General provisions. When erecting buildings and structures in conditions of dense urban development, a number of factors arise, the observance of which ensures the quality and durability of not only the directly erected objects, but also the structures surrounding them:
The need to ensure the maintenance of the operational properties of objects located in the immediate vicinity of the development spot;
The inability to locate construction site a full range of household and engineering structures, machines and mechanisms;
Development of special constructive and technological measures aimed at optimizing the process of building an object;
Development of technical and technological measures aimed at protecting the ecological environment of the facility and existing buildings.
Specific Features building plan. The limited space allocated for the construction site prevents the full development of the construction site. At the same time, there is a whole range of mandatory measures, without which the construction will be immediately suspended by the regulatory authorities. These include fire fighting and safety measures. Mandatory is the presence of evacuation passages (exits) on the construction site, prepared for the use of fire hydrants, emergency fire fighting equipment; restrictive cast-off or fencing around the pit, signs of work areas at the construction site, sheds over pedestrian areas located along the construction site.
In cases of a limited area of the building site outside the construction site, the following may be located:
Administrative and amenity premises;
Canteens and sanitary facilities;
Reinforcing, carpentry and locksmith shops and workshops;
open and closed warehouses;
Cranes, concrete pumps and other construction machines.
Maintaining the operational properties of existing buildings. Buildings located in close proximity to a development site may be subject to a number of impacts arising from the construction of a new building. It:
Excerpt in the immediate vicinity of the building excavation for new construction;
Vibration from those located in close proximity construction machines and mechanisms.
Their reduction to acceptable levels is achieved by the implementation of special engineering measures.
Strengthening foundations and foundations. Before the beginning earthworks necessary
to strengthen the bases and foundations of existing structures and urban
infrastructure located in close proximity to the construction site.
Strengthening the structures of the bases and foundations should ensure the static balance of the building for the period of the excavated pit until the erection of the supporting structures of the underground part of the new building.
Measures to strengthen the foundations and foundations are divided, depending on the impact on the supporting frame and adjacent foundations, into permanent and temporary. Permanent solutions include those solutions, in the implementation of which the strengthening of the structure becomes an integral part of the structure under construction.
Before the start of earthworks, sheet piling is arranged along the entire perimeter of the pit (Fig. 26.2). Target
sheet piling to prevent slipping and collapse of soil masses located outside the construction site.
In areas where existing structures are directly adjacent to the boundary of the construction site, it is necessary to carry out measures to strengthen their underground structures. To do this, wells are drilled passing through the body of the location, their characteristics are length, diameter, class of the existing foundation, and concrete is injected into them under pressure. The number of piles, mesbeton - is determined by calculation.
At the end of the construction of the underground part of the building, sheet piling is usually removed from the ground, it can be reused. Therefore, the installation of sheet piling can be attributed to temporary measures to strengthen the foundations. Unlike sheet piles, bored-injection piles remain in the body of reinforced foundations even after the completion of new construction. The construction of the underground part of the building can also be attributed to permanent measures by means of the implementation of the previously discussed “wall in the ground” in detail. However, as noted, the "wall in the ground" is a rather complex and expensive engineering structure, and its construction is economically feasible only in cases of large-scale or unique construction.
Specific measures aimed at maintaining the operational properties of the existing development are developed in the projects for the production of works. These include:
Strengthening of foundations and foundations, which should ensure the static balance of the building for the period of the open excavation before the erection of the supporting structures of the basement of the new building and backfilling of the sinuses of the excavation. The following are most commonly used Constructive decisions: "wall in the ground", sheet piling, strengthening of foundations and basement walls of existing buildings, strengthening of foundation soils by injection methods;
The development of pits and the construction of foundations in bursts - this allows you to reduce the consumption of temporary retaining structures;
Selection of machines and mechanisms with minimal dynamic characteristics;
Vibration isolation of the soil mass adjacent to existing buildings and structures.
Protection of the ecological environment. The impacts of the facility under construction on the surrounding buildings and infrastructure are mainly as follows:
Noise effect accompanying any construction process;
Dynamic impact of working machines and mechanisms;
Emission into the atmosphere of a large number of dust particles of small and medium fractions;
Production of a huge amount of construction and household waste;
Increased discharge of wastewater into existing and reconstructed city networks, as well as to the soil;
Violation of the usual transport schemes due to the restriction, and sometimes a complete ban on traffic on the streets on which construction is carried out.
To reduce the noise level at the construction site, the foremen are required to use noise-reducing techniques and equipment at the stage of passing the state examination, i.e., in the process of agreeing on the main technical and technological solutions. For example, when carrying out piling and sheet piling, the use of screw-dried piles or driving piles into drilled wells is a mandatory requirement. As lifting and concrete-feeding machines, equipment with lower noise characteristics is recommended with equal overall technical capabilities. Pneumatic jackhammers that cause a special noise effect are replaced by electro-mechanical ones. A temporary restriction is introduced on the conduct of all types of work at the construction site, with a special allocation of the permitted period for the most noisy work, such as installation, welding, concrete, etc.
Approximately in the same vein, measures are being taken to reduce the dynamic impact of operating machines and mechanisms. In addition to introducing restrictions on the use of certain means of mechanization, measures are being developed for the installation of technical structures aimed at reducing dynamic loads on soils and foundations. To do this, in the areas of installation of cranes, concrete feeders and other machines that cause dynamic effects, damping (forced vibration damping) engineering structures are installed, which significantly reduce the spread of dynamic vibrations to the surrounding bases and soils, and, consequently, to the existing buildings.
The emission of dust particles of small and medium fractions into the atmosphere is the most difficult parameter to control. The maximum amount of dusty particles is emitted into
atmosphere, mainly finishing works such as putty and painting. Therefore, by ensuring the delivery to the construction site the largest number pre-painted products and equipment, it is possible to minimize the implementation of these processes in construction conditions, and consequently, reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, in processes associated with mechanical impact on erected reinforced concrete and stone structures, such as drilling, gouging, adjusting dimensions, etc., it is recommended to moisten the treated surfaces with plenty of water before and during work. This leads to the deposition of dusty particles on horizontal surfaces, followed by their removal from the site along with construction debris.
From the very beginning of the construction of the facility, a huge amount of construction and household waste accumulates, which can lead to pollution of nearby areas. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a clear system for the collection and removal of construction and household waste from the site. On the territory of the construction site, separate containers are installed for construction waste, including for handed over waste, such as scrap metal, broken glass, and household waste. As you fill
containers are taken to city dumps or collection points.
The increase in the discharge of water, storm and fecal sewage during construction is a serious environmental problem, since at the time of the start of work, the existing capacities of the city networks are insufficient, resulting in unauthorized discharge of associated effluents into the environment. To prevent this, it is necessary at the stage preparatory work ensure organized runoff from the construction site; reconstruct, according to the issued specifications for the periods of construction and operation of the constructed building, existing city networks; tie the wheel washing areas to storm sewer networks; establish areas on the construction site in which it is allowed
use water, sewerage for domestic and industrial needs. In the process of work, prohibit any discharge of water on the construction site outside the established zones.
In conditions of dense urban development, new construction is carried out, as a rule, along existing transport routes, and sometimes even crossing them, thereby violating the existing system of habitual transport patterns. This leads not only to the complication of traffic, but also to the formation of truncated traffic flows, traffic jams, additional exhaust of harmful gases from Vehicle and, consequently, the deterioration of the ecological situation in the city. Therefore, when agreeing on the construction plan, together with the traffic safety authorities, they develop schemes for the rational movement of vehicles around the construction site for the period of construction. Around the building site, standard road signs are installed that prescribe driveways, detours and stopping zones for road users, and, if necessary, additional pedestrian crossings - traffic lights.
During construction in conditions of dense urban development, a number of factors arise, the observance of which ensures the quality and durability of not only the directly erected objects, but also the structures surrounding them. These factors include:
the need to operate facilities located in the immediate vicinity of the development spot;
the impossibility of locating on the construction site the entire complex of construction infrastructure provided for by the technology for the production of works (household and engineering structures, machines and mechanisms);
the need to develop technical and technological measures aimed at protecting the ecological environment of the facility and existing buildings.
The limited space allocated for construction prevents the full deployment of the construction site.
At the same time, there is a whole range of mandatory measures, without which the construction will be suspended by the regulatory authorities. These include fire prevention measures and ensuring labor protection and safety precautions for construction and installation works:
availability of evacuation passages on the construction site;
prepared for use fire hydrants and emergency fire fighting equipment;
fencing of the construction site and hazardous areas (pit, erection stationary crane, structure warehouses);
canopies over pedestrian areas adjacent to the construction site.
In cases of a limited area of the building site outside the construction site may be located: administrative and amenity premises; canteens and sanitary facilities; reinforcing, carpentry and locksmith shops and workshops; open and closed warehouses. When organizing a construction plan, it is advisable to provide for these purposes restorative territories, by agreement with their owners. To limit storage space, you can organize:
mounting building structures from the wheels
use the most enlarged elements,
apply advanced construction technologies tested in similar conditions.
Sometimes intermediate storage sites are organized as close as possible to the facility under construction. In this case, the required materials and products are delivered to the facility as needed and placed in the area of use. The use of intermediate warehouses imposes strict requirements on the participants in the construction industry (including suppliers and customers) for the implementation of work schedules and the delivery of technological equipment.
Administrative and amenity premises, taken out of the construction site, can be located in existing buildings or in newly erected towns, as close as possible to the construction site. The areas used must meet the regulatory requirements for minimum sanitary and hygienic standards per worker. Delivery of workers to the facility is carried out by the customer service.
A serious problem in conditions of dense urban development is the placement of large-sized construction machines and cranes directly on the site. Cranes and concrete pumps must be located on the construction site or in its immediate vicinity. However, in the immediate vicinity of them there are previously built buildings and structures that prevent the movement of the boom of a crane or concrete pump, or it is not possible to lay crane tracks. In this case, easily mounted stationary-type cranes (self-elevating) are used on a relatively small foundation or (for concrete work) concrete-laying complexes are used, associated with the vertical supply of the concrete mix inside the building and its subsequent distribution on the tier by manipulators of various types. At process design we must strive to make the most of the experience of building in similar conditions and modern mechanization.
Maintaining the operational properties of the existing building.
Buildings located in close proximity to a development site may be subject to a number of impacts arising from the construction of a new building. These impacts include: excavation of the pit in the immediate vicinity of the building and vibration from construction machines and mechanisms located in the immediate vicinity.
The first group of defects arises from changes in the static characteristics of the bases. The removal of soil near the foundations of buildings leads to a change in the force field around them. Therefore, the creation of a constructive balance allows you to compensate for the resulting impacts.
The second group of defects is a consequence of the dynamic effects of operating construction machines and mechanisms. Their reduction to acceptable levels is achieved by the implementation of special engineering measures.
