Main types of economic activity. Economic environment of the Russian Federation: main trends and development indicators Code of type of economic activity

International Marketing Environment

The international marketing environment is a particularly important element of the international marketing mix than for domestic marketing. In the context of the formation of a global world market, international companies should monitor the following main factors:

1) natural;

2) demographic;

3) economic;

4) technological;

5) political (legislative);

6) cultural.

The study of the marketing macro-environment allows us to draw conclusions about existing and future trends in the development of world markets.

In order to understand how to adapt their activities to new business conditions, as well as to decide how much the philosophy and practice of national marketing should change when entering a foreign market, international companies conduct a thorough analysis of important blocks of the international marketing environment that create threats or new opportunities - these are economic, technological , political, legal and cultural environment of international business.

The technological environment is a source of special risks associated with tightening life cycle goods, rapid obsolescence of products. Problems can cause administrative barriers (ban, control) for the movement of specific types of goods, services, the need for standardization and certification of imported goods, etc. Therefore, a company, entering a foreign market, must represent the real situation on the market, determine its needs, especially consumer behavior.

When planning to enter foreign markets, an international marketing figure must study the economy of each country of interest to him. The attractiveness of a country as an export market is determined by two characteristics.

The first of them is the structure of the economy. The economic structure of a country determines its needs for goods and services, levels of income and employment, and so on. There are four types of economic structures.

COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMY OF THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE FARMING. Within the economics of the type subsistence farming the overwhelming majority of the population is engaged in the simplest agricultural production. They consume most of what they produce themselves, and exchange the rest directly for simple goods and services. Under these conditions, the exporter does not have many opportunities. Bangladesh and Ethiopia are among the countries with a similar economic system.

COUNTRIES ¾ EXPORTERS OF RAW MATERIALS. Such countries are rich in one or more types of natural resources, but are deprived in other respects. Most of the funds they receive through the export of these resources. Chile (tin and copper), Zaire (rubber) and Saudi Arabia (oil) are examples. Such countries are good markets for the sale of mining equipment, tools and auxiliary materials, handling equipment, trucks. Depending on the number of permanent residents of the country and wealthy local rulers and landowners, it may also be a market for Western-style consumer goods and luxury goods.

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Within the framework of an industrially developing economy, the manufacturing industry already provides from 10 to 20% of the country's gross national product. Examples of such countries are Egypt, the Philippines, India and Brazil. As the manufacturing industry develops, such a country relies more and more on imports of textile raw materials, steel, and heavy engineering products, and less than ¾ on imports of finished textiles, paper goods, and automobiles. Industrialization is creating a new wealthy class and a small but growing middle class who require new types of goods, some of which can only be met by imports.

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Industrialized countries are the main exporters of manufactured goods. They trade industrial goods among themselves, and also export these goods to countries with other types of economic structure in exchange for raw materials and semi-finished products. Great scope and variety production activities make the industrialized countries, with their formidable middle class, rich markets for all goods. K industrially developed countries include the United States and Western Europe.

The second economic indicator is the nature of income distribution in the country. The distribution of income is affected not only by the features of the country's economic structure, but also by the features of its political system.

According to the nature of the distribution of income, an international marketing figure divides countries into five types:

1) countries with very low level family income;

2) countries with a predominantly low level of family income;

3) countries with very low and very high levels of family income;

4) countries with low, medium and high levels of family income;

5) countries with a predominantly middle level of family income. Take, for example, the Lamborghini market for ¾ of a car worth more than $50,000. In the countries of the first and second types, it will be very small. The largest single market for this car is that of Portugal (type 3 country), the poorest country in Europe, which, however, has many wealthy, prestige-conscious families capable of buying such a car.

The economic environment is characterized by the presence of many links between its elements, which are conventionally divided into:

1) "Vertical" connections are made from state registration business entity and its inclusion in the economic system. In addition, each business entity carries out its activities in accordance with the norms and requirements of the current legislation.

2) "Horizontal" communications ensure the continuity of the processes of production and sale of products, reflect the relationship of manufacturers with suppliers of material resources, with buyers of products, with business partners and competitors.

The economic environment includes two groups of factors:

1) direct exposure environment:

· state;

· suppliers;

· consumers;

· competitors.

2) indirect environment:

· technical;

economic;

social.

In the external economic environment of the functioning of business entities, two levels are distinguished: the macro level ( macro environment) and micro level ( microenvironment).

The main elements of the macro environment:

- economic environment– inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers, new taxes can change the distribution of income, the level interest rates on capital can make investments in new enterprises profitable or unprofitable;

- political situation- changes in government may affect the degree of support for private enterprise, change attitudes towards the public sector, political instability may make long-term investments risky;

- legal environment- Changes in legislation relating to the activities of enterprises may encourage or, conversely, oppress certain areas of entrepreneurship;

- technological environment- new technologies can lead to an increase in competitiveness or its decrease if a competitor has achieved success in developing new technologies;

- social and cultural environment- the emergence of new styles, new fashion can create new opportunities. New ad hoc ideas may lead to certain limitations;

- natural and climatic, geographical situation - a good or bad harvest is immediately reflected in the price level;

- demographic situation - the relocation of people, changes in birth and death rates have a corresponding impact on the level of demand.

