general characteristics economic complex of the country
On the location and specialization of industries Agriculture mainly influenced by the natural factor, which in Hungary is represented by fertile land and a favorable climate. These natural advantages are realized in agriculture.
In Hungarian agriculture since the early 1990s. there were often signs of a crisis, which was then explained by the general recession of the economy as a whole and the large loss of the number of markets due to the collapse of the CMEA.
The export of agricultural products to the EU countries also suffered.
The reason for this was not the relationship between the EU and Hungary, but the internal problems of the agricultural sector. To be more precise, these were insufficient funding, belated modernization of the industry and low competitiveness.
Hungary's agricultural products are: wheat, corn, sunflower seeds, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products.
The Hungarian government directs its agricultural policy to strengthen the role of agriculture in the economy, especially in the traditional sectors for this country: the production of corn, wheat, meat, vegetables, fruits, wine.
Agricultural land in Hungary is 6.1 million hectares, of which more than 50% is arable land. 1.5 million hectares are occupied by spike crops, 1.0 million hectares are occupied by corn.
Crop production is represented mainly by grain farming, as well as vegetable growing and horticulture (including viticulture).
Livestock provides more than 60% of domestic agricultural income. The most developed are pig breeding, breeding of cattle for meat and dairy purposes, and poultry farming. The needs of the domestic market are also satisfied by sheep breeding and fish breeding in artificial reservoirs.
Hungary is an industrial-agrarian country with an average level of economic development
GDP: $100.3 billion
GDP per capita: $9910
GDP per capita PPP: $14,900
Employment of the able-bodied population: agriculture - 6.7%; industry - 34.5%; service sector - 58.8%
Composition of GDP: agriculture - 4.4%; industry -34.2%; service sector - 61.4%
Sectoral structure of the economy, the ratio of its main branches
The primary sphere of human economic activity
Fuel and energy resources are represented in Hungary by deposits of coal, natural gas and oil. The total geological reserves of coal are currently estimated at almost 9 billion tons. The quality and calorific value of coal are low. Of all the reserves, more than 60% is lignite, approximately 25% is brown, and only 15% is hard coal.
There are oil deposits in the foothills of the Bukk massif, and larger oil deposits were discovered later southwest of Balaton, in the Zana region.
More significant natural gas deposits are located in approximately the same areas as oil fields. The largest reserves were found in the Alföld province.
In the northeast, near the village of Rudobanya, there are the only iron ore deposits in the country. The average iron content in the ore here is less than 30%.
The reserves of manganese ore are the third largest in Europe; ore deposits are located in the Bakon mountains, in the Urkut region, where 90-95% of them are mined.
Hungary has one of the most significant bauxite deposits in Europe. The main bauxite deposits are located in Dunantul, north of Balaton - in the mountains of Bakony and Vertesh. Hungary ranks sixth in the world in bauxite mining. There are also small deposits of polymetallic ores containing tin, lead, and molybdenum in the mountains of Berzhen, Matra and Zemplen.
The uranium ores discovered in Hungary are of great importance. Their deposits are discovered in the south of the country, near the city of Pecs. Uranium ore here lies at a depth of up to 1 thousand meters.
70% of the territory of Hungary is occupied by agricultural land. Forests cover 17% of the territory. The main agricultural regions of the country are located on the plains of the central and eastern parts of Hungary.
Hungary is traditionally an exporter of grain (both food and fodder), as well as flour and milling products. The gross grain harvest is about 16 million tons. The average wheat harvest is 5 million tons, while domestic consumption is about 2 million tons. Thus, wheat production in the country exceeds its own needs by 1.5 - 2 times.
Hungary processes about 700 thousand tons of grapes, mainly for the production of wine. Approximately a quarter of the wine is exported.
Secondary sphere of human economic activity
In industry (Appendix 1.), the manufacturing industries are the most developed (90.6% of GDP) The leading branch of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including:
Automotive industry (Ikarus plant in Budapest and Szekesfehervar - Europe's largest bus manufacturer).
Manufacture of locomotives, ships, cranes.
Electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications, computers, medical equipment and devices (Budapest, Szekesfehervar)).
Machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom).
Manufacture of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industries.
