The location of buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise relative to the cardinal points and the direction of the prevailing winds should provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.
Industrial buildings and structures are usually located on the territory of the enterprise during the production process. At the same time, they should be grouped taking into account the commonality of sanitary and fire safety requirements, as well as taking into account the consumption of electricity, the movement of transport and human flows.
Production facilities associated with the occurrence of especially harsh noise (with a level of more than 90 dB A) should be located in isolated buildings or premises.
When combining shops with different sanitary and hygienic conditions in one building, rooms with the same hazard must be grouped and located adjacently, isolating more harmful areas from less harmful ones.
Production, accompanied by significant heat and gas emissions, should be located in one-story buildings. At the same time, the width and profile of the roof of such buildings should ensure the most effective removal of harmful emissions in a natural way (aeration). To create the most favorable conditions for natural ventilation, the longitudinal axis of the building should be located perpendicularly or at an angle of at least 45 ° to the direction of the prevailing winds.
Production processes accompanied by air pollution of the working area with harmful emissions should be located in isolated rooms.
Premises of hot shops with significant heat release from process equipment, heated materials, as well as rooms with harmful emissions (gases, dust, vapors) should be located near the outer walls of the building, which facilitates the supply of fresh air and natural ventilation of the premises. In rooms with harmful emissions, which, according to the conditions of the technological process, cannot be placed near the outer walls of the building, the supply of fresh air should be provided with artificial ventilation.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the mode of operation (Fig. 106).
Rice. 106. Schematic diagram of the location of buildings on the territory of an industrial enterprise: 1 - zone of general plant devices; 2 - zone of processing shops; 3 - zone of auxiliary shops; 4 - zone of hot shops; 5 - zone of woodworking shops; 6 - zone of power devices; 7 - the direction of the prevailing winds
The zone of hot shops (the zone of procurement shops) unites iron foundries, steel foundries, foundries of non-ferrous metals, forging, forging and pressing and thermal shops. This zone is located closer to the railway line on the territory of the plant.
In the zone of processing shops, in which the shops of cold metal processing, finishing, assembly (mechanical assembly), etc., as well as the expedition and warehouses are concentrated finished products, are located near the procurement workshops and the main entrance as workshops with a large number of workers.
The area of auxiliary shops, which includes tool, mechanical repair, electrical installation and other shops, is usually located in the center of serviced or processing and procurement shops.
The zone of woodworking workshops includes woodworking, sawmill, container workshops, wood dryer, wood warehouses. Since these workshops are flammable, they are located as far as possible from hot workshops in accordance with fire safety requirements.
Central power plants (CES), combined heat and power plants (CHP), boiler houses, gas generating stations and fuel depots serving them are located in the zone of energy devices. Since the operation of these installations emits a lot of gases, smoke, burning, dust, which pose an increased danger, they are located on the leeward side in relation to other buildings.
The zone of general plant devices is intended to accommodate administrative, public, educational, cultural, community and utility buildings. This zone is located at the main entrance of the plant, where a pre-factory site is being created. The buildings of the main office, dispensary (polyclinic), canteen, fire station are located within the fence of the factory territory and must have entrances from the street.
Explosive and flammable facilities, as well as base storages for combustible and flammable materials, poisonous and explosive substances, should be located in separate areas outside the territory of enterprises at distances determined by special standards; between this group of buildings and structures and the buildings adjacent to it, protective landscaped strips should be provided.
The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be at least the maximum height to the eaves of opposing buildings.
Between the individual buildings of a building with a semi-enclosed courtyard (P- or W-shaped buildings), the gap must be at least half the sum of the heights of the opposing buildings, at least 15 m each, and in the absence of harmful emissions into the space - at least 12 m.
Between the nearest buildings with a courtyard closed on all sides, the sanitary gap must be at least twice the height of the tallest of the buildings surrounding the courtyard, but not less than 20 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made at least 4 m wide and at least 4.25 m high with a passage width at the gate of at least 3.5 m.
The gaps between buildings in which particularly noisy industries are located (with a noise level of more than 90 dB A) and neighboring buildings should be at least 100 m (for example, nail production buildings).
The gaps from gas tanks with a capacity of 1000 m3 or more to residential buildings are set in the range from 100 to 150 m, to industrial and auxiliary buildings - from 20 to 60 m.
Open coal warehouses, as well as the most dangerous and harmful industries, must be at least 20 m from industrial buildings, 25 m from amenity premises, and 50 m from auxiliary buildings. These gaps must be landscaped.
When determining gaps between buildings, the requirements of sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary gaps are smaller than the fire gaps, the required fire gap is accepted.
Roads and passages on the territory of the enterprise should, as a rule, be straight. The width of the roads must comply with applicable vehicles, transported goods and traffic intensity, as well as take into account the presence of oncoming traffic. The carriageway of the roads must have a hard surface. Pits and other recesses arranged for technical purposes must be tightly and firmly closed or securely fenced.