The main elements of the microenvironment:

Organizational structure;

The structure of functional duties;

Structure of exchange of services;

Information structure;

Resource-technological structure;

The structure of labor resources;

Organizational culture, understood as a set of norms and rules that regulate interactions between members of the workforce and are an expression of their collective knowledge and experience.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. List the forms of influence of the external environment on the formation of various types of enterprise development strategies.

2. How does the external environment influence the formation of the market
pricing?

3. How is the choice of the pricing strategy of the enterprise, taking into account the combination of market and state regulation prices?

4. Open economic essence the concept of "internal environment
enterprises".

5. Expand the content of the concept of "enterprise" and its formation
internal environment from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept.

6. What subsystems of the internal environment does the enterprise include from the standpoint of a system-integrated theory?

7. List the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise.

Tests

1. Economic environment operation of the enterprise is:

b) a set of external and internal factors that affect the production and economic activities of the company;

c) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

2. The direct impact environment is:

a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

d) an environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises

3. The environment of indirect influence is:

a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;

d) the environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises.

4. Factors of indirect impact:

a) the level of stability of macroeconomic indicators;

d) geographical factors.

5. Groups of factors affecting consumers:

a) external incentives;

b) the dynamics of the development of macroeconomics;

c) the level of development of the capital market;

d) personal.

6. Subjects of the external microenvironment:

a) system government controlled;

b) suppliers;

c) competitors;

d) manufacturers.

7. Types of competition:

a) galloping;

b) price;

c) moderate;

d) non-price.

8. Relationships arising in the external microenvironment:

a) vertical;

b) straight lines;

c) horizontal;

d) indirect.

9. Relationships arising in the macro environment:

a) vertical;

b) straight lines;

c) horizontal;

d) indirect.

10. External economic factors of the macro environment:

a) the size of GDP and its fluctuations;

b) presence railways;

c) research funds;

d) a budget deficit or surplus.

11. Subjects of the macro environment:

a) individual entrepreneurs;

b) government bodies;

c) local authorities;

d) unions of trade unions.

12. Properties of the external environment:

a) competitiveness;

b) complexity;

c) dynamism;

d) uncertainty.

13. The complexity of the environment is:

a) changes in one factor cause more or less significant changes in others;

b) the number, variety and variability of external factors affecting the economy;

c) the rate of changes occurring in the environment;

d) function of quantity and quality of information.

14. The key to the commercial success of an enterprise from the standpoint of the influence of the external environment on the activities of the company is:

a) net profit;

b) profitability;

c) consumer orientation;

d) focus on a competitor.

15. The external environment has an impact on almost all aspects of the enterprise through:

a) influence on the tactics and strategy of the enterprise;

b) horizontal connections;

c) vertical connections;

d) impact on earnings.

16. Reducing or stopping the production of certain goods:

a) requires the development of new types of products;

b) requires re-equipment of the enterprise;

c) requires the introduction of scientific achievements;

d) affects the competitiveness of the enterprise.

17. The internal environment of the enterprise is:

a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;

d) a set of performance results, conditions and a system of interconnections between business entity units.

18. An enterprise from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept is:

a) a complex, flexible, self-developing, multi-dimensional, multi-spatial production system;

b) an independent business entity with the rights legal entity;

c) the system of subdivisions, workshops and other structural units;

d) a set of similar industries.

Today's marketers face many challenges. Thanks to scientific and technological progress in the use of solar energy, the emergence of household computers and robots, cable television, modern medicine, new modes of transport, new forms of recreation and entertainment, new means of communication. At the same time, forces within the socio-economic environment will impose ever greater restrictions on the practice of marketing activities. And the decisive word remains with firms that will be able to create new values ​​and conduct marketing that is filled with a moral responsibility to society.

A few years after the first oil crisis, the economic environment in Japan presented an unusual picture. Companies had to take drastic cash flow measures to cope with the situation. For example, in the textile industry, workers were encouraged to quit voluntarily, transferred workers to subsidiaries, and stopped recruiting college graduates.

As a result of studying the course, future managers will be able to better navigate the ever-changing economic environment, adjust their goals, assessments and criteria, choose the most appropriate methods and tools for solving problems.

Business forms a self-regulating system, which is based on business entities, objects, relationships and business interests of business entities, the economic environment.

Finally, there are reproductive differences. If technical intensification is carried out (reproduced), as a rule, discretely, in leaps, in accordance with the development cycles of scientific and technological progress, then labor intensification is a reproductive process of a permanent, continuous nature. At the same time, not only labor itself is reproduced, but also everything related to it, working conditions, the potential of labor resources (population, physical and mental health of the nation, morality of society, qualifications of workers, their motivation, etc.), conditions that form the potential labor resources (social and economic environment, healthcare, education, culture, etc.), a system to stimulate the labor activity of employees (the degree of coincidence of the goals of society and the enterprise with the goals of the employee, the nature of the relationship between the measure of labor and the measure of consumption, etc.) .

