Of great importance in the national economy are economic resources that determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and scale of development. They are the basis for economic growth. In fact, this is a kind of goods that can be used to produce other goods. Economic resources- is a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.
There are the following types of economic resources:
Natural resources are quite diverse in their composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, for the use of land resources, equipment is needed, and for its operation, mineral resources are needed - fuel).
Natural resources are divided into:
According to experts, at the current rate of mining, their reserves will be exhausted in about 500 years. At the same time, the need for them in the economies is constantly increasing by an average of 10% annually. To improve the efficiency of the use of this resource, the development and implementation of resource-saving technologies is constantly underway.
Human resources in our country are limited. In spite of high level unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources, characterized by certain quality characteristics- professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees of certain qualifications and professions, which significantly slows down the development of the national economy.
The main property of economic resources is their limitedness while the need for them is boundless for the production of goods - goods and services. From this property follows the natural necessity effective use economic resources to meet the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate distribution of resources, that is, about their application in such a way as to get the maximum result from this. Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, knowledge is used to rationalize the use of natural resources - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technical developments, makes complementarity more efficient and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists in specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.
The mobility of economic resources consists in their ability to move between industries, regions, countries.
With regard to each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on a variety of both objective and subjective factors.
For example, an economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical position.
The greatest mobility is characterized by human resources that are able to move between national economies. An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another. For example, in order to increase production efficiency, one can use both entrepreneurial potential - to change production technology, and knowledge - to train employees so that they can more effectively perform their tasks. official duties. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally.
For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources may bring a positive result, but in the future economic activity becomes much more complicated, and its effectiveness may be reduced.
The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are involved - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility. Within the framework of the national economy, the circulation of economic resources takes place in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, the labor market). Within these markets, there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, engineers).
National wealth is part of the total economic potential of the national economy
The main constituent element of the total economic potential of the national economy is national wealth. Its volume largely determines the scale and rate of economic growth, which makes it relevant to evaluate it as one of the indicators of the functioning of the national economy. National wealth is the total amount of economic resources and material values necessary for the normal production of goods - goods and services.
National wealth consists of the following main elements:
The volume of national wealth allows:
When assessing the real volume of national wealth, only those constituent parts, the cost of which can be determined reliably - based on specific economic practice. Therefore, a total assessment of the real volume of national wealth is not common in the economic practice of the countries of the world, since this is associated with significant costs.
In domestic practice economic analysis assessment of national wealth at the state level was not carried out. Related data are presented only in terms of estimates of non-financial and production assets, household property. Due to the lack of a generally accepted methodology for assessing national wealth, the elements of Russia's national wealth State Committee statistics were not calculated.
In practice, elements of the System of National Accounts (SNA) are used to calculate national wealth. This allows you to determine its approximate volume, but it does not require serious material and financial costs. For this, such a component of the SNA as a set of institutional units by sector is used.
National Economy: Lecture Notes Koshelev Anton Nikolaevich
3. Economic resources: their types and interaction
Of great importance in the national economy are economic resources that determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and scale of development. They are the basis for economic growth. In fact, this is a kind of goods that can be used to produce other goods.
Economic resources is a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.
There are the following types of economic resources:
1) entrepreneurial potential. This is the ability of the population to organize the production of goods in various forms;
2) knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments that allow organizing the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;
3) natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as the climatic and geographical position of the country;
4) human resources. This is a specific number of the country's population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;
5) financial resources. It is the capital represented by the specific monetary resources available in the national economy.
In the Middle Ages, great importance was attached to human resources, labor, which was seen as the only economic resource. AT economic theory Physiocratism recognized the land as the only economic resource. A. Smith defined capital, land and labor as economic resources. On the basis of this provision, J. B. Sey formulated the theory of "three factors" - economic resources. A. Marshall supplemented this list with entrepreneurial potential - the fourth factor, resource. The merit of introducing knowledge as one of the economic resources belongs to E. Tofler; this resource is interpreted by him as specific scientific and technical developments, research, scientific and technological progress, information and science.
Natural resources in their composition are quite diverse and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, for the use of land resources, equipment is needed, and for its operation, mineral resources - fuel) are needed.
An important type of natural resources is mineral raw materials - coal, natural gas, oil, metal ores, phosphates, potassium salts. The distribution of this resource is uneven both within the national economy and at the global level. Natural resources are divided into:
1) explored. They are already being mined;
2) reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their extraction is not carried out;
3) forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.