In places of especially intensive railway traffic and on the main routes of movement of people, bridges-crossings over the rail tracks or tunnels under the tracks are arranged. In the absence of this, crossings must be provided with automatically operating warning devices.
Traffic safety requires that, along with the provision of sufficient passages for vehicles, special paths (sidewalks) are allocated for the movement of people.
Useful information:
The main features for the classification of industrial buildings and structures are: purpose, number of storeys, capital size and nature of operation.
By appointment, industrial buildings are divided into actually production, auxiliary, energy, transport and storage.
The actual production buildings include the buildings of workshops manufacturing semi-finished products and finished products. In terms of production and technological areas, the diversity of enterprises can be reduced to groups: enterprises of the mining and ore-dressing industry; petrochemical and chemical industry; engineering enterprises; enterprises of instrument making and radio electronics; woodworking and pulp and paper industries; construction industry enterprises; textile and light industry; food industry enterprises.
Auxiliary buildings include plant administrations, shop offices, amenity premises, food points, and health centers.
Energy facilities - buildings of boiler houses, power plants (hydroelectric power stations and thermal power plants), gas generators, compressors, etc.
Warehouse and transport buildings include buildings that serve to store raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, finished products, facilities for accommodating transport (garages, depots, parking lots, etc.).
According to the number of floors, industrial buildings, depending on their purpose and specific construction conditions, can be:
- one-story (currently they make up about 70% of the total number of industrial buildings);
- multi-storey individual cases high-rise;
- mixed storeys.
One-story industrial buildings are a historically traditional type of building. Them specific features: placement of the technological process in a horizontal plane, horizontal transport (floor, overhead, crane), independent solution building structures from technological equipment (enlarged grids of columns, movement of equipment), natural lighting throughout the production site (overhead lights). Disadvantages: large building and roof area, significant operating costs.
One-story industrial buildings can be represented by large multi-span buildings (continuous buildings) or pavilion buildings that provide through ventilation, a simple external drain, and greater fire safety.
One-story industrial buildings are designed for production with horizontal flow diagrams and the use of heavy equipment (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy), with large intra-shop transportation of heavy loads (heavy engineering), with the presence dynamic loads(forging and process shops), with high production hazards (chemistry and oil refining), with the release of heavy and large-sized products (heavy engineering). They easily carry out intrashop movement of products, aeration and natural lighting of premises.
According to the space-planning parameters and the placement of internal supports, one-story industrial buildings are divided into span, cell, hall and tent types.
The span type of buildings with one or more spans is characterized by the predominance of the span over the step. The span dimensions depend on the technological scheme of production and transport equipment and are assigned 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m. Such buildings come with overhead cranes and without them, with and without lanterns (Fig. 30). This type of building is used in the chemical and food industries, industry building materials and structures.
The cell type of buildings with a "flexible" layout is characterized by a square or close to square grid of columns (Fig. 30, a). In such buildings, frequent changes in the direction of technological flows are possible, while the handling equipment can move in two mutually perpendicular directions. The most commonly used grid of columns (18 × 18), (24 × 24), (30 × 30), (36 × 36) m. The cell type of buildings is used in the engineering industry.
The hall type of buildings is characterized by a large production area without internal supports (Fig. 30, b, c). They can be one- and two-span or with a central support. The distances between the supports are assigned depending on the size of the manufactured products and take from 36 to 150 m.
In the coatings of these buildings, shells of double curvature, folds and shrouds, and cables are used. This type of building is used for hangars in aircraft and rocket manufacturing, for machine rooms of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, etc.
The tent type of buildings is characterized by the absence of vertical supports and external walls (Fig. 30, d). Coatings in such buildings rest directly on the foundation or plinth. The span in buildings is 9, 12, 18 and 24 m. They are used mainly for warehouses of raw materials, materials and products.
By the nature of building industrial one-story buildings There are solid and pavilion types.
Buildings of a continuous type of development are more widespread and are multi-span buildings of great length and width (100–150 m). They have a flat or multi-pitched roof with an internal drainage system, a frame structural system with spans of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 m, a column pitch of 6 and 12 m. Lighting and aeration are carried out using various systems of light and aeration lamps. In such buildings, there are branches of mechanical engineering, production of building materials and products, etc.
Rice. 30. One-story industrial buildings of span type:
a - with overhead cranes and a lantern over the middle span; b - craneless with anti-aircraft lamp; c - lanternless with a technical floor in the inter-farm space; d - pavilions with whatnots for installing equipment; 1 - overhead crane; 2 - lantern; 3 - anti-aircraft lights; 4 - technical floor; 5 - whatnots
Rice. 40. Types of one-story industrial buildings:
a - cellular; b - hall without intermediate supports; in - hall with a central support; g - tent
Pavilion-type buildings include separately constructed buildings in one or two spans with a grid of columns (12 × 24), (12 × 30), (12 × 36) m. T- and O-shaped buildings. With such a development, a large isolation of workshops with varying degrees of industrial hazards (explosion and fire hazard) is possible, which is very important for the chemical and metallurgical industries, as well as for storage and utility facilities.