Since the enterprise, its suppliers and consumers operate within a larger macro-environment of forces, the main factors operating in the macro-environment are the factors of the economic environment.

The development of innovations is greatly influenced by external factors. The main partners of enterprises are the state with its taxation system, suppliers, contractors, creditors, banks. A kind of market is a sales market with its own balance of supply and demand. These factors in any economic environment are concomitant risk elements of any innovation. However, in the industry of the Republic of Belarus, their formation is peculiar.

Despite the lag in the development of the infrastructure of the real estate market compared to the infrastructure of other areas of the market economy, real estate is one of the most attractive investment objects. Rapid pace of development domestic market with its instability, due to the corresponding phase of the existence of the economic environment, they create conditions for obtaining superprofits that cannot be obtained in a stable economy in conditions of highly developed competition. Such a situation is rather quickly transient in historical terms, therefore, despite the attractiveness of real estate transactions in such conditions, one should take into account the extremely high risk of such investments.

The third attempt was made in a radically changed economic environment. Now the manufacturer (seller) is the full owner and is responsible for the results of his economic and commercial activities, and the consumer has the opportunity to choose the product, the consumer properties of which suit him to the greatest extent and correspond to his capabilities.

The level of innovativeness of the economic environment depends on many factors, the main of which are the accumulated intellectual potential, the relevant regulatory and legislative framework and the availability of investment resources of a risky nature (venture financing). The need for technical re-equipment of the leading sectors of the Russian economy (engineering, metallurgy, petrochemistry, transport), a significant reduction in quantity and quality of scientific and technical industry institutes and centers led to the fact that a layer of small innovative and engineering firms began to form in Russia, on the one hand, on the other hand, large enterprises and holdings form subdivisions associated with the development and implementation of innovations that increase business efficiency.

In addition to expanding the range of products, large companies began to work actively in various economic regions. There was a need to draw up financial statements not only in the sectoral, but also in the regional context, according to the production belonging to any pei ion or location of sales markets. In this regard, paragraph 9 of IFRS No. 14 introduces the definition of a geographical segment. A geographic segment is a distinct component of a company that is involved in the production of goods or services in a particular economic environment and that is subject to risks and rewards that are different from those of components operating in other economic environments. When determining geographic segments, the following factors should be taken into account

The main thing in solving this problem is the creation of competitive conditions. Radical changes in the economic mechanism and the introduction of new management elements in the housing and communal services (HCS), the search for financial reserves to improve the reliability of the functioning of life support systems have changed the economic environment for the formation of a pricing policy in the production of potentially competitive works (services).

Even in stable industries, it is necessary to systematically review existing programs, as the economic environment, consumer tastes and needs, competitive conditions, and production technologies are constantly changing. It is very important to recognize these changes in time and adapt the existing programs to the changed conditions.

The course of action chosen by the organization on the basis of the information described above will cause the involvement of its resources in production for a long period, and the position of the firm will be influenced by the economic environment, i.e. the products it produces, its markets, and its ability to respond to future changes. The choice of course determines the long-term perspective for the organization and, therefore, the decisions it can make in the future. These decisions are usually called long-term, or strategic. Such decisions have a very large impact on the future position of the organization, so it is important that accurate information is collected about the organization's capabilities and its economic environment. In this connection, strategic decisions should be the prerogative of the top administration.

World experience has proven the viability and effectiveness of the market mechanism in ensuring the balance of the economy, in the rational use of labor, material and financial resources, in the creation of flexible industries that are receptive to consumer demands and the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Such a system of organization stimulates decisive action in mastering new methods of managing, restructuring activities. A commercial organization becomes the main business entity. It is an independent commodity producer, the economic space for which is practically unlimited, but entirely dependent on the ability to work without loss, adapting to the changing economic environment.

However, the fundamental unity of on-farm reporting compiled by Western and domestic enterprises does not mean their identity. There are many features, they are predetermined by the fact that Western enterprises operate in a developed market economy. The market as the economic habitat of an enterprise indirectly influences the choice of methods and tools of intra-company management. Moreover, the market constantly forces to orient internal management to achieve the external goals of the enterprise as a market entity. This circumstance constantly encourages the enterprise to improve internal management, control the process of implementation and use of new management techniques and methods.

A more detailed structuring of the functions performed by a financial manager is easy to do, keeping in mind the following two circumstances: firstly, any enterprise is not isolated - it is forced to interact with its economic environment; secondly, all the main objects of attention of a financial manager in a generalized representation are systematized in the accounting (financial) statements, in particular - in the balance sheet, which is the best financial model of the enterprise.

Secondary information in the economic environment is extensive and scattered in many sources. Sources of secondary information are data from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the European Organization for Cooperation and Development, the UN and others.

The economic environment of the functioning of the organization (enterprise): essence, factors, subjects. Properties of the economic environment. The complexity of the economic environment and its determining indicators. Dynamism of the economic environment. Relationship and interdependence of factors of the economic environment.

Uncertainty of the economic environment. Factors that determine the properties of the external environment of the functioning of the organization.