Electrical products, electronics, engines, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, buses, river boats, industrial equipment, televisions and radios, household appliances, etc. are produced. There are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
In the chemical industry, an important place is occupied by the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, the rubber industry, various types of plastics, and synthetic materials are developing. Relatively high level reached pharmaceutical production (15% of the value of industrial products). With a long tradition, this industry relies on a strong research and development base, with the help of which ever more effective means of combating various diseases are being developed.
The food and flavor industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises. Of the branches of light industry, the most developed are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitwear. Hungarian fabrics, ready-to-wear, shoes, furniture, as well as products of the meat processing and canning industries are well-deservedly known in many countries of the world.
The food industry relies almost entirely on the domestic raw material base, while some sectors of the light industry require significant imports of raw materials and semi-finished products. Hungary imports cotton, wool, flax, raw leather, timber, and cellulose.
After a recession in the late 1990s production is stabilizing in metallurgy and light industry, which works almost exclusively on raw materials supplied by the customer. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually curtailed.
The Hungarian industry is quite dependent on the state of the world market: more than half (52%) of all industrial production. Large enterprises export - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are satisfied mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employees, respectively, is up to 50 and up to 300 people).
In addition, handicrafts are widespread in Hungary: embroidery, ceramics, curtains, wooden toys, dolls, wicker baskets, porcelain, goose down products.
Thus, it is worth noting the noticeable predominance of the automotive industry in the country's industry, which produces a wide range of goods that are also exported, although one should not lose sight of the fairly developed chemical industry and metallurgy, not to mention the food industry. However, Hungary is poorly supplied with energy, which makes it highly dependent on supplies.
Non-material (non-production) sphere. The most important types of industrial and consumer services and their placement
The main types of services in the Hungarian economy include tourism, trade, financial services, communication services, which are owned by private individuals.
In recent years, the role of tourism in the country's economy has increased. More than 15 million people come to Hungary every year. One of the most attractive places for tourists is Budapest - one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Eger is one of the most visited cities. The resort region of Lake Balaton, the country's museums and architectural monuments of various eras enjoy continued success.
Retail turnover in the domestic market after the recession of 1987–1997 is constantly expanding (in 2002 - 24.8 million dollars). This is facilitated by the growth cash income population, the emergence of new types of trade (hypermarkets, shopping centers) and improving the quality of service. The structure of trade turnover is approximately as follows: 33.4% - food, 28.4% - vehicles, spare parts and fuel for them, 16.4% - furniture and household appliances, 9.5% - cultural and educational goods.
Communication services: in 2008 the number of Internet users amounted to 5,500,000 people, the number of cellular communication subscribers per 100 population was 122.24 people.
Financial services occupy one of the most important positions in the Hungarian economy. In 2007, Hungary spent 19% of GDP on domestic investment.
The non-material sphere of Hungary is very highly developed, and is also diversified, which allows us to talk about great prospects for the country's service sector. At the same time, this part of the economy is highly dependent on capital investment, which is quite unfavorable for its development in a crisis.
Geography of communications and transport
Hungary has a well-developed network of transport communications. The length of public roads is more than 30 thousand km, 90% of them are paved.
The length of railways is 7.8 thousand km (31% is electrified). The leading railway company is Magyar Államvasútak.
In Budapest, the three main train stations are East, West and South (Déli), with other outlying stations such as Kelenföld. Of the three, the South station is the most modern, but the East and West stations are more decorative and have interesting architecture. Other important railway stations located throughout the country include Szolnok (the most important railway crossing outside of Budapest), the Tiszai railway station in Miskolc, and the stations of Pécs, Győr, Szeged and Székesfehérvár.
The only city with an underground railway system is Budapest with its own metro.
Budapest also has a suburban rail service called HÉV.
There are about 43-45 airports in Hungary, including some smaller ones. Of these, five are international - Budapest - Ferihegy, the airport in Debrecen, the airport in Sharmelak (also called FlyBalaton because of its proximity to Lake Balaton), Gyor-Per and Pec-Pogan. The Hungarian airline "Malev" operates flights to more than 60 cities (mainly in Europe).
The transit role of the country is also important. Oil pipelines Druzhba-I (from Ukraine), Druzhba-II (from Slovakia) and Adria (from Croatia), gas pipelines Bratstvo (from Ukraine) and Baumgartner-Gyor (from Austria) pass through the territory of Hungary ); the total length of pipelines is 7.2 thousand km. High-speed highways are being actively built within the framework of the so-called Helsinki transport corridors passing through the country.