According to experts, at the current rate of mining, their reserves will be exhausted in about 500 years. At the same time, the need for them in the economies is constantly increasing by an average of 10% annually. To improve the efficiency of the use of this resource, the development and implementation of resource-saving technologies is constantly underway.
Human resources in our country are limited. Despite the high level of unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources that differ in certain qualitative characteristics - professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees of certain qualifications and professions, which significantly slows down the development of the national economy.
The main property of economic resources is their limitedness, while the need for them is boundless for the production of goods and services. From this property follows the natural need for the effective use of economic resources to meet the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate distribution of resources, that is, about their application in such a way as to get the maximum result from this.
Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, knowledge is used to rationalize the use of natural resources - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technological developments, makes complementarity more efficient and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists in specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.
Mobility economic resources is their ability to move between industries, regions, countries. With regard to each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on a variety of both objective and subjective factors. For example, an economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical position. The greatest mobility is characterized by human resources that are able to move between national economies.
An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another. For example, in order to increase production efficiency, one can use both entrepreneurial potential - to change production technology, and knowledge - to train employees so that they more effectively perform their job duties. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally. For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources can bring a positive result, but in the future, economic activity becomes significantly more complicated, and its efficiency may be reduced.
The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are involved - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility.
Within the framework of the national economy, the circulation of economic resources takes place in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, the labor market). Within these markets, there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, engineers).
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From the book Advertising. Principles and Practice by William WellsThe subject of economic theory. Methods and functions of economic theory
Economy- this is the sphere of human activity, as a result of which wealth is created to satisfy the various needs of both themselves and society.
There is real and shadow E (tax evasion).
In any society, the problem is solved: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce.
Any society has a limited amount of economic resources. The needs of the people are constantly increasing. In this regard, the problem of the rational use of these resources arises. The subject of ET yavl. first of all ec. relations between people that develop in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption.
ET studies the sphere of production and distribution of vital goods in conditions limited resources. This means that the object of study of ET yavl. a decisive area of people's life, without which no other form of realization of personal and public interests is possible.
ET studies movement economic life- trends in the development of prices, production, unemployment. Economic goals: the economic growth, full employment, economic efficiency(maximum return at minimum cost), stable price level, economic freedom, fair distribution of income, economic security, trade balance.
Methodology of economic theory.
Method of scientific abstraction, i.e. the liberation of our ideas about the subjects of research from the private, random short-term, individual and finding in them the essential, constant typical.
moving from the abstract to the concrete;
method of induction, i.e. general provisions and principles are deduced from the analysis of the particular;
deduction method (hypothetical), based on general provisions certain particulars of economic objects and processes are based.
the unity of the historical and the logical, i.e. economic processes are considered in the historical sequence of their occurrence and in a logical relationship;
economic and mathematical modeling, creation mathematical models any economic theory.
There are several functions economic theory:
* cognitive function;
* practical function - provide based on theoretical developments economic policy;
* predictive;
* methodological, i.e.
economics is the study of the general (and economic relations, and productive forces) and is a methodological basis for other sciences, because identifies common economic laws, which are the initial methodological premise for research in other sciences.
* ideological.
Economic resources. Production possibilities of the economy. Production Possibility Curve. The problem of economic choice.
The concept of economic resources
Economic resources are understood as all types of resources used in the process of production of goods and services. In essence, these are goods that are used to produce other goods. Therefore, they are often called production resources, production factors, factors of production, factors of economic growth. In turn, the rest of the goods are called consumer goods.
Types of economic resources
Natural resources (land, subsoil, water, forest and biological, climatic and recreational resources), abbreviated as land;
Labor resources (people with their ability to produce goods and services), abbreviated as labor;
Capital (in the form of money, i.e. money capital, or means of production, i.e. real capital);
Entrepreneurial abilities (the ability of people to organize the production of goods and services), in short - entrepreneurship;
Knowledge necessary for economic life.
On the basis of economic resources, the production of economic goods is carried out. With limited (rare) resources, it is necessary to determine what kind of goods to produce and what production possibilities exist for this.
production capabilities are called opportunities for the production of goods (output). The need for a constant choice of what resources and in what quantities to use for the production of goods is clearly demonstrated by a model called the "production possibilities curve".