Organizations do not carry out their economic activities in isolation, but in cooperation with state and local authorities, tax authorities banks, other organizations, private firms, individual entrepreneurs, public structures, etc. Therefore, based on an understanding of the essence of the activities and purpose of organizations, numerous subjects of the economy are interested in their successful functioning. The effectiveness of these expectations largely depends on the operating environment (external environment), their potential and level of competitiveness, the ability to take into account the requirements of the external environment and correlate them with the capabilities of a business entity. On fig. 1 shows a diagram of the organization's functional relationships.

Fig.1 Functional links of the organization

External environment organizations are a set of business entities, their relationships, infrastructure links and conditions for their activities. Its main characteristics are the interrelation of factors, complexity, dynamism (mobility) and uncertainty.

Interrelation of factors characterized by the degree of impact of changes in one factor on other environmental factors.

Complexity external environment is the number of factors to which organizations are required to respond in the course of carrying out their activities. economic activity, as well as the degree of change of each of these factors.

The rate at which changes occur in the external environment characterizes it. dynamism. Practice shows that in some spheres of public life these changes occur relatively quickly, in others they are slow.

Uncertainty associated with the heterogeneity, complexity and ever-increasing volume of economic, technological, legal, social and other information about each factor of the external environment. The more uncertain the external environment, the more difficult it is for organizations to make effective management decisions.

In the external environment of functioning, a macro level and a micro level are distinguished. At the macro level, innovative, natural, environmental, socio-demographic, economic and political factors are distinguished, at the micro level - market conditions, the form and closeness of partnerships, relations with suppliers and buyers, the degree of development of market infrastructure. Their influence on the nature of the functioning of organizations occurs both in the form of direct and indirect effects (Fig. 2).

Direct Impact Factors

factors of indirect influence

Fig. 2 The main factors of the external environment of the organization

Factors of direct impact have a direct impact on the financial and economic activities of the organization. These most often include suppliers, buyers, competitors, the labor market.

Suppliers- these are business entities of various forms of ownership that supply organizations with raw materials, materials, goods, equipment, energy resources, etc. To a certain extent, the costs of production and sales of products, their quality, etc. depend on them. Important characteristics of suppliers are the cost of supplied raw materials, materials and trends in its change, guarantees of their quality, time schedule for delivery, obligation to fulfill contractual obligations, etc.

Consumers is other organizations population who permanently or temporarily purchase products for their needs or further processing.

Competitors- these are the economic entities with which organizations are fighting for the resources of the external environment. These include:

Intra-industry competitors - business entities that carry out similar activities;

Potential competitors, i.e. those that can enter the market.

Labor market determines the potential opportunities in providing the organization with personnel of a certain qualification, age, gender; taking into account the policy pursued by the state in the field of remuneration; change and dynamics of the cost of labor, etc.

Factors of indirect impact do not have a direct impact on the activities of a business entity. Among them are situational factors, which reflect economic situation in the republic, world, features international relations, etc.; innovative (technical) generated by scientific and technological progress and forming the potential for accelerated development of the organization; political, reflecting the relationship government agencies authorities to the activities of business entities; socio-cultural, including a complex of life values, traditions, customs, etc.

In addition to the external environment, the performance of an organization depends on internal organization, i.e. internal environment.

Internal environment - it is a set of conditions and a system of interconnection between business entity units. The main elements of the internal environment of the organization are the structure, material resources, personnel, finance, marketing, interpersonal relations between employees, etc.

The structure of organizations is the composition and ratio of their subsystems, identified according to the criteria of organizational production and management processes. The first subsystem includes branches, separate structural enterprises (OSB), workshops, non-self-supporting sections, etc., the second includes structural units of the organization (shops, sections, departments, etc.).

The most important element The internal environment are resources that predominantly come from the external environment for subsequent transformation into goods and services. Each organization independently determines the optimal need for aggregate resources, in the context of their individual types, and also solves problems for their effective use.

The main feature of any organization is the presence in its ownership, economic management or operational management of separate property. It is the totality of the means of production, including objects and means of labor, that provides the material and technical possibility of the functioning of a business entity, its economic independence and reliability. In physical terms, the means of labor can be represented by technological equipment, vehicles, buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc. This part of the capital, which for a long time repeatedly or constantly in an unchanged natural form, is used in the economic process, gradually transferring its value to the created products or services are called fixed assets.

Along with the fixed assets of the organization in the process of carrying out economic activities, they form working capital. Working capital includes raw materials, basic materials, purchased semi-finished products and components, auxiliary materials, inventory, packaging, fuel, cash organizations (in cash, on settlement and other accounts in banks), funds in settlements (accountable amounts issued individuals; accounts receivable and etc.).

Of all types of resources, a special role belongs to labor resources, since it is they who are called upon to combine the material and financial factors of the production process. The results of the activities of organizations and their competitiveness largely depend on the quality and efficiency of their use. Human Resources characterized by age, work experience, professional composition, skill level, interests, etc.

