21 deposit policy of commercial banks. Abstract: Deposit policy of a commercial bank. Deposit policy of commercial banks

In modern conditions, for effective functioning, development and achievement of its goals, each commercial bank must develop its own deposit policy. Deposit Policy is a set of activities commercial bank aimed at determining the forms, tasks, content banking on the formation of banking resources, their planning and regulation on a return basis. The deposit policy should first of all meet the following requirements: economic feasibility; competitiveness; internal consistency. The deposit policy of the bank should include: 1) development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities to attract Money in deposits; 2) formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new banking deposit products for customers; 3) monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness; The subjects of the bank's deposit policy include the bank's clients, commercial banks and state institutions. The objects include borrowed funds of the bank and Additional services jar ( comprehensive service). Principles for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank: The principle of scientific validity, The principle of ensuring reliability, The principle of an integrated approach. Compliance with these principles allows the bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of its deposit policy. We can single out the following areas of the deposit policy of a commercial bank: analysis of the deposit market; identification of target markets to minimize deposit risk; minimization of costs in the process of raising funds; optimization of deposit and loan portfolio management; maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increasing its stability. For implementation practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit (deposit) operations (separately for deposits individuals and on deposits of legal entities), which stipulate: the rules and conditions for accepting deposits (deposits); the procedure for concluding a bank deposit agreement; its content; the rights of depositors and the obligation of the bank; methods of accrual and payment of interest on deposits (deposits).

The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is set by each commercial bank independently with a focus on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia, as well as based on the provisions of its own deposit policy. When setting the size interest rate for time deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the term for which the funds are placed: the longer the term, the higher the interest rate. Not less than an important factor is the deposit amount. In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits.

Deposit (deposit) operations of a commercial bank are operations to attract funds from legal entities and individuals in deposits for a certain period or on demand, incl. balances of funds on the settlement accounts of customers to use them as credit resources and in investment activity. There are: - deposits of legal entities (enterprises, organizations, banks); - deposits of individuals.

Deposits according to the form of withdrawal are divided into: - demand deposits (obligations that do not have a specific period); - term deposits (obligations with a definite term); savings deposits

Demand deposits are funds that can be withdrawn at any time without prior notice to the bank by the client. These are: - funds on settlement, current, budget and other accounts; - funds on the bank's correspondent account opened with the RCC; - own funds of enterprises intended for capital investments and kept in separate accounts; - demand deposits. The main advantage of these deposits is high liquidity, for banks the establishment of a low interest rate or its absence at all. The main disadvantage: for their owners - the lack of payment of interest on the account (or a very small percentage); for a bank, the need to have a higher operating reserve to maintain liquidity (because of the potential for withdrawing money from demand accounts).

Term deposits are funds attracted by banks for a certain period of time. The amount of interest paid to the client on a term deposit depends on the term, amount of the deposit and the fulfillment by the depositor of the terms of the agreement. Term deposits are generally classified according to their term: deposits with a term of up to 3 months; from 3 to 6 months; 6 to 9 months; from 9 to 12 months; over 12 months. The advantage of time deposit accounts for the client is the establishment of a higher interest rate compared to a demand deposit, and for the bank - the ability to maintain liquidity with a smaller operating reserve. The disadvantage of term deposit accounts for clients is low liquidity. For the bank, the disadvantage is the need to pay increased interest on deposits and thus reduce profits. It is also possible to distinguish between: - deposits limited by a minimum amount and without limiting amounts; - replenishable deposit - allows the depositor to periodically replenish the deposit with additional contributions; - not replenished deposit; - deposits with a fixed interest rate for the entire term; - deposits with a fixed, increasing "progressive" interest rate over time; - deposits with unfixed interest rate during the term; - capitalized deposits - deposits on which the amount of accrued interest is added to the amount of the main deposit.

The most important instruments of the deposit policy of commercial banks are deposit and savings certificates. Savings certificate - a security that certifies the amount of the deposit made to the bank, and the rights of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive the deposit amount and the interest stipulated in the certificate at the bank that issued the certificate, or at any branch of this bank after the expiration of the established period. A certificate of deposit can only be issued to legal entities, and a savings certificate - only to individuals. Bank certificates cannot be used as a means of payment in settlements for goods and services. They only serve as a store of value. Depending on the category of contributors, certificates can also be classified: - according to the method of issuance: issued on a one-time basis; produced in series; - according to the design method: nominal; to the bearer. Certificates must be urgent only. The main tasks solved by banks during the issuance of certificates are: free funds legal entities and individuals to increase the resource potential; - regulation of the bank's liquidity by accumulating liabilities with a fixed circulation period and profitability; Thus, time deposits of the population and business entities are the most important factor in making profits for banks, used to carry out active operations. For depositors, the advantage of a deposit over cash is that the deposit earns interest. Deposit portfolio - The portfolio is diversified in such a way as to evenly distribute not only profitability, but also risk. Deposit portfolio of the bank - the balance sheet on current, settlement and deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals on a certain date.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Commercial bank, its structure and functions

1.1. Reorganization banking system

Chapter 2. Deposit policy of commercial banks

2.1. Deposits

2.2. Deposit and savings certificates

Conclusion

Application

INTRODUCTION

Reforming the economy and Russia's transition to the mainstream of the world economic development suggest the need for an in-depth study of the processes that make up the core of market transformations, which include the formation and development of the market valuable papers, their placement, resale, modification, redemption and other operations.

Commercial banks in the securities market can act as issuers of securities, intermediaries in transactions with securities and perform transactions with securities on their own behalf in order to receive income.

Securities issued by commercial banks can be divided into two main groups: 1. Shares and bonds;

2. Checks, savings and

additional certificates.

The main part of the banks' resources is formed by borrowed funds, which cover up to 90% of the total need for funds for active BANKING operations. A commercial bank has the ability to attract funds from enterprises, organizations, institutions, individuals and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and open appropriate accounts for them.

A contribution (deposit) is money (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency) transferred to the bank by their owner for storage under certain conditions. Operations related to the attraction of funds in the deposit. They are called deposits. For banks, deposits are the main type of their passive operations and, therefore, the main resource for conducting active credit operations.

OBJECTIVES OF COURSE WORK:

1. Deeper exploration educational material on deposit operations of a commercial bank.

2. Acquisition of skills in working with educational, scientific, reference, periodical literature. The ability to identify and analyze it.

3. The ability to accurately consistently express one's thoughts, based on the available literature, to draw conclusions.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Give brief description work of commercial banks.

2. Determine which operations are deposit, showing their composition and structure.

Chapter 1. COMMERCIAL BANK, ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS.

1.1. Reorganization of the banking system.

A bank is a commercial institution that attracts funds from legal entities and individuals and, on its own behalf, places them on repayment, payment and maturity, and also carries out settlement, commission-intermediary and other operations.

Until 1987, the banking system included three monopoly banks: the State Bank of the USSR, the Stroybank of the USSR and the Vneshtorgbank of the USSR. There was also a system of state labor savings banks.

The State Bank of the USSR, being a commission institution, at the same time was the center of short-term lending, cash and settlement services for the economy. Combination of emission functions and functions according to settlement - credit service clientele, their monopoly assignment to a bank (one) turned the State Bank of the USSR into an organ government controlled and control.

In terms of administrative command system management of the economy, credit relations were formal in nature, the State Bank of the USSR had almost complete credit resources. All free funds were automatically accumulated on his accounts, forming a nationwide loan fund. The funds of this fund were distributed centrally in accordance with the approved credit plans. The role of lending institutions in the field was reduced in essence to the distribution of loans among specific borrowers in accordance with the instructions for the purposes provided for in the plan. Banking institutions were mainly responsible to higher organizations, not customers.

The decentralization of economic management in the context of the transition to a market economy required a change in the role of the banking system in the mechanism of economic management. Its reorganization began in 1987.

At the first stage of the reorganization, a new structure of state-owned banks was created. The reorganization model included:

Creation of a two-tier banking system of the Central Bank of Issue and state specialized banks (Industrial Construction Bank of the USSR, Agroprombank of the USSR, Zhilsotsbank of the USSR, Sberbank of the USSR, Vnesheconombank of the USSR), directly servicing the economy.

Transfer of specialized banks to full cost accounting and full self-financing.

Improving the form and methods of credit relations with enterprises in various sectors of the economy.

Central location in credit system countries ranked National Bank. The functions of lending to enterprises and organizations of various sectors of the national economy that it previously performed were transferred to specialized banks.

The main motive for the transformation was the desire to bring banks closer to the interests of the economy. The reorganization to a certain extent intensified banking activity. But it was not able to radically change the situation, since it essentially did not affect economic relations, because was carried out from above. A second stage of reorganization was required. It was started in 1988 with the creation of the first commercial banks, which were intended to become the foundation for the formation of market relations and structures in banking, load-bearing structure financial market. The creation of such a market means the replacement of administrative apportionment relations with flexible ones. economic methods displacement financial resources to areas of most effective use.

The commercial purpose of the activities of banks serving the economy is to make a profit, which makes it necessary to be flexible in relationships with customers. And entrepreneurship in conducting passive, active and commission-intermediary operations.

Commercial banks operate on the basis of the development of business competition for attracting customers, credit resources and the scope of their profitable application, which contributes to the expansion of banking services.

To work within the limits of actually attracted resources, while ensuring the maintenance of this liquidity, a commercial bank can only have a high degree economic freedom combined with full economic responsibility for the result of their activities. Economic independence implies the freedom to dispose of the bank's own funds and attracted resources, the free choice of the client and depositors, the disposal of income left after paying taxes.

The organizational structure of commercial banks corresponds to the generally accepted scheme for managing a joint-stock company. The supreme body of a commercial bank is the general meeting of shareholders. The general management of the activity is carried out by the Council of the Bank. He is also entrusted with the control over the work of the board of the bank. The composition of the Council, the procedure, terms for the election of its members are determined by the Charter of a commercial bank.

The direct activities of a commercial bank are managed by the Board, headed by the Chairman.

The Audit Commission is elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders and is subordinate to the Board of the Bank.

Specificity banking institution, as one of the types of commercial enterprise, is that the vast majority of its resources are formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The bank's ability to raise funds is regulated by the Central Bank of Russia and is currently determined based on the size of equity capital and its organizational and legal form:

For commercial banks established on the basis of the former state-owned specialized banks, the amount of funds raised should not exceed equity capital by 25 times;

For banks established as joint-stock companies closed type- no more than 20 times.

Banks established in the form of joint-stock companies of an open type - no more than 15 times.

The problems of forming the capital of commercial banks, distinguished by their breadth and debatability, often take on emotional and poetic coloring, creating a figurative idea of the significance of the difficulty of growing the capital base of banks: Heroic bank capital,

The official tormented you

Rules with whips. I pray:

Be patient and don't give up.

Capital (free funds) perform a number of all sorts of functions to ensure the management of the life of a commercial bank. Firstly, equity, in terms of the authorized capital contributed by the founders of the bank, acts at the initial stage as start-up funds necessary for the construction and rental of premises, installation of equipment, hiring personnel and its own expenses, without which the bank cannot start its activities. During the period of growth, the bank is in need of additional capital to create new facilities related to expanding the range of services provided and introducing advanced banking technologies. Second, capital builds customer confidence in the bank by assuring risk-averse savers of the strength and borrowers of the ability to meet the demand for commercial and consumer loans. Thirdly, the capital, providing protection against the bankruptcy of the bank, serves as a kind of buffer, absorbing the damage from current losses until the management of the bank resolves the emerging problems. Finally, capital is the regulator of the bank, through which government bodies set him the norms of economic behavior that protect the bank from financial instability and excessive risks.

1.2. Assets and liabilities of a commercial bank.

Until recently, the domestic banking system had a certain formation associated with the monopoly, first of the State Bank, and after the 1988 reform of specialized banks for credit resources. This monopoly was expressed in the willful distribution of clientele between banks and, accordingly, in securing funds for one bank or another. Banks were not interested in attracting free cash to their accounts, since the size of their active operations was determined by the moments of credit investments, and not by the funds actually attracted to the accounts. The lack of incentives to attract deposits was also associated with certain government policies. The transition to a two-tier banking system, the creation of economically independent commercial banks, the transfer of the economy to the principles of self-financing have identified the problem of forming liabilities as one of the most urgent in the work of banks.

Active operations include operations to place the resources available to banks for profit and liquidity. Profit and liquidity are two fundamental principles that reflect the essence of active operations inherent in the bank as a commercial enterprise that usually uses borrowed resources.

Active operations appear in various forms, as shown in the diagram:

The most liquid active items are: cash, correspondent accounts, foreign currency accounts in other banks, funds of the reserve fund of credit resources. All these items, taken together, are called the reserves of the banking system. They include excess reserves, which include cash balances on correspondent accounts and in cash desks of banks. In connection with the consideration of bank assets, it is appropriate to recall the multiplier money supply, representing the ratio of the entire money supply to the monetary base - the money created by the Bank of Russia.

Passive operations play an important role for commercial banks. It is with their help that banks acquire credit resources in the money markets.

Passive operations allow you to attract funds already in circulation to banks. New resources are created by the banking system as a result of active credit operations.

Liabilities are understood as such operations of banks, as a result of which there is an increase in funds held in passive accounts.

There are 4 forms of passive operations of commercial banks:

A) initial issue of securities;

B) deductions from the bank's profit for the formation or increase of funds;

C) credits and loans received from other legal entities;

D) deposit transactions.

2. DEPOSIT POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

2.1. Deposits

The deposit is economic relations regarding the transfer of client funds for temporary use to the bank.

Exploring the essence of the bank deposit E.S. Kancelenboom noted the features that lie in its dual nature: “Deposits are made for depositors with potential money.