Economically, pavilion buildings are ineffective, as they have a large perimeter of the walls and the area of the territory of an industrial enterprise.
Multi-storey buildings house industries in which equipment and production loads are not heavy, and the dimensions of products are small (precision instrumentation, light industry, radio electronics, electrical equipment, printing houses, textile weaving and clothing enterprises, food industry), as well as industries with vertically directed technological processes (grain elevators, mills, mining and processing plants).
The predominant number of industries located in multi-storey buildings do not emit industrial hazards and therefore are currently operated in a residential area. They take up little space in the city plan, have good transport communications, which facilitates the access of workers to enterprises.
By appointment, multi-storey industrial buildings are divided into industrial, laboratory and administrative buildings.
According to the space-planning solution, multi-storey buildings are: unified type, with an upper broadened floor, with inter-farm floors, two-story with an upper broadened floor.
General factory and auxiliary buildings and premises are located on the pre-factory area.
Workshop auxiliary buildings, designed to serve the bulk of the workers, are located along the front of the main ones.
Amenity premises are the main element of the complex of auxiliary buildings and premises industrial enterprises because they are related to service a large number working. Household premises include: dressing rooms, showers, washrooms, public restrooms, smoking rooms, rooms for drying and dedusting work clothes, rooms for personal hygiene, respiratory rooms, as well as special household rooms, depending on the characteristics of production processes.
Household premises, depending on the nature of production, are located in a separate building, in annexes, inside the production building.
Administrative and office buildings include: plant management premises, shop office premises, medical centers, checkpoints. The buildings of the plant administrations include: working rooms, offices of the directorate and chief specialists, a design bureau, a library, an archive, a room for copying equipment, meeting rooms, classrooms, a safety office, a radio center, a buffet, a dressing room, a vestibule, sanitary facilities, exhibition rooms premises.
Buildings, structures and devices located on the production area are very diverse. These are the main production workshops, administrative facilities and consumer services, warehouses and special containers, energy facilities, transport devices, engineering and technical communications, landscaping elements, etc. All these buildings are grouped according to their functional and technical characteristics into four main zones:
- pre-factory, including factory auxiliary buildings designed to accommodate administrative, managerial and medical institutions; educational, cultural and community services and laboratory facilities; parking lots for vehicles, etc.;
- production, which includes production buildings, workshops for the main and auxiliary purposes, amenity buildings;
- ancillary, in which energy facilities are located, engineering Communication, private buildings, etc.;
- transport and storage, including transport buildings and buildings for the storage of materials, semi-finished products and finished products.
On the territory of an industrial enterprise, buildings and structures are placed taking into account their favorable natural lighting and ventilation. The gaps between them are taken taking into account sanitary and hygienic, fire and technological requirements.
Sanitary gaps between buildings illuminated through windows should be between the long sides of at least the greatest height of the opposing buildings; between the ends of buildings with window openings - at least 12 m. Fire breaks depend on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and are assigned within 10–20 m.
Technological gaps between buildings depend on the production hazards of technological processes: the distance from the warehouses of dusty materials to the openings of industrial and auxiliary buildings must be at least 50 m; between buildings and warehouses for fuel, combustible materials and liquids - from 10 to 300 m, etc.
TOPIC 7. PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION DESIGN
The design of buildings as an artificial living environment should provide such a state of the environment that is perceived by a person as comfortable. Concern about creating a comfortable environment is manifested at all stages of design. Only with the right solution of technical problems can the necessary level of heat, sound, waterproofing of premises, optimal parameters of the air environment, light comfort, etc. be ensured. The significance of these factors is different, but it is enough to not comply with at least one of them (for example, sound insulation) to the comfortable state of the environment turned into uncomfortable. In this regard, the comfort of the internal environment is defined as a set of optimal levels of all its characteristics that do not cause excessive stress on the higher regulatory mechanisms of the human body.
Below are a summary of some of the main issues from the field of building physics - the science with which, when designing, they perform the appropriate calculations of enclosing structures in order to achieve optimal temperature and humidity, acoustic and lighting conditions in buildings.
When choosing the type of building for a workshop, it is necessary to take into account its compliance with modern functional, technical, economic, architectural and artistic requirements.
Functional requirements are to ensure the normal functioning of the technological equipment located in the workshop, workplaces and the creation of favorable sanitary and hygienic working conditions and consumer services for workers.
Technical requirements are to ensure strength, stability, durability and fire prevention measures, as well as the possibility of erecting a building using industrial methods.
Economic requirements are aimed at minimizing the cost of construction and operation of the building.