As you know, the most important feature market system management is the development of commodity-money relations. Consequently, the movement of factors of production (land, labor, means of production, etc.) is mediated through cash and non-cash money, as well as other financial instruments. These funds, in the form of revenues and external receipts, are intended to fulfill financial obligations and the implementation of the costs of ensuring expanded reproduction, are financial resources. Formation financial resources trade organizations is carried out both from internal sources, formed at the expense of their own and equivalent funds and related to the results of economic activity, and external, mobilized for financial market and arriving in the order of redistribution. Among the internal sources of financial resources, the most important are profit and depreciation. Financial resources mobilized in the financial market are primarily represented by borrowed funds in the form of short-term and long-term bank loans. As part of the financial resources formed in the order of redistribution, an important role belongs to share contributions.

An important link in the internal environment is also the culture of the organization, which should be considered as a system of collective values, beliefs, traditions and norms of behavior. They should be taken into account by each employee and contribute to the achievement of goals.

The basis of information support is information, the role and importance of which is constantly growing.

Information translated from Latin ( Information- lat.) means a message, an explanation. In the philosophical understanding, information is a measure of the heterogeneity of the distribution of matter and energy in space and time, a measure of the changes that accompany all the processes taking place in the world. In metaphysical terms, information appears to be a product of the reflection of the material world, and therefore it is quite natural that all types of human activity are somehow connected with information. Therefore, information should be understood as messages covering any events, the position and course of these events, or information received by a person visually or with the help of special devices about the world around and the processes taking place in it.

For logistics organizations, one of the most important is economic information, the object of origin or the subject of display of which is material production and sphere of circulation.

Economic information is understood as a set of information that characterizes the economic side of the reproduction process and is the object of storage, transmission, processing and transformation of data.

The formation of rational information flows is based on a number of principles, among which are:

Objectivity of reflection of the reproductive process;

Unity of data coming from various sources and elimination of duplication of primary information;

Efficiency of information;

Rationality of information;

Identification of information needs and ways to best meet them, etc.

The objectivity of reflecting economic, technological and other processes is the most important requirement that existing Information Systems and accounting and reporting systems. The essence of a business transaction is objectively reflected, first of all, by primary documents that are compiled by interested parties, mainly financially responsible persons. In this regard, distortions and errors in primary documents are unacceptable. Application for initial registration business transactions technical means (instruments, electronic computers, etc.) increases not only the objectivity of the data, but also reduces the complexity of the work.

The unity of accounting, reporting and planning data follows from the requirements of the unity of the economy. The system of economic information should be based on uniform principles, independent of the form of ownership, departmental affiliation and isolation of various types of accounting (accounting, statistical and operational).

Efficiency of information is one of the most important conditions for the timely adoption of managerial decisions in all organizations, regardless of ownership.

Rationality of the information flow in the context of its systematic growth in connection with the clarification of relationships economic phenomena and processes, changes and reassessment of traditional ideas about the relationships between individual economic indicators involves reducing the amount of data transferred. Using the required number of basic constantly accumulating indicators, it is possible to calculate all derived indicators, analyze time series, and make comparisons.

There are a number of requirements for economic information. The main ones are relevance, accuracy, correctness, usefulness, sufficiency, timeliness, stability, etc.

The relevance of information is characterized by the ability to retain its usefulness (value) for making managerial decisions over time.

The degree of closeness of information to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon, as well as the permissible level of its distortion, at which the efficiency of the system is maintained, reflects the accuracy of the information.

The correctness of information implies its unambiguous perception by all consumers.

The usefulness (value) of information is determined by the effectiveness of the management carried out on its basis.

The sufficiency (completeness) of information is characterized by its minimum, but sufficient amount, which allows you to make the right management decision. Incomplete, i.e. insufficient information, as well as redundant information, hinders the adoption of managerial decisions, which reduces the effectiveness of the management system.

The timeliness of information is the ability to use it at a given point in time. Timely information received can lead to positive results, and untimely information can lead to economic losses.

The ability to respond to changes in information without violating accuracy characterizes its stability.

Economic information is extremely heterogeneous in its content, with tendencies to further complicate the relationship between its individual types. At the same time, with a systematic increase in the volume of information, there is a lack of it for making certain management decisions. At the same time, an increase in the flow of information leads to data redundancy. Therefore, it is very relevant in modern conditions to contain the ongoing increase in the volume of information flow and the elimination of information insufficiency by eliminating redundant data.

Economic information is characterized by a number of features. First, it, as a rule, has a discrete (discontinuous in time) form of representation. Secondly, it is reflected on material carriers (documents, etc.). Thirdly, using a system of cost and physical indicators, in without fail contains digital material.

Given that in the process of carrying out economic activities, logistics organizations use significant information flows, economic information can be grouped according to certain criteria. So, according to the objectivity of the reflection of reality, it is divided into reliable and unreliable. ; by saturation - insufficient, sufficient, excessive; according to the intended purpose - useful and useless; by the nature of the application - constant and variable; according to the influence on the source of information - active and passive.

Of fundamental importance for the process of making managerial decisions is the classification of economic information according to the stages of education, functions in the management process, in connection with the management system, and objects characterized by information.