The depositor can write out a check and circulate the corresponding amount. But at the same time, "bank money" brings interest. They act for the depositor in a dual role: as money, on the one hand, and as interest-bearing capital, on the other ... the advantage of a deposit over cash is that the deposit earns interest ... and the disadvantage is that that the deposit bears a lower interest than that which the capital usually bears. This lower interest rate is not an accident, but an essential element in the nature of the bank. For the whole essence of the nature of the bank lies in the fact that the interest paid on deposits is lower than the interest that banks receive for the capital they place in various enterprises. This difference in percentage ... is about a fraction of the interest charged on active operations.

Deposit accounts can be very diverse and their classification can be based on such criteria as the sources of deposits, their intended purpose, the degree of profitability, etc., however, the category of the depositor and the form of withdrawal of the deposit are most often used as a criterion.

Deposits of individuals.

Deposit operations are a broad concept, since they include all the bank's activities related to raising funds in deposits.

The fundamentals of civil legislation provide that under a bank deposit agreement, the bank undertakes to keep the funds invested by the depositor, pay all types of interest on them or in another form, fulfill the depositor's instructions for calculating the deposit and return the deposit amount at the first request of the depositor on the terms and in the manner provided for. for this type of contribution by legislation and contract.

Deposits of citizens have the right to accept only banks that ensure their safety and timely return by insurance or other methods provided for by law.

Safety and return of deposits of citizens in banks established by the state, and banks where the state owns more than 50% of shares (shares) guaranteed by the state or the Central Bank, responsible for failure to fulfill obligations to depositors.
In order to protect the population, maintain confidence in commercial banks and maintain the stability of the Russian banking system for newly created banks, from January 1, 1995, a license to conduct operations to attract funds from the population to deposits is granted only on the following conditions:

1. Implementation of banking activities within one year;

2. Publication annual reporting(balance sheet) and profit and loss statement, confirmed by an audit firm;

3. Compliance with banking legislation and regulations of the Bank of Russia, including directive economic standards;

4. Availability of a reserve fund (balance sheet account 011) in the amount of at least 10% of the actually paid statutory fund;

5. availability of reserves for possible losses on loans (balance sheet account 945) in accordance with the Bank of Russia.

During 1995, the bank, which carries out operations to attract funds from the population in deposits (deposits), proposed to take measures to increase its own funds (capital) so that their value fully covered the bank's obligations on deposits from the population.

Foreclosure on deposits can only be levied on the basis of a sentence or a court decision.

According to the economic content, all deposits can be grouped:

According to the forms of withdrawal;

In order of using the stored funds.

The practice of banking knows many different forms of organization of deposits. Their classification is presented in the diagram (see Appendix No. 1).

Acceptance of any deposit means the emergence of a certain monetary obligation of the bank to the client. It can be seen from the diagram that there is probably no clear definition between different types of deposits. Banks have recently begun to use such a form of deposits, in which the mode of accounts on demand with the mode of time deposits is applied. Having made such a deposit, the depositor may, at the expense of the funds stored there, instruct the bank to transfer to a third party. Typically, such operations were carried out on demand accounts, now interest is charged on them, as on time deposits.

The development of deposits plays an important role in managing the resources of banks. The term "multiplication" means the coefficient of change in the amount of credit resources of banks under the influence of changes in the amount of deposits (deposits).

Based on the theory of multiplication, it is proved that it is possible to significantly increase the amount of means of payment deposited in the accounts of clients. Loans issued by one bank to its client, credited to his account and settled in the form of a deposit, create an opportunity to increase credit resources from other banks. However, this multiplication is limited by a number of factors:

The economic needs of the economy to increase such resources (credits);

The amount of attraction of other credit resources (liabilities) of banks;

The amount of required reserves deposited with the Central Bank.

Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total volume of deposits and expanding the circle of depositors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system for stimulating the attraction of deposits.

This can be achieved by expanding demand deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals, which will make it possible to better meet the needs of customers, improve service, and increase interest in placing funds in banks.

The deposit can be used in two ways:

1. A deposit is money or securities deposited by a debtor in financial and credit, judicial or administrative institutions for storage with subsequent transfer (under certain conditions) to one or another business entity or citizen - a depositor (contributions in payment customs duties, contributions to deposit accounts of courts in securing a claim and for transfer to recoverers, contributions to notary offices, if it is impossible to deliver money or securities directly to the recipient).

2. A deposit is a deposit of money or securities in banks. A deposit is a contribution for a rigidly defined period, in which the conditions for the return or securities are immediately agreed.

Deposits are a source of formation of the bank's loan capital, which is used to issue loans, make investments, etc. These banking operations generate income for the bank. Therefore, the bank pays the citizen his deposit. Interest on deposits to a citizen is a payment for the money invested.

Deposits are on demand, urgent and conditional.

Demand deposits are placed in banks on various accounts opened by customers. They are intended for current settlements and can be fully or partially claimed at any time. Withdrawal of deposits is possible both in cash and in the form of non-cash (funds) payments.

With regular use of funds held in current accounts, customers still have certain unused balances. The presence of balances on customer accounts is associated with the settling of funds on passive

Accounts in commercial banks for a period of time, which is almost impossible to establish at the time of their receipt on the account. These are settlement current or budget accounts of legal entities and individuals, special accounts that store target funds, correspondent settlements with other banks, as well as funds in settlements. The Bank, when opening accounts for customers, uses credit balances on accounts to conduct active lending operations.

Demand deposits are funds that can be withdrawn at any time without prior notice to the bank by the client.

From the point of view of bank liquidity management, current and budget accounts, accounts for financing capital investments, special-purpose accounts are more profitable for banks, since the nature of the movement of funds on them (amounts, terms, frequency of payments or receipt of transfers) can be known to the bank in advance . In addition, the owners of current and budget accounts, by virtue of their status (lack of legal entity rights), do not apply for loans, which allows banks to actively use these funds for lending to the economy. However, at present, the possibilities of commercial banks in this direction are limited, because. The Central Bank took over the functions of cash use of the budget, as well as the use of funds in the accounts for financing capital investments.

Demand deposits include the so-called checking account.

A current account is a single account that records all bank operations and all payments from the account on behalf of the client, and on the other hand, funds received in the account in the form of transfers, deposits, repayment of loans, etc.

Thus, it is active - a passive account, which is a combination of current and loan accounts. A credit balance means that the client has his own funds, debit funds, that borrowed funds are included in the turnover and the account holder is a bank debtor on a loan. By credit balance the bank accrues interest in favor of the client, and on a debit account it collects interest in its favor, as for a loan. Moreover, interest in favor of the bank is charged at a higher rate than in favor of the account holder. Checking accounts are opened to reliable clients, first-class borrowers, as a sign of special trust. The owner of the account, in case of excess of expenses over the receipt of funds, has the opportunity, without special registration in each case, to receive a loan in the amount determined by the agreement with the bank.

A current account with an overdraft has a certain similarity with a checking account. This is an account for which, on the basis of an agreement between the bank and the client, it is allowed, in a certain amount, to exceed the amount of write-off on the account over the amount of the balance of funds, which means borrowing a loan. However, one should see the difference between these accounts. With an overdraft, unlike a current account, such interactions are carried out on a case-by-case basis and are irregular in nature. Accordingly, a passive (credit) balance is more characteristic of this account.

The presence of a current account with an overdraft does not exclude the opening of additional deposit or loan accounts for the client to carry out certain operations, at the same time, all operations carried out by the bank in relation to the client are concentrated on the checking account. In addition, checking accounts are opened for business organizations - legal entities, while an overdraft account can be opened for a non-legal entity, as well as an individual, to cover temporary gaps in the receipt of expenditures.

Demand deposits include correspondent accounts of banks opened with cash settlement centers or correspondent banks for the purpose of making settlements and payments in unilaterally or on behalf of each other. As you know, correspondent accounts opened with other correspondent banks are called nostro accounts (our account), on the contrary, correspondent accounts opened by banks– Correspondents in this bank are called loro-accounts (their account).

As a rule, when establishing correspondent relations between banks, the parties provide for the possibility of forming an overdraft on these accounts. The overdraft limit, terms, interest rates on debit or credit balance, along with other conditions, are determined by the agreement on correspondent relations between banks. The formation of a passive (credit) balance on the account means the presence of additional resources in the bank, i.e. granting a correspondent bank a loan. On the contrary, on the account - nostro credit balance means the involvement in circulation in accordance with the overdraft agreement of the funds of another bank, and the debit balance means the placement of part of one's funds in this correspondent bank.

It is important to note that one should distinguish between the debit balance of the account, as a form short term loan(overdraft), provided for by the agreement between the client and the bank, and a debit balance (negative) on the account. The resulting violation of payment discipline by the client, failure to fulfill obligations, i.e. a negative development in economic activity account holder.

In the latter case, the bank applies severe sanctions to the client - the collection of penalties, fines on the debit balance or the transfer of this amount to the overdue loan account, with the collection of increased interest; suspension of payments on the account and the direction of all receipts to the client's account for repayment of the resulting debt to the bank.

Such a reaction of the bank is legitimate and justified by the threat of deterioration of its own liquidity and solvency.

For most commercial banks, demand deposits occupy the largest specific gravity in the structure of attracted funds. It is usually the cheapest source of education bank funds. Due to the high mobility of funds, the balance on demand accounts is unstable, sometimes extremely volatile. The ability of the account holder to withdraw funds at any time requires an increased share of highly liquid assets on the bank's turnover. (the balance of funds on hand, on the correspondent account, by maintaining the share of less liquid, but generating high income assets). For these reasons, on balances on demand accounts, banks pay the owners enough low interest or no income at all. However, despite the high mobility of funds on demand accounts, it is possible to determine their minimum, non-decreasing balance and use it as a stable credit resource.

The calculation of the share of funds held on demand accounts that can be transferred to “term” deposit accounts (in order to increase the income for customers from funds placed in the bank and form a stable lending resource for banks) is made according to the formula:

D \u003d Av.: K vol. x 100%.

D - the share of funds held during the year in various current accounts that can be transferred to deposit accounts. Osr - the average balance of funds on the settlement or current account for the year.

K about. - credit turnover on the settlement or current account for the year.

Term deposits are deposits in deposit accounts, from the right to dispose of which the depositor waives for a certain period.

Term deposits are deposits related to the attracted capital of banks. They are accepted only in round amounts. Often a minimum contribution is also required. Some institutions generally only allow term deposits for business clients, while private clients are encouraged to make savings deposits as a form of capital investment.

Term deposits are made by depositors for any purpose, however, the depositor cannot dispose of it at any time, since the depositor cannot at any time demand the return of term deposits from the bank. There are two forms of term deposits: a term deposit with a fixed term and a term deposit with advance notice of withdrawal.

The client and the credit institution have the right to notify.

Term deposits imply the transfer of funds to the full disposal of the bank for the term and conditions under the agreement, and after this period the term deposit can be withdrawn by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on a term deposit depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the fulfillment by the depositors of the terms of the agreement. The longer the terms (or) the greater the amount of the deposit, the greater the amount of remuneration. The current practice provides for the execution of term deposits for 1,3,6,9, 12 months or longer periods.

Such a detailed gradation encourages depositors to rationally organize their own funds and place them in deposits, and also creates conditions for banks to manage their liquidity.

Deposits with prior notification of withdrawal of funds means that the client must notify the withdrawal of the deposit in advance, notify the bank within the period specified by the agreement. (as a rule, from 1-3, from 3-6, from 6-12 and more than 12 months). Depending on the notice period, the interest rate on deposits is also set, but the bank reserves the right to change the interest rate. This is necessary because it is impossible to foresee how long the deposit will lie, i.e. when the client makes a notification. The advantage of all time deposits is that they do not depend on the exchange rate (fluctuations), like securities. Term deposits are created only at the expense of the client's simultaneous deposit or transfer.

After the due date of payment, the amount of money must be invested in another amount for another period or entered into the payment turnover as a demand deposit. Sometimes term deposits are extended (prolonged) if the depositor does not need the amount of money yet. Moreover, the extension can be carried out several times.

Term deposits have the advantage that they can be more profitable placed in lending operations than demand deposits.

Term deposits are drawn up by an agreement between the client (depositor) and the bank represented by the manager. Banks independently develop a form of a deposit agreement, which is typical for a separate type of deposit. The contract is drawn up in two copies: and one is kept by the depositor, and the other in the bank, in the credit or deposit department (depending on who is entrusted with this work in the bank). The agreement provides for the amount of the deposit, its validity period, the interest that the depositor will receive after the expiration of the agreement, the obligations and rights of the depositor, the obligations and rights of the bank, the responsibility of the parties for compliance with the agreement, and the procedure for resolving disputes. Many banks set a minimum deposit amount, the amount of which depends on the bank's focus on a small, medium or large client.

For its part, the bank undertakes to fulfill all the terms of the agreement in a timely manner and be liable for their violation, which can be expressed in the establishment of penalties or fines for late disbursement of funds to deposit holders or payment of interest. Disputes arising between the bank and the client must be resolved in Arbitration or in court (if the depositor is an individual).

An intermediate position between time deposits and demand deposits is occupied by savings deposits. Traditionally, these operations were carried out by the Savings Bank, however, at present, in the course of competition for resources, commercial banks began to master this market of loan capital.

Foreign practice considers savings operations separately from deposit operations, focusing on the fact that a distinctive feature savings deposit is that the owner is issued a certificate of the presence of a deposit, most often a savings book.

Savings deposits are used to accumulate or invest money savings. At the same time ... amounts of money placed in accounts that are intended for making payments or from the very beginning, invested for a certain period, are classified as savings deposits.