Architectural and artistic requirements provide for giving the building a beautiful architectural appearance.
When designing new workshops for mechanical assembly production, it is recommended that production sites and auxiliary services be located in production (one- and multi-storey) buildings. Sanitary and administrative and office premises are located, as a rule, in an auxiliary (multi-storey) building attached to the main production building, or in multi-storey inserts located perpendicular to the longitudinal wall of the production building.
Mechanical, assembly, MSC, IC, RMC of medium, heavy and extra heavy engineering are located, as a rule, in one-story industrial buildings. These buildings can be frameless and frame, single and multi-span, craneless and equipped with light or heavy cranes, with light-aeration lanterns and lanternless, as well as windowless with artificial microclimate and lighting.
The main parameters of a frame-type building are the width of the spans and their number, the pitch of the columns, the height of the spans, the length and width of the building (Fig. 7.1).
Span width - the distance between the axes of longitudinally arranged columns.
Column pitch - the distance between the axes of the columns in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the span.
Span height - the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the supporting structures of the coatings on the support.
According to the location of the supports, industrial buildings of span, cell and hall types are distinguished.
The span type is characterized by the predominance of spans over the pitch of the columns (Fig. 7.1, a). Buildings of this type are used to accommodate industries with a longitudinal direction of technological flows.
The cell type of the building is characterized by a square or close to square grid of columns (Fig. 7.1, b). Such buildings are used for production with different flow directions. Handling equipment can move in two mutually perpendicular directions. Often used floor and overhead transport.
Buildings of the hall type are used if it is necessary to provide a large internal space (Fig. 7.1, c). The width of the spans in such buildings reaches 100 m or more.
The unified dimensions of the spans, the pitch of the columns and the height of one-story industrial buildings should be selected from the table. 7.12.
7.12. Basic parameters of standardized standard sections of one-story industrial buildings of mechanical engineering Length, m Width, m Span, m Column spacing, m Truss spacing, m Height, m Main sections for craneless buildings with overhead transport 72 144 24 12 6; 126; 7.2 72 72 24 12 6; 126; 7.2 72 144 12 12 6; 126; 7.2 72 72 12 12 6; 126; 7.2 Main sections for crane buildings 72 144 24 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 72 24 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 144 18 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 72 18 12 12 10.8; 12.6 Additional sections for crane buildings 72 30 30 6 6 16.2; 18 72 48 24 12 6; 12 10.8; 12.6 72 24 24 6 6 10.8; 12.6 1. Workshops of enterprises of medium and heavy engineering are located in one-story industrial buildings, assembled from the main and additional unified standard sections (UTS).
The main sections (for longitudinal spans) have dimensions of 144x72 m and 72x72 m; additional sections (for transverse spans) - 24x72 m, 48x72 m; 30x72 m. Grids of columns for one-story multi-span buildings are 18x12 m and 24x12 m, where 12 is the column pitch, 18, 24 is the width of the spans.
Shorter spans are used for workshops with small equipment. For industries with large-sized equipment, the span width can be increased up to 30 or even up to 36 m.
For assembly spans, additional (crane) sections are used with dimensions of 24x72 m2, 48x72 m2 and 30x72 m2.
The most common TCBs with dimensions in terms of 144x72 m, with a grid of columns 12x18 and 12x24 m are shown in fig. 7.2.
In light engineering and in instrumentation, multi-storey industrial buildings are most widely used. Such buildings are composed of unified standard sections with dimensions of 48x24, 48x36 and 48x48 m. Usually these buildings have from 2 to 5 floors with a grid of columns
6x6, 6x9, 9x9, 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m. Types and sizes of the main unified
sections of multi-storey industrial buildings are shown in fig. 7.3. Multi-storey buildings with a grid of columns 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m are widespread. Enlarged grids of columns increase the capacity of the building by (8-15)%. The width of the building is taken, as a rule, 24 m. An increase in the width of the building leads to poor illumination of the middle zone and is allowed if auxiliary and amenity premises are located in the middle spans, as well as when combined lighting is used - natural at the outer walls and artificial in the middle part of the building. The height of the building ranges from 3.6 m (for craneless floors) to 6 m (upper floors with overhead cranes) and even up to 7.2 m (lower floors).
Premises for sanitary and administrative and cultural services for workers and employees at machine-building plants are located in extensions to industrial buildings, in separate buildings or directly in production. The latter is undesirable due to the high cost of 1 m2 of production space and the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions that are difficult to implement according to SNiP 2.09.04-87. Extensions adjoin either from the side of the end walls or from the side of the longitudinal walls. The first option is preferred (Fig. 7.4).
In some cases, sanitary and administrative and office premises are located in basements or semi-basements, on mezzanines, free production areas, in the inter-farm space, in special superstructures above the production building, which is also undesirable.