According to the stages of education, primary and secondary (derivative) information are distinguished. Primary refers to the initial information that arises in the course of financial and economic activities (data primary documents). Secondary information arises as a result of processing primary information. Secondary information can be intermediate (data on accounting accounts and other accounting registers) and effective (enterprise reporting).

According to the functions in the management process, economic information is divided into regulatory, planned, operational, accounting and statistical.

Regulatory information is divided into technical and economic standards and norms. Norms are understood as the relative value of the use of aggregate resources or their individual types per unit of retail space, weight, volume (for example, the social standard of retail space per 1000 inhabitants, etc.). Norms are the maximum allowable value of the absolute consumption of all types of resources (depreciation rates, attrition rates, etc.).

Planning information is the result of technical and economic planning, which is current (month, quarter, year) and long-term (3-5 years or more).

Operational information is the result of operational accounting, which is a means of monitoring the course of the trade and technological process during and after the performance of business transactions. The content of operational accounting is determined by the characteristics of the sale of goods and is regulated directly by the business entity. At the same time, operational accounting should ensure: 1) data transfer outside the trade organization, structural unit, department; 2) the possibility of prompt intervention in the trade and technological process for its regulation.

This section of the report contains an analysis of the environmental impact on the main sections and subsections of the All-Russian classifier species economic activity(OKVED) in dynamics for 2006-2009

All activities are grouped into sections, among which it is necessary to highlight three:

Mining;

Manufacturing industries;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Almost all industrial activities are grouped in these sections of OKVED, therefore they are of the greatest interest as the main sources of man-made impact on the environment.

Also of interest are:

Agriculture, hunting and forestry;

Transport and communications;

Provision of other communal, social and personal services.

Production indices for the above three main types of economic activity in 2009, according to Rosstat, amounted to:

1. Mining - 98.8%

   Manufacturing - 84%

   Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 95.2%

The decline in production was noted in almost all types of economic activity.

The output of the most important types of products amounted to:

Product type	2009	2009 VC 2008	Product type	2009	2009 VC 2008
Extraction of useful claim infamous			Motor gasoline, million tons	35,8	100,5
Coal, million tons	298	90,8	Diesel fuel, million tons	67,3	97,7
Oil produced, including gas condensate, million tons	494	101,2	Mineral fertilizers (in terms of 100% nutrients), million tons	14,6	90,4
Natural gas, billion m 3	584	87,9	Furnace fuel oil, million tons	64,4	100,8
Iron ore, million tons	92,0	91,9	Building bricks, bln cond. PCS.	8,5	62,7
Non-metallic building materials, million m 3	265	61,9	Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million m 3	17,5	60,7
Apatite concentrate, million tons	3,7	97,2	Cement, million tons	44 ,3	82 ,7
Processing pr production			Production and distribution electricity, gas and water
Sawn timber, million m 3	19,0	87,8	Electricity, billion kW . h	992	95 , 4
Plywood, million m 3	2,1	81,3	including generation by power plants:
Particle boards, mln. m 3	4,6	79,3	atomic	164	100,3
Commercial cellulose, million tons	2,0	88,1	thermal	652	91,8
Paper, million tons	3,9	98,0	hydroelectric power plants	176	105,6
Primary oil refining, million tons	236	99 ,6	Thermal energy, million Gcal	1341	98,6

The objects of analysis were:

total emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources (Rosstat data),

volume of polluted Wastewater water bodies (data from Rosvodresursy),

the volume of production and consumption waste generation (data from Rostekhnadzor);

the volume of investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources (Rosstat data).

An analysis of the data given in the tables makes it possible to identify trends in changes in the environmental load of a particular type of economic activity.

Table 1.1

Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air
from stationary sources by type of economic activity, thousand tons