Savings deposits include deposits formed for the purpose of accumulating or maintaining monetary savings. They are characterized by a specific motivation for the emergence - the promotion of thrift, the accumulation of targeted funds and a high level of profitability, although lower than for term deposits.

In domestic practice, savings deposits mean, first of all, accrual operations, and savings include both fixed-term deposits of the population and demand accounts of citizens. Commercial banks have adopted the experience savings bank and significantly diversified the conditions of customer service. In the balance sheet of banks, savings deposits are accounted for on the same balance sheet accounts as time deposits. Registration of a deposit can be similar to a term deposit or have its own specifics depending on the conditions of a particular type of deposit. So, a savings account on demand can be issued with a savings book, which reflects all deposit transactions.

The current situation in the market of credit resources is characterized by increasing tension. Inflationary processes in the economy, reducing the interest of the economy and the population in the accumulation of funds, on the one hand, increased norms of required reserves, as one of the manifestations of the strict registration policy of the Central Bank, on the other, led in 1992-1993. to a sharp reduction in the volume of credit resources of commercial banks. These circumstances are forcing banks to change their policy in the field of passive operations through the diversification (diversity) of deposit operations. For example, a deposit for the service period, which is opened to customers when they open a current account, has become widespread in banking practice.
This deposit has features characteristic of various types of deposits and at the same time its own specific features. For example, the deposit amount is clearly defined and fixed by the bank.

It is mandatory, because. the deposit amount must be made simultaneously with the opening of a current account or within the period agreed with the bank (from 1 to 3 months), otherwise the bank has the right to stop servicing the client. This deposit can be attributed to conditional deposits, because the withdrawal of funds from it is possible only if the client's current account is closed. It is considered perpetual, which allows the bank to use it as early loan. It is characterized by low profitability and even the complete absence of interest accrual, by analogy with demand accounts.

Some banks give this deposit the character of a security deposit, i.e. provides for the right of the depositor to receive a loan in the amount of the deposit without additional security, tk. the deposit acts in this case as a guarantee of repayment of the loan. Thus, due to the deposit, for the term of the deposit for the service period, commercial banks receive a stable long-term cheap credit resource, which allows them to generate high profits. However, from the point of view of the client, this deposit is of a “compulsory” nature, because withdrawal of funds from circulation for an indefinite period long term does not bring him income. In the conditions of competition for the clientele, such a deposit becomes permissible only for those banks that are able to offer the client convenient and preferential terms settlement - cash service or a set of other services that directly or indirectly compensate for the above losses. Otherwise, the bank may lose not only future, but existing customers.

Of particular interest are contracts that provide for lending to a client based on the accumulation of funds in a deposit account. According to the agreement, the bank assumes the obligation to provide the client, subject to the accumulation and storage of the latter within a certain period of time, a certain amount of money. The formation of funds on a deposit account can take place either at the client's option and at a convenient time for him, or on the basis of a savings plan, i.e. regular, agreed with the bank in the amount and frequency of contributions. The smaller the gap between the funds in the deposit account and the amount of the loan received, the less percentage on loan, because the risk of the bank in the timely repayment of the loan is reduced and savings in credit resources are achieved. The amount of the accumulated deposit and interest on it can be used to repay the loan and pay interest on the loan.

An important direction in the activities of commercial banks is the work to attract funds from the population, and they manage to successfully compete with the largest monopolist in this area - the Savings Bank.

Many commercial banks in their work with the population use not only traditional types of deposits and services from the practice of Sberbank, offering customers more profitable terms but also found new forms of organizing savings and attracting funds from citizens.

For example, listing wages employees of enterprises, founders or other clients to bank accounts made it possible to organize a new type of banking activity - self-crediting of clients. Those. at the expense of the amounts kept on the current accounts of workers and employees, enterprises are able to satisfy their need for borrowed funds at a reduced interest rate on loans. Private depositors are also benefiting as banks try to pay out more high interest on current accounts than Sberbank, to index deposits in accordance with inflation rates, provide an opportunity to use an overdraft loan.

Moscow commercial "Toribank" in 1992 was one of the first to start a campaign to attract deposits from individuals. The minimum deposit amount was set at 10,000 rubles, minimum term one year storage. The level of deposit interest was set depending on the size of the deposit and the period of storage, monthly indexation of deposits was envisaged, based on the average coefficient of change in retail prices of Moscow stores. Soon this bank began lending to its depositors. In the future, Toribank began to open special accounts for its clients to create personal pension funds. The fund is formed within 2 years by making fixed amounts. After this period, the owner of the fund receives monthly interest in the form of a kind of pension. At the same time, the bank indexes the size of the interest rate taking into account inflation. A skillfully conducted campaign to attract deposits from individuals brought Toribank to second place after Sberbank

Russia by the amount of account balances.

The experience of joint activity of the Moscow joint-stock commercial Eleksbank and the Moscow postal post bank is interesting. According to the agreement, Eleksbank customer service points were opened in the branches of the Moscow Regional Post Office, which allows the latter to use in its activities unclaimed funds received by the post offices in the form of pensions and transfers.

The profit received from the use of these funds is divided equally between the bank and Mospochtambank. In order to attract funds and new clients, Eleksbank offered the owners of these accounts; attractive service conditions: payment of interest on account balances, provision of an overdraft loan (by paying a pension three months in advance, transferring utility bills from the account, etc. As a result of this cooperation, Eleksbank began servicing 75% of the Moscow Pension Fund.

An important means of competition between banks for attracting resources is a variety of percentage plastic, because the receipt of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for clients to make deposits. The level of deposit interest rates is set by each bank independently, focusing on the discount rate of the Central Bank, the state of the money market and based on its own deposit policy. For certain types of deposit accounts, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the operation of the account, the volume and nature of related services, and finally, it depends on the client's compliance with the conditions of the deposit.

The determining factor in setting the interest rate on term deposits is the term for which funds are placed: the longer the term, the higher the interest rate. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income, the less often payments, the higher the level of interest rate. There are also various ways of calculating interest payments.

The traditional type of calculation of income is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation and with the established frequency, based on the interest stipulated by the agreement, the deposit is calculated and paid.

Another type of income calculation is compound interest(calculated interest on interest)). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period the interest rate is applied to the new base increased by the amount of previously accrued income.

A progressively increasing interest rate is also applied, depending on the time the funds are actually on the deposit.

This procedure for accruing income stimulates an increase in the period of storage of funds and protects the deposit from inflation.

Some banks, in order to compensate for inflationary losses, offer a deposit of interest in advance. In this case, the depositor, when placing funds for a period, immediately receives the income due to him.

In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. An insurance fund is being created under the auspices of the Central Bank of Russia to ensure the guarantee of reliability and protect the interests of depositors in the event of bank failure. The rate of accrual to this fund is set at 1% of the income of a commercial bank. Participation in the formation insurance fund gives the bank, in the event of its insolvency, the right to compensate for the deposits of its customers. A variety of time deposits are deposit and savings certificates.

2.2. Deposit and savings certificates.

A certificate is a written obligation of the issuing bank to deposit money, certifying the right of the depositor or his right of the receiver to receive the amount of the deposit and interest on it after the expiration of the established period. Certificates can be issued both in a single order and in series.

Certificates can be registered and bearer.

The certificate cannot serve as a settlement or means of payment for goods sold or services rendered.

Cash settlements for the purchase and sale of certificates of deposit and the payment of amounts on them are carried out only in a non-cash manner.

Deposits and savings certificates are securities.

A savings certificate can only be issued to a citizen Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as the official currency. A certificate of deposit can only be issued to an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or in the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official currency.

The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of the state that does not use the ruble as the official currency. The right to claim a certificate of deposit can only be transferred to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official currency. The right to claim a savings money certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.

Certificates must be current. The term of circulation for certificates of deposit (from the date of issue to the date when the owner of the certificate receives the right to demand a deposit or deposit under the certificate) is limited to one year.

The term of circulation of savings certificates is limited to three years.

If the deadline for receiving a deposit or a deposit under a certificate is overdue, then such a certificate is considered a demand document, according to which the bank is obliged to pay the deposit at the first request of the owner (beneficiary).

The Bank may provide for the possibility of early presentation for payment of an urgent certificate. In this case, the bank pays the owner of such a certificate the amount of the certificate and interest on reduced rate set by the bank when issuing the certificate.

Interest on certificates is set upon issuance and is indicated on the forms in percentage and monetary form. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the expiration of the certificate do not depend on the time of purchase.

The form of the nominal certificate of deposit must have a place for transfer signatures.

The form of the certificate must also contain all the conditions for issuing, paying for and circulation of the certificate (the conditions and procedure for the assignment of rights, the requirement for a certificate. If an operation was performed with the certificate that was not provided for by the conditions contained on its form, such an operation is considered invalid.

The production of forms of deposit and savings certificates, both nominal and bearer, is carried out only by printing companies that have a license to issue securities.

The Bank independently develops the conditions for issuing and circulation of the certificate.

Conditions for issuing and circulation of certificates, description appearance and a sample certificate are approved by the board of the issuing bank and sent in 3 copies for examination to the Main Territorial Department of the Central Bank of the Republic of Belarus at the location of the correspondent account, which gives an opinion on the observance by the issuing bank of the existing rules for issuing a certificate and, in the absence of violations, one copy of the conditions is sent to Securities Department of the CBR. The conditions for issuing a certificate must comply with the instructions of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation "On the content of the prospectus for the issue of securities." Certificates, being securities, are not subject to registration and do not require a special decision on their issue by the CRB. At the same time, the territorial administration may prohibit the issuance of certificates, as well as invalidate those issued for the following reasons:

The terms of issue are contrary to the current legislation or the rules of the CBR;

The issuing bank did not timely submit the terms of the issue to the Main Territorial Department of the CBR;

The Bank violates the current legislation and the CBR rules on the process of issuing and circulation of the certificate.

Upon the expiration of the claim period, the owner of the certificate must submit it to the bank along with an application containing an indication of the method of redeeming the certificate.

In order to account for the sold certificates, commercial banks keep special registration journals or provide for the issuance of a certificate with special sending stubs containing the same registration details.

Certificates are issued for terms from 1 month to 3 years, and for the amount of certificates of deposit - from 5 thousand to 10 million rubles, savings certificates from 1 thousand and more than 1 million rubles. Interest rates depend on the size and term of the deposit, some banks carry out indexation and monthly payment of income. Certificates of deposit can be purchased at any time during their validity period - interest is accrued from the date of purchase.

Some commercial banks (Energobank, Credit-Petersburg, Astrobank, PSB) issue certificates of deposit that are transferable (or non-transferable) to other owners by endorsement in denominations from 500 thousand rubles to 10 million rubles. up to a year, designed for large investors. PDS are usually sold government agencies, pension funds, corporations. Such PDS generate income in excess of the interest rate on short-term treasury bills of a shorter term (three-month and other) and can be traded on the secondary securities market. In order not to lose the most stable source of credit resources, commercial banks are forced to carry out indexation on savings certificates under inflation conditions by raising the interest rate, which is an incentive for the population to purchase.

Certificates have significant advantages over fixed-term deposits issued by simple deposit agreements: due to the greater number of possible financial intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates, the circle of potential investors is expanding; thanks to the secondary market, the certificate can be sold ahead of time by the owner to another person with some income for the time of storage and without changing the volume of the bank's resources, while early withdrawal by the owner term deposit, means for him the loss of income, and for the bank the loss of part of the resources.

The disadvantages of certificates are: the increased costs of the bank associated with the issue of certificates, as well as the fact that income from them is subject to taxation, unlike demand accounts and time deposits. The latter feature is taken into account by banks, so the interest on certificates is usually higher than the interest on term deposits with similar terms and amounts.

Since 1992, the CBR has introduced a restriction in the form of a ban on the use of certificates of deposit as a means of payment. At the same time, constant delays in settlements, especially between enterprises in different cities, and a lack of means of payment are conditioned by the need to search for new financial instruments. One of them is a bill.

Performing the same function, a bill can be issued for any amount and at any interest rate; there is a practice of issuing them with a currency denomination, which is prohibited for certificates. In addition, bills of exchange can serve as a settlement or means of payment for the work performed, services and the conditions for their issuance do not need to be registered. Bills of exchange are issued to the client in the form of a bill book. The book is sold for any period and any denomination, with a discount. The client who bought it can pay with promissory notes for goods and services, and the new owner of the promissory note also has the right to transfer it to a third party (by affixing an appropriate endorsement). In addition, the possibility of early accounting of bills in the issued bank is provided. Analysis of the terms of issue in circulation of this financial instrument allows us to conclude that a bank bill has a clearly defined deposit nature and in this aspect resembles certificates of deposit. Being accepted in advance, bills of exchange are issued not to the bank, but to their counterparty. However, the classical basis of bill circulation is of a credit nature, in contrast to the deposit nature of checks and certificates.

CONCLUSION.

Deposits are an important source of resources for commercial banks. Deposit accounts can be very diverse and basically their classification can be based on criteria such as sources of deposits, their intended purpose, degree of profitability, etc.

Their structure in the bank is mobile and depends on the conjuncture of the money market. This source of formation of banking resources has some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and monetary costs of the bank when attracting funds to deposits, the limited availability of funds within a particular region. In addition, the mobilization of funds into deposits (deposits) depends to a large extent on customers (depositors), and not on the bank itself. Nevertheless, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits. For these purposes, it is important for commercial banks to develop a deposit policy strategy, based on the goals and objectives of a commercial bank, enshrined in its Charter and from the need to maintain bank liquidity. Taking into account the chosen main directions of the deposit policy, it is advisable for the bank to develop a regulation on deposit operations indicating the main types of deposits that need to be attracted by their conditions (interest rate level, categories of depositors, term of deposits), the procedure for attracting deposits, official uniform loan agreement. It is advisable for the bank to develop or purchase a program to improve deposit operations (“Deposit day”).