Structure by types of transport: road - 51%, rail - 30%, pipeline - 15%, water - 3%. Structure by directions of transportation: international - 60%, domestic - 40%. Water and air transport are practically not used in domestic cargo transportation.
It is noticeable that Hungary is an important transit region in Europe, important navigable rivers flow through it, the infrastructure is quite developed and continues to develop. All this is an important component in the economic development of the country. It is also worth noting the ever-increasing role of road transport within the country and air travel abroad.
Foreign economic relations of the country. Characteristics of the most important forms of MEO
International trade
A characteristic feature of the Hungarian economy is a high degree of openness and participation in the international division of labor. Foreign trade has a positive trend, but is chronically passive. So the volume of exports in 2008 - 109.3 billion dollars, imports - 107.5 billion dollars.
In the commodity structure of exports in 2002-2008. dominated by products a high degree added value: the groups "machinery and equipment" (59 - 61.1%; mainly communications equipment, sound processing equipment, automated data processing systems, household and industrial electrical appliances) and "manufactured products" (29-31%). Agricultural products accounted for 7-8% of exports.
Figure 2.1. - The structure of Hungary's exports in 2007.
The main contingent of imports was also "machinery and equipment" (50-52%) and "processed products" (35-38%). The share of energy carriers in imports is 6–8%, and Russian energy carriers account for 70% of all energy supplies to Hungary.
Figure 2.2. - The structure of Hungary's imports in 2007.
Figure 2.3. - Main importing countries (2007)
Thus, more than 90% of Hungarian exports in 2007 were sent to European countries. 75% of imports came from there. The largest trading partners are Germany, Austria, Italy, while the share of the EU reaches 72%. Russia ranks 8th among trading partners.
Foreign investment
AT last years In connection with the financial and economic crisis in Hungary, there was a decrease in the volume of capital investments, which is associated with the ongoing socio-economic reform in the country, political instability and a decrease in the attractiveness of the country for foreign investors. Hungary has been a member of the EU since May 2004. uses financial sources from EU structural funds. These funds allow member states of the European Union, on a competitive basis, to receive significant subsidies for structural adjustment and competitiveness. national economy, creating new jobs. For example, Hungary, within the framework of the "National Development Plan", received the right in the period 2004-2006. to use for these purposes from EU subsidies 510 billion forints (2.6 billion dollars). The main goal of the National Development Plan is the qualitative improvement of living conditions in VR. The necessary conditions for this should be: a more competitive economy of the country; more effective use scientific and humanitarian potential of the country; ecologically clean environment; more consistent, even development of the regions.
The market for financial and credit services in Hungary is quite open and, in general, the requirements for foreign participants are less stringent than in most industrialized countries. The main difference is that the legal norms in force in BP contain only formal requirements for foreign financial and credit operators, which are quite feasible. This is confirmed by the actual situation in the ownership structure of financial and credit organizations registered on the Hungarian market, most of which are foreign-owned.
The Hungarian government also stimulates the inflow of investments in the development of innovative and development-oriented societies (companies) within the framework of the medium-term strategy for the development of R&D - the Széchenyi program for the development of entrepreneurship.
international tourism
One of the fastest growing industries Hungarian economy- tourism industry. Tourist infrastructure (hotels, points Catering, beach, health, entertainment complexes, swimming pools, hunting lodges, fishing places, etc.) is aimed at visitors with different incomes. In recent years, the state has allocated for the development of resort tourism 29.3 billion for. (120 million euros). In addition, the state has announced tenders for the construction of thermal spas and health centers. In addition to building permits, private firms received subsidies and, adding their own funds of HUF 39.7 billion to the subsidies, invested a total of HUF 89 billion. in the construction of 11 new hotels and the modernization of 13 hotels.
One of the most attractive places for tourists is Budapest, one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The pride of Budapest is the beautiful architectural monuments of the Middle Ages, 18-19 centuries. The magnificent parliament building built at the beginning of this century has become a symbol of Budapest. The collections of the Budapest museums are world famous.
One of the biggest attractions in Hungary is Lake Balaton. There are many sanatoriums, rest houses, hotels, restaurants on Balaton.
To the north of Balaton is the "capital" of the mountainous region of Bakony - the city of Veszprem, famous for its baroque architectural ensembles.