Specific measures aimed at maintaining the operational properties of the existing building are developed in the projects for the production of works. These include:
strengthening of foundations and foundations, which should ensure the static balance of the building for the period of the open excavation until the erection of the supporting structures of the basement of the new building and backfilling of the sinuses of the excavation. The following constructive solutions are most often used: "wall in the ground", sheet piling, reinforcement of foundations and basement walls of existing buildings, strengthening of foundation soils by injection methods;
development of pits and construction of foundations in stages - this allows you to reduce the consumption of temporary retaining structures;
selection of machines and mechanisms with minimal dynamic characteristics;
vibration isolation of the soil mass adjacent to existing buildings and structures.
Chapter 1. Analysis of the current state of the problem of engineering-geological surveys (IGS) in urban areas.
1.1. Development of ideas about IGI in urban areas.
1 2 Retrospective analysis of the development of the domestic regulatory framework for IGI in built-up areas.
1.3. Short review the state of IGI rationing in urban areas in some foreign countries.
1.4. Analysis of existing approaches to the characterization and assessment of the density of urban development from the standpoint of the possibility of taking them into account when conducting the IGI.
Conclusions on chapter 1.
Chapter 2. Methods of research and characteristics of the studied objects.
2.1. Methodology, composition and volume of performed research.
2.2. Characteristics of construction objects and typification of engineering and geological conditions for their placement.
Conclusions on chapter 2.
Chapter 3
3.1. Requirements analysis normative documents in terms of the detail of the IGI, in relation to the conditions of densely built-up urban areas
3.2. The impact of dense urban development on the conduct of IGI.
3.3. Influence of the specifics of the engineering-geological conditions of urban areas on the conduct of IGI.
3.4. Peculiarities of carrying out IGI to characterize the engineering-geological conditions of the existing building, falling into the zone of influence of the projected construction.
3.5. Analysis and systematization of the main factors complicating the implementation of IGI for / "construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in urban areas. 3.6. Establishment of criteria and rating of factors that determine the cramped conditions of existing urban development in order to assess the category of complexity of conducting IGI in urban areas.
Outputs for chapter 3.
Chapter 4
4.1. The concept and principles of the IGI methodology in conditions of dense urban development
4.2. Territorial-zonal approach to conducting IGI in conditions of dense urban development.
4.3. Peculiarities of working with archival and stock materials at the IGI in conditions of dense urban development.
4.4. Display of survey information in technical reports and conclusions.
Conclusions on chapter 4.
Conclusions on chapter 5.
General conclusions.
The relevance of the work. In the last decade, in the practice of urban planning, attention has increased to the reconstruction and increase in the density of urban development, as well as the intensive development and use of the underground space of urban areas. In Moscow, as in other large cities of Russia, the pace and volume of construction works, their implementation in densely built-up areas, as a rule, in complex and dynamically changing engineering and geological conditions, caused numerous complications in construction, including deformations and accidents at reconstructed objects and falling within the zone of influence of construction work.
An analysis of the current situation conducted by the Moscow State Construction University, the GECC OFiPS under the Government of Moscow and a number of other organizations showed that in the vast majority of cases these complications in construction are caused by insufficient attention to engineering geological surveys (IGS), as well as insufficient consideration of survey information in the design and production of zero-cycle works in the cramped conditions of the existing urban development.
Despite the development of the regulatory framework, the current SNiP, SP, TSN and other documents lack evidence-based approaches to establishing the necessary detail and information content of IGI in urban areas, especially in areas of historical and dense buildings. The features of the PTS "geological environment - city", urban zoning, regional engineering and geological conditions and their technogenic changes are not sufficiently studied. Therefore, the search for ways and means of increasing the level of IGI and survey information in conditions of dense urban development is a very urgent task, to which surveyors, designers and builders are guided by a number of decrees of the Moscow Government (for example, No. 896 of December 16, 1997, No. 111 of February 10 1998).
Purpose of the work: substantiation and development of the main provisions of the methodology for conducting IGI in conditions of dense urban development (on the example of the features of the natural and technical conditions of the territory of the city of Moscow).
The main idea of the work; taking into account in the methodology of the IGI the influence of the existing dense urban development on obtaining the necessary and sufficient information about the engineering and geological conditions of the planned construction (reconstruction) of buildings and structures, as well as construction objects in the zone of influence.
Work tasks:
1) analysis of the state of the problem and the level of regulatory support for IGI in urban areas, including those with dense buildings;
2) assessment of the impact of dense urban development on the specifics of the requirements for engineering and geological information, and the difficulty in obtaining it;
3) development of a methodology for taking into account the cramped conditions of their implementation in areas with dense urban development during IGI;
4) development of a methodology for the analysis and use of stock survey materials in the setting of IGS in areas of dense urban development;
5) substantiation of the concept and principles of the approach to conducting IGI in conditions of dense urban development;
6) development of the main provisions of the IGI methodology in conditions of dense urban development.
Scientific novelty (values);
1) the complex impact of dense urban development on the features of the “geological environment-city” PTS, the specific requirements for engineering and geological information for construction (reconstruction) and difficulties in obtaining this information have been established;
2) for the first time, the concept of “cramped conditions for conducting IGI” in urban areas was formulated, a set of complicating factors was established, their rating was given, and criteria for grading the complexity category of IGI according to the constrained conditions for their implementation were given; the significance of these data in the practice of the IGI for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in conditions of dense urban development is shown;
3) the concept and principles of the territorial-zonal approach to conducting IGI for construction (reconstruction) in urban areas are substantiated;
4) a method for the multi-aspect use of archival (stock) materials of the IGI is proposed, taking into account the assessment of their reliability and variability over time.
Practical value. The developed recommendations will increase the level of reliability and informativeness of the IGI, optimize the composition, volume and technology survey work. The completed developments can be used as a basis for the development of federal and territorial regulatory documents on IGI, including MGSN.
Protected provisions;
1. Engineering-geological aspects of the concept of dense urban development, its complex impact on the establishment of IGI, in terms of the requirements for the necessary information to justify decisions on the construction and reconstruction of the projected facility and engineering protection of the surrounding development, as well as the conditions for obtaining this information in cramped conditions for conducting exploration work.
2. Systematization of the factors that form the cramped conditions for conducting surveys in urban areas; selection of the corresponding category of complexity of the IGI, their establishment on the basis of a rating assessment and a phenomenological approach.
3. The concept of the territorial-zonal approach to the IGI, which provides for a comprehensive accounting of urban zoning and engineering-geological zoning of the study area, spatial, including zonal, characterization of the engineering-geological conditions of construction (reconstruction) in conjunction with survey data technical condition structures of buildings and structures that fall into the zone of influence of the designed facility. Principles of carrying out IGI in conditions of dense urban development.
4. The need for a broad and multifaceted analysis and use of archival (stock) survey data for IGI in dense urban areas, taking into account their reliability, information content and variability over time.
5. Recommendations for the integrated display of geological and construction information in technical reports and conclusions based on the compilation of special partial and synthetic geological construction maps and sections.
6. Technological blocks and sequence of IGI in conditions of dense urban development.
The reliability of scientific provisions, conclusions and recommendations is confirmed by the analysis of literary and stock materials, generalization of the experience of field research and research at 103 sites for the reconstruction of buildings and structures in Moscow.
The author's personal contribution consists in setting research objectives, critical analysis of literary and fund materials, drawing up IGI programs and surveying the bases and foundations of reconstructed and operated buildings, conducting relevant field work on a large number of construction sites in Moscow, summarizing survey materials and developing recommendations for conducting IGI in conditions of dense urban development.
Research methods include: generalization of scientific and technical information; careful critical analysis of normative documents; analysis and generalization of the IGI experience on real objects of construction and reconstruction of the city.
The object of research was the geological environment of the city, as a component created during construction, functioning during operation and transformed during the reconstruction of the “geological environment-city” PTS.
The subject of the research was the method of conducting IGI for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in urban areas, including those in densely built-up areas.
Approbation of work. The main results of the research were reported at the scientific and technical seminar "Karstological Monitoring", Dzerzhinsk Nizhny Novgorod region, 1999; scientific-practical conference of Moscow universities "The potential of Moscow universities and its use in the interests of the city", 1999; the second, third and fourth scientific and practical conferences of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Construction - the formation of the environment of life" MGSU, 1999-2001; 1st International Scientific and Practical Symposium "Natural conditions for the construction and preservation of churches in Orthodox Russia", held on 7
October 11, 2000 in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad; International scientific conference "New types of engineering-geological and ecological-geological maps", held on May 2930, 2001. at Moscow State University; International Symposium "EngGeolCity-2001. Engineering and Geological Problems of Urbanized Territories”, held July 30 - August 2, 2001. in Yekaterinburg; International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of MGSU-MISI “Construction in the XXI century. Problems and Prospects”, MGSU, December 5-7, 2001
Implementation. The results of the research were used in the performance of the IGI by the MGSU laboratory "Survey and Reconstruction of Buildings and Structures" and the development of recommendations for the design of the construction (reconstruction) of a number of buildings and structures, as well as in the performance of state budget research work of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering on the development of regulatory and methodological documents on the IGI (topic No. 24 "Development of the scientific foundations of the methodology of engineering and geological surveys in large cities of Russia", "Concept for the development of Moscow city building codes(MGSN) for engineering-geological surveys).
Separate developed recommendations on the IGS methodology in urban areas were included in the new SP 11-105-97 part V “Engineering and geological surveys for construction. Rules for the performance of work in areas with special natural and man-made conditions "Chapter 5" Engineering and geological surveys in built-up areas (including historical buildings)".
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion and appendices. The volume of work is 195 pages, 49 figures and 48 tables. The list of references contains 234 titles.
General conclusions
The results of the research carried out allow us to draw the following conclusions:
1. The current regulatory documents on IGS for construction do not fully take into account the features of the PTS "geological environment-city" and its multi-scale subsystems, urban zoning, stages of urban planning, as well as the specifics of the IGS in the cramped conditions of existing dense urban development and, in connection with the Gym, require further improvement.
2. Dense urban development has a multifaceted impact on the setting up and implementation of IGS, presenting, on the one hand, extended, including specific, requirements for the maintenance and volume of engineering and geological information necessary and sufficient to substantiate the construction (reconstruction) of the projected object in the conditions of a long-term existing and transformable PTS and engineering protection of the existing surrounding building in the zone of influence of the planned construction, on the other hand, making it much more difficult to obtain that information due to the cramped conditions for conducting survey work.
3. The territorial-zonal-zonal approach to their implementation at all stages of urban planning and subsequent stages is of priority importance for IGI in conditions of dense urban development. life cycle construction projects with a variety of features of different-scale PTS of the city. At the same time, it is necessary to substantiate, together with the designers, the boundaries of the territory under study and the depth of research, as well as a differentiated approach to the tasks, composition and scope of surveys within the "spot" of the designed object, the zone of its active influence on neighboring buildings (structures) and the zone of predicted potential impact on the adjacent built-up area.
4. When setting up and conducting IGI in urban areas, especially in densely built-up areas, along with taking into account the level of responsibility of the building or structure being erected (reconstructed), the categories of complexity of engineering and geological conditions and the geotechnical complexity of the construction object, it is necessary to establish and take into account the complexity category of IGI according to constrained conditions for their implementation, guided by the recommendations of § 3.6 of the dissertation.