LITERATURE:

1. Antonov A.G., Pessel M.A. Money circulation. Credit and banks. - M. BEK, 1995 -381 p.

2. Banking operations: textbook (Edited by O. Lavrushkin. -M .: INFRA -M, 1995 -505 p.)

3. Banking: textbook (Under the reaction of O. Lavrushkin - M .: Finance and statistics, 1998 -572 p.)

4. Banks and banking (Edited by E.F. Zhukov - M.: UNITI, 1997 -471 p.)

5. Banking: textbook (Edited by V.I. Kolesnikov, L.P. Krovelitskaya. 2nd ed. revised and added. - M .: St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance, 1993-175 p.

6. Balabanov I.T. Citizens' Finances: How Russians Create and Maintain Wealth. -M.: Finance and statistics, 1995 -224 p.

7. Berezina M.P. Payment system of Russia and its reorganization // Finance -1998 -№3- p. 22-27.

7. Goncharov A. Russian issuers enter the civilized market //Business world. -1996 -№4 - p4.

9. Introduction to banking. Textbook (Under the editorship of Yu.B. Gubin - M .: BEK, 1997, 627 p.).

10. Efremov I.A. Operations of commercial banks with securities. - M .: IST - SERVICE, 1995 - 441 p.

11. Ershov M. Monetary and credit sphere and economic crisis(Securities market. - 1999 - No. 22 - from 20-23

12. Karatuev A. G. Securities and their types and varieties. - M .: Russian business literature, 1998 - 256 p.

13. Kruglov M.O. On some trends in commercial credit (Money and Credit - 1997 - No. 3 - p58-64).

14. Kantselembaum E.S. To the question of the nature of the bank deposit (Money and Credit -1991 - No. 4 - p75-76.

15. Markova O.M., Sakharov L.S., Sidorov V.I. Commercial banks and their operations. Textbook - M .: Banks and stock exchanges, 1995 -228s.

16. The main directions in the unified state monetary policy in 1998 (Money credit -1997 - No. 12 - p. 105)

18. Prokurin A.M. On the structure of bank capital and the assessment of its effectiveness (Money credit -1996 - No. 10 -s52)

19. Rude E. Banks, exchanges, currencies of modern capitalism - M.: Nauka, 1986 - 250p.

20. Saveliev M.V. How to productively use the savings of Russians. (Russian economy. -1995 - No. 10 - p. 28-30).

GRADUATE WORK

Deposit policy of a commercial bank

(on the example of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky ")

Made by a student of group 23FB-61

distance learning

Kordesova Elena Yurievna

Scientific adviser: Ph.D.,

docent I.G. Zaitseva

_____________________(signature)

Reviewer:

Head of the Vyborg business center

OJSC Bank Petrovsky I.G. Barkovskaya

_____________________(signature)

St. Petersburg 2009

Introduction

Chapter 1 Theoretical basis formation of the deposit policy of commercial banks

1.2 Classification of deposit operations of commercial banks

1.3 Analysis of the Russian market of deposit services

Chapter 2 Deposit policy of a commercial bank (on the example of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky ")

2.1 Place of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "in the market of banking services

2.2 Types of deposits of Bank Petrovsky OJSC

2.3 Analysis of the deposit portfolio of OJSC Bank Petrovsky

2.4 Organization of the formation and implementation of the deposit policy

Chapter 3 Improving the deposit policy

3.1 Tools for improving the deposit policy of Bank Petrovsky OJSC

3.2 The deposit insurance system in the Russian Federation and its improvement

Conclusion

Bibliography

Attachment 1

Annex 2

Appendix 3

INTRODUCTION

The specificity of a banking institution as one of the types of commercial enterprise is that the vast majority of its resources are formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The possibilities of banks in raising funds are not unlimited and are regulated by the central bank in any state.

The main part of the banks' resources is formed by borrowed funds, which cover up to 90% of the total need for funds for active banking operations. A commercial bank has the ability to attract funds from enterprises, organizations, institutions, individuals and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and open appropriate accounts for them.

Funds attracted by banks are diverse in composition. Their main types are funds raised by banks in the process of working with clients (deposits), funds accumulated by issuing their own debt obligations (deposit and savings certificates).

The stated topic of the thesis is closely related to the most acute, in my opinion, currently the problem of the Russian banking system - the problem of banking liquidity.

Relevance chosen research topic is that the unstable situation in the financial markets in the current crisis, rising inflation, competition, and other factors - all this has a huge impact on a commercial bank. Therefore, a clear and thoughtful deposit policy allows a commercial bank to maintain its position and develop.

aim graduation research is the development of proposals for improving the deposit policy of a commercial bank in the system of strengthening its economic stability.

Based on this target setting, there were the following tasks :

Consider the theoretical foundations of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.

Analyze the deposit portfolio of Bank Petrovsky OJSC.

Consider the state and dynamics of attracting deposits;

To analyze the deposit policy of a commercial bank on the example of Bank Petrovsky OJSC.

Object of study of this thesis is JSC "Bank" Petrovsky ".

Subject thesis are attracted funds of individuals and legal entities and their placement through deposit operations and deposit policy in OJSC "Bank" Petrovsky "

practical significance This thesis is that it can be used as additional material for a more detailed study of this topic.

Methodological basis works are: the method of synthesis, analysis, the method of generalization, the dialectical method.

theoretical basis the research compiled legislative acts of the Bank of Russia, including Federal Law No. 177 of December 23, 2003 “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks on the territory of the Russian Federation”, educational literature, statistical collections, periodicals, reference and information systems.

Information base the thesis was the data of quarterly reports and the internal regulations of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "g. St. Petersburg.

This graduate work has the following structure: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography, appendices.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for the formation of the deposit policy of commercial banks

In modern conditions, for effective functioning, development and achievement of its goals, each commercial bank must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of financial resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of activity of a commercial bank.

A fund of funds formed on a paid basis is used to invest in active instruments. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most of the banking operations aimed at generating income. In this regard, the attracted funds should be considered as an independent object of policy.

Thus, the management of attracted funds is an important component of the bank's business policy. However, issues related to the study of the theoretical foundations of this field of activity have not been sufficiently developed in the scientific literature. This is especially true of the concept of the deposit policy of a commercial bank as an integral element of the liability management strategy.

The definition of the essence of the bank's deposit policy cannot be approached unambiguously, since it varies depending on its subject. The deposit policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer funds on a repayable basis.

The bank's deposit policy should include:

Development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities to raise funds in deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, an analysis of the financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;

Formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new bank deposit products for customers (in the field of commodity, pricing, marketing and communication policy);

Implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;

Monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;

Monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.

The main document regulating in commercial banks the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the deposit policy of the bank. This is a document that is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development. In addition, such documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy.

The document "Deposit Policy of the Bank" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides:

Prospects for the growth of the bank's own funds (capital), and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds;

The structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, including loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);

Preferred types of deposits and deposits, terms of their attraction; the ratio between time deposits (deposits) and for the period "on demand";

The main contingent of deposits and deposits, i.e., the category of depositors;

Geography of attraction and borrowing of funds;

Desirable creditor banks for interbank loans, terms for attracting the latter; conditions for attracting deposits (deposits) and interbank loans;

Ways to attract deposits (on the basis of bank account, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit) agreements, by issuing own certificates, bills of exchange);

The ratio between ruble and foreign currency deposits (deposits);

New forms of attracting funds in deposits;

Special conditions for opening certain types of deposits (deposits);

Measures to comply with the bank's risk standards for borrowed funds.

The deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:

- economic expediency;

– competitiveness;

– internal consistency.

The classification of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy is summarized in (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 Composition of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy

The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is based on both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected in (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Principles of formation of the deposit policy

A number of structural subdivisions of the bank (treasury, financial management, business development department, credit management, securities department), as well as the bank's management bodies: the board of the bank and the asset and liability management committee.

Rice. 3. Enlarged typical bank structure

Thus, the board of the bank determines and approves the main directions of the deposit policy, approves the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, and exercises general control over the implementation of the deposit policy.

The Assets and Liabilities Management Committee makes fundamental decisions on the formation of a deposit portfolio, analyzes the structure and dynamics of resources, their contingency in terms and amounts with the bank's assets in order to develop, if necessary, decisions to adjust the bank's deposit policy; exercises current control over the implementation of the deposit policy by individual structural divisions of the bank.

The financial management of the bank, together with the treasury, determines the total need of the bank for deposit funds (for the year, including broken down by quarters): sets the interest rates for each type of resource (deposits (deposits), bills, interbank loans); determines the amount of reservation of attracted funds in the Bank of Russia; controls the bank's compliance with the risk ratios for borrowed funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc.

Special departments of the bank are directly involved in attracting deposits in various forms: the department of deposits of citizens, the department of securities (issuing own bills, deposit and savings certificates), credit department or department of assets and liabilities (deposits of legal entities) and other departments in accordance with the internal organizational structure of each bank.

To carry out practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit (deposit) operations ( separately for deposits of individuals and deposits of legal entities), which stipulate:

Rules and conditions for accepting deposits (deposits);

Legal status of subjects of contractual relations;

The procedure for concluding a bank deposit agreement;

Methods of accepting and issuing a deposit (deposit);

The list of documentation required for opening and using a deposit (deposit), and the requirements for them;

The rights of depositors and the obligation of the bank;

Methods of accrual and payment of interest on deposits (deposits).

Intra-bank instructions on the procedure for making specific deposit (deposit) operations, which are developed by the bank in development of the Regulations on deposits (deposits), contain the organization of the work of a branch (subdivision) of the bank with various categories of depositors; the procedure for issuing documents corresponding to the commission of these operations, the scheme of their document flow; reflection in the accounting of operations for the acceptance and issuance of deposits, accrual and payment of interest on them.

The volume of funds attracted by the bank in deposits (deposits) depends on the state of supply and demand for monetary resources, the deficit or excess of funds from the bank, the state of the deposit market.

In order to attract funds from business entities and citizens into their circulation, banks develop and implement a whole range of activities. So, first of all, an important means of competition between banks for attracting resources is the interest rate policy, because the amount of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for clients to place their temporarily free funds in deposits (deposits).

The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is set by each commercial bank independently with a focus on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia and the state of the money market, as well as based on the provisions of its own deposit policy. First of all, the level of interest rate on deposit (deposit) operations of banks depends on the type of deposits (deposits). As a rule, on demand deposits, characterized by the instability of the balance, high mobility and mobility, minimum interest rates are set.

In order to encourage clients to maintain stable, not declining balances on demand accounts, which generally has a significant impact on the profitability of credit operations, banks set higher interest rates on them or on the amount of the balance not lower than the minimum calculated by the bank and agreed with the client (which is stipulated in the bank account).

When setting the interest rate on time deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the funds are placed: the longer the period, the higher the interest rate. An equally important factor is the amount of the deposit, and, therefore, the larger the amount of the deposit and the longer the period of its storage, the higher the interest rate on it, as a rule. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is inversely related to the frequency of payment of income, i.e. the less often they are made, the higher the level of the interest rate on the deposit (deposit) set by the bank. It should be noted that paying interest to banks at rates significantly higher than the economically justified level is not illegal. In this case material gain, derived from the difference between the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the credit institution's rate on specific deposits, should be subject to income tax.

Payment of interest on a deposit (deposit) can be made:

· once a month;

once a quarter;

after the expiration of the contract.

In order to stimulate the attraction of customer funds to time accounts in the bank, the conditions of deposits (deposits) may provide for the capitalization of interest. It is possible if the bank uses the compound interest technique when calculating income.

The traditional type of calculation of income is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation, and, based on the interest rate stipulated by the agreement, the calculation and payment of income on the deposit take place with the established frequency. Another type of income calculation is compound interest (interest on interest). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period, the interest rate is applied to the new deposit amount, which has increased by the amount of previously accrued income.

To raise funds for deposits, commercial banks have begun to widely use foreign experience, in particular, they carry out:

· Development of various programs to attract funds from the population;

· provision of various types of services to depositor clients, including those of a non-banking nature (for example, elements of medical care; subscription to periodicals of economic literature; subscriptions for excursion services in museums, etc.);

Use of a high interest rate on deposits of an investment nature;

program "Bonus percentage".

In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. In order to protect investors, depositors and provide them with guarantees of compensation of funds in the event of their bankruptcy, banks should create special deposit insurance funds both centrally and decentralized.

Along with deposit insurance importance depositors have access to information about the activities of commercial banks and the guarantees they can give. When deciding on the placement of available funds available to him, each creditor should be sufficiently informed about financial condition bank to assess the risk of future investments. In this regard, invaluable assistance to depositors and investors can be provided by rating assessments of the activities of banks by special agencies and bureaus.

At the same time, it should be noted that banks must also provide comprehensive information about themselves (on the amount of authorized capital, equity, founders, development prospects, performance results, etc.) to their creditors and depositors. This is especially true for individuals who choose banks to deposit their funds. Therefore, in the premises of a bank (branch, branch, additional office) accepting deposits from citizens, for the information of depositors, the following must be presented:

· a license from the Bank of Russia, which gives a particular bank the right to accept deposits from individuals either in rubles or in rubles and in foreign currency;

· audit report according to the bank's annual report;

· the bank's balance sheet as of the last reporting date and profit and loss statement according to the forms for publication in print;

· position of the bank on the deposits of individuals;

List of types of deposits accepted by the bank from individuals. persons;

conditions for each type of deposits;

· information about the conditions for providing and guaranteeing deposits by the bank;

Forms of documents required for registration of deposits and transactions with them;

· information of the board of the bank (or other management bodies of the bank) on changes in the interest rate for certain types of deposits (indicating the reasons and terms for making changes to the conditions of deposits).