In connection with the maximum blocking of buildings, it is widely practiced to place administrative, office and sanitary facilities in inserts, which are located in the places of transverse and longitudinal expansion joints of the section (Fig. 7.4, c).
Space-planning solutions for administrative, office and sanitary facilities of attached or detached auxiliary buildings are unified (SN and P 2.09.04-87. Administrative and amenity buildings). They are assembled from UTS with a length of 36, 48, 60 m and a width of 12 or 18 m (Fig. 7.5). These UTS are based on grids of columns (6+6)x6 m or (6+6+6)x6 m. For detached auxiliary buildings, a grid of columns (6+6+6)x6 m is most often used.
Auxiliary buildings for the placement of administrative, office and sanitary premises of the workshop are usually built 2-4 storey (floor height - 3.3 m), which ensures the maximum approximation of general workshop services to production sites. Free areas (on the upper
floors) are used to accommodate general factory and general building services.
MASTER PLANS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Substantiation of requirements for the planning of industrial facilities
The placement of buildings and structures on the territory of an industrial facility is essential element ensuring the efficiency of production, the sustainability of its functioning and ensuring the safety of workers, employees and the population living close to hazardous facilities.
To organize the work of production and solve the above problems, requirements have been developed for the master plans of industrial enterprises - one of the main sources of danger in the technosphere. General requirements to the construction of industrial enterprises are set out in building codes and rules (SNiP 11-89-80), as well as in industry standards process design. These documents embody the best practices in the organization of production. Depending on the specifics, all-Russian requirements are supplemented by departmental (sectoral) ones. The importance of taking into account the requirements at the design stage has been proven by life itself. It is at this stage that “delayed-action mines” can be laid in the form of a combination of factors that will lead to serious accidents or negatively affect the possibility of localizing emergencies of both natural and man-made nature within the territory object.
In this regard, the example of the accident in Jonava in 1989 is indicative - the depressurization of a container with 7000 tons of ammonia, followed by the ignition of nitrophoska (finished product of production).
Unsuccessful layout of the facility led in a critical situation to the emergence of secondary factors of damage, complication of emergency and rescue operations (localization of the accident lasted more than 3 days). These consequences could have been avoided with an appropriate attitude to the problem of ensuring safety and taking into account the requirements for the layout of industrial facilities.
The requirements under consideration must be strictly observed, their accounting and implementation controlled. supervisory authorities both in the design of new, expanded and reconstructed industrial enterprises, and in the development of schemes for master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities (industrial hubs). The main provisions of these documents meet the requirements of engineering and technical measures of civil defense within Russian Federation and concretize them within one object (group of objects).
In accordance with the Temporary Regulations on the Headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergencies, the governing bodies are obliged to take part in activities to approve development plans for cities, districts and settlements. Knowledge of the requirements for the master plans of industrial enterprises will help specialists assess the object from the point of view of safety and argue the requirements for their provision.
At a time when organizational measures for declaring the safety of industrial facilities and licensing their activities became mandatory, the territorial and facility services were faced with complex tasks of preventing and eliminating emergencies. This means that the specialists of the headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergency Situations should understand the issues under the jurisdiction of Gosgortekhnadzor, Gosatomnadzor, Goskomsanepidnadzor, Gospozhnadzor and a number of other supervisory and control bodies. On the background economic crisis the problems under consideration have become much more complex. Even at outwardly prosperous facilities, there are enough violations of safety standards and requirements to raise the question of temporarily stopping their activities. Practice gave birth to a compromise between the need for the functioning of the object and the level of security on it. To determine it in relation to a specific facility, it is necessary to know the norms and requirements for organizing a safe and trouble-free production process, which will make it possible to identify deviations during the inspection and assess their impact on the level of risk within the territory under consideration. The question under consideration is only a part of the general task, and the provisions considered in the following paragraphs are a practical retelling of normative documents.
REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The designed enterprises are located as part of a group of enterprises with common facilities in accordance with the "Instructions for the development of master plans for groups of enterprises with common facilities of industrial units".
Enterprises and industrial units are located on the territory provided for by the scheme or project of the district planning, the general plan of the city or other settlement, the planning project of the industrial area.
Enterprises, industrial sites and related dumps, waste, treatment facilities are located on non-agricultural lands or unsuitable for Agriculture. In the absence of such land, plots on agricultural land of poorer quality may be selected.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the lands of the state forest fund should be carried out mainly in areas not covered with forest or occupied by shrubs and low-value plantations.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units on the areas of occurrence of minerals is allowed in agreement with the state mining supervision bodies, and on the areas of occurrence of common minerals - in the manner established by law.