5. Critical importance in IGI in conditions of dense urban development (and in the practice of design and survey work in urban areas as a whole) has a multidimensional analysis and use of stock survey materials, taking into account their reliability, information content and the possibility of obsolescence of individual information, including to establish:
Features and regularities of the structure of the geological environment of the city within the boundaries of the studied territories (including within the projected construction object and the zones of its influence on the surrounding buildings);
Dynamics of changes in the geological environment and engineering-geological conditions of specific construction sites and built-up areas under the influence of long-term man-made impacts of the city;
Possible objects-analogues of the PTS for using the method of engineering-geological taxes in the conduct of IGI and preparation of relevant survey information and engineering-geological recommendations;
Regional normative characteristics of soils at the base of buildings and structures, including taking into account their genetic and stratigraphic affiliation, distribution in specific engineering-geological areas, districts and sub-regions and exposure to certain: anthropogenic impacts of the city;
Optimal programs for additional IGI, taking into account the assessment of the engineering-geological complexity of a particular territory (section, site) based on the IGI stock materials, surveying the foundations of construction projects and conducting comprehensive monitoring of the geological environment and the PTS of the city as a whole.
6. The mandatory requirements for conducting IGI in conditions of dense urban development should include the interconnection of surveys for the projected object with the survey of foundations, foundations and over-foundation structures of buildings and structures that fall within the influence of construction or are subject to reconstruction, as well as with engineering and environmental surveys. At the same time, the programs of IGI, engineering and environmental surveys and surveys of construction sites, as well as reporting survey documentation, should be linked and adjusted.
7. In order to increase the information content of survey materials and the validity of engineering and geological recommendations, as well as to ensure their better perception and understanding by designers, mainly specialists in the design of foundations, foundations and underground structures, as well as developers of POS and engineering protection systems for construction objects from hazardous geological processes, it is advisable to draw up geological and construction maps and sections that combine survey information with construction, including the planned location of construction objects, marks for laying underground elements of a structure, foundations, pile bottoms, walls in the soil, deformation zones of structures, places of stress concentrations, and both for the designed structure, and existing in the zone of its influence.
8. Essential for raising the level of IGI in conditions of dense urban development is the increase in the requirements for compiling Terms of Reference and Programs of survey works, including in terms of optimizing the technological scheme of their organization and conduct, in accordance with the recommendations set out in Chapter 5.
8. The completed work allows us to outline the following directions for further research within the framework of the problem under consideration:
Development of a methodology for the preparation of advanced pre-investment engineering and geological information for the initial stages of urban planning;
Development of the method of engineering-geological analogies in relation to the features and 1-dimensional tasks of its use in the IGI for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures in dense urban areas;
Improvement of existing and development of new methods for predicting changes in the physical and mechanical properties of soils under the influence of the development of dangerous engineering and geological processes at the base of city construction projects, especially in areas of historical and dense building development;
Development of a methodology for studying soils by inclined drilling, probing when examining the foundations of buildings and structures that are subject to reconstruction and fall into the impact zone of the projected construction.
9. The urgent tasks of increasing the level of IGI for construction and reconstruction in conditions of dense urban development should also include:
Completion of the development and publication of a special chapter of the federal regulatory document SP P-105-97, Part V, dedicated to IGI in urban areas;
Development and publication of territorial building codes (including MGSN) for engineering surveys in the territories of large cities;
Improvement of existing and development of new technical means that provide the possibility of conducting IGS in the cramped conditions of existing urban development, including from the basements of buildings (based on small-sized, electric installations).
It should be noted that research in a number of these areas is currently being carried out at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering through postgraduate work and state budget research work of the Department of Engineering Geology and Geoecology, including with the participation of the author.
PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL FACILITIES FOR IGI, CONCLUSION OF SUBCONTRACTS
COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING OF IGI STOCK MATERIALS IN THE STUDY TERRITORY
STUDY OF STOCK MATERIALS
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ABOUT DEFORMATIONS AND ACCIDENTS OF THE BUILDING AND STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY TERRITORY
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ON ACCIDENTS OF WATER-BEARING ENGINEERING NETWORKS IN THE STUDY TERRITORY
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION1" ABOUT THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE SOILS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES FOUNDATIONS.
OBSERVATIONS FOR DEFORMATIONS OF BUILDINGS IN THE STUDY TERRITORY
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
FIELD WORK
LABORATORY WORKS
PREDICTIVE MODELING
JOINT PROCESSING OF MATERIALS FROM ADDITIONAL AND STOCK IGI o< I 1
ON THE DESIGNED OBJECT I
ON EXISTING BUILDINGS^ AND FACILITIES. LOCATED IN THE 3 ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION STG
ANALOGUE
MATH W X
IN THE SURROUNDING TERRITORY
PHYSICAL about.
FINAL WORKS
PREPARATION OF A TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE IGI WITH DEVELOPMENT
PERFORMANCE
MATERIALS FOR EXAMINATION
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
APPROVAL OF THE TECHNICAL REPORT, TRANSFER TO THE CUSTOMER AND TO THE GEOPOUDS
Rice. 5.2. but to what extent the selected research objects reflect the diversity of the engineering and geological conditions of the territory, as well as the existing development of Moscow, and, consequently, the approaches to conducting IGI.
Geomorphological conditions. Within the territory of the city there are four landscape-geomorphological regions: the valleys of the river. Moscow and its tributaries; In the river valleys, moraine and fluvioglacial (outhand) plains are distinguished (see Fig. 2.2.3).
These areas differ significantly in the absolute elevations of the earth's surface (1204-160, 175-A250, 175-5-185 and 155-AI65 m, respectively), the steepness of the slopes (range 3-A20 Grad) and some other parameters.
Of fundamental importance are: the considerable width of the river valleys; deep incisions of rivers (including in a number of areas with erosion of the Jurassic aquiclude); significant technogenic alteration of the relief, due to the filling of ravines and small streams and the formation of technogenic deposits; the presence of landslide slopes, ravines and local waterlogging.
It is important to note that there are 355 watercourses on the territory of Moscow within the MSSAD, including about 70 rivers, 80 riverine springs with short streams and about 205 temporary watercourses (springs
1. Research literature
2. Abelev Yu.M., Krugov V.I. Erection of buildings and structures on bulk soils. Gosstroyizdat. M. 1962.148 p.
3. Alekseev Yu.V. Problems of reconstruction of mass housing development (on the example of Moscow). // Sat. report int. nazasho-practical. conf. "Critical technologies in construction", October 28-30, 1998. Moscow: MGSU. 1998. S.13-16.
4. Aleshin A.S. Engineering-geological and geophysical monitoring of natural objects and engineering structures. / Aleshin A.S., Dubovskoy V.B., Egorov H.H. and others. M.: Engineering-geological and geoecological scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1993. 104 p.
5. Allaev M.O. Optimization of engineering and geological surveys in the design of pile foundations from driven piles. Dissertation for the competition. scientist, Ph.D. tech. Sciences. 05.23.02. M. NIIOSP, 1998.136 p.
6. Anikin S.P., Gavrilov A.N., Gryaznena E.M. Application of geophysical methods in the survey of buildings and structures in dense urban areas. / Sat. works "Modern methods engineering surveys in construction. -M.: MGSU, 2001. S. 41-50.
7. Bondarik G.K., Komarov I.S., Ferronsky V.I. Field methods of engineering-geological research. M., Publishing house "Nedra" 1967. 374 p.
8. Bondarik G.K. Methods of engineering-geological research. M., 1986. 329 p.
9. Brazhnik V.N. The use of a screw stamp to determine the characteristics of the soil properties of the foundations of reconstructed buildings // Materials of the seminar / LDNTP. L., 1987.
10. Bulgakov S.N. New construction technologies for a systematic solution to the problems of reconstruction and housing construction. // Sat. report int. scientific and practical. conf. "Critical technologies in construction", October 28-30, 1998. Moscow: MGSU. 1998. P.4-8.
11. Vorontsov E.A. A method for quantitative assessment of engineering-geological information and examples of its use. // Sat. Denisov Readings. I", -M.: MGSU, 2000. S. 94-105.
12. Golodkovskaya G.A., Lebedeva N.I. Engineering-geological zoning of the territory of Moscow. // Engineering Geology, 1984. No. 3. pp. 87-102.
13. Granite B.A., Buyanov V.V. Features of engineering-geological surveys in low-rise construction in the Moscow region. / Sat. works “Modern methods of engineering surveys in construction. -M.: MGSU, 2001. S. 51-57.
14. Granit B.A., Nazarov G.N. The use of geophysical methods in surveying and surveying the bases of foundations and structures of structures in Moscow. // Sat. Denisov Readings. I", -M.: MGSU, 2000. S. 195-197.
15. Gulyanitsky N.F. and others. Russian urban art: Moscow and Russian cities of the 18th century in the first half of the 19th centuries / Research Institute of the Theory of Architecture and Urban Development; under total ed. N.F. Gulyanitsky. -M.: Shroyizdat, 1998. - 440 p.: ill.
16. Dalmatov B.I. Some experience of building on soft soils. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/1999. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 1999.
17. Dalmatov B.I., Yakovenko I.P., Zhdanov V.V. Engineering problems of reconstruction on weak soils of St. Petersburg. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 4-8.
18. ZGDanshin B.M. Geological structure and minerals of Moscow and its environs (natural zone). -M.: Izd-vo MOIP, 1947. 308 p.
19. Dvorak F., Novotny M., Romantsov G. (Dvorak F., Novotny M., Romancov G.) The role of underground structures in urban planning in Prague // Proceedings of the Int. conf. "Underground city: geotechnology and architecture", Russia, S.-Pb., September 8-10, 1998. P.57-62.
20. Dzektser E.S. Patterns of formation of flooding of built-up areas, principles of forecasting and engineering protection. Abstract for the competition. scientist, Ph.D. tech. Sciences. 04.00.06. M. VSEGINGEO, 1987. 78 p.
21. Dzektser E.S. Groundwater monitoring in urban areas. // Water resources. 1993, volume 20, no. 5. pp.615-620.
22. Dmitriev V.V. Optimization of laboratory engineering-geological studies. -M.: Nedra, 1989. 184 p: ill.
23. Dudler I.V. Engineering-geological control during the construction and operation of alluvial structures. M.: Stroyizdat, 1987. - 182, 2. with: ill.; 20 cm - (Reliability and quality: NK).
24. Dudler I.V. Integral assessment of the category of complexity of construction objects. // Abstracts of reports. scientific and practical. conf. Universities of Moscow "The potential of Moscow universities and its use in the interests of the city." Moscow: UNIR MGSU Center for Express Printing. 1999. P.55.
25. Dudler I.V. Complex studies of soils by field methods. M.: Stroyizdat, 1979. -132 p., ill.
27. Zabegaev A., Puhonto L. Current state European standards for the design of building structures. / "Stroitel" 3/2001 reference book of the construction industry specialist. Company
28. Norma News Agency, June 2001, pp. 270-272.
29. Zaitsev A.S., Aronzon M.E., Kostyukova T.N. Application of engineering geophysics in the study and protection of historical and architectural monuments. // Exploration and protection of mineral resources. 1995. No. 9. pp. 4-38.