Work credit institutions to attract creditors' funds into their circulation is associated with certain risks, which they must take into account in their activities and be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and stability.

The Bank of Russia establishes for banks and monitors their compliance with certain restrictions on the amount of funds raised. In accordance with the latest instructions of the Bank of Russia, a procedure is established for determining the balances on demand accounts and term accounts of individuals and legal entities (with the exception of credit institutions) for their inclusion in the calculation (exclusion from the calculation) of the instant (H2), current (H3) and long-term liquidity (H4) of the bank.

The approach proposed by the Ordinance implements the method used in international practice for assessing bank liquidity risks, taking into account the so-called "behavioral" adjustments, that is, indicators characterizing the state of assets and liabilities based on accumulated statistical data.

The Ordinance establishes that banks independently determine the appropriateness of using the values of the minimum aggregate balances for calculating liquidity ratios.

It should be noted that not the entire amount of funds attracted by the bank from its customers can act as resources for its active operations. Part of the funds raised in the amount established by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia is subject to mandatory deposit on a separate account with the Bank of Russia. The Bank of Russia forms a mandatory reserve fund credit and banking system of the state. It can be used to provide credit assistance to commercial banks by the Bank of Russia in various ways, for settlements with depositors and creditors in the event of bankruptcy of a credit institution.

By changing the norms of required reserves, the Bank of Russia influences the credit policy of commercial banks, and, accordingly, the state of the money supply in circulation. For example, a reduction in the mandatory reserve requirements for funds attracted by banks allows them to use the generated resources in their turnover to a greater extent, i.e. increase investment in National economy, and vice versa. Required reserves (reserve requirements) are a mechanism for regulating the overall liquidity of the banking system, used to control monetary aggregates by reducing the money multiplier.

The obligation to fulfill reserve requirements arises for a commercial bank from the moment it receives a license from the Bank of Russia for the right to perform the relevant banking operations.

Required reserve ratios are set by the Bank of Russia for a certain period of time and may be reviewed periodically, but they cannot exceed 20% of a credit institution's liabilities. It should be noted that the norms of required reserves can be differentiated depending on the timing of raising funds, their types (cash of legal entities or individuals), the currency of the deposit. Usually, the highest reserve ratio is set for demand accounts, since the client can withdraw his funds from them at any time.

The stages of the formation of a savings policy are shown in Figure 4.

Monitoring is a necessary tool for assessing and managing the quality of banking activities in the savings market. It is thanks to monitoring that the commercial bank itself and supervisory authorities can evaluate the results of the deposit policy pursued by the bank, which is extremely important when developing monetary policy. credit policy and other instruments of market regulation, as well as to prevent crisis situations in the banking system associated with the loss of customer confidence in financial and commercial institutions.

Next, we consider the stages of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is very important to study the formation and implementation of the deposit policy mechanism of a commercial bank, since the successful fulfillment of the goals and objectives that are set for the bank in the process of developing and implementing a deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of its functioning.

Figure 4 Stages of formation of a savings policy

Based on the analysis of the current practice of behavior of banks in deposit operations, a scheme for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is proposed, which is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Scheme of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank

Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is closely related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. In this regard, the following areas of the deposit policy of a commercial bank can be distinguished:

Analysis of the deposit market;

Determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk;

Minimization of costs in the process of raising funds;

Optimization of deposit and loan portfolio management;

Maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increasing its stability.

An analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank, as a complex and time-consuming process, is associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.

Subjective issues include:

1) scale of activity and weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;

2) the lack of interest of the bank's management in attracting funds from customers, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the bank;

3) insufficient level and quality of top and middle management;

4) the lack of a science-based concept for conducting a deposit policy in most Russian banks;

5) shortcomings in the organization of the deposit process: the absence of an appropriate unit in the bank, or low level marketing research of the deposit market, a limited range of offered deposit services, etc.

Among the objective factors are the following:

1) direct and indirect impact of the state and state bodies;

2) the impact of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;

3) interbank competition;

4) the state of the money and financial market in Russia;

The role of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a regulatory body over the past few years has been especially pronounced in matters of setting the refinancing rate and reserve requirements for commercial banks. Changes in the refinancing rate do not allow commercial banks to accurately predict and plan their activities in the field of asset and liability management for the long term and make operations with long-term liabilities rather risky.

A negative impact on the structure of the resource base of a commercial bank has a growing dependence on large interbank loans, since an interbank loan does not contribute to the diversification of risks in deposit operations.

To solve existing problems, when developing a deposit policy, a commercial bank must be guided by certain criteria for its optimization. Optimization of the bank's deposit policy is a complex multifactorial task, the solution of which should be based on the consideration of the country's economy as a whole. Obviously, these interests do not always coincide. Therefore, the optimal deposit policy involves first coordinating their interests.

So, the optimization criteria are as follows:

a) the relationship of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank to maintain its stability, reliability and financial stability;

b) diversification of the bank's resources in order to minimize the risk;

c) segmentation of the deposit portfolio (according to clients, products, risks);

d) differentiated approach to different groups of clients;

e) competitiveness of banking products and services;

f) the need for an effective combination of resources, ensuring the optimal combination of stable and "volatile" resources while increasing the share of stable resources in the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank in conditions of increased risks (including deposit operations);

g) taking into account the concept life cycle in the process of forming the range of deposits and the deposit portfolio as a whole.

In order to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the following is necessary:

Each commercial bank must have its own deposit policy, developed taking into account the specifics of its activities and the criteria for optimizing this process;

It is necessary to expand the range of deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals with a term “on demand”, which will allow, even in conditions of insignificant financial savings, the field to satisfy the needs of bank customers and increase the interest of investors in placing their funds on bank accounts;

As one of the ways to improve the organization of deposit operations, it is possible to use different types of accounts for all categories of depositors and improve the quality of their service;

Individual approach (the desire of the bank to provide the client with special benefits).

These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability.

The relationship between the savings and deposit policies of a commercial bank is as follows: on the one hand, the main directions of the deposit policy are elements of the formation of the savings activities of the bank (for example, the range of deposits, interest rate policy, promotion of the product on the market, organization of the work of the relevant divisions of the commercial bank). On the other hand, it is impossible to call the deposit policy an integral element of the bank's savings policy. The bank's deposit policy is a broader concept, which includes, in addition to the strategy and tactics of attracting resources on a repayable basis, the organization and management of the deposit process.

In general, each commercial bank develops its own deposit policy. Also, the bank's management independently determines the degree of importance of these areas, the priority of one or another type of bank policy. First of all, it will depend on the area of operation of a particular bank, its specialization and universalization.

1.2 Classification of commercial bank deposits

The passive operations of a commercial bank characterize the sources of funds and the nature of the bank's relationships. It is they who largely predetermine the conditions, forms and directions for the use of banking resources, i.e. composition and structure of active operations.

Deposit (deposit) operations of a commercial bank are operations to attract funds from legal entities and individuals in deposits for a certain period or on demand, incl. balances of funds on settlement accounts of clients for their use as credit resources and in investment activities. Contribution ( deposit ) - these are funds (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency) transferred to the bank by their owner for storage under certain conditions.

Deposit operations are a broad concept, since they include all the bank's activities related to raising funds in deposits. A feature of this group of passive operations is that the bank has relatively weak control over the volume of such operations, since the initiative to place funds in deposits comes from depositors. At the same time, as practice shows, the depositor is interested not only in the interest paid by the bank, but also in the reliability of saving the funds entrusted to the bank.

The organization of deposit operations should be carried out subject to a number of principles:

– receipt by the bank of current profit and creation of conditions for its receipt in the future;

– flexible policy in the management of deposit operations to maintain the operational liquidity of the bank;

- consistency between deposit policy and return on assets;

– development of banking services in order to attract customers.

Consider in detail deposit accounts and their characteristics.

Deposit accounts can be very diverse and their classification is based on such criteria as the sources of deposits (free cash funds of organizations, savings of individuals, pensions), their intended purpose (receiving income on time deposits after their expiration, monthly income as a percentage of the deposit amount), the degree of profitability (depends on the amount, term and additional conditions of the deposit), etc.

However, most often the criterion is the category of the depositor and the form of withdrawal of the deposit. Deposit operations are classified:

– deposits of legal entities (enterprises, organizations);

- deposits of individuals.

- deposits of other banks.

2) By economic content:

- according to the order of use of stored funds. Those. receipt of income in the form of interest on funds attracted to the deposit monthly, quarterly, at the end of the contract.

3) According to the form of withdrawal of funds:

– term deposits;

– demand deposits;

- savings deposits of the population

- conditional deposits subject to withdrawal upon the occurrence of predetermined conditions.

The classification of deposits according to the form of withdrawal can be presented schematically in Figure 6 in more detail.

In the practice of Western banks, deposits, if possible, are divided into the following categories:

- “hot money” that is highly likely to be withdrawn (for example, deposits that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, which are caused by economic instability, inflation, sharp fluctuations exchange rates). Hot money is money whose owners urgently move it from one bank to another in order to get a higher profit. As a result, there is a migration of capital.

- unreliable, which can be withdrawn within 25-30% of their size. Unreliable deposits include early repayment;

- stable funds (main deposits), the probability of withdrawal of which is minimal. These include term deposits without early repayment.

However, back to Russian banks and consider in more detail the classification of deposits presented in Figure No. 6.

Figure 6 Classification of deposits (according to O.I. Lavrushin)

Let's start with demand deposits, as they occupy the largest share in the structure of attracted funds of banks - about - 50%.

So, demand deposits are funds that can be claimed at any time without prior notice to the bank by the client. These include funds on current, settlement and correspondent accounts related to settlements or intended use of funds. On such accounts there is a constant movement of funds (credits and write-offs). Due to the high mobility of funds, the balance on demand accounts is not constant, sometimes extremely volatile. However, despite the high mobility of funds on demand accounts, it is possible to determine their minimum, non-decreasing balance and use it as a stable credit resource.

The calculation of the share of funds held on demand accounts that can be transferred to term deposit accounts (in order to increase the income for clients from funds placed in the bank and form a stable lending resource for banks) is made according to the formula:

D \u003d Av.: K vol. x 100%,

where D is the share of funds held during the year in various current accounts that can be transferred to deposit accounts.
Osr - the average balance of funds on the settlement or current account for the year.
K about. - credit turnover on the settlement or current account for the year.
To expand active operations and make a profit for the bank the best way from the point of view of liability management is the growth and diversification of the main types of deposits, which include demand deposits and time deposits. With the help of demand deposits, the problem of making a profit by the bank is solved, since they are the cheapest resource, and the costs of servicing settlement and current accounts of customers are minimal.

Demand deposits are inherently unstable, which limits their use by commercial banks. For this reason, deposit account holders are paid low interest (on demand deposits for individuals, currently 0.01%) or not paid at all (for example, on settlement and current accounts of legal entities, as well as on correspondent account commercial banks). In the face of increased competition in attracting deposits, commercial banks seek to attract customers and stimulate the growth of demand deposits by providing additional services to account holders, as well as improving the quality of their service.

Interest on demand deposits is credited to the depositor, as a rule, once a year at the beginning of a new calendar year.

Demand deposits are the most liquid. Their owners can at any time use the money on demand accounts. Money is deposited or credited to this account, as well as withdrawn or written off both in parts and completely without restrictions, and it is also allowed to withdraw cash from this account. The advantage of demand deposit accounts for their owners is their high liquidity, and for banks, the establishment of a low interest rate or none at all. The main disadvantages of demand deposits for their owners is the establishment of a low interest rate on the account, and for the bank - the need to have a higher operating reserve. Thus, the features of a demand deposit account can be characterized as follows:

– deposit and withdrawal of money is carried out at any time and in any amount without any restrictions;

– the account holder pays the bank a fee for using the account in the form of a fixed monthly rate (for legal entities);

- the bank pays low interest rates (for individuals) or does not pay at all (for legal entities) for keeping funds on demand accounts, which increases the bank's profit.

Term deposits are generally classified according to their term: deposits with a term of up to 3 months; from 3 to 6 months; 6 to 9 months; from 9 to 12 months; over 12 months.

The advantage of time deposit accounts for the client is the establishment of a higher interest rate compared to a demand deposit, and for the bank - the ability to maintain liquidity with a smaller operating reserve. The disadvantage of term deposit accounts for clients is low liquidity. For the bank, the disadvantage is the need to pay increased interest on deposits and thus reduce profits.

There are two types of term deposits:

– term deposit with a fixed term;

– term deposit with prior notice of withdrawal.

Actually term deposits imply the transfer of funds at the full disposal of the bank for the term and conditions under the agreement, and after this period the term deposit can be withdrawn by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on a term deposit depends on the term, amount of the deposit and the fulfillment by the depositor of the terms of the agreement. The longer the terms and (or) the larger the amount of the deposit, the larger the amount of remuneration, as a rule. Such a detailed gradation encourages depositors to rationally organize their own funds and place them in deposits, and also creates conditions for banks to manage their liquidity. For example, in JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "frequency of payment of income varies from 1 month to the moment of payment of the amount of the entire deposit as a whole.

Deposits with prior notice of withdrawal of funds means that the client must notify the bank in advance of the withdrawal of the deposit within the period specified by the agreement. Depending on the notice period, the interest rate on deposits is also determined.