Placement of enterprises and industrial units is not allowed:
Ø in the first zone of the zone of sanitary protection of water supply sources;
Ø in the first zone of the district of sanitary protection of resorts, if the facilities being designed are not directly related to the operation of the resort's natural medicinal products;
Ø in green areas of cities;
Ø on the lands of nature reserves and their protected zones;
Ø in the zones of protection of historical and cultural monuments without the permission of the relevant authorities for the protection of monuments;
Ø in hazardous areas of rock dumps of coal and shale mines or processing plants;
Ø in areas of active karst, landslides, subsidence or collapse of surfaces under the influence of mining, mudflows and snow avalanches, which may threaten the development and operation of enterprises;
Ø in areas contaminated with organic and radioactive emissions, before the expiration of the deadlines established by the bodies of the sanitary and epidemiological service;
Ø in areas of possible catastrophic flooding as a result of the destruction of dams or dams.
A zone of catastrophic flooding is a territory where flooding has a depth of 1.5 m or more and can lead to the destruction of buildings and structures, death of people, and failure of equipment of enterprises.
The territories of industrial hubs should not be divided into separate sections by iron or highways common network.
Placement of enterprises in seismic areas should be provided in accordance with the "Guidelines for the placement of construction objects and limiting the number of storeys of buildings in seismic areas." In the northern construction-climatic zone, enterprises are located on sites with rocky, permafrost, homogeneous or thawed non-subsidence soils.
With an appropriate feasibility study, it is allowed to locate enterprises in areas with foundation soils with permafrost temperatures close to 0 ° C, as well as with significant ice saturation and other unfavorable frozen ground conditions.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of atmospheric air, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" must be observed.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the habitat and breeding conditions of animals, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Animals" is observed.
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes are not located in areas with prevailing winds at a speed of up to 1 m/s, with long or frequently recurring calms, inversions, fogs (no more than 30 -40%, during winter 50-60%).
Enterprises and industrial units with sources of atmospheric air pollution are located in relation to residential buildings, taking into account the winds of the prevailing direction.
Enterprises that require special purity of atmospheric air are located on the leeward side of the winds of the prevailing direction in relation to neighboring enterprises with sources of atmospheric air pollution.
A sanitary protection zone is envisaged between the industrial and residential areas.
Industrial hubs, which include enterprises that require the organization of a sanitary protection zone 500 m wide or more, do not include enterprises that, in accordance with the SNiP for the planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements, can be located near the border or within the residential area. territory.
Production facilities with sources of external noise with sound levels of 50 decibels or more are located in relation to residential and public buildings in accordance with SNiP for noise protection.
When placing enterprises and industrial units that affect the state of water, the relevant regulatory documents of Sanepidnadzor must be observed.
Placement of enterprises in the coastal strips (zones) of water bodies is allowed only if it is necessary to directly adjoin the sites of the enterprise to water bodies (in agreement with the authorities for regulating the use and protection of waters). The number and length of adjoining sites of enterprises to water bodies in these conditions should be minimal.
When placing enterprises and industrial units on the coastal sections of rivers and other water bodies, the planning marks of the sites of enterprises are taken at least 0.5 m above the highest water level, taking into account the backwater and slope of the watercourse, as well as the wave height surge determined in accordance with SNiP for loads and impact on hydraulic structures.
The horizon is taken highest level water with a probability of exceeding it for enterprises of national economic and defense importance, once every 100 years, for other enterprises with a service life of up to 10 years - once every 10 years.
Placement of enterprises in areas with a more frequent excess of the water level is allowed with an appropriate feasibility study and subject to the construction of the necessary structures to protect enterprises from flooding.
These requirements do not apply to enterprises, their individual buildings and structures, as well as to objects for which, under the conditions of which, their short-term flooding is allowed.
In the Northern construction-climatic zone, buildings and structures in coastal areas are located taking into account the increase in the soil thawing bowl near the shore of the reservoir and the resulting change in the temperature and hydrogeological regime of the soil.
Enterprises that require the construction of cargo berths, piers, new structures are located downstream of the river below the residential area .
Placement of buildings and structures at a distance of up to 30 km from the borders of airfields, and especially high structures (200m or more) at a distance of up to 75km from the borders of airfields is allowed subject to the requirements of the Air Code.
In the case of enterprises located in the area of radio stations, special-purpose facilities, warehouses of highly toxic substances, the distance to enterprises from these facilities is taken in accordance with the requirements of special standards.
Placement of enterprises near the facilities for the manufacture and storage of explosives, materials and products based on them is carried out taking into account the boundaries of prohibited (dangerous) zones and areas determined by special regulatory documents, approved in the prescribed manner, and in agreement with the state supervision bodies, ministries and departments in charge of these facilities.
The construction of dumps, slag reservoirs, tailings, waste and refuse from enterprises is allowed only if it is justified that it is impossible to dispose of them. At the same time, centralized (group) dumps are provided for industrial units. Sites for them are located outside the enterprises and the 2nd zone of the zones of sanitary protection of underground water sources in compliance with sanitary standards.
The distance between dumps of coal or shale mines and production and storage buildings is assigned not less than the size of the danger zone of shift of dumps, determined in accordance with the "Safety Rules in Coal and Shale Mines" approved by the Ministry of Coal Industry and Gosgortekhnadzor.