In 2008 Hungary was visited by 39.6 million foreign guests. The number of Hungarian tourists who traveled outside of Hungary in 2008 (17.4 million people) remained almost at the 2007 level. Together they spent 2.9 billion dollars.
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Hungary is one of the most developed agricultural countries in Eastern Europe. Her level economic development quite high and, most importantly, continues to grow rapidly. Of course, attention is also paid to the industrial complex - the Hungarians are interested in attracting foreign investment and are ready to offer entrepreneurs from all over the world a very profitable terms!
1. About 70% of the country's territory is allocated for agricultural land. Agricultural regions are concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the country. It should be noted that before the crisis of 2008, the country showed one of the best indicators of economic development among the "young" EU members, and as of 2014, it is again taking the lead.
The agro-industrial sector is an ideal direction for foreign investment, because after the crisis this niche of the Hungarian economy has some gaps. The country has enough natural and physical resources that will allow the successful development of agriculture in the coming years.
2. Metallurgy once had a great influence on the Hungarian economy. But since 2008, there has been a decrease in the weight of this sector in the economy, and one of the most powerful metallurgical plants in Europe, Dunafer, is on the verge of bankruptcy. Take this into account if you plan to open a metal rolling company in Hungary. The situation is similar with the production of cement - the country is interested in foreign investment in cement plants.
3. Now the Hungarian economy is built mainly on mechanical engineering. There is a relatively inexpensive labor force, so many global holdings are willing to build powerful automobile plants in Hungary, for example, Raba, Suzuki, Mercedes and other brands.
4. Gedeon Richter has a huge impact on the level of economic development in Hungary. It is one of the largest European manufacturers of pharmaceutical products.
One of the main factors positively influencing the Hungarian economy in 2014 is the wide opportunities for transportation and distribution of energy resources coming to the European Union from the Russian Federation. It is through the territory of Hungary that huge volumes of oil and gas flow - the state enterprise MOL can be called a monopolist in this area (it is the most influential player in the European energy market).
The transportation of energy carriers lies with the French company Eon, and already from it the energy carriers go to the Austrian company OMW. By the way, not so long ago, Hungary got the opportunity to supply gas in reverse to Ukraine - this is a very relevant and promising trend for the local economy.
Recently, an increasing role in the development of the national economy has been assigned to the motor transport sector. Indeed, today, with the support of the EBRD, a huge number of European-level transport routes are being built in Hungary - Budapest is connected to the main routes of neighboring countries, turning Hungary into a leading player in the EU logistics market.
There is also a lot of other evidence of the prospects of the motor transport direction in the economy:
As you can see, Hungary is slowly but surely turning from a supplier of raw materials into a major producer finished products and in a couple of decades can lead the logistics market in Europe.
The first thing that potential holders of a Hungarian residence permit and permanent residence should pay attention to is the strict penalties for non-payment of taxes. Perhaps this is one of the main points that can be used as an argument when rejecting your application for a residence permit - Hungarians are very attentive to tax legislation. There is a reason for this - experts see the reasons for success transition economy Hungary is precisely in the stimulating function of taxes.
There are 3 main groups of taxes - they are paid in Hungary by all enterprises without exception:
World experts agree that in the coming years, the Hungarian economy expects stable growth. This is facilitated by the thoughtful policy of local authorities and the active involvement of foreign investment. By the way, the conditions for foreign entrepreneurs in the country are really very favorable - you can read more about this in the article on business prospects for Russians in Hungary.
Manufacturing industries are the most developed in industry (90.6% of GDP) The leading branch of the manufacturing industry is mechanical engineering, including:
· automotive industry (plant "Ikarus" in Budapest and Szekesfehervar - Europe's largest manufacturer of buses);
· production of locomotives, vessels, cranes;
· electrical and radio-electronic industry (including the production of communications, computers, medical equipment and devices (Budapest, Szekesfehervar));
machine tool industry (Budapest, Miskolc, Esztergom);
· production of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industries.
Figure 4. Structure industrial complex for 2007
Electrical products, electronics, engines, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, buses, river boats, industrial equipment, televisions and radios, household appliances, etc. are produced. There are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
AT chemical industry An important place is occupied by the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, the rubber industry, various types of plastics, and synthetic materials are developing. Pharmaceutical production has reached a relatively high level (15% of the value of industrial products). With a long tradition, this industry is backed by a strong research and development base, with the help of which ever more effective means of combating various diseases are being developed.