If the depositor wishes to change the amount of the deposit - to reduce or increase, then he can terminate the current agreement, withdraw and re-register his deposit on new terms. However, in case of early withdrawal by the depositor of funds on the deposit, he may lose the interest provided for by the agreement in part or in full. As a rule, in these cases, the interest is reduced to the amount of interest paid on demand deposits. The current demand rate is 0.15%. Many commercial banks apply prolongation of deposits up to several times (1-3 or more). When prolonging the current deposit in case of a change in the interest rate, the newly established interest rate is applied.

By attracting time deposits, the problem of ensuring the liquidity of the bank's balance sheet is solved.

The most important instruments of the deposit policy of commercial banks are deposit and savings certificates. In the Russian Federation, the circulation of certificates takes place on a legislative basis.

A certificate is a written obligation of the issuing bank to deposit funds, certifying the right of the depositor or his right of the receiver to receive the amount of the deposit and interest on it after the expiration of the established period. Deposit and savings certificates are a type of income security, therefore they cannot serve as a settlement or payment instrument for goods sold or services rendered. There are also restrictions on transferring them from one owner to another. The form of the nominal certificate must have a place for transfer inscriptions.
The certificates issued by the bank must be printed and meet the requirements for such securities.

Commercial banks have the right to start issuing certificates only after the approval of the conditions for their issuance and circulation by the main territorial departments of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The conditions must contain the full procedure for issuing and circulation of certificates, a description of the appearance and a sample certificate. The certificate must contain the following required details: name "deposit" (or "savings") certificate; the reason for issuing the certificate (making a deposit or savings deposit); date of deposit, amount (in words and numbers); an unconditional obligation of the bank to return the amount deposited or deposited; the date of claiming the amount of the certificate; interest rates and the amount of interest due; name and address of the issuing bank; for a personalized certificate - the owner; signatures of two persons authorized to sign such obligations, affixed with the seal of the bank.

In addition to dividing certificates into deposit and savings, depending on the category of depositors, certificates can be classified according to other criteria:

1) According to the release method:

- issued on a one-time basis, i.e. a certificate of a certain number and denomination is issued once;

- produced in series, i.e. a batch of certificates is issued, one series and one denomination, but under different numbers

2) According to the design method:

Nominal - by concluding an agreement on the assignment of the right to claim (cession);

- to the bearer - are transferred to the new owner by simple delivery.

Cash settlements for the purchase and sale of certificates of deposit and the payment of amounts on them are carried out only in a non-cash manner.

The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of a state that does not use the ruble as an official currency. The right to claim a certificate of deposit can only be transferred to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official currency.

Certificates must be current. If the deadline for receiving a deposit or a deposit under a certificate is overdue, then such a certificate is considered a demand document, according to which the bank is obliged to pay the deposit at the first request of the owner (beneficiary). The Bank may provide for the possibility of early presentation for payment of an urgent certificate. In this case, the bank pays the owner of such a certificate the amount of the certificate and interest at a reduced rate established by the bank when issuing the certificate. Interest on certificates is set upon issuance and is indicated on the forms in percentage and monetary form. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the expiration of the certificate do not depend on the time of purchase. You can get a certificate only in the commercial bank in which it was issued or in any of its branches.

The certificate form must contain all the conditions for the issuance, payment and circulation of the certificate (the conditions and procedure for the assignment of rights, the requirement for a certificate. If an operation was performed with a certificate that was not provided for by the conditions contained on its form, such an operation is considered invalid. Production of deposit and Savings certificates, both nominal and bearer, are produced only by printing companies that have a license to issue securities.The Bank independently develops the conditions for issuing and circulation of the certificate.

The conditions for issuing and circulation of certificates, the description of the appearance and the sample of the certificate are approved by the board of the issuing bank and sent in 3 copies for examination to the Main Territorial Department of the Central Bank at the location of the correspondent account, which gives an opinion on the observance by the issuing bank of the existing rules for issuing a certificate and in the absence of violations, one copy of the conditions is sent to the CBR Securities Department. Certificates, being securities, are not subject to registration and do not require a special decision on their issue by the CRB. At the same time, the territorial administration may prohibit the issuance of certificates, as well as invalidate those issued for the following reasons:

The terms of issue are contrary to the current legislation or the rules of the CBR;

The issuing bank did not timely submit the terms of the issue to the Main Territorial Department of the CBR;

The Bank violates the current legislation and the CBR rules on the process of issuing and circulation of the certificate.

The owner of the certificate may assign the right to claim the certificate to another person. For a bearer certificate, this assignment is carried out by simple delivery, for a nominal one, it is drawn up on the back of the certificate by a bilateral agreement (cession). Upon the expiration of the claim period, the owner of the certificate must submit it to the bank along with an application containing an indication of the method of redeeming the certificate.

Consider the features of deposit certificates. A deposit certificate can only be transferred from a legal entity to a legal entity. A certificate of deposit can only be issued to an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or in the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official currency. A certificate of deposit has two advantages. First, unlike other deposit policy instruments, it is the subject of an exchange game, and, therefore, its owner can count on extracting additional profit as a result of favorable changes in market conditions. Secondly, if the government implements its intentions to freeze the deposits of enterprises, the purchase of a certificate that is freely circulating on the market will give their owners some freedom of maneuver. In this situation, the certificate becomes an alternative means of payment.

The term of circulation for certificates of deposit (from the date of issue to the date when the owner of the certificate receives the right to demand a deposit or deposit under the certificate) is limited to one year.

In international practice, interest-bearing certificates of deposit, discount, i.e. sold at a price below par and certificates with a "floating" rate. The validity of the last certificate is from 3 to 5 years and the interest rate is determined every 6 months for the next six months. Certificates of deposit can be purchased at any time during their validity period - interest is accrued from the date of purchase.

Some commercial banks issue certificates of deposit that are transferable (or non-transferable) to other owners by endorsement in denominations from 500,000 rubles to 10 million rubles. up to a year, designed for large investors. Transferable certificates of deposit are usually sold to government agencies, pension funds, corporations. They generate income in excess of the interest rate on short-term treasury bills of a shorter term (three months and others) and can be traded on the secondary securities market.

Consider the features of Savings Certificates. A savings certificate can be transferred from an individual to an individual. A savings certificate can only be issued to a citizen of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as the official currency. The right to claim a savings money certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.

In order not to lose the most stable source of credit resources, commercial banks are forced to carry out indexation on savings certificates under inflation conditions by raising the interest rate, which is an incentive for the population to purchase.

Certificates have significant advantages over fixed-term deposits issued by simple deposit agreements: due to the greater number of possible financial intermediaries in the distribution and circulation of certificates, the circle of potential investors is expanding; thanks to the secondary market, the certificate can be sold ahead of time by the owner to another person with some income for the time of storage and without changing the volume of the bank's resources, while early withdrawal by the owner of a term deposit means a loss of income for him, and for the bank the loss of part of the resources .

The disadvantages of certificates are: the increased costs of the bank associated with the issue of certificates, as well as the fact that income from them is subject to taxation, in contrast to demand accounts and time deposits. The latter feature is taken into account by banks, so the interest on certificates is usually higher than the interest on term deposits with similar terms and amounts.

So, drawing a conclusion from the above theoretical material, we can say that for commercial banks, deposits are the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resources. Increasing the share of this element in the resource base allows you to place a larger amount of attracted funds, thereby increasing the bank's liquidity.

Increasing competition between banks and other financial institutions for deposits of individuals and legal entities has led to the emergence of a huge variety of deposits, their prices and service methods. According to some foreign experts, developed countries currently there are more than 30 types bank deposits. At the same time, each of them has its own characteristics, which allows customers to choose the most appropriate and possible form of saving money and paying for goods and services that suits their interests.

It can be seen from the above that deposits among the attracted funds of the bank are an important source of resources. However, such a source of formation of banking resources as deposits also has some disadvantages. First of all, we are talking about the significant material and monetary costs of the bank when attracting funds to deposits, the limited availability of funds within a particular region. Nevertheless, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits.

1.3 Analysis of the Russian market of deposit services

The process of forming a deposit policy is closely interconnected with the bank's interest rate policy, since the deposit interest is an effective tool in the field of attracting resources. At times state regulation limit rates of interest were established by law in accordance with the urgency of the deposit. Currently, banks can independently set competitive interest rates based on the discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (10.00% since September 30, 2009), as well as the state of the money market and based on their own deposit policy.

A feature of the household deposit market is the significant influence of interest rate levels on the formation of demand for deposits - that is, the interest rates on deposits set by banks largely determine the growth rate of their resource base. Moreover, for different groups of banks, this influence manifests itself to varying degrees. Such heterogeneity of the market can lead to a significant redistribution of market shares between banks, which may be accompanied by the emergence of new major players. Let's try to understand these processes.

An analysis of the cost of banking resources indicates that Russian credit institutions are actively using the factor of manipulating interest rates in their deposit policy in order to ensure the influx of new depositors. Of course, the level of interest rates is not the only factor that determines fluctuations in the deposit base, but from a practical point of view, the task of determining the impact of the cost of deposits on fluctuations in the client base "ceteris paribus" is very relevant.

The increase in deposit rates leads to an increase in the growth rate of the total deposit base of the bank. For example, if in 2006 average level interest rates in commercial banks was about 10% (at the same time, there was an increase bank deposits rates equivalent to 40% per annum), then the deviation of attraction rates by banks up to 11% on average provided them with an increase in the growth rate of deposits up to 50%.

The dynamics of attracted deposits of the population in the banking system, from 2006 to the second half of 2008, had a positive trend. This was due to the growth in household incomes and an increase in the level of confidence in the banking system (Figure 8). Currently, the growth in the volume of attracted funds has slowed down due to the financial crisis. The highest rates in the market of bank deposits of individuals are shown by credit institutions from the “other” group. These medium-sized banks are the most active in attracting new customers, and the size of interest payments becomes the main argument available to them when attracting new depositors (the reliability of these credit institutions is still not capable of significantly influencing their deposit policy by itself).

Figure 8. Dynamics of household deposits for the period (2006-2008)

The deposit insurance system that has appeared in Russia, in addition to obvious advantages, can also bring certain dangers - in the opinion of the population, there is a gradual smoothing in risk assessments of various banks that differ in real levels of financial stability. As a result, it is for these banks that the price factor is the main tool in the competitive struggle. It is no coincidence that in this group of banks the demand for deposits is most sensitive to changes in interest rates. And this explains the highest growth rates of household deposits in this group of banks.

The cost of the corresponding resources in the group of the largest Russian private banks slightly exceeds the levels of the cost of deposits in commercial banks. This group initially enjoyed higher trust among the population (compared to the banks from the "junior" groups), which allowed them to provide a moderate cost of attracting deposits for quite a long time. However, lately competitive advantages This group of banks are falling in the eyes of the population, which, on the one hand, is explained by the emergence of a deposit insurance system, and, on the other hand, by the experience of the banking crisis in the summer of 2004, when several of the largest Russian banks were on the verge of losing solvency. As a result, the status of large banks is gradually leveling off in relation to smaller credit institutions. And, as a result, the price factor, as well as for banks from the “other” group, plays a significant role here - sensitivity to changes in interest rates. However, high sensitivity combined with sufficient high stakes does not guarantee them the same growth rate of the deposit base. This is due to the special "disloyalty" of their clientele, which, reasonably not seeing a significant difference in risks, preferred to transfer deposits to smaller credit institutions offering obviously higher interest rates.

The most significant is the cost of resources of the group of banks with the participation of foreign capital. Their deposit policy is based on high credit ratings of parent structures, which are unattainable for Russian commercial banks. This factor allows banks with the participation of foreign capital to attract funds from the population at low rates quite cheaply. At the same time, since the spring of 2005, the group of banks with foreign capital remains the only category of banks consistently increasing the cost of deposits. This effect appears to be due to two factors.

First, initially, the main clientele of banks with foreign capital were wealthy segments of the population, who value reliability in bank deposits and are ready to put up with low interest rates. However, a deliberately small group of depositors today can no longer provide a significant increase in the volume of attraction. This means that banks are forced to pay attention to other potential depositors who are more focused on earning interest income. Fortunately, the current low levels of deposit rates of banks with foreign capital allow them to be increased without a significant reduction in bank margins.

Secondly, the rise in the cost of borrowing in foreign markets has recently made Russian market deposits for banks with foreign capital is really interesting, and they are ready to actively fight for a place on it, especially in the context of the current financial crisis.

If until recently the sensitivity of the growth rates of deposits for banks with the participation of foreign capital to the value of deposits was actually absent, now we can already state their readiness to attract new depositors.

If you look at the dynamics of foreign currency and ruble deposits, you can see that over the past five years, the growth rate of deposits of individuals in rubles has almost constantly outpaced the growth rate of foreign currency deposits, which was caused by the decline in popularity of the dollar.

Figure 9 Growth rates of ruble and currency deposits

As of July 1, 2008, foreign currency deposits accounted for 13.6% of the total volume of deposits. Today, according to the Bank of Russia, the volume of foreign currency deposits is about 30% of the total.

Speaking about interest rates, the following should be noted: for certain types of deposit accounts, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the account, the volume and nature of related services, and depends on the client's compliance with the terms of the deposit.

The system of interest rates on deposits should be oriented to market conditions, with the indispensable consideration of the emerging hierarchy of reliability of comparable instruments. Thus, a bank that keeps rates at a lower level than competitors close to it in terms of reliability risks losing part of its clientele.

The accrual of interest on deposits by the bank is the main part of operating expenses. Therefore, the bank, on the one hand, is not interested in a high level of interest rates, and on the other hand, it is forced to maintain such a level of interest rates on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Trying to attract deposits, especially of large size and for a long period, commercial banks offer high interest rates to their customers, despite the growth in interest costs. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited. As of January 01, 2009 the average interest rate on attracted funds is 12% per annum (according to the statistics of the Central Bank). If we trace the dynamics of % rates in commercial banks of the North-West over the past 3 years, we can conclude that the average interest rate on deposits increased by approximately + - (3-4)%. Interest rates on deposits have changed especially noticeably in the context of the crisis that has developed in the world. Only in the 1st quarter of 2009 they increased by approximately (3-5)% in almost all commercial banks.