In the Northern building-climatic zone between dumps, buildings and structures, in addition to these zones, distances are observed to ensure the preservation of the temperature regime of the foundations of these buildings and structures frozen by the ground.
The rules for the location of industrial enterprises, set out in a somewhat abbreviated form above, partially reflect the issues of engineering and technical measures of the Russian Civil Defense, which make up a single system of interrelated measures to prevent emergencies, protect the population and reduce damage in case of accidents and disasters.
PLANNING AND LOCATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES
The layout of the sites of enterprises and territories of industrial sites should provide the most favorable conditions for the production process and labor at enterprises, rational and economical use of land plots and the highest efficiency of capital investments.
The master plans of the reconstructed industrial enterprises and the schemes of the master plans of the existing areas provide for the streamlining of functional zoning and the placement of engineering networks.
The distance between buildings and structures, including engineering networks accepted as the minimum.
The general plans of enterprises and industrial units provide for:
Ø functional zoning of the territory, taking into account technological connections, .sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements, cargo turnover and modes of transport;
Ø rational production, transport and engineering communications at enterprises, between them and the residential area;
Ø cooperation of main and auxiliary industries and farms, including similar industries and farms serving the residential part of the city or settlement;
Ø intensive use of the territory, including ground and underground spaces with the necessary and reasonable reserves for the expansion of enterprises;
Ø organization of a unified R&S service network;
Ø the possibility of construction and commissioning of start-up complexes or stages;
Ø improvement of the territory (site);
Ø creation of a single architectural ensemble in conjunction with the architecture of adjacent enterprises and residential development;
Ø protection of adjacent territories from erosion, waterlogging, salinization and pollution of groundwater and open water bodies sewage, waste and refuse of enterprises;
Ø Restoration (reclamation) of land allotted for temporary use, disturbed during construction.
AT master plan the natural features of the construction area must be taken into account:
Ø air temperature and prevailing wind direction;
Ø possible changes in the existing regime of permafrost soils in the process of construction and operation of buildings and structures;
Ø the possibility of large snow deposits due to the presence of hills or elevations of the terrain on the leeward side of the building;
Ø changes in the supra-permafrost water regime as a result of site development and the impact of these changes on the thermal regime of permafrost soils.
At the sites, enterprises and industrial units are located taking into account the exclusion of harmful effects on R&S, technological processes, raw materials, equipment and products of other enterprises, as well as on the health and sanitary living conditions of the population in the area of enterprises.
Auxiliary buildings are located outside the circulation zone (aerodynamic shadow) formed by buildings and structures, if there are sources of atmospheric air pollution with harmful substances of the 1st and 2nd hazard classes on the site.
Garages of enterprises are provided only for specialized vehicles (emergency technical assistance, technical means and cleaning and maintenance of the territory, rescue and fire services). In the absence of automobile facilities in the construction area, garages are provided for at least 15 trucks.
By functional use enterprise site subdivided into zones:
Ø pre-factory (outside the fence or the conditional border of the enterprise);
Ø production;
Ø auxiliary;
Ø warehouse,
The territory of the industrial hub according to functional use is divided into the following zones:
Ø community center;
Ø sites of enterprises;
Ø common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms.
The division into zones is specified taking into account specific conditions.
The pre-factory zone of the enterprise is located on the side of the main entrances and approaches operating at the enterprise. The dimensions of the pre-factory zones (1 hectare per 1000 employees) are taken from the calculation:
0.8 - with the number of employees up to 0.5 thousand;
0.7 - "more than 0.5 to 1 thousand;
0.6 - "1 - "4 thousand;
0.5 - "4" 10 thousand;
0.4 - "w 10 thousand
When working in three shifts, the number of employees in the first and second shifts is taken into account.
The composition of the public center is determined in each specific case, based on the urban situation, the availability of service enterprises, production, technological and sanitary-hygienic features of individual enterprises, architectural planning solution industrial node.
The public center includes production management institutions, enterprises Catering, vocational and secondary special educational establishments, specialized healthcare institutions, consumer services enterprises.
In the zone of common facilities of auxiliary industries and farms, objects of energy supply, water supply and sewerage of transport, repair facilities, fire stations, dump facilities of the industrial unit are located.
In pre-factory areas and in public centers of industrial units, open areas for parking cars should be provided.
Open areas for parking cars of disabled people can be located on the territory of the enterprise.
Passing points are located at a distance of no more than 1.5 km from each other, and in the Northern building-climatic zone - not more than 1 km.
The distance from the checkpoints to the entrances to the sanitary facilities of the main workshops does not exceed 800 m.
At large distances from the checkpoints to the most remote sanitary facilities, internal passenger transport is provided.
Distances from workplaces to sanitary facilities are taken in accordance with existing standards.