The food industry is significant: large meat and dairy and canning enterprises. Of the branches of light industry, the most developed are sewing, leather and footwear, and knitwear. Hungarian fabrics, ready-to-wear, shoes, furniture, as well as products of the meat processing and canning industries are well-deservedly known in many countries of the world.
The food industry relies almost entirely on the domestic raw material base, while some sectors of the light industry require significant imports of raw materials and semi-finished products. Hungary imports cotton, wool, flax, raw leather, timber, and cellulose.
After a recession in the late 1990s production is stabilizing in metallurgy and light industry, which works almost exclusively on raw materials supplied by the customer. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually curtailed.
Hungary's exports account for more than half (52%) of all industrial production. Large enterprises export - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are satisfied mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employees, respectively, is up to 50 and up to 300 people).
The energy needs of the country are less than 50% provided by their own resources. Oil and natural gas are imported from Russia in transit through Ukraine. The Adriatica oil pipeline is operating from the port of Rijeka in Croatia. Natural gas also comes to the country from Romanian Transylvania.
Automotive industry. The automotive industry is one of the main sectors of the Hungarian economy and accounts for 20% of total amount exports and 46.6% country's GDP. In 2007, the value of cars sold abroad reached 8.2 billion euros and engines 5.3 billion euros. 600 enterprises are active in this area, employing 110,000 people. Of these, 240 companies operate in accordance with ISO and/or TS 16949 quality standards. Specific gravity exports of cars produced in Hungary is 94%, and in the field of automotive components and engines this number reaches 88%.
The number of manufacturers of the first and second levels is constantly growing. In the early 1990s, some foreign automakers such as Suzuki, Audi and General Motors, as well as 14 of the top 20 Tier 1 manufacturers set up production in Hungary. Many multinational companies have relocated production, service, and their European headquarters and research and development centers to Hungary, and today their direct investments amount to approximately 67 billion euros.
Electrical equipment. Hungary, which produces electronic equipment worth $10 billion a year, currently accounts for 40% of the total production of Eastern European countries. Electronics is one of the leading sectors of the country's economy: 17% of industrial workers and employees work in electronics manufacturing companies, which account for 25.5% of industrial production and 42% of total exports. Over the past 7 years, foreign investors have shown particular interest in four areas of activity, namely: information technology, communications, consumer electronics and automotive electronics. Computing is the leading electronics sector, accounting for 30% of total production. Hungary is the largest manufacturer of peripheral equipment.
In the field of telecommunications, foreign manufacturers mobile phones and their components have established Centers of Excellence that promote innovation and new applications.
A number of companies supplying automotive electronics make it a priority to serve the active car and bus manufacturers on the Hungarian market. Some of the largest global EMS providers such as GE, Philips, Siemens, IBM, HP, Ericsson, Nokia, Sony, Samsung are also present in Hungary. Among the largest manufacturers in this sector are IBM (USA), Flextronics, Samsung, Albacomp, GE (USA), Nokia (Finland), Siemens (Germany), Solectron, Sanmina, Elcoteq, Videoton, Orion, Sanyo and others. In 2006, FDI inflows in the telecommunications sector reached 2.8 billion euros. Today, the share of foreign companies reaches 95% in the production of communication equipment and 30% in the total production of equipment.
The Hungarian telecommunications market over the past 5 years has also demonstrated high growth dynamics. Between 2003 and 2006, the average annual growth rate reached 10%, slightly outperforming the Central and Eastern European countries (9.6%) and well ahead of the average growth rate in the European Union (2.75%). Today, the Hungarian telecommunications market represents 18.7% of the total telecommunications market in Eastern and Central Europe.
The software market is the most dynamically developing segment of information technology, in 2007-2008. its growth rate can reach 9%. Hungary has made significant progress in information technology security, virus protection and image analysis software development, as well as in bioinformatics. There is an ever-increasing demand for security software, application systems for collecting, processing and analyzing business information and data processing, as well as for integrated enterprise management systems (ERP) for small and medium-sized enterprises.
The market for attracting third-party resources showed high growth rates last year, reaching 11%. There is a demand in the Hungarian market for desktop PCs and hosting and operating system services. The largest companies in the telecommunications market are: IBM, HP, Nokia, Ericsson, ORACLE, SAP, CISCO, Siemens, Satyam, TATA Consultancy, Synergon, T-Systems, EDS, FreeSoft, Getronics, Dataplex, BT, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft .
Biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology, including related research, in particular in the field of plant and animal breeding, is a relatively new industry in Hungary, but the production of complex chemicals and pharmaceuticals are traditional, internationally recognized fields of activity.
The Hungarian pharmaceutical industry is based on deep knowledge accumulated in the fields of chemistry and biology. Hungary is one of the largest and most developed pharmaceutical markets in Eastern Europe with pharmaceuticals and medical products sales of 3.6 billion euros in 2007 and global exports exceeding 1.3 billion euros per year.
The country pays special attention to the development of biotechnologies. This applies not only to genetically modified organisms, but on a wider scale - to the production and use of enzymes and the synthesis of hormones. The main areas of development and application of biotechnology in Hungary are the protection of soil and water from pollution, the production and processing of biomass, the recycling of materials, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, molecular chemistry, agriculture and food production and processing technology.
Great progress has been made in the application of biotechnologies in the manufacturing process, especially in medical and paramedical products, including enzymes and intermediates. In this area, the most important is the production of factor vaccines. The production of antibiotics is also a traditional and highly developed area in Hungary. Currently, special attention is paid to new resistant microorganisms, as well as antibiotics based on betagalactosidase derivatives.
The Hungarian government actively supports the development of biotechnologies, thanks to which significant progress is being made in this area. This is evidenced by the fact that Hungary has the most developed biotechnology sector among the 12 new member states of the European Union. So far, fifty biotechnology companies have been opened in the country, and about 170 firms are involved in one or another activity related to biotechnology. Hungary has set itself the goal of becoming one of the top ten biotech countries in the European Union.
So, the overall level of economic development in Hungary is about 35 - 40% compared to the United States and approximately corresponds to the level of such European countries like Portugal, Greece and Ireland. In the system of the international division of labor, Hungary acts as a supplier of engineering products (mainly buses, parts and assemblies for them, portal and floating cranes, communications equipment, medical equipment), the chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals, plant protection products), agricultural and food products.
The needs of the state in the field of energy are less than half provided by their own resources. Natural gas and oil are imported from Russia in transit through Ukraine. The Adriatica oil pipeline is located on the territory of the state, through which, from the port of Rijeka in Croatia, natural gas also comes from Romanian Transylvania.
In the 80s, power lines were built to import electricity from Ukraine, which connected the cities of Mukachevo and Vinnitsa with the Budapest region. Electricity also comes from Yugoslavia. Coal, including all coking coal, is imported from Poland. Under conditions of energy shortage, Hungary is developing nuclear power industry. Exploited local deposits of uranium.
Hungary occupies a prominent place in Europe and the world in terms of bauxite reserves. The deposits are concentrated north of Lake Balaton. Production reaches 3 million tons per year. However, the lack of energy resources hinders the development of the aluminum industry. It is not so much metallic aluminum that is exported, but rather alumina and just bauxite.
The country's manufacturing industry specializes in industries that require little raw materials and energy, but they can compete both locally and in international markets. In addition, they produce buses, railway equipment, electrical engineering and electronics, medical and scientific equipment, medicines and medications, textiles and footwear, and food products.
Two points are characteristic of the location of industry. Firstly, the main industrial zone is located in the northern part of the country and coincides with the Hungarian midlands with its raw materials. Secondly, within this zone, and in the country in general, Budapest dominates, which accounts for almost 1/2 of industrial production.
Hungary stands out in Europe and the world as an important agricultural country. It closes the top five European countries - net exporters of agricultural products, behind the Netherlands, France, Denmark and Ireland. For the needs of agriculture, 3/4 of the territory is used. It is intense. In the interfluve of the Danube and the Tisza, artificial irrigation is practiced. The value of production precedes agriculture. The main crops include: wheat and corn. In addition, potatoes and sugar beets are grown in the country. Exports are dominated by various fruits, sugar and grapes. Hungary is famous for its canned fruits and vegetables, grape wines. In animal husbandry, the main role belongs to pig breeding and poultry farming. The increase in the number of cattle is constrained by the lack of pastures. The basis of the feed base is corn, part of the feed is imported. Meat and meat products from the edge of the main role in agricultural exports. The most important agricultural regions are the plains (Greater and Lesser) and the southeast of Transdanubian Hungary.