	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
	20568,4	20636,9	20103,3	19021,2
yours	129,3	118,2	124,8	127,5
-	103,2	100,7	110,2	114,8
-	26,1	17,5	14,5	12,6
Mining	6027,1	6244,8	5567,2	5238,6
infamous	5509,3	5737,9	5092,9	4867,8
-	904,0	1063,0	1117,3	1062,8
includingcoal mining	877,0	1028,7	1083,2	1007,0
enrichment and agglomeration of hard coal	12,4	22,6	21,2	43,8
-	4585,9	4655,8	3958,2	3788,8
including production of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas; extractionfractions from oil (associated) gas	3673,4	3705,5	3108,8	3029,1
extraction of natural gas and gas condensate	473,4	507,6	436,8	405,6
-	19,4	19,2	17,4	16,2
Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy	517,8	507,0	474,3	370,8
- Mining of metal ores	433,6	418,1	386,1	297,0
-	84,2	88,8	88,2	73,8
Manufacturing industries	7167,9	7205,1	6829,4	6353,5
weaving, and tobacco	144,6	146,1	140,2	144,9
	14,3	11,3	9,7	8,6
	3,5	3,7	3,5	3,3
Wood processing and production of wood products	84,2	85,5	85,5	78,3
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities	162,2	152,9	148,9	152,5
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard andof them	161,4	151,6	147,5	151,1
Production of coke and petroleum products and nuclear materials	793,2	859,5	853,1	701,5
-	764,4	829,8	816,5	663,2
including coke production	36,9	35,3	34,8	32,7
production of petroleum products	727,5	794,5	781,7	630,5
Chemical production	368,9	374,3	351,3	332,2
	18,2	18,4	17,4	15,0
	497,6	520,8	462,6	403,5
Metallurgical production and	4787,9	4751,4	4496,3	4303,8
-	4756,3	4722,3	4469,1	4278,7
including production of iron, steel and ferroalloys	1668,6	1636,3	1555,2	1452,2
production of non-ferrous metals	3052,6	3048,9	2880,4	2796,1
- Manufacture of finished metal products	31,6	29,1	27,2	25,1
	102,6	106,0	96,0	76,2
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment	53,7	48,3	41,3	33,5
Production Vehicle and equipment	116,4	108,3	104,4	82,5
Other productions	20,5	18,5	19,3	17,7
- Processing of secondary raw materials	5,6	5,7	6,4	6,3
rgy, gas and water	4352,9	4206,0	4462,2	4140,7
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hotwater cells	4303,4	4162,9	4419,0	4096,4
including generation, transmission and distribution of electricity	3155,2	2923,5	3129,0	2736,6
production and distribution of gaseous fuels	18,4	37,5	38,3	40,2
-	49,5	43,1	43,2	44,3
Transport and communications	2150,2	2211,1	2475,2	2605,9
-	1954,6	1986,8	2247,2	2378,9
including transportation through pipelines	1837,8	1851,5	2107,5	2240,8
of themtransportation through pipelines of oil and oil products	108,1	110,1	104,2	112,7
transportation through pipelines of gas and its productswork	1729,6	1739,5	1997,7	2128,0
servants	390,2	283,7	286,3	169,6
-	238,6	174,7	161,6	119,1
Provision of other utilities, social and personnel services	59,1	55,2	67,9	89,9
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activities	55,0	52,0	65,2	86,0

In terms of emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources, the first place is occupied by“manufacturing industries” (a third of the total volume in Russia) due to metallurgical production. Another major block of sources of air pollution is formed by the production of "mining" (28%), primarily enterprises engaged inextraction of crude oil and oil (associated) gas. Significant volumes of emissions into the atmosphere are characteristic of enterprises power industryand pipeline transport (Fig. 1.1.).

The largest The main sources of atmospheric air pollution are the enterprises of the metallurgical complex and the electric power industry.

Table 1.2

Dynamics of pollutant emissions
largest sources of air pollution , thousand tons

Company	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Polar branch OJSC“ MMC Norilsk Nickel, Norilsk	1987,2	1990,1	1956,7	1949,8
Branch "Reftinskaya GRES" JSC "OGK-5", Asbest, Sverdlovsk region	337,3	306,2	373,5	313,7
OAO Severstal, Cherepovets, Vologda Oblastblast	335,8	335,0	315,3	290,0
OAO Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, Lipetsk, Lipetsk Regionblast	316,3	308,3	280,5	289,1

Table 1.3

Volumes of discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies
by type of economic activity, million m 3

Type of economic activity	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Total for Russian Federation	17488,77	17176,25	17119,48	15853,56
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours	1137,20	1039,23	1037,69	875 , 91
- Agriculture, hunting and provision of services in these areas	1135,63	1038,66	1037,20	875,66
- Forestry and the provision of services in this area	1,57	0,57	0,49	0,25
Mining	963,60	1074,87	1083,86	1016,59
- Extraction of hard coal, brown coal and peat	397,78	444,13	460,64	461,12
- Extraction of crude oil and natural gas; provision of services in these areas	54,70	42,79	42,18	28,46
- Mining of uranium and thorium ores	2,36	2,12	2,10	1,96
- Mining of metal ores	218,57	243,47	249,97	204,6
- Extraction of other minerals	290,19	342,36	328,97	320,46
Manufacturing industries	3572,97	3295,31	3269,91	2732 , 80
- Food production, includingdrinks	77,77	74,26	73,07	61,13
- Textile production	40,50	36,65	31,43	24,88
- Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear	3,28	2,46	2,60	2,44
- Woodworking and manufacture of wood and cork products, except furniture	123,50	117,47	120,48	262,76
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them	1147,81	1092,85	1044,85	743,10
- Production of coke, oil products	263,61	233,35	223,00	117,97
- Chemical production	777,19	696,08	680,46	608,87
- Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	78,23	7,73	6,11	5,37
- Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products	50,53	55,13	56,42	54,78
- Metallurgical production	659,08	625,20	706,64	595,67
- Manufacture of finished metal products	19,80	20,63	19,81	15,07
- Manufacture of machinery and equipment	169,72	172,96	153,67	132,0
- Production of electrical machines and electrical equipment	12,56	16,16	15,09	10,21
- Manufacture of cars, trailers and semi-trailers	71,85	67,07	67,19	29,85
- Manufacture of ships, aircraft and spacecraft and other countriessports equipment	62,17	60,16	57,69	59,30
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water	9256,59	9013,81	9059,89	8817,23
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot waterodes	825,74	892,76	937,21	940,34
- Collection, purification and distribution of water	8430,85	8121,05	8122,68	7876,89
Transport and communications	107,09	103,85	83,79	41,18
- Land transport activities	22,82	21,93	20,82	16,32
- Water transport activity	2,63	2,37	2,52	2,24
- Air transport activities	2,43	1,96	1,02	0,88
- Auxiliary and additional transport activities	78,21	76,64	58,92	21,13
Operations with real estate, rental and provision servants	346,55	324,06	322,88	276,29
- Operations with real estate	213,18	249,16	240,22	194,37
servants	1884,41	2111,98	2050,13	1887,42
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activitiesness	1883,74	2111,50	2049,60	1886,86