Chapter 2 Deposit policy of a commercial bank (on the example of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky ")

2.1 Place of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "in the market of banking services

Before analyzing a specific area of activity of any subject of the economy, it is necessary to give a brief description of it.

Bank Petrovsky was registered by the Central Bank of the RSFSR on November 12, 1990. In 1991, the first 5 branches in St. Petersburg, as well as the first out-of-town office, began work.

In 1992, a cooperation agreement was signed between the Bank and the Department of the Federal Postal Service. Already next year, together with the FPS and the department pension fund of the Russian Federation in St. Petersburg, "Petrovsky" has begun to introduce technology for the payment of pensions from current pension accounts at the post offices of the city. In 1997, "Petrovsky" began to introduce its pension technology in the Leningrad region.

In 1997, the Bank received the status authorized Bank Government of the Russian Federation category "C", as well as the authorized Bank of the Government of the Leningrad Region.

In 2000, the management of the Bank decided to rename the Bank into OAO "Petrovsky People's Bank".

In 2002, due to the change of the Bank's shareholders, Petrovsky Narodny Bank was renamed into MDM-Bank St. Petersburg.

In May 2006, the controlling stake in the Bank was acquired by East European Financial Corporation. In accordance with the decision general meeting shareholders of the Bank, a new name of the Bank was approved: Open Joint Stock Company "Bank of the Eastern European Financial Corporation" (abbreviated name - OJSC "VEFK Bank").

On October 29, 2008, the Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA), based on the requirements of the Federal Law “On additional measures to strengthen the stability of the banking system in the period up to December 31, 2011”, assumed the functions of an interim administration to manage the EEFC Bank. In February 2009, agreements were reached on the participation of NOMOS-BANK and FC OTKRITIE as co-investors in the capital of VEFK Bank.

As part of the Bank's financial recovery measures, investors represented by NOMOS-BANK and OTKRITIE Financial Corporation bought back 25% of the additional issue of VEFC Bank shares. The remaining 50% of the additional issue was purchased by DIA.

In September 2009, the Bank returned to its original name - Petrovsky Bank.

JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "provides a wide range of services for both legal entities and individuals. The bank offers private individuals such services as deposits in rubles and foreign currency, Money transfers, payment of pensions, transfers from ruble and currency accounts, safe, operations with cash currency, opening and maintenance of plastic cards. The list of services for organizations is quite extensive. Let's name those that are most popular: lending, opening and maintaining ruble and foreign currency accounts, payroll projects.

The priority direction of activity of Bank Petrovsky OJSC is work with the population in the area of attracting deposits. Depositors of Bank Petrovsky OJSC can choose the most convenient scheme for saving and increasing their savings. The Bank offers customers a flexible system deposits in rubles and foreign currency for a period of 1 month to 3 years; various types of deposits, allowing you to choose a deposit that meets the needs of the client. Bank Petrovsky OJSC issues its own international plastic VISA cards INTERNATIONAL and MASTER CARD INTERNATIONAL . JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "has an extensive correspondent network, consisting of major banks in Russia and the CIS. Bank Petrovsky OJSC has a widely branched (second largest after Sberbank) branch network - 170 branches in St. Petersburg and branches in Russian cities. Purposeful work to improve banking services and expand their range has become the basis for a significant increase in the number of clients of Bank Petrovsky OJSC.

The change of shareholders and top management of VEFC Bank, which took place at the end of April 2009, as well as the Bank's obtaining the status of a credit institution with state participation in the capital, had a positive impact on the attitude towards the Bank on the part of private individuals. reverse the downward trend in the main indicators characterizing the volume of operations for servicing individuals, observed in the previous period. in Figure 10. At the same time, the volume of term deposits increased by 6.6%, balances on pension accounts in the Bank's additional offices - by 15.5%, balances on accounts bank cards- by 14.1%.

Figure 10 Dynamics of deposits of individuals for the period from 10.08-09.2009

The bank's average monthly income from transactions with individuals (money transfers, communal payments, safe, etc.). If, for comparison, in February-March this year. they averaged 7.5 million rubles, then in June the Bank's income increased to 8.3 million, in July - to 8.6 million.

The number of money transfers carried out by the Bank, which, for example, in the spring of this year, was 15-16 thousand units per week, has now reached 20 thousand.

Separately, I would like to note a serious increase in the balances on the accounts of pensioners who receive pensions directly at the offices of Bank Petrovsky OJSC. As you know, pensioners who receive a pension at the Bank can be served both in post offices and in additional offices of the Bank. At the same time, the list of services provided to this category of clients in additional offices is wider than in post offices. This fact is also understood by the pensioners themselves, as of July 2009 the bank serves about 1.2 million pensioners. The balances on the accounts of pensioners for the first half of the year increased by 1 billion rubles (53%).

Speaking about legal entities, it should be noted that since May 2009, account balances have increased by 20% - up to 7.5 billion rubles. If at the beginning of the year corporate clients in OJSC Bank Petrovsky, on average, about 150 accounts were opened per week, then by the end of September 2009, 250-270 new accounts are opened per week. The total number of accounts of legal entities is now 67 thousand units.

According to Expert magazine, Bank Petrovsky is ranked 41st in the rating of 100 largest banks in Russia in 2008 as of 01.01.2009. The Bank is among the 30 leading banks in attracting deposits from individuals in 2008 at number 26

2.2 Types of deposits of Bank Petrovsky OJSC

Household deposits are of great importance in the resource base of Bank Petrovsky OJSC. Thus, as of 01.09.2009, household deposits amounted to 80.0% of the total resources. This is quite natural, since Petrovsky constantly pays special attention to the deposits of the population.

Consider the current as of 01.09.2009. types of deposits and conditions for them. They can be divided into three main groups: term deposits, pension deposits and demand deposits.

Table No. 1 Types of deposits as of 01.10.2009

Types of deposits	Deposit term, prolongation	The amount of the down payment and additional contributions	Note	Annual %
Poste restante	any	At least 10 rubles. Add. Contributions are unlimited	0,15
Autumn	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 100 dollars From 100 euros		4.35-14.70
Autumn-retirement	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 100 dollars From 100 euros	Add. contributions / payments capitalization, prolongation are not provided	4.55-14.90
Petrovsky-classic	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 100 dollars From 100 euros.		4.10-14.70
Petrovsky-classic with a monthly payment of %	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 100 dollars From 100 euros	Add. contributions / payments are not provided. % payment monthly	3.10-13.70
Petrovsky-cumulative	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 300 dollars From 300 euros Contributions from 500 rubles, 50 dollars, euros	Add. capitalization payments are not provided	5.10-13.70
Petrovsky-compound interest	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 1000 rub From 100 dollars From 100 euros	Add. contributions / payments, not provided	3.60-14.20
Petrovsky-multicurrency	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 30000 rub From 1000 dollars From 1000 euros Contributions are unlimited	Add. capitalization payments, prolongation are not provided	6.35-13.70
Petrovsky-universal	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 10000 rub From 300 dollars From 300 euros Contributions from 1000 rubles, 50 dollars, euros	capitalization is not provided	4.60-13.95
Petrovsky-VIP	over 1 year up to 3 years	From 300000 rub From 10000 dollars From 10000 euros	Add. contributions / payments capitalization, not provided	5.55-15.20
Pension savings deposit	2 years	Contributions are unlimited	No extension provided	12.50
Pensioner's current account	any	5-7

Table No. 1 shows that the most expensive deposits for individual clients are the deposits of Autumn-pension, Autumn, Petrovsky-classic and Petrovsky-VIP. This is due to the conditions of these types of deposits, namely the absence of monthly capitalization of interest, or a large amount of the deposit, such as, for example, in Petrovsky-VIP.

It can be seen that a special place in the line of deposits is occupied by deposits aimed at pensioners. Thus, we can conclude that Bank Petrovsky OJSC offers a wide range of deposits that are aimed at various market segments. At the same time, special attention is paid to pensioners, for whom a line of deposits is provided that allows them to take into account their interests. A special allocation of deposits for pensioners is due to the fact that they are an important segment of depositors for Bank Petrovsky OJSC.

If we consider the additional conditions for deposits, given for each deposit separately in Appendix No. 1, we can trace the following trend in the use of such a criterion as prolongation. If there is a prolongation of the deposit in the terms of the agreement, then there is a significantly lower interest rate than for deposits without prolongation.

Analyzing the deposits (deposits) of JSC Bank Petrovsky, you can pay attention to the following:

when setting interest rates, the bank always ties deposits (deposits) to the investment period. So, for example, the interest rate of the “On demand” deposit is 0.15%, and the interest rate of the “Pension savings deposit” for 2 years is 12.5%;

the deposit amount is also tied to the interest rate. So, for example, the Petrovsky-accumulative deposit for 1 year and 1 day) in the amount of 1 to 700 tr. accepted at 13.25% per annum, and the same deposits in the amount of 700 tr. and above already under 13.70%;

the interest rate on ruble deposits is not lower than the inflation rate, which saves deposits from depreciation;

proceeding from the fact that income in the form of interest received by taxpayers on deposits in banks is not subject to taxation if:

interest on ruble deposits is paid within the amounts calculated based on the current refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia (10%), increased by five percentage points ,

the established rate does not exceed 9 percent per annum for deposits in foreign currency;

it can be noted that all the proposed deposits are not subject to taxation (the exception is Petrovsky - VIP).

For legal entities Bank Petrovsky OJSC offers its clients various options for placing temporarily free funds for various periods:

term deposits in Russian rubles and foreign currency;

· Promissory notes of Bank "Petrovsky" in Russian rubles and foreign currency.

The Bank offers legal entities a medium-term financial instrument - a bank deposit.

The deposit agreement certifies the amount of the deposit made to the Bank and the depositor's right to receive, after the expiration of the established period, the amount of the deposit and the interest stipulated in the agreement. Payment of interest on the deposit is made monthly or lump sum after the expiration of the contract. A fixed interest rate is set for the entire term of the deposit. The Bank cannot unilaterally reduce or increase the interest rate stipulated in the agreement. Interest rates are set depending on the terms of placement of funds. Accordingly, the rate depends on the amount and term of the deposit. If the depositor demands the return of the deposit amount before the expiration of the contract, interest is paid at a rate of 0.01% per annum.

2.3 Analysis of the deposit portfolio

The main goal of the deposit policy of Bank Petrovsky OJSC is to attract the optimal amount of financial resources (by terms and currencies), necessary and sufficient for work in the financial markets, provided that minimum level costs.

Attracting resources is carried out in the course of specific operations provided for by the current banking licenses. At the same time, the main instruments used by JSC Bank Petrovsky to attract resources are:

o opening and maintaining accounts of legal entities and individuals, involving the receipt of funds on these accounts;

o opening and maintaining accounts of other banks, involving the receipt of funds into these accounts.

The list of instruments for raising funds can be expanded in the course of further banking activities. In the course of deposit operations, the Bank's divisions are guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulations the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Charter of the Bank, this Document and internal documents regulating technical order and conditions for conducting specific types of banking operations. If we trace the dynamics over several years, we can note a steady increase in the balances on the accounts of legal entities (Figure 11):

Figure 11 Dynamics of account balances of legal entities of Bank Petrovsky OJSC

We will analyze the deposits of individuals using table No. 2:

Analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "in 2008 (according to the maturity of investments)

No. p / p	Name of the article of the PDS	Balance account	The value of MPS, thous. rub.		PDS structure, in %		Changes over the period (+/-)
No. p / p	Name of the article of the PDS	Balance account	on 1.01.0 8 G.	on 1.01.0 9 G.	on 1.01.0 8 G.	on 1.01.0 9 G.	in thousand rubles	in%
Deposits (D), total including:	Σ item 1 - 7	19270123.00	18033769.00	100.00	100.00		-7%
I.	Demand deposits (Dvostr), total	410-423(01), 42309, 425-426 (01), 42609		290832.00	1	2	40013	15.9
II.	Term deposits (Ds), total		17742937.00	99	98		-6.8
1.	for up to 30 days	410-423(02), 42310, 425-426 (02), 42610	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
2.	for a period of 30-90 days	410-423 (03), 42311, 425-426 (03), 42611	445687	1109708	2	6		148
3.	for a period of 91-180 days	410-423(04), 42312, 425-426 (04), 42612	2247860	3590845	12	20	1342985	59.7
4.	for a period of 181 days to 1 year	410-423(05), 42313, 425-426 (05), 42613	5946184	5155936	31	29	-790248	-13.3
5.	for a period of 1 to 3 years	410-423(06), 42314, 425-426 (06), 42614	10379573	7886448	54	43	-2493125	-24.1
6.	for a period of more than 3 years	410-423(07), 42315, 425-426 (07), 42615	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Such an analysis makes it possible to identify the features of the bank's deposit policy and to determine in general the approximate terms for placing the bank's resources. In particular, the results of the analysis allow us to draw a conclusion about the attraction of resources in terms of their cost (“expensive” / “cheap”): time deposits are much more expensive than balances on demand accounts.

Additionally, to formulate the final conclusion on the analysis of deposits by maturity, it is advisable to calculate the following indicators:

The coefficient of urgency of the structure of deposits (d in D):

d in D = Ds/D, where Ds is the volume of term deposits; D is the total volume of deposits.