To simplify, let's imagine that a country produces only two goods - cars and airplanes. If it concentrates all its economic resources on the production of cars only, it will be able to produce 10 million of them in a year. If it also needs to produce 1,000 aircraft, then this is possible if the output of automobiles is reduced to 9 million units. For the production of 2,000 aircraft, the production of cars will have to be reduced to 7 million units, and for the production of 3,000 aircraft - to 4 million units. With the production of 4 thousand aircraft, the country is forced to completely abandon the production of cars.
Thus, in order to increase the production of aircraft, more and more cars have to be abandoned. We can say that the cost of manufactured aircraft is determined by the number of cars, the production of which must be abandoned.
Of great importance in the national economy are economic resources that determine the nature of its functioning, the pace, structure and may-headquarters of development. They are the basis for economic growth. In fact, this is a kind of goods that can be used to produce other goods.
Economic resources are a type of resources necessary for the production of goods - goods and services.
There are the following types of economic resources:
1) entrepreneurial potential. This is the ability of the population to organize the production of goods in various forms;
2) knowledge. These are specific scientific and technical developments that allow organizing the production and consumption of goods at a higher level than the previous one;
3) natural resources. These are specific minerals, for example, land, subsoil, as well as the climatic and geographical position of the country;
4) human resources. This is a specific number of the country's population, distinguished by certain qualitative indicators - education, culture, professionalism. Together, human resources are the most important economic resource, since without it it is impossible to imagine the normal functioning of the national economy;
5) financial resources. It is the capital represented by the specific monetary resources available in the national economy.
Natural resources are quite diverse in their composition and include land, energy, water, biological, forest, mineral, recreational, climatic resources. Their use is interconnected (for example, the use of land resources requires equipment, and its operation requires mineral resources - fuel). Natural resources are divided into:
1) explored. They are already being mined;
2) reliable. Their existence is reliably known, but for various reasons their extraction is not carried out;
3) forecast. These are minerals that hypothetically should exist, but this is not known for certain.
According to experts, at the current rate of mining, their reserves will be exhausted in about 500 years. At the same time, the need for them in the economies is constantly increasing by an average of 10% annually. To improve the efficiency of the use of this resource, the development and implementation of resource-saving technologies is constantly underway.
Human resources in our country are limited. Despite the high level of unemployment, there is a shortage of human resources that differ in certain qualitative characteristics - professional and qualification level. There is an acute shortage of employees of certain qualifications and professions, which significantly slows down the development of the national economy.
12. Properties of economic resources
The main property of economic resources is their limitedness, while the need for them is boundless for the production of goods and services. From this property follows the natural need for the effective use of economic resources to meet the needs of the population as fully as possible. In this case, it is necessary to constantly make decisions about the appropriate distribution of resources, that is, about their application in such a way as to get the maximum result from this.
Another property of economic resources is their complementarity. For example, knowledge is used to rationalize the use of natural resources - an economic resource that, based on scientific and technological developments, makes complementarity more efficient and optimal. In turn, knowledge forms the basis of human resources and consists in specific knowledge, skills, and professional skills of employees.
The mobility of economic resources consists in their ability to move between industries, regions, countries. With regard to each economic resource, the degree of mobility will be different and will depend on a variety of both objective and subjective factors. For example, an economic resource - land - will have minimal mobility, since it is impossible to change its geographical position. The greatest mobility is characterized by human resources that are able to move between national economies.
An important property of economic resources is their interchangeability, which consists in the ability to replace one economic resource with another.
For example, in order to increase production efficiency, one can use both entrepreneurial potential - to change production technology, and knowledge - to train employees so that they more effectively perform their job duties. The ability to replace economic resources is limited and cannot be produced completely and totally. For example, capital cannot completely replace human resources. The initial replacement of resources can bring a positive result, but in the future, economic activity becomes significantly more complicated, and its efficiency may be reduced.
The main task of an economic entity is to constantly increase the degree of efficiency and rationality of the use of economic resources, for which their properties are involved - interchangeability, complementarity, mobility.
Within the framework of the national economy, the circulation of economic resources takes place in their respective markets (for example, the capital market, the labor market). Within these markets, there is also a certain segmentation (for example, the labor market consists of a segment of managers, economists, engineers).
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The concept of economic resources
Economic resources are understood as all types of resources used in the process of production of goods and services. In essence, these are goods that are used to produce other goods.