30. Zakharov M.S. Cartographic method in regional engineering-geological studies. Tutorial/ St. Petersburg State Mining Institute. St. Petersburg, 997. 79 p. + sticker.
31. Zvangirov R.C., Razumov G.A. Peculiarities of engineering-geological surveys for reconstructed buildings and structures. // Contemporary Issues engineering geology and hydrogeology of urban areas and urban agglomerations. M.: Nauka, 1987. S. 129.
32. Zolotarev G.S. Methods of engineering and geological research: Textbook. -M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1990, 384 p.
33. Ilyin V.V., Shevlyagin Yu.S., Yudkevich A.I. Experience in modeling geofiltration and designing underground structures. // Proceedings of int. conf. "Underground city: Aotechnology and architecture", Russia, St. Petersburg, September 8-10, 1998. P.451-454.
34. Ilyichev V.A. City underground structures of civil and public gas supply. // Proceedings of int. conf. "Underground city: geotechnology and architecture", Russia, S-16., September 8-10, 1998. S. 17-22.
35. Il'ichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S. Features of geomonitoring in the construction of underground structures in conditions of close urban development. // Foundations, foundations and soil mechanics. 1999. No. 4. pp. 20-26.
36. Il'ichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S. Monitoring of historical buildings surrounding the underground complex on Manezhnaya Square. // Proceedings of int. conf. "Underground city: geotechnology and architecture", Russia, S.-Pb., September 8-10, 1998. P.419-423.
37. Ilyichev V.A., Ukhov S.B., /Adler I.V. Geotechnical problems of large cities. // Sat. report int. scientific and practical. conf. "Critical technologies in construction", October 28-30, 1998. Moscow: MGSU. 1998. S. 128-132.
38. Karlovich V.M. Foundations and foundations. - St. Petersburg: Type. Sushchinsky, 1869.111 p.
39. Kolomensky N.V. General methodology of engineering-geological research. M., 1968.338 p.
40. Komarov I.S. Accumulation and processing of information in engineering-geological studies. -M.: "Nedra", 1972.296 p. from ill.
41. Konovalov 1I.A. Bases and foundations of reconstructed buildings. - 2nd ed., Revised. DOP.-M.: Stroyizdat, 1988.-287 p.
42. Kostyukova T.N. Zaitsev A.S., Aronzon M.E. Geophysical monitoring in the city. // exploration and protection of mineral resources. 1995. No. 9. pp. 38-40.
43. Kotlov F.V. Anthropogenic geological processes and phenomena in the city. 1: publishing house "Nauka", 1977. 171 p.
44. Kotlov F.V. Change natural conditions the territory of Moscow under the influence of human activity and their engineering and geological significance. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. 263
45. Kotlov F.V. The cultural layer of the city of Moscow and its engineering-geological characteristics. // Essays on hydrogeology and engineering geology of Moscow and its environs (k; 00-Legius of Moscow), Sh. I, edited by O.K. Lange. -M.: ed. MOIP, 1947. S.3-117.
46. Kotlov F.V. Problems of geology in connection with urban planning. / Materials of scientific and technical. meeting in Baku in 1971 "Engineering and geological problems of urban planning." th.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1971. pp.7-17.
47. Korolev V.A. Monitoring of the geological environment. Textbook / Edited by V.T. Trofimov. -M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1995. 272 p.
48. Korolev M.V., Astrakhanov B.N. Problems of erection of buried and underground structures in Moscow in the conditions of urban development. // Report at the Vin Russian-Polish Seminar " Theoretical basis construction”, M., DIA, 1999.
49. Koff G.L. Essays on geoecology and engineering geology of the Moscow capital region. / Koff G.L., Petrenko S.M., Likhacheva E.A., Kotlov V.F. edited by H.A. Bogdanov and A.I. Sheco. M.: REFIA, 1997. -185 p.
50. Kulachkin B.I. et al. Fundamental and applied problems of geotechnics. / Kulachkin B.I., Radkevich A.I., Aleksandrovsky Yu.V., Ostyukov B.S. M.: RANS, 1999 151 p.
51. B. I. Kulachkin, V. P. Otrep’ev, and A 3 Gister. Quality control of the production of works in foundation engineering. -Proceedings of in-ta / Research Institute of Foundations and Underground, Structures, 1985, higher. 83, .132-141.
52. Larina T.A., Kalbergenov G.G. System of normative documents on engineering penalties for construction. // Project. 1994. No. 3. pp. 34-35.
53. Legget R. (Robert F. Legget) Cities and geology: Per. from English. M.: Mir, 1976. - 560 p., al. - Per. ed.: New York, 1973.
54. Lerner V.G. Development of underground space in Moscow. // Proceedings of int. conf. "Underground city: geotechnology and architecture", Russia, S.-Pb., September 8-10, 1998. P.303-307.
55. Lisitsin V. et al. Application of geophysical methods in surveys for the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures. // Project. 1998. No. 1. pp. 17-23.
56. Likhacheva E.A., Smirnova E.B. Environmental problems Moscow for 150 years. M.: IG RAN, 1994.247 p.
57. Loktev A.S. The problem of translation of special terms in the practice of engineering-geological surveys. // Proceedings of int. conf. Geotechnics. Assessment of the state of foundations and structures”, Russia, S.-Pb., June 13-16, 2001, Volume I. S. 165-172.
58. Lomtadze V.D. Engineering geology. Special engineering geology. L., Nedfa, 1978.496 p.
59. Luzhin O.V. etc. Inspection and testing of structures: Proc. for universities / Luzhin O.V., Zlochevsky A.B., Gorbunov I.A., Volokhov V.A.; Ed. O.V. Luzhin. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1987. -263p.: ill.
60. Maslov H.H. Engineering geology (basics of geotechnics). M.: Stroyizdat, 1941. 431 p.
61. Medvedev SP. Methodology and methods for assessing the engineering-geological conditions of the territory: development and application experience on the example of the city of Moscow. Abstracts for the competition. scientist, Ph.D. tech. Sciences. M. PIIIS, 1994.
62. Molokov L. A. Problems of interaction of hydraulic structures with the ecological environment. Abstract of the dissertation for the competition. scientist, Ph.D. geol.-miner. Sciences. L. LGI im. G.V. Plekhanova, 1984. 35 p.
63. Morareskul H.H. Cracks in the walls of buildings as a diagnostic sign of sediment 1) foundations. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 2/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 42-46.
64. Novitsky P.V. Fundamentals of information theory of measuring devices. -L., :<Энергия», 1968.248 с.
65. Ogonochenko V.P. Optimization and efficiency of engineering-geological surveys. // Engineering Geology, 1980, No. 5. pp.14-20.
66. Ogonochenko V.P. Efficiency of engineering-geological surveys in construction. -K., Society "Knowledge" of the Ukrainian SSR, 1980, -20 p. (Engineering surveys in construction).
67. Osipov V.I. Zones of geological risk on the territory of Moscow. // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994, volume 64, No. 1. S.32-45.
68. Osipov V.I., Kutepov V.M. Geoecological problems and development of urban planning. // Sat. report int. scientific and practical. conf. "Critical technologies in construction", October 28-30, 1998. Moscow: MGSU. 1998. S.124-128.
69. Osipov V.I., Medvedev O.P. and others. Moscow: geology and city. / Ch. Ed. IN AND. Osipov, O.P. Medvedev. -M.: JSC "Moscow textbooks and Cartolithography", 1997. -400s., 135 ill., 22 tab.
70. Petrenko SI, Koff GL Engineering-geological structure and engineering-geological typification of Moscow. // Engineering geology and hydrogeology of Moscow. M.: 1989. pp. 22-46.
71. Podyapolsky SS and others. Restoration of architectural monuments: Proc. allowance for universities / SS. Podyapolsky, G.B. Bessonov, L.A. Belyaev, T.M. Postnikov; Under total ed. SS Podyapolsky. 2nd ed. M.: Stroytsdat, 2000. - 288 p., ill.
72. Pogrebinsky M.S., Khrapov K.N. The use of areal observation systems in engineering seismic exploration for the study of karst-hazardous zones in the areas of existing and projected buildings. // Engineering geology and hydrogeology of Moscow. -M.: 1989. From 120133.
73. Polubotko A.A. On the issue of studying engineering-geological causes of deformation of industrial and civil buildings. // News of higher educational institutions. GEOLOGY and EXPLORATION. 1968. No. 4. pp. 92-96.
74. Polubotko A.A. Engineering-geological causes of deformations of industrial and civil buildings and methods for their study. Dissertation for the competition. scientist, Ph.D. geol.-miner. Sciences. -M.: MGRI, 1972.194 p.
75. Pritchett W. (W.C. Pritchett) Obtaining reliable seismic data: TRANS. from English. M.: Mir, 1999. - 448 p., ill. - Per. ed.: USA, 1990.
76. Rats M.V. and other Tables of normative and calculated characteristics of deposits of the city of Moscow. // Ref. Sat. PIIIS, in 3. Engineering surveys in construction / Rats M.V., Medvedev O.P.IDR.M., 1980.
77. Roitman A.G. Deformation and damage to buildings. M., Stroyizdat, 1987. - 160 p., ill. - (B-ka worker of housing and communal services).
78. Romanov O.S., Ulitsky V.M. The underground city is a myth or a real possibility? // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 12-15.
79. Rochefort N.I. Illustrated lesson position. Part P. General construction works. / M.: Gostekhizdat, 1928. 356 p.
80. Safonov V.N. et al. Sovremennaya opyt Usa po standardizatsii i tekhnicheskomu razmerirovaniya v stroitel'stve [Modern US experience in standardization and technical regulation in construction]. Safonov, S.I. Nersesov, T.T. Martshov. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1991.-208 s: ill.
81. Slinko O.V. Theory and practice of hydrogeological research in urban areas. // Modern problems of engineering geology and hydrogeology of urban areas and urban agglomerations. M.: HajAa, 1987. S. 223-224.
82. Smolenskaya N.G. etc. Modern methods of inspection of buildings. / N.G. Smolenskaya, A.G. Roitman, V.D. Kirillov, L.A. Dudyshkina, E.Sh. Shifrin. 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Stroyizdat, 1979. - 148 p., ill. - (B-ka worker zhil.-kommun, hoz-va).
83. Solodukhin M.A. Some problems of engineering-geological surveys for industrial and civil construction. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 2/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 24-27.
84. MaltAoshn M.A. On the quality and efficiency of engineering-geological surveys. // Engineering Geology, 1980, No. 5. S.21-24.
85. Sotnikov SP. Design and erection of foundations near existing structures (Experience in construction in the conditions of the North-West of the USSR). / CH. Sotnikov, V.G. Simagin, V.P. Vershinin; Ed. CH. Sotnikova, -M.: Stroyizdat, 1986. 96 p: ill.
