries of the world.
In the context of globalization, expansion and deepening of world economic relations, commodity markets are losing national and territorial boundaries, turning into world commodity markets, which are traded by traders from all countries.
The world market is represented by various types of commodity markets, service markets, financial markets, resource markets, incl. and labor. The activities of world markets for goods and services are regulated by international commodity agreements. Each commodity market has its own centers of trade - "main markets", the prices of which are recognized as basic in the trade of the corresponding goods.
According to the method of organizing trade, special types of markets are distinguished: commodity exchanges, auctions, auctions, international exhibitions and fairs.
The world market is characterized by the following main features: 1) it is a category of commodity production that has gone beyond national markets; 2) is manifested in the implementation of international commodity flows in accordance with the prevailing preferences of consumers; 3) optimizes the use of production factors in the world economy; 4) performs a sanitizing role, rejecting goods and their producers from international exchange that are not able to provide international standard quality at competitive prices.
Functions: Integrating function lies in the fact that, thanks to the market, isolated national economies form a single economic system - world economy. Systematizing function IR is manifested in the ranking of states in accordance with the level of their economic development and the achieved economic power. mediating function expressed in the fact that the world market mediates (realizes) the results of state participation in MRI. Information function consists in informing the seller (manufacturer) and the buyer (consumer) how much their individual (national) costs for the production of the product, the quality of the final product and raw materials correspond to the international (world average). Stimulating (optimizing) function. Its essence lies in the fact that, by adjusting (on the basis of information received from the market) their production (volumes, structure, costs), in the aggregate, states change the structure of production in the industry, and hence the industry structure national economy, optimizing it in accordance with trends in the global economy. Sanitizing (improving) function means clearing the market and the economy in the most democratic way of economically inefficient structures (economic operators) and improving the operating conditions for the strongest of them.
Subjects of the world market: - the state - groups of states, - integration associations, - firms, - TNCs and trans. nat. banks. – international economic and financial organizations.
National Economy and World Market: Problems of Inclusion and Interaction.
The place and role of any country in the world economy, the international division of labor and the internationalization of economic life depend on many factors. In our opinion, the main ones are:
· the level and dynamics of the development of the national economy;
· the degree of openness of the national economy and its involvement in the international division of labor (IDL);
· progressivity and development of foreign economic relations (FER);
· the ability of the national economy to adapt to the conditions of international economic life and at the same time influence them in the desired direction;
· existence of legal conditions for foreign investments;
presence of transnational corporations.
Among the many factors affecting the entry and level of integration of each country into the world economy, two factors are the most important. Firstly, the effect, or economic, and, perhaps, political benefit for the countries participating in the global integration process; in this case, the main criterion should be the national interest - not only the current one, but also related to the distant future. Solving the issue of the participation of each specific country in various forms of international economic relations is always difficult, because it requires a comprehensive consideration of the consequences and results of such an act. This is important not only for the national economy of an individual country, but also for the world economic community as a whole. The main conditions for the country's participation in the global integration process are political and social stability, the absence of sharp fluctuations in the national economy and its openness.
As an analysis of the problems of integration into the world economy of other countries has shown, the main condition for creating a viable economy is its openness. In an open economy, world market prices directly or indirectly determine the prices of domestic products and do so much more efficiently than any government agency. On the present stage The "openness" of the economy means not only the active participation of the country in international trade, but also in other forms of world economic relations, such as the international mobility of production factors and international monetary and settlement relations.
An important advantage of an open economy is its importance in the fight against monopoly. Noting the role of the world market as a powerful means of combating monopoly and solving the problem of effective functioning National economy during the transition period, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the country's economy should be made open only on condition economic evaluation and economic protection of its resources. Only in this case it is possible to avoid the risks of negative manifestations in the economy under the influence of its openness and obtain positive results from the impact of the world economy and the world market on Russian economy in these conditions.
Russia turned out to be quite deeply involved in the world economy. The share of exports in its GDP is quite large. Russian exports are supported by energy resources, raw materials and materials, the role of the external market for producers of which has increased dramatically due to the narrowing of the domestic market. Thanks to the work on the foreign market, these industries (oil and gas production, metallurgy, production of timber and fertilizers) remained competitive in the face of a general decline in production, while in other industries, especially in engineering, output fell two to three times.
Acquiring the status of a highly developed power in a globalized world is impossible without changes in the structure Russian business. The basis of the national economy should be powerful integrated corporate structures, primarily financial and industrial, capable of competing in the domestic and world markets with transnational giants.
In connection with the above, it should be noted that important issue international trade in the context of globalization becomes the need for close integration between trade and direct foreign investment. Wherein international trade acts as an integral part of a common, integrated system of production, marketing and supply, which is created and developed by transnational corporations.
The structure of the world market.
The world market as a whole is characterized by a very rich and complex structure. The description of its structure depends on the selected criteria. We can distinguish the following criteria for characterizing the structure and system of the market.
based on a functional approach: 1. international market goods and services. 2. International capital market (currency market, credit) 3. World technology market. 4. World labor market.
Based on geographical location: - European market, - Asian market, - North American market, - African market, etc.