Therefore, they are often called production resources, production factors, factors of production, factors of economic growth. In turn, the rest of the goods are called consumer goods.
Types of economic resources
Economic resources include:
Natural resources (land, subsoil, water, forest and biological, climatic and recreational resources), abbreviated as land;
Labor resources (people with their ability to produce goods and services), abbreviated as labor;
Capital (in the form of money, i.e. money capital, or means of production, i.e. real capital);
Entrepreneurial abilities (the ability of people to organize the production of goods and services), in short - entrepreneurship;
Knowledge necessary for economic life.
Economic resources are mobile (mobile), as they can move in space (within the country, between countries), although the degree of their mobility is different. The least mobile natural resources, the mobility of many of which is close to zero (land is difficult to move from one place to another, although it is possible). More mobile labor resources, which can be seen from the internal and external migration of the labor force in the world on a noticeable scale (see Ch. 36). Entrepreneurial abilities are even more mobile, although often they do not move on their own, but along with labor resources and/or capital (this is due to the fact that the carriers of entrepreneurial abilities are either hired managers or owners of capital). The last two resources are the most mobile - capital (especially monetary) and knowledge.
The interweaving of resources and their mobility partly reflect their other property - interchangeability (alternativeness). If a farmer needs to increase grain production, then he can do it this way: expand the sown area (use additional natural resources), or hire additional workers (increase the use of labor), or expand his fleet of machinery and equipment (increase his capital), or improve the organization work on the farm (expand your entrepreneurial skills), or, finally, use new types of seeds (apply new knowledge). The farmer has this choice because economic resources are fungible (alternative).
Usually this interchangeability is not complete. For example, human resources cannot completely replace capital, otherwise workers will be left without equipment and inventory. Economic resources replace each other easily at first, and then more and more difficult. Thus, with the same number of tractors, it is possible to increase the number of workers on the farm by requiring them to work in two shifts. However, it will be very difficult to hire more workers and organize systematic work in three shifts, unless by sharply increasing their wages,
Production resources are the totality of material and financial resources, natural, social and spiritual forces that can be used in the process of creating goods, services and other values.
In economic theory, resources are usually divided into four groups:
1) natural - potentially suitable for use in production natural forces and substances, among which there are "inexhaustible" and "exhaustible" (and in the latter - "renewable" and "non-renewable");
2) material - all man-made ("man-made") means of production, which are themselves the result of production;
3) labor - population of working age, which in the "resource" aspect is usually assessed according to three parameters: socio-demographic, vocational qualification and cultural and educational;
4) financial - cash which society is able to allocate for the organization of production.
The significance of certain types of resources changed as the transition from pre-industrial to industrial, and from it to post-industrial technology. In pre-industrial society, priority belonged to natural and labor resources, in industrial society - to material resources, in post-industrial society - to intellectual and information resources.
Natural, material and labor resources are inherent in any production, therefore they are called “basic”; and the financial resources that arose at the “market” stage began to be called “derivatives”.
Along with the concept of “resources of production”, economic theory also operates with the concept of “factors of production”. What is their difference?
We noted that resources are those material, natural and social forces that can be involved in production. The factors of production are economic category, denoting the resources already actually involved in the production process. Therefore, “resources of production” is a broader concept than “factors of production”. In other words, factors of production are productive resources.
Unlike resources, factors become such only within the framework of interaction; therefore production is always the interacting unity of its factors.
In economic theory, there are several classifications of factors (Fig. 4.2.), For example, Marxist theory singles out personal (labor) and material (means of labor and objects of labor) factors as factors of production. Modern economics defines three main factors of production:
“land” as a factor of production has a threefold meaning: in a broad sense, it means all natural resources used in the production process; in a number of industries (agriculture, mining, fisheries) “land” is an object of management when it simultaneously acts as both an “object of labor” and a “means of labor”; within the entire economy, “land” can act as an object of ownership (in this case, its owner may not directly participate in the production process, he participates indirectly, by providing “his” land);
2) "capital" - this is the name of material and financial resources in the system of factors of production: monetary assets, shares, equipment, buildings, transport and communications, raw materials, etc.;
3) "labor" acts as any physical and intellectual human activity aimed at producing goods and providing services. The totality of the abilities of the individual, due to education, vocational training, health skills, is human capital. This is the part of society that is directly employed in the production process (sometimes a term such as “economically active population” is used, which covers only able-bodied people employed in production).
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