86. Ulitsky V.M. The geotechnician is the guarantor of successful investments in the reconstruction of urban development. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 16-20.
87. Ulitsky V.M. Geotechnical justification for the reconstruction of buildings on soft soils. SPb.: SPb. State. architect.-builds. un-t, 1995. -146 p: ill.
88. Ulitsky V.M. Geotechnical problems of reconstruction in St. Petersburg. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/2001. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2001.
89. Ulitsky V.M. Features of the calculation of bases and foundations during their reconstruction in the conditions of urban development. // Bases, foundations and soil mechanics. 1998. No. 4-5. pp. 8-6.
90. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G. Geotechnical support for the reconstruction of cities (survey, calculations, work, monitoring). M.: ASE Publishing House, 1999. -327 p.: ill.
91. Urban B.E., Kutateladze I.R. Engineering-geological mapping of Moscow / Proceedings of the scientific and technical meeting in Baku, 1971 "Engineering-geological problems of urban planning." -M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1971. pp. 179-181.
92. Ukhov S.B., Dudler I.V., Korolev M.V. The problem of geotechnical reliability of construction in conditions of dense urban development and ways to solve it. // Report at the VII Polish-Russian seminar "Theoretical foundations of construction", Warsaw, 1998. P. 195200.
93. Ukhov SB. Soil mechanics, bases and foundations: Textbook / M55 SB. Ukhov, V.V. Semenov, V.V. Znamensky, Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan, SP. Chernshyuv, M., DIA publishing house, 1994, 527 s, ill.
94. Khamov A.n. Manual probe for deep static sounding of soil RZG. // Proceedings of int. conf. "Underground city: geotechnology and architecture", Russia, S.-Pb., September 8-10, 1998, p.516-519.
95. Tsynsky B.V. Status and trends in the development of field methods for soil research. // Sat. scientific Proceedings "Technology and technique of field testing of soils". / Ed. L.S. Amaryan, -M.: Stroyizdat, 1986. S. 3-10.
96. Chumachenko A.N., Glebov V.I. Problems of deformation of load-bearing structures of buildings under technogenic impacts on foundation soils in conditions of close urban development. // Sat. Denisov Readings. I", -M.: MGSU, 2000. From 50-58.
97. Shashkin A.G. Evaluation of the investment attractiveness of the project: a view of geotechnics. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/2000. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 2000, pp. 20-24.
98. Shashkin A.G., Tikhomirova L.K. Determination of the geotechnical category of construction complexity. // Reconstruction of cities and geotechnical construction, No. 1/1999. St. Petersburg: KN+ Publishing House, 1999. S. 22-24.
99. Shepelev N.P., Shumilov M.S. Reconstruction of urban development: Proc. for building, special universities. M.: Higher. school, 2000. -271 s; ill.
100. Sheshevya N.L. Changes in the properties of foundation soils are operated by buildings and structures. // Proceedings of int. conf. Geotechnics. Assessment of the state of foundations and structures”, Assia, St. Petersburg, June 13-16, 2001, Volume I. S. 257-262.
101. Shubin L.F. Architecture of civil and industrial buildings. In 5 tons. Proc. For teeth. T. 5. Industrial buildings. 3rd ed. revised and additional - M.: Stroyizdat, 1986. 335 p: ill. S. 117.
102. Ekimyan N.B. Features of engineering-geological surveys in the design of pile foundations in Moscow. // Engineering geology and hydrogeology of Moscow. M.: 1989. pp. 156-165.
103. Yaglom A.M., Yaglom I.M. Probability and information. M .: Main edition of physical and mathematical literature of the Nauka publishing house, 1973. P. 511.
104. Antikoski U.V., Raudasdasmmaa P.J. The Map of Building Foundations. Helsinki, 1985.114p.
105. Bell, F.G. engineering geology. Blackwell science, 1995,358 P.
106. Dearman, W.R. Engineering geological mapping. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford, 1991, 387p.
107. Schnitze E., Muhs H. Bodemmtersuchungen fiir ingenierbauten 2. Aufl. Berlin, Hedelberg, 1967.468 p.
108 Waltham, A.C. Foundations of engineering geology, London, Oxford, 1994. 88 P.
109. Normative and methodological literature
110. Departmental building codes VSN 2-89 "Reconstruction and development of historically developed districts of St. Petersburg." / Glavlenarchitectura, 1991.
111. Departmental building codes VSN 57-88 (p) "Regulations on the technical inspection of residential buildings." / Goskomarchitectura, 1989. Paragraphs 4.16,4.18.
112. Departmental building codes VSN 401-01-1-77 "Temporary instructions for the construction of foundations near existing buildings." / LISI. - L.: 1977.
113. Departmental building codes VSN 2-80 "Instructions for the design of buildings and structures in s5Sch1, the existing development of Kyiv." / - Kiev, 1980.
115. Temporary building rules for the city of Moscow. / Approved. December 16, 1927. Ex. sinks lips. engineer. -M. 100 s. from ill.
116. Temporary technical instructions for the construction of foundations for buildings and structures in Leningrad and its suburbs. (Features of surveys, design and construction). / Approved. 6mi-1962, -L .: "Lenproekt", 1962.
117. Temporary guidelines for the construction of foundations next to existing buildings and weapons in Moscow. / Mosproekt -1, NIIOSP im. Gersevanova, Mosproekt-2, Losgorgeotrest, NIIMosstroy, Fundamentproekt, Moscow City Executive Committee. 1985, p. 39.
118. Brief instructions for the production of engineering and geological surveys for the construction of residential and industrial buildings in the city of Moscow. / Moscow City Executive Committee. \Architectural and planning exercise. mountains Moscow. Mosgorgeotrest. -M., 1956. 87 p. from ill.
119. MGSN 1.01-97 Part 1. "Temporary norms and rules for the design and development of the city of Moscow." / Moskomarchitectura. 1997. Items 2.3,3.2,3.6.3.
120. MGSN 2.07-97 "Foundations, foundations and underground structures". / Government of Moscow, Moskomarchitectura. 1998.136 p.
121. Methodology for assigning the volume of engineering and geological surveys in the center and middle part of Moscow. / GUN NIIOSP, MOSGORGEOTREST, GSPI, MOSINZHPROEKT, Institute of Geoecology RAS. -M: GUN "NIAC", 2000. 15 p.
123. Methodology for the survey and design of bases and foundations during major repairs, reconstruction and building extensions. / Acad. communes, households them. K.D. Pamfilova -M: Stroyizdat, 1972.110 p. from ill.
124. MRR-2.2.07-98. Methodology for conducting inspections of buildings and structures during their reconstruction and redevelopment. / Moskomarchitectura. -M: GUN "NIATS", 1998.28 p.
125. MRR-3.2.04-98. Standards for the duration of survey work. / Moskomarchitectura. -M: GUL "NIAC", 1998. 30 s.
126. Memo on the basic requirements for the production of work. -M.: OATI of Moscow, 1998.4 p.
127. Letter of the Glavgosexpertiza of Russia dated December 21, 1995 No. 24-10-3 / 331 “Generalization of characteristic violations of the requirements of building codes and regulations”.
128. Manual for the design of the foundations of buildings and structures (to SNiP 2.02.01-83) / NIIOSP im. Gersevanov. M: Stroyizdat, 1986.415 p.
129. JUDGMENT 16 December 1997 No. 896 "On measures to strengthen control over construction and reconstruction in the course of work in the cramped conditions of the surrounding existing development" / Moscow Government. 1997, p. 3.
130. JUDGMENT 17 March 1998 No. 207 "On approval of the Rules for organizing the preparation and production of earthworks and construction works in Moscow" / Moscow Government. 1998.
131. ORDER 1 September 1998 Xo989-RP "On the creation of an information system for the geological environment of Moscow" / Moscow Government. Premier. 1998.
140. Guidelines for the design of the foundations of buildings and structures. / NIIOSP im. N.M. Gersevanova Gosstroy USSR.-M., Stroyizdat, 1977. 376 p.
141. Guidelines for the collection, systematization and generalization of engineering-geological materials of surveys of past years. / PIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR. -M.: Stroyizdat, 1985. 72 p.
142. Guidelines for electrocontact dynamic probing of soils. -M.: VNIITS, 1983.62 p.
143. CH 210-62 "General provisions for engineering surveys for the main types of construction", - M .: Gosstroyizdat, 1962. Yus.
144. SN 211-62 "Instruction on engineering surveys for urban and settlement construction", - M .: Gosstroyizdat, 1962.120 p.
145. SNiP P-A. 13-69 “Engineering and geological surveys for construction. Basic provisions, - M .: Stroyizdat, 1970.24 p.
146. SNiP P-9-78 “Engineering surveys for construction. Basic provisions”, -M.: Stroyizdat, 1979.23 p.
147. SNiP 1.02.07-87 "Engineering surveys for construction". / CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1987.103 p.
148. SNiP 11-02-96 “Engineering surveys for construction. Basic provisions” / Gosstroy of Russia, 1997.44 p.
149. SNiP 10-01-94 “The system of regulatory documents in construction. Basic Provisions". / Ministry of Construction of Russia, 1994. 19 p.
150. SNiP 11-04-95 “Instructions on the development procedure. Coordination, approval and composition of design documentation for the construction of gfsdpriyatiya, buildings and structures. / Ministry of Construction of Russia, 1995.14 p.
151. SNiP 2.02.01-83* "Foundations of buildings and structures". / Gosstroy of Russia, 1996.41 p.
152. SNiP 2.02.03-85 "Pile foundations". / CITP Gosstroy USSR, 1986.45 p.
153. SP 11-105-97 "Engineering and geological surveys for construction Part I. General rules for the performance of work." / PIIIS Gosstroy of Russia, 1997.
154. Directory of basic prices for engineering-geological and engineering-ecological surveys for construction / Gosstroy of Russia. -M.: PIIIS Gosstroy of Russia, 1999.144 p.
155. TCH 50-302-96 St. Petersburg "Establishment of foundations for civil buildings and structures in St. Petersburg and in the territories administratively subordinated to St. Petersburg". / Ministry of Construction of Russia, 1997. 96 p.
156. TSN 22-308-98 NN "Engineering surveys, design, construction and operation of buildings and structures in the karst territories of the Nizhny Novgorod region". / Administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 1999. S. 71.
157. TSN 12-310-97-SO "Underground structures". / Department for Construction, Architecture, Housing and Communal and Road Facilities of the Administration of the Samara Region, 1997.
158. TU-107-53 "Temporary technical conditions and instructions for the study of soils of the foundations of industrial and civil buildings and structures." / Ministry of construction of the USSR. M.: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture, 1954.108 p.
159. Ordinary Regulations for construction work. M. Gostekhizdat, 1923.336 p.
160. BS 5930: 1981 Code of practice for "Site investigation", B.S.I., London, 1981.140 p.
161. Beiblatt 1 zu DIN 4020 "Geotechnische Untersuchimgen fur bautechnische Zwecke. Anwendimgshilfen, Erklarungen, Berlin. Deutsches Institute flir Normung e. V., 1990. S. 23.