In front of the checkpoints and entrances to sanitary facilities, canteens, control buildings, sites are provided at the rate of not more than 0.15 m 2 per 1 person. the most numerous change.
At enterprises where the possibility of using the labor of disabled people using wheelchairs is provided, the entrances to industrial, administrative and amenity and other auxiliary buildings are equipped with ramps with a slope of no more than 1:12.
At the sites of industrial enterprises, the minimum required number of buildings is provided. Production, support and warehouses combined into one or more large buildings. The placement of separate buildings is allowed if technologically necessary.
Buildings and structures, based on the specifics of production and natural conditions are placed subject to the following requirements:
Ø longitudinal axes of the building and skylights are oriented within the range from 45 to 110 o to the meridian;
Ø longitudinal axes of aeration lamps and walls of buildings with openings used for aeration of premises are oriented in plan perpendicularly or at an angle of at least 45 ° to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year;
Ø In areas with a snow cover of more than 50 cm or with an amount of transported snow of more than 200 m 3 per 1 m of the transfer front per year, cross-ventilation of the enterprise site is provided.
Buildings that form semi-enclosed courtyards are used in cases where no other solution can be taken.
The use of buildings that form courtyards closed on all sides, if there are technological justifications.
In closed and semi-enclosed courtyards, extensions to buildings, as well as the placement of separate buildings or structures, are not allowed.
Distances between buildings and structures illuminated through window openings are created not less than the maximum height to the top of the eaves of opposing buildings.
Buildings and structures with equipment that cause significant dynamic loads and vibration of the soil are located from buildings and structures with industries that are especially sensitive to vibrations, at distances that take into account the engineering and geological conditions of the territory, the physical and mechanical properties of the foundation soil, as well as measures to eliminate influence of dynamic loads and vibration on soils.
Production and testing stations with especially harmful processes, explosive and fire hazardous facilities, as well as basic warehouses for combustible and flammable materials, poisonous and explosive substances are located in accordance with the requirements of special standards approved by the Ministry of Construction of Russia or agreed with it.
Buildings, structures, open installations with industrial processes that emit gas, smoke and dust into the atmosphere, explosive fire hazardous objects, if possible, are located in relation to other industrial buildings on the windward side for the winds of the prevailing direction.
Cooling ponds, ponds, sludge ponds, etc. placed so that in the event of an accident, the liquid during spreading does not threaten the flooding of the enterprise, residential and public buildings and structures.
The spray pools are located with their long side perpendicular to the prevailing direction of the winds of the summer period of the year.
The distances between buildings and structures, depending on the degree of fire resistance and the category of production, are determined by the norms and rules of fire safety.
The distances between open technological installations, units and equipment, as well as from them to buildings and structures, are accepted according to the norms of technological design.
Fire stations are located on land plots adjacent to public roads and serve a group of enterprises.
Service radiuses are accepted: 2 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying more than 50% of the total building area;
4 km - for enterprises with industries of categories A, B and C, occupying up to 50% of the building area, and enterprises with industries of categories D and D.
Buildings and structures at the production site should be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.
As a rule, industrial buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise in the course of the production process and are grouped taking into account the commonality of sanitary and fire safety requirements, electricity consumption, and human traffic.
Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.
Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.
If the concentration of harmful emissions does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, then it is possible to remove them from the building in a natural way (aeration). In this case, it is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building be perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. If the concentration of harmful emissions exceeds the maximum allowable, then the room must be equipped with effective supply and exhaust ventilation with purification of the exhaust air.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the mode of operation.
The zone of blank shops (foundry, forging, thermal) is located closer to railway on the territory of the plant.
The zone of processing and machine-assembly shops, as well as warehouses for finished products, the expedition, etc., are concentrated near the procurement shops and near the main entrance as shops with a large number of workers.
The zone of auxiliary workshops (tool, mechanical repair, etc.) is usually located near the processing and procurement workshops.
Due to the high flammability, woodworking shops are located as far as possible from hot shops.
The zone of energy devices (CHP, boiler houses, fuel depots) is located on the leeward side in relation to other shops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust emissions. At the main entrance of the plant, a pre-factory site is being created, where administrative, educational, and utility buildings are located. The factory management, clinic, canteen are located outside the factory fence and must have entrances from the street.
The main warehouses of poisonous, explosive and flammable liquids must be located outside the factory area at distances determined by special standards. In accordance with sanitary standards, distances (gaps) between industrial buildings and structures are established. The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be at least the maximum height to the eaves of opposing buildings.
Between separate buildings with a semi-enclosed courtyard (P and W - shaped buildings), the gap must be at least 15 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made at least 4 m wide and at least 3.5 m high. where particularly noisy industries are located, and adjacent ones must be at least 100 m. When determining the gaps between buildings, the requirements of sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary breaks are smaller than the fire breaks, the required fire break is taken.