Of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharged into water bodies in Russia,56% is for “production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”, 17% for “manufacturing”, 12% for “providing other communal, social and personal services” (Fig. 1.2).

In two types of economic activity“collection, purification and distribution of water” and “removal of sewage, waste and similar activities” are concentrated water supply and sewerage enterprises (primarily facilities that have sewer aeration stations, treatment facilities, etc.) on their balance sheet, which are the largest sources of discharge polluted wastewater (62%) into surface water bodies in the country.At the same time, it should be noted that the sewerage facilities of urban“ Vodokanal” a significant amount of industrial wastewater enters, which undergoes appropriate treatment.

Below is a list largest enterprises- sources of surface water pollution,which account for 20% of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharges in Russia (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4

Dynamics of polluted wastewater discharges
largest sources of water pollution, million m 3

Company	2006	2007	2008	2009
SUE "Vodokanal", St. Petersburg	926,5	926,4	915,0	838,9
Kuryanovskaya aeration station, Moscow	862,4	860,6	832,1	785,6
Luberetskaya aeration station, Moscow	890,0	772,6	746,9	737,0
MP Samaravodokanal, Samara, Samara region	254,2	250,7	237,5	220,6
MP "Nizhny Novgorod Vodokanal" Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region	230,0	229,7	233,2	215,1
Municipal unitary enterprise “Vodokanal”, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region	217,9	217,9	223,0	206,6
Vladivostok CHPP-2, Branch of OAO Far Eastern Generating Company, Vladivostok, Primorsky Territory	198,9	204,4	204,6	202,2

Table 1.5

Volumes of production and consumption waste generation
by type of economic activity, million tons

Type of economic activity	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Total for the Russian Federation	3519,43	3899,28	3817,68	3505,0
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours	17,32	26,60	67,65	77,4
Fishing, fish farming	0,21	0,06	0,10	0,09
Mining	2923,49	2785,16	3351,07	3066,4
Extraction of fuel and energy useful claimsinfamous	1732,08	1636,29	2064,72	1984,8
Extraction of minerals other than fuelexternal energy	1191,41	1148,87	1286,35	1081,6
Manufacturing industries	284,01	243,86	276,64	252,01
Food production, including drinksweaving, and tobacco	18,10	20,49	18,62	25,1
Textile and clothing production	0,25	0,10	0,25	0,23
Manufacture of leather, leather products and manufacture ofwow	0,08	0,06	0,03	0,06
Wood processing and productionyour wood products	5,37	5,96	4,83	5,0
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing businessness	6,46	5,62	6,95	5,3
Production of coke and oil products	2,50	1,90	1,97	1,9
Chemical production	44,71	46,13	27,02	20,6
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	0,16	0,16	0,19	0,14
Production of other non-metallic mineralsproducts	9,69	10,40	32,63	12,1
Metallurgical production and production of finished metal productseliy	189,82	145,00	175,25	174,6
Manufacture of machinery and equipment	2,16	2,01	2,32	1,8
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipmentania	0,98	0,79	0,50	0,58
Production of vehicles and equipmentania	3,00	2,96	4,15	1,9
Other manufacturing industries	0,74	2,29	1,95	2,7
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water	73,54	70,80	67,61	65,3
Construction	17,80	62,84	14,88	24,7
Wholesale and retail trade; repair vehicles, m otocycles, household products	143,14	310,92	13,27	2,3
Transport and communications	4,03	7,49	3,17	5,3
Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services	50,86	386,31	17,19	4,4
State administration and ensuring military security, obligatory personal welfare	1,46	0,50	0,52	0,71
Provision of other communal, social and personal services servants	3,05	4,30	4,70	5,4
Other activities	0,38	0,09	0,89	0,99

Almost 90% of the total amount of waste generated per year of all hazard classes in the country is related to the production of "mining", while 57% is the extraction of fuel and energy minerals.

Distribution of environmental investments
by type of economic activity

According to Rosstat, investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources, in 2009 decreased in relation to the level of 2008 (Fig. 1.4) and amounted to 81.9 billion rubles.

The main investment component in environmental activities is the own funds of enterprises, the share of which exceeds three quarters of the total investment. There is a decrease in the contribution to environmental activities of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets(Fig. 1.5).

Direction of environmental investmentsition, presented in fig. 1.6 is characterized by a steady growth trend in the “water” component over the past three years and a significant decrease in investments used for the protection and rational use of land.