162. Deutsche norm DIN 4020 "Geotechnische Untersuchungen fur bautechnische Zwecke", Berlin. Deutsches Institute für Normung e. V., 1990. S. 17.
163. Deutsche norm DIN 4021 "AufschluB durch Schurfe und Bohrungen sowie Entnahme von Proben" (German norms "Construction soils, exploration by pitting and drilling, sampling"), Berlin. Deutsches Institute fur Normung e. V., 1990. S. 27.
164. ENV 1997 1 Eurocode 7 "Geotechnical Design. Part 1 General Rules", CEN - European Committee for Standardization, 29* September 1994. P. 123.
165. EUROCODE 7. Grundungen, Entwurf Marz 1986, Deutsche Ubersetzung von W. Sadgorski und U. Smoltczyk, DGEG-Arbeitsheft 1/1986.
166. EUROCODE 7 Geotechnics Preliminary Draft for the European Communities, 1991.1. Reference literature
167. Atlas Moscow. / Roskartografiya, Geocenter-GIS, RUZ K "". M.: AGT Geocenter LLC, 2000.
168. Big explanatory dictionary of Russian language. / Comp. and Ch. ed. ca. Kuznetsov. St. Petersburg: "Norint", 1998. -1536p.
169. Ivashutina L.I., Turmanina V.I. Moscow. historical borders. -M.: JSC Publishing Group "Progress", 1999.16 p.
170. Information catalog-reference book on equipment, instruments and apparatus for engineering-geological surveys in construction. M., GSIIIS Gosstroy of Russia. 2002.45 p.
171. Kuzin F.A. PhD thesis. Methodology of writing, rules of registration and order of protection. A practical guide for graduate students and applicants for the 5th degree. 2nd ed. - M.: "Os-89", 1998. -208 p.
172. Moscow: Encyclopedia. / Ch. ed. CO. Schmidt. Comp.: M.I. Andreev, V.M. Karev. -M.: 5Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1997. 976 s: ill.
173. The appearance of old Moscow. XVII - beginning of XX century. Album. / Ch. ed. G.I. Vedernikov. Comp.: R.A. Lyubimtsev, V.A. Mikhailov and others - M .: Fine Arts, 1998.-335 p.: ill.
174. Foundations, foundations and underground structures. Designer's Handbook / M.I. Gorbunov-Posadov, V.A. Ilyichev, V.I. Krugov and others; under total ed. E.A. Sorochan and Yu.G. Grofimenkov. M.: Stroyizdat, 1985. - 480 p., ill.
175. Reference book on general construction works. Engineering surveys in construction. Author: SP. Abramov, L.I. Belyavsky, A.S. Spiridonov et al. M., Stroyizdat, 1975. 480 p. PIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR).
176. Builder's Handbook. Directory. / Badin G.M., Stebakov V.V. M.: DIA publishing house, 1996. -340 pages with ill.
177. Ecological atlas of Moscow. / Hand. project I.N. Ilyina/. M .: Publishing house "ABF / ABF". -2000. -96 p.
178. Encyclopaedia universalis France, editeur a pais. Volume 7.1970, p. 681.
179. Ground engineer "s reference book. / F.G. Bell. 1st. publ. London et al.: Butterworths, 1987.
Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through recognition of the original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
With a wide variety of engineering and geological conditions of construction sites, in many cases the construction of new buildings on sites with dense buildings leads to deformations and sometimes destruction of nearby existing buildings. Therefore, the main goal in the performance of work is to ensure the reliability of existing buildings during the construction of new buildings of any design on built-up sites with various engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions. Features of the design of foundations and foundations for new buildings and the development of measures to maintain the reliability of existing buildings in conditions of dense development require careful consideration and consideration of the characteristics of the designed buildings and possible designs of their foundations, as well as the technical characteristics and condition of the structures of existing buildings.
According to the material: from natural materials (wood, rubble stone) and from artificial materials (rubble concrete, prefabricated or monolithic concrete, reinforced concrete);
In shape: the optimal cross-sectional shape of rigid foundations is a trapezoid, where the pressure distribution angle is usually taken: for rubble and rubble concrete - 27--33 °, concrete - 45 °. In practice, these foundations, taking into account the needs of the calculated width of the sole, can be rectangular and stepped. Pillow blocks are rectangular or trapezoidal;
According to the method of construction, the foundations are prefabricated and monolithic;
According to the structural solution - tape, columnar, pile, solid;
According to the nature of the static work, the foundations are: rigid, working only in compression, and flexible, the structures of which are designed to absorb tensile forces. The first type includes all foundations, except for reinforced concrete. Flexible reinforced concrete foundations are able to absorb tensile forces;
According to the depth of laying: shallow foundations (up to 5 m) and deep foundations (more than 5 m). The minimum depth of foundations for heated buildings is taken under the outer walls not less than the freezing depth plus 100--200 mm and not less than 0.7 m; under internal walls not less than 0.5 m.
Engineering surveys for the design of new buildings next to existing ones provide not only the study of the engineering and geological conditions of the construction site of a new building, but also the receipt of the necessary data to check the effect of a new building on the settlements of existing ones, to design measures to reduce the effect of a new building on deformations of existing ones, as well as for designing, if necessary, strengthening the bases and foundations of existing buildings.
The terms of reference for the survey provide a description of the new building and the characteristics of adjacent buildings in operation (number of storeys, structure, type of foundation, type and depth of foundations, year of construction, level of responsibility, geotechnical category, etc.). Information on the available survey materials for these buildings (survey organization, year of survey, numbers of archival files) and information on the technical condition of building structures based on the results of previous surveys, as well as a preliminary visual survey, are indicated. The tasks of surveys, expanded due to the presence of nearby buildings, are given.
The collection and analysis of archival survey materials of specialized organizations is carried out not only for the site of new construction, but also for nearby existing buildings. They also collect information on the planning, engineering preparation and landscaping of the site, documents on the production of earthworks. In the conditions of the existing development, special attention is paid to the identification of underground structures and engineering networks (collectors, communications, etc.).
The program of engineering and geological surveys in the areas of development of adverse processes and phenomena provides for the performance of stationary observations by specialized organizations in order to study the dynamics of their development, as well as to establish the areas of their manifestation and depths of intensive development, confinement to geomorphological elements, landforms and lithological types of soils, conditions and causes of occurrence, forms of manifestation and development.
During the construction of unique structures, structures of increased economic, social and environmental risk (I level of responsibility), as well as in the presence of difficult engineering and geological conditions (geotechnical category III), it is economically feasible to increase the volume of engineering and geological and hydrogeological surveys by 40-60%, against recommended by regulatory documents, and this increase is carried out mainly due to mine workings and determination of soil characteristics by field methods. When performing these works, specialized organizations are involved.
- information about archival survey materials for adjacent buildings and analysis of the correspondence of new survey materials to archival data;
- characterization of engineering-geological strata, physical and mechanical properties of soils and hydrogeological conditions of the foundations of existing buildings;
- forecast of the possible impact of the construction of a new building on the deformation of existing ones;
- information on the presence and condition of underground water-bearing and other communications.
The architecture of the existing building;
Mutual influence with the existing development;
operational requirements.
The technical characteristics of the load-bearing structures of the designed buildings (according to the existing design and construction experience) are given in tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3.
Table 3.1 Main characteristics of residential buildings
|
Names |
Specifications |
|||||
|
Purpose |
Residential buildings |
|||||
|
Floors, fl. |
||||||
|
Type of supporting structures |
Iron bet. panels, frame, brick walls |
reinforced concrete panels, frame |
||||
|
Step of load-bearing structures, m |
||||||
|
Basement |
usually there is |
|||||
|
Availability of underground facilities |
may have |
|||||
|
Foundation type |
tape, pile |
tape, slab, pile |
tape, slab, pile, combined slab-pile |
|||
|
SNiP 2.02.01-83*) |
Relates sediment difference |
|||||
|
average draft, cm |
Table 3.2 Main characteristics of public buildings
|
Names |
Specifications |
|||||
|
Purpose |
Public buildings |
|||||
|
Floors, fl. |
||||||
|
Type of supporting structures |
frameless from monolithic or precast concrete |
frame made of monolithic reinforced concrete |
mixed frame made of monolithic reinforced concrete |
|||
|
Step of load-bearing structures, m |
||||||
|
Basement |
usually there is |
|||||
|
Availability of underground facilities |
usually there is |
|||||
|
Quantity floors of underground premises., fl. |
||||||
|
Foundation type |
tape, pile, slab |
tape, slab, pile, combined, slab-pile |
||||
|
Limit deformations of the bases (according to Appendix 4 SNiP 2.02.01-83*) |
relative sediment difference |
|||||
|
average draft, cm |
Table 3.3 Main characteristics of industrial buildings
|
Names |
Specifications |
||||
|
Floors, floor |
underground up to 4 floors |
||||
|
Approximate level of loads on foundations, kN |
|||||
|
Type of supporting structures |
monolithic reinforced concrete or steel columns |
monolithic reinforced concrete walls or frame |
|||
|
Step of load-bearing structures, m |
|||||
|
Basement |
may be |
usually there is |
|||
|
Availability of underground facilities |
may be |
the whole building is underground |
|||
|
Number of floors of the underground room, fl. |
|||||
|
Foundation type |
monolithic columnar, pile |
monolithic columnar, slab, pile |
monolithic tape, slab, pile |
||
|
Limit deformations of the bases (according to Appendix 4 SNiP 2.02.01-83*) |
relative sediment difference |
||||
|
average draft, cm |
|
Structure Floor. in construction for 1996-2000 |
Proc. acc. Building by floor. |
Note. ur. pressure under fund., kPa |
Foundation type |
||||||||||
|
Naturally. basis |
Pile foundations |
||||||||||||
|
Reinforced concrete foundations |
Piles from sandstone. seal mixtures |
Piles Buroinek. |
Piles borezavinch. |
Piles scoring. |
Piles borenab. |
Combined Swainop. |
|||||||
|
Features of the sites allocated for construction, specifics of the construction object |
Foundation type |
||||||||||
|
On nature. basis |
Pile foundations |
||||||||||
|
Iron. fundamental |
Piles made of sand.. compact.. mixtures |
Piles buroin. |
Piles borer.. |
Driving piles |
Piles borenab. |
Combined Swainop. |
|||||
|
Builds. in newly allocated territories |
|||||||||||
|
Builds. on the territory after their prev.. inzh. prepared |
|||||||||||
|
Construction on free or free. territories in the zone of existing development |
|||||||||||
|
Recon. buildings with rev. (partial or complete) its const. |
|||||||||||
|
Reconstruction of architectural monuments |
Underground premises of the designed buildings are classified:
By number of floors and depth (from 1 to 4 floors, depth 3-12m or more);
In terms of size in plan (under the entire building, under part of the building, larger than the size of the building);
By technological purpose;
According to the method of installation (in an open pit, in a temporary or permanent enclosure, using enclosing structures as load-bearing structures).
With a variety of engineering and geological conditions of the sites, as well as a difference in the structures and structures used, as a rule, columnar, strip and slab foundations are used on a natural or artificially fixed foundation and pile foundations from bored, screwed, crushed, driven, bored injection and other piles .
The choice of the type of foundations is carried out depending on the engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions of the construction site, the location of the building being designed, the depth of the underground room, the condition of the structures and foundations of existing buildings near which construction is planned to be carried out.
The location of the existing building in the zone of influence of the new building;
Erection of recessed premises that affect the deformation of the existing building;
When performing the installation of foundations using special types of work (freezing, injection, etc.);
If necessary, perform construction dewatering.
Protected buildings are characterized by:
historical significance;
Technological purpose;
Dimensions (dimensions);
Age (service life);
Type and condition of load-bearing structures;
Type and dimensions of underground facilities;
Type and condition of foundations;
Geological and hydrogeological conditions of the bases.
By age, protected buildings are divided into:
Historical (over 100 years old);
Monuments of architecture regardless of age;
Old (age 50-100 years);
Modern (age 10-50 years).
General technical characteristics of buildings near which construction works are carried out and which are subject to preliminary protection are given in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Specifications of existing buildings to be protected
|
Names |
Specifications |
||||
|
Building age |
19th century and earlier |
late 19th - mid 20th centuries |
end of the 20th century |
||
|
Purpose |
Residential and civil buildings |
||||
|
Floors, floor |
|||||
|
Approximate pressure level under foundations, kPa |
|||||
|
Type of supporting structures |
wooden, stone, brick walls |
brick, reinforced concrete walls, columns, steel structures |
|||
|
Step of load-bearing structures, m |
|||||
|
Basement |
cellars, cellars |
cellars, technical undergrounds |
|||
|
Availability of underground facilities |
were in commercial buildings |
were in various buildings |
|||
|
Quantity floors of the underground |
|||||
|
Foundation type |
rubble, rubble concrete, brick, pile, wooden piles |
rubble, rubble-concrete, brick, piles, wooden piles, reinforced concrete, strip and free-standing, slab, piles made of reinforced concrete driven and bored piles |
reinforced concrete, tape and separate, cast, piled from reinforced concrete. driving and borenab. piles, "slotted", by the method of "wall in the ground" |
||
|
Previous deformation of the bases according to adj. 4 SNiP 2.02.01-83") |
relative sediment difference |
||||
|
Avg. draft, cm |
The assessment of protected buildings is based on consideration of:
Archival design and survey materials and executive delivery documentation;
Field survey results.
To ensure the operational suitability of existing buildings and structures near which new construction is planned, it is advisable to use the following basic methods of their protection and work performance, including:
Foundations on a natural foundation: reinforcement of foundations, increase in the support area, installation of cross strips or a foundation slab, strengthening of the foundation slab, reinforcement with piles of various types (bored injection, bored, composite pressed, driven);
Pile foundations: reinforcement (repair) of piles, installation of additional piles with widened grillages, changing the design of the pile foundation by transferring load-bearing structures to additional piles with a significantly higher bearing capacity, installing cross strips or a solid reinforced concrete slab on pile foundations, widening grillages, strengthening the body grillages;
Enclosing structures (picking, sheet pile, walls in the ground of various designs and methods for their manufacture);
Preliminary fixation of soils by various methods (cementation, resinization, drilling mixing method, etc.) in the interface areas of the reconstructed and new structures;
The use of constructive solutions that do not create additional impacts on existing structures (console type solutions with piles, the use of pressed and screwed pile structures).
Changes in hydrogeological conditions, including flooding associated with the barrage effect during underground construction, or lowering the level of groundwater;
An increase in vertical stresses in the foundation under the foundations of existing buildings caused by construction near them;
The device of pits or change of planning marks;
Technological factors, such as dynamic impacts, the impact of the installation of all types of piles, deep foundations and enclosing structures of pits, the impact of the installation of injection anchors, the impact of special types of work (freezing, injection, etc.);
Negative processes in the soil mass associated with the implementation of geotechnical works (suffusion processes, formation of quicksand, etc.).
The degree of influence of the construction of new buildings on nearby buildings and structures, as a rule, is largely determined by the technology of work and the quality of construction.
Methods for assessing the impact of construction on nearby buildings and structures are focused on strict compliance with all technological requirements for the production of works. Technological deviations can lead to a significantly greater impact of construction on existing development.
When performing calculations of the foundations of existing buildings and structures affected by new construction, changes in the physical and mechanical properties of soils and hydrogeological conditions in the process of neighboring construction are taken into account, including taking into account seasonal freezing and thawing of the soil mass.
The calculation of foundations and foundations of existing buildings according to the I group of limit states is performed in the following cases:
Pit devices near buildings;
Devices for workings and trenches (including those under the protection of thixotropic solutions) near buildings;
Reduction of planning marks near the outer walls of buildings;
Changes in pore pressures in the soil mass during the unfinished process of consolidation;
Transferring additional loads and impacts to existing foundations.
The purpose of the calculation for the I group of limit states is to ensure the strength and stability of the foundations, to prevent shifting or overturning of the existing foundations.
In the case of using piles or sheet piles during construction and vibro-immersion, a check is made for the dynamic strength of the load-bearing structures of the existing building closest to the elements to be immersed.
The calculation of the foundations of existing buildings or structures according to the II group of limit states is performed in all cases if they are located in the zone of influence of new construction.
The calculation of additional deformations of the foundations of buildings and structures affected by new construction is carried out from the conditions of joint operation of the structure and the foundation.
The use of pit fasteners;
Dividing wall device;
Transfer of pressure from the new building to the layers of dense underlying soils through the use of deep supports or piles of various designs;
Strengthening the foundation soils of buildings by various technological means (chemical fixing, reinforcement, ramming of crushed stone, etc.).
As a dividing wall can be used:
Sheet pile;
A series of screwed steel pipes with wire winding (drilled pile);
Wall of piles, including bored, bored and pressed;
A row of driven piles;
- "wall in the ground."
The question of the type of wall is decided on the basis of a technical and economic comparison of the options or capabilities of the contractor.
The rigidity and depth of the sealing of the dividing wall, and if it also serves as a pit enclosure, determined by the calculation, or structural measures (arrangement of anchors, struts, spacers with emphasis on the previously erected structures of the new building, etc.) should ensure the limitation of horizontal displacements in foundation of an existing building.
The calculation is made of the depth of embedment of the dividing wall into stronger soil layers or into soil layers located below the compressible thickness of the base of the designed foundation.
Scheme for the calculation of the dividing wall
The dividing wall runs along the entire line of adjoining the foundation of the new building to the existing one and on each side goes beyond the existing building in terms of at least 1/4 of the compressible thickness.
The project for the production of earthworks (PPR) and works on the installation of foundations for new buildings being erected next to existing ones is being developed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.02.01-87 "Earth structures, foundations and foundations".
In the case of a direct junction of the pit to the foundations of existing buildings, the methods of excavation and dismantling of old foundations, if any, are selected in accordance with the stress state of the base of the existing foundations. It does not apply:
Ball or wedge - a hammer for crushing frozen soil and old foundations to be dismantled;
Explosive way;
Excavator with bucket type "Dragline";
Powerful hydraulic impact mechanisms.
When constructing foundations near existing buildings:
Minimize the time of work in construction pits;
Do not allow storage of building materials in the immediate vicinity of existing foundations and on the edge of the pit;
When immersing a metal or wooden sheet pile, to reduce friction forces, the sheet pile locks are filled with crumpled plastic clay, a solution of thixotropic bentonite clay, polymer and other lubricants.
The admissibility of using driven piles near existing buildings should be established only on the basis of the results of instrumental measurements of vibrations during test pile driving with the participation of specialized organizations to determine the level of vibration exposure and its compliance with regulatory restrictions. Particular attention is paid to the danger of dynamic effects during pile driving in the following cases:
Buildings whose base deformations are in the process of stabilization;
There are cracks in the load-bearing structures of buildings with an opening of more than 3 mm;
At the base of the foundations lie weak soils (silt, organo-mineral and organic soils, water-saturated loose sands, etc.);
Unique buildings, including architectural and historical monuments, for which, according to the operating conditions, increased requirements are established to limit the level of vibration exposure.
Immersion of prefabricated reinforced concrete piles and metal sheet piling next to existing buildings is carried out with heavy hammers with a low drop height of the shock part according to the instructions of VSN 490-87. The ratio of the weight of the impact part of the hammer to the weight of the swan is at least 5:1 and the use of leader holes is preferable. On the adjoining site, one row of piles closest to the existing building, which is the screen, should be loaded first.
When performing work on the construction of a new building next to the existing one, as well as in cases of dismantling old buildings, the following are not allowed:
Violations of the structure of the bearing layers of the base and loss of slope stability during excavation of pits, trenches, etc.;
Filtration destruction of the base;
Technological vibration impact;
Freezing of soils of the base of an existing building from the side of an open pit.
Measures for the protection of the surrounding buildings, their constructive solutions, work methods and their volumes are directly related to the decisions made on the newly constructed building. Design decisions for the construction of a new building and the protection of the surrounding buildings are made on the basis of an analysis of their interaction. To achieve the optimal solution, the development of projects for the protection of buildings located in the zone of influence of a newly constructed building is carried out as part of the project of a newly constructed building. The Neighborhood Protection Project is part of this project.
Stock materials of engineering and geological surveys in the construction area;
The results of the survey of the existing building before the start of construction;
Report on engineering and geological surveys for new construction;
The presence of negative geological processes (karst, suffusion processes, gas release, landslide processes, etc.), predictive data on changes in groundwater levels.
The foundation structures of the new building and the magnitude of the loads on the foundations under them;
Methods for the production of work on the construction of a newly constructed building: the use of lowering the level of groundwater, driving piles, sheet piles, deep excavation, the design of fastening the walls (slopes) of the excavation, anchoring, etc.
The environmental protection project is carried out on the basis of the following initial data:
Design assignments issued by the customer in agreement with the general designer;
Report on engineering-geological, engineering-geodetic surveys;
Report on the results of the survey of existing buildings located in the zone of influence of the newly erected building;
The results of the analysis of the accepted method of construction of a new building and the assessment of its impact on the possible deformations of the surrounding buildings for the period of construction and the subsequent period of operation.
The influence of factors of the negative impact of new construction on the existing buildings of the surrounding development is expressed in the appearance of additional uneven deformations of the bases and foundations of existing buildings.
The appearance of these deformations is due to the following main reasons:
Changes in the stress-strain state of the soil in the zone of influence of new foundations on the surrounding buildings;
Changing the hydrogeological regime in the construction area;
Leaks and other negative phenomena in case of damage to underground water-bearing networks.
The factors listed above must be taken into account when designing and erecting a new building.
The purpose of monitoring is: to assess the impact of new construction on surrounding buildings and structures, to ensure the reliable construction of a new building, to prevent negative changes in the environment, to develop technical solutions to prevent and eliminate deviations that exceed those provided for in the project, as well as to monitor the implementation of these decisions.
Methods and technical means for monitoring new construction and surrounding development are assigned depending on the level of responsibility of structures, their design features and condition, engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions of the site, the method of erecting a new building, the density of surrounding development, operating requirements and in accordance with the results of a geotechnical forecast .
For the production of geotechnical works near existing buildings, they develop technological regulations for their implementation and impose strict control over compliance with all requirements of the project and technological regulations. Control over the implementation of the technological regulations and the quality of the work performed is carried out by the engineering and technical service of the work foreman, checked by a representative of the architectural supervision and technical supervision of the customer.
Hosted on Allbest.ru
...Types of control of the technical condition of buildings. The procedure for carrying out work on a complete technical survey of urban development. Repair and reinforcement of bases and foundations, description of the main methods. Features of electric discharge technology.
abstract, added 08/29/2012
Foundation - a supporting structure that receives loads from the building; material, types, classification; factors that are taken into account when determining the depth of the bookmark; causes of strength loss, common foundation defects and ways to eliminate them.
abstract, added 12/13/2010
Evaluation of the constructive characteristics of the building. Assessment of soil conditions of the building site. Depth of foundation footing. Calculation of foundations. Determination of sediment bases by the integral method based on Hooke's law. Calculation of pile foundations.
term paper, added 05/18/2012
Project of foundations for an administrative building of 10 floors: construction of the structure, loads; binding to the engineering-geological section. Determination of the main dimensions, development of pile foundation designs; calculation of the stabilization settlement of foundations.
term paper, added 04/05/2011
General characteristics of the building; geological section of soils. Studying the basics of designing shallow and pile foundations. Comparison of foundation options. Development of construction technology. Measures for labor protection and safety.
term paper, added 07/13/2015
The concept and types of foundations as the foundation of any building, their characteristic features and stages of construction technology. Dimensions of the foundation slab, pick-ups, blind areas. waterproofing mechanism. Basement device technology: walls, ceiling and ventilation.
term paper, added 02/19/2012
Development of schemes for reinforcing foundations with the arrangement of reinforcing meshes and frames. Formwork and reinforcement works. Determination of options for the production of works on concreting structures and schemes for their organization. The process of erecting monolithic foundations.
term paper, added 03/03/2014
Calculation scheme of the pit. Calculation of formwork panels and contractions, volumes of reinforcing and concrete works. Determination of the number of grips during concreting. The choice of machines and mechanisms for excavation and installation work. Formwork and foundation reinforcement.
thesis, added 03/11/2016
The concept and history of the construction of foundations, their functional features and classification according to various criteria, types and characteristics. Foundation maintenance and repair, methods and technologies used. Role and importance in construction.
test, added 11/10/2013
Acquaintance with the main features of the design of foundations for a universal light industry building. General characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of foundation soils. Consideration of methods for determining the depth of the foundation footing.
FACTORS OF CONFIDENCE IN CONDITIONS OF DENSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
STRAITENED FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT IN TOWNS IN THE CONSTRAINED CONDITIONS
D.S. Sedov D.S. Sedov
The article discusses the main problems associated with the production of work in cramped conditions of urban development, systematizes the factors and characteristics of cramped conditions.
The main problems, which are due to construction operations in straitened building conditions of urban area development, are considered in the article; and the factors and characteristics of constrained conditions are also classified
To date, there has been a change in the direction of construction in general and housing construction in particular. The tendencies of the maximum orientation of the district typical development of cities have changed to an increase in the density of development of historically developed areas with buildings and structures of individual design. Under these conditions, a number of new urban planning tasks arose:
To ensure a comprehensive reconstruction of districts in the conditions of their historical development;
Compact the development as much as possible, while maintaining the existing urban planning standards;
To carry out the reconstruction flows of residential buildings in such a way as to realize the social task - the targeted relocation of families from houses subject to reconstruction or demolition to houses that are being built in this microdistrict in the process of complex development.
Also, a fundamentally new organizational and technological construction problem has arisen - the development and justification of rational and effective methods for the construction of buildings in cramped conditions of the construction infrastructure and complex reconstruction in the historical development of urban areas.
A legitimate question arises: “What can be called “constrained conditions” and what is not?” Each normative document has its own interpretation of constraint, which most clearly and fully reflects the specifics and nature of a particular document.
1. “The cramped conditions of the existing urban development suggest the presence of spatial obstacles on the construction site and the territory adjacent to it, restrictions on the width, length, height and depth of the dimensions of the working area and underground space, locations of construction machines and
passages of vehicles, an increased degree of construction, environmental, material risk and, accordingly, enhanced security measures for those working in the construction industry and the resident population.
2. Cramped conditions in the built-up part of cities are characterized by the presence of three of the following factors:
Intense urban traffic and pedestrian traffic in the immediate vicinity of the place of work, necessitating construction in short sections, including the restoration of destroyed pavements and planting of greenery;
An extensive network of existing underground utilities to be suspended or re-layed;
Residential or industrial buildings, as well as preserved green spaces in the immediate vicinity of the place of work;
Cramped conditions for the storage of materials or the impossibility of their storage at the construction site for the normal supply of materials to jobs;
During the construction of facilities, when the building density of facilities exceeds the normative by 20% or more;
During the construction of facilities, when in accordance with the requirements
safety regulations, the construction organization project provides for limiting the rotation of the tower crane boom.
3. Crane operation area - the largest space, determined by the technical parameters of the tower crane (jib length, hook suspension reach, etc.), in which a hook suspension (hook) and (or) boom can be located.
Cramped conditions - conditions of construction production, characterized in that in the zone of operation of a tower crane there are existing buildings and structures, roads, sidewalks, pedestrian crossings and (or) other tower cranes...."
Not a single document fully and completely takes into account all the factors of constraint, since each type of construction has its own specific criteria and gradations, and each entails certain costs that are specific to this type of work.
Types and forms of constraint can be divided into groups and subgroups:
I. External constraint:
a. restrictions on the dimensions of the working areas of construction machines;
b. restrictions on the passage of construction machines and vehicles by natural and artificial obstacles;
c. traffic intensity in the building area;
e. the presence of residential buildings and buildings, in the area of which, when working, it is necessary to maintain a favorable living environment for the period of construction, including the noise of work, the preservation of green spaces;
II. Internal constraint:
a. assembly and dismantling works;
b. dismantling and destruction of structures and monolithic arrays;
c. strengthening of existing and arrangement of new foundations in cramped conditions;
e. laying of underground communications;
e. warehousing capabilities;
- movement of building materials, structures and parts;
g. "fit" of vehicles and construction machines in the dimensions of the working site and passages inside the facility.
In addition to the main above factors of constraint when carrying out work in the historically developed areas of the city, there are certain restrictions on energy supply, heat supply, water supply, etc., both for the period of construction and for the entire further period of operation of the facility, which sometimes entails very serious technical and economic costs and requires additional elaboration in the preparation of design estimates and the development of PIC and PPR. Great importance should be given to the factors causing inconvenience, namely the dissatisfaction of the local population with construction work. This factor has a significant impact on the entire course of construction. This kind of interference not only causes a decrease in the productivity of machines, but also significantly limits their use, in connection with which the share of manual labor increases sharply. All this ultimately leads to an increase in labor costs, an increase in the cost of production and a lengthening of the terms of construction work, the latter is of no small importance in the conditions of urban construction, since construction work to a certain extent disrupts the normal rhythm of urban transport, pedestrian traffic, technological lines of enterprises, etc. .d. In these cases, the time factor is of decisive importance, the reduction of which is possible through the use of high-performance mechanical means capable of effectively performing production functions in cramped conditions while minimizing the share of manual labor.
As a result, a fundamentally new organizational and technological construction problem is being formed - the development and justification of rational and effective methods for the construction of buildings in cramped conditions of the construction infrastructure, during construction and comprehensive reconstruction in the historically developed development of urban areas.
To achieve optimal performance at the initial stage of construction, it is necessary to clearly characterize and solve the following tasks:
Selection and classification of organizational and technological situations for the construction of residential buildings in cramped conditions of temporary construction infrastructure;
Selection of significant factors in two groups: factors influencing the redistribution of costs that change under the influence of the duration of the building construction; factors predetermining costs under the influence of cramped conditions of organizational and technological parameters of construction production;
Implementation and economic evaluation of the methodological foundations for choosing rational methods for erecting buildings in cramped conditions of temporary construction infrastructure.
When building in the cramped conditions of the city, it is necessary to select the combinatorics of the elements of construction production and options for the construction of residential buildings in not only the cramped conditions of the construction site, but also the cramped conditions of the temporary construction infrastructure, which will allow by balancing the multidirectional trends of costs associated with changes in organizational and technological situations (in terms of construction of facilities, methods of construction and installation works, methods of their mechanization, use of new building materials, etc.) to achieve the fulfillment of contractual conditions and minimum costs of construction production.
Bibliography:
1. Vikhrov S.A., Bolotin A.N. Organization of building production, 2nd edition. Academy name, 2008
2. Dikman L.G. Organization of building production, 5th edition. DIA, 2006
3. Maloyan G.A. Fundamentals of urban planning. DIA, 2004
4. Lebedev V.M. Fundamentals of production in construction. DIA, 2006
5. Danilkin M.S., Martynenko I.A., Stradanchenko S.G. Basics of building production. Phoenix, 2010
6. MDS 12-19.2004 Construction mechanization. Operation of tower cranes in cramped conditions. Terms and Definitions.
7. MDS 81-35.2004 "Methodology for determining the cost of construction products on the territory of the Russian Federation". Appendix No. 1 in the note.
8. Decree of the Government of Moscow dated 08.08.2000 N 603 “On approval of the rules for excavation and construction work, laying and reconstruction of engineering networks and communications in Moscow”.
1. Vihrov S.A., Bolotin A.N. Organizaciya stroitelnogo proizvodstva, 2nd edition. Academy, 2008
2. Dikman L.G. Organizaciya stroitelnogo proizvodstva, 5th edition. ASV, 2006.
3. Maloyan G.A. Osnovi gradostroitelstva. ASV, 2004.
4. Lebedev V.M. Osnovi proizvodstva v stroitelstve. ASV, 2006
5. Danilkin M.S., Martinenko I.A., Stradanchenko S.G. Osnovi stroitelnogo proizvodstva. Feniks, 2010r.
6. MDS 12-19.2004 Mehanizaciya stroitelstva. Ekspluataciya bashennih kranov v stesnennih us-loviyah. Termini I definition.
7. MDS 81-35.2004 Metodika opredeleniya stoimosti stroitelnoy produkcii na territirii Rossiyskoy Federacii. Prilojeniye №1 v primechanii.
8. Postanovlenie pravitelstva Moskvi of 08.08.2000 N 603 “Ob utveijdenii pravil proizvodstva zemlanih rabot, prokladki I pereustroystva injenernih setey I kommunikaciy v g. Moscow.
Key words: Construction, organization of construction, cramped conditions of construction, forms and characteristics of crampedness.
Keywords in English: Development, construction, organization of building, straitened building conditions, forms and characteristics of tightness, constrained conditions.
Reviewer: Senin N.I. Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