As of 01.01.2008 98%

As of 01.01.2009 98%

A high rate of maturity of the structure of deposits characterizes the degree of constancy and stability of the resource base.

In general, the growth in the share of term deposits in total amount bank deposits should be evaluated positively, because term deposits as the most stable component of the deposit portfolio provides at an acceptable level and allows to increase the bank's liquidity and conduct operations for the placement of resources for longer periods.

The share of term deposits (Ds) in the total amount of liabilities (P): d = Ds/P.

As of 01.01.2008 38.5%

As of 01.01.2009 21.4%

Commitment Structure Ratio (KSO): KSO = Dvostr./Ds.

As of 01.01.2008 1.3%

As of 01.01.2009 0.1%

The indicator characterizes the stability of the bank's financial resources. The lower the value of the indicator, the lower the relative need of the bank for liquid assets, due to the structure of liabilities.

Figure 12 shows that the largest volume of attracted funds falls on deposits with a term of more than 181 days and more than a year.

Figure 12 Structure of deposits of JSC "Bank "Petrovsky" by terms as of 01.01.2009

Starting from 2005 JSC Bank Petrovsky has been steadily increasing its deposit portfolio, as can be seen in Figure 13.

Figure 13 Dynamics of balances on accounts of individuals

The banking crisis of October 2008 shook the stability of the bank, but today everything has stabilized

2.4 Organization of the formation and implementation of the deposit policy

The deposit policy of JSC Bank Petrovsky is closely related to the credit and interest rate policy bank, being one of the elements of banking policy in general.

The deposit policy is formed with the allocation of the following

Setting goals and defining objectives of the deposit policy;

Allocation of the relevant departments involved in the implementation of the deposit policy, the distribution of the powers of employees;

Development of the necessary procedures and technical procedures for conducting banking operations that ensure the attraction of resources;

Organization of control and management in the process of banking operations aimed at attracting resources.

When forming the deposit policy, the following specific principles are taken into account:

Principles for ensuring the optimal (taking into account the subsequent receipt of income from the allocation of resources) level of costs;

The principle of security of conducting deposit operations and maintaining the reliability of the bank.

Compliance with the above principles allows the Bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of the deposit policy.

The deposit policy of JSC Bank Petrovsky is based on:

Subjects of deposit relations (in relation to individuals and legal entities);

Banking instruments used to attract resources;

Terms of attracting resources (short-term, medium-term and long-term deposit policy);

Purposes of attracting (for investing, lending, maintaining current liquidity);

Aggressiveness in matters of attracting resources and related pricing policy and the degree of risk of ongoing operations.

The deposit policy of JSC Bank Petrovsky provides for:

analysis of the deposit market;

o identifying target markets to minimize deposit risk;

o minimization of expenses in the process of attracting funds;

o optimization of deposit portfolio management in order to maintain the required level of the bank's liquidity and increase its stability.

JSC Bank Petrovsky, when conducting its deposit policy, takes into account the following factors:

Changes in tax legislation;

The current state and trends of the financial market, both in terms of attracting and allocating resources;

Changes made to the calculation of banking standards;

Change in the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

Limits, control figures set by the Bank itself for ongoing banking operations.

The implementation of the Bank's deposit policy is carried out in the course of specific banking operations, allowing to raise funds. At the same time, JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "conducts deposit operations, that is, attracts funds on the terms:

o recurrence;

o urgency;

o payment (when it is provided by the relevant agreements);

o publicity (regarding the conditions for raising funds).

The main principle of the Bank's work in the course of deposit operations is to ensure the amount of resources required for the normal functioning of the Bank, achieved at minimal cost for their purchase.

The main principle is achieved by diversifying the portfolio of attracted financial resources by sources of their attraction and structure, by linking the volume and structure of these resources (by currency and by maturity) to the volume and structure of assets.

A mandatory requirement in determining the possible conditions for attracting resources is a preliminary analysis of possible directions for spending attracted resources with an assessment financial results and structural changes as a result of proposed banking operations.

The main direction of the deposit policy of "Bank" Petrovsky "is the opening and maintenance of accounts of individuals.

The balances of funds on the accounts of individuals - clients of the bank make up a large part of the total volume of funds attracted by the bank. Nevertheless, the issue of intensifying work with individuals is supposed to be given increased attention.

The bank's policy in working with individuals is based primarily on working with a wide range of individuals, which is facilitated by a developed network of branches. Another block of clients are employees of organizations and enterprises that are the Bank's clients. The Bank opens and maintains accounts of individuals in rubles and foreign currency on the basis of existing agreements, which differ depending on the urgency of the accounts.

The pricing policy of the Bank in working with clients - individuals, provides for:

No fee for balances of funds held on current accounts of individuals.

Availability of a fee for balances of funds held on term (deposit) accounts of individuals, the amount of which is determined based on the basic conditions for raising funds approved by the Bank's Management Board.

The Bank is taking measures aimed at increasing the share of term resources in the total amount of funds on the accounts of individuals, which is served by the Bank's interest rate policy, which provides for the creation of competitive conditions for attracting funds from individuals. So the bank spends for regular depositors bonus program"Premium Percentage"

The inflow of funds from individuals is directly or indirectly facilitated by additional services provided by the Bank to individuals. These services include the issuance and maintenance of plastic cards, money transfers, payment utilities, rent of safe boxes.

Another important direction of the deposit policy of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "is the opening and maintenance of accounts for legal entities.

The main source of formation of the Bank's resource base is the balance of funds on the accounts of legal entities - the Bank's clients.

The Bank's policy in working with legal entities is primarily based on working with the Bank's existing customers, as well as on attracting new ones.

Improving the sustainability of the Bank's resource base (in terms of volume and timing) should be facilitated by:

Business development by existing clients of the Bank;

Opening accounts with the Bank by organizations and enterprises - counterparties and partners of the existing customers of the Bank;

Accumulation of financial flows related to the implementation of programs and projects implemented with the participation of the Bank's clients.

The Bank opens and maintains accounts of legal entities in rubles and foreign currency on the basis of existing agreements. The pricing policy of the Bank in working with clients - legal entities, provides for the absence of payment for the balances of funds held on settlement accounts of legal entities, except for cases established in individually payment for balances on the accounts of enterprises and organizations.

Given the increasing demands from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation regarding
increasing the level of liquidity, expressed in the need for daily compliance with banking standards, as well as striving to balance resources with assets by maturity, the Bank takes measures aimed at increasing the share of term resources in the total amount of funds on the accounts of legal entities. These activities involve personal work with specific clients, involving:

Tracking the movement of funds on the accounts of clients - legal entities, selecting, based on the information received, the most promising clients in terms of forming an urgent resource base on the database of clients;

Creation of conditions for clients - legal entities, stimulating the transfer of part of the funds from current accounts to urgent accounts;

Timely informing clients - legal entities about the new terms of customer service.

As part of solving the tasks of expanding the range of legal entities served by the Bank, increasing the Bank's resource base at the expense of funds accumulated on the accounts of legal entities, priority is given to creating conditions for customers that facilitate the inflow of financial resources to the Bank. Such conditions may include the Bank's competitive tariff policy compared to other banks, the Bank's flexibility in setting fees for borrowed funds, favorable service conditions for customers, including obtaining loans, the possibility of remote customer service through the Client-Bank system, etc. Further.

Chapter 3. Improving the deposit policy

3.1 Tools for improving the deposit policy of Bank Petrovsky OJSC

2008 was a difficult year for the banking system worldwide. Despite the assumptions and forecasts of a number of experts, the financial crisis also affected Bank Petrovsky OJSC. Despite the problematic situation in the banking market, OJSC Bank Petrovsky continued its development. According to the results of September 2009, the bank completely overcame all difficulties and achieved high financial results.

One of the problems that commercial banks are currently facing is the formation of a resource base. The resource base has a direct impact on the liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank. The very scope of a commercial bank's activity, and, consequently, the amount of income it receives, strictly depends on the size of the resources that the bank acquires in the market of various resources and, in particular, deposit ones. Hence there is a competitive struggle between banks for attracting resources.

The formation of a resource base, which includes not only attracting new clients, but also a constant change in the structure of sources of attracting resources, is an integral part of the flexible asset and liability management of a commercial bank. Effective liability management involves the implementation of a competent deposit policy. The specificity of this area of activity is that in terms of passive operations, the choice of a bank is usually limited to a certain group of clients, to which it is attached much more strongly than to borrowers.

The limited resources associated with the development of banking competition leads to close attachment to certain clients. If the circle of these clients is narrow, then the bank's dependence on them is very high. Therefore, in our opinion, in order to strengthen the resource base, banks need a balanced deposit policy, which is based on maintaining the required level of diversification, ensuring the possibility of attracting funds from other sources and maintaining a balance with assets in terms of terms, volumes and interest rates.

In order to expand the resource potential of Bank Petrovsky OJSC, it is necessary to intensify its deposit policy. In this regard, one of the priorities of the bank's work should be the gradual increase in the deposit portfolio through a competent deposit policy aimed, in particular, at expanding the list of deposits available to customers, introducing new types of services for their convenience.

The deposit policy of JSC Bank Petrovsky must take into account the needs of all social and age groups citizens - working and retired, youth and middle-aged people, and should also be designed for people with different income levels.

With each client, OJSC Bank Petrovsky should strive to establish long-term partnerships. To this end, the bank must anticipate the development of customer needs, develop and offer a full range of banking products and services.

Thus, Bank Petrovsky OJSC could offer a new type of deposit for accumulating funds for education or a gift to a child. The minimum initial deposit is 10,000 rubles. The deposit is opened for a year, with the accrual of 13% per annum in rubles and with the possibility of additional investment. If at the end of the term the deposit amount and the interest due remain for the next term on the same type of deposit, then the client will have the opportunity to receive a bonus of 0.5% to the interest rate in force at the time of prolongation for this type of deposit. It is possible to conduct promotions and give prizes to active investors.

In order to attract the younger generation of its clients, Bank Petrovsky could add new types of deposits to the list of deposits targeted at this group of the population, for example, offer a deposit for students. It is proposed to introduce the following conditions for this deposit: deposit term - 1 year (fourfold prolongation), opening only with a student ID card, a plastic card and interest is monthly transferred to it, it turns out an increase in the scholarship. In order to ensure an influx of investors to this species deposit, it is advisable, in our opinion, to introduce some incentives that are attractive to potential customers among the young population (for example - discount cards shops).

For the greatest interest of clients and the inflow of deposits, Bank Petrovsky OJSC can offer payment of interest on deposits placed in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses. In this case, the investor, when placing funds for a certain period, immediately receives the income due to him. However, if the agreement is terminated early, the bank will recalculate the interest on the deposit and the overpaid amounts will be deducted from the deposit amount. In addition to expanding the range of deposits, in order to improve the deposit policy, the bank is invited to master the issue of securities, namely, savings certificates. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. The minimum amount of a deposit issued by a certificate of deposit is 100,000 rubles. The maximum period for which a certificate of deposit is issued is 2 years. A certificate of deposit is issued on the basis of a bank deposit agreement. Interest on the certificate is paid simultaneously with its redemption.

Payment for the certificate is carried out by the bank upon the date of claiming the amount on it on the basis of an application for payment and upon presentation of a certificate of deposit.

The deposit certificate can be presented for payment ahead of schedule. In case of early presentation of the certificate for payment, the bank pays the amount of the deposit and interest paid on the demand deposit, valid at the time of presentation of the certificate for payment.

Thus, when developing a deposit policy, a bank should be guided by certain criteria for its improvement, among which are the following:

- the relationship of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank to maintain its stability, reliability and financial stability;

– diversification of bank resources in order to minimize risk;

– segmentation of the deposit portfolio (by clients);

– differentiated approach to different customer groups;

– competitiveness of banking products and services.

These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky "and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability. In conclusion, we can say that each bank develops its own deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflationary processes occurring in economy.

3.2 The deposit insurance system in the Russian Federation and its improvement

Attracting funds from legal entities and individuals, operations on deposit accounts are one of the main activities for banks. At the same time, bank failures result in depositors losing their money. The guarantee of safety of the bank deposit in such cases can be provided through the mechanism of deposit insurance.

One of the manifestations of stabilization Russian economy is a clear upward trend real income population, respectively, its savings potential. Monetary savings of citizens are an important reserve for increasing the resource base of the banking sector, which is so necessary to expand its investment opportunities. Therefore, the task of intensifying the process of mobilizing financial resources of individuals into deposits is of macroeconomic importance for our country.

According to leading domestic and foreign experts, the main factor hindering the successful solution of the problem under consideration is the low level of public confidence in commercial banks. To change this situation, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia adopted a whole range of measures. Among the most important of them, it is legitimate to include the introduction of a legislative framework for deposit insurance. This federal law provides the necessary legal framework for the centralized protection of the interests of depositors, establishes the organizational basis for the deposit insurance system, and regulates legal and financial relations arising in the course of its operation.

Independent experts and representatives of the banking community unanimously note its positive impact on the development of the savings business in modern Russia. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the functioning of the system made it possible to state the presence of a number of unresolved and controversial issues. They relate to the conceptual apparatus, the general methodology of compulsory deposit insurance, its application mechanisms, and finally, the functions and powers of the Agency that manages this system.

The deposit insurance system is a set of measures aimed at protecting deposits and ensuring their guaranteed return in full (or in part) in the event of bankruptcy financial institution. The insurance system is based on the following principles:

Mandatory participation in the deposit insurance system;

Reducing the risks of adverse consequences for depositors in the event that banks fail to fulfill their obligations;

Transparency of the deposit insurance system;

The accumulative nature of the formation of the mandatory deposit insurance fund at the expense of regular contributions from banks participating in the deposit insurance system.

Nevertheless, the main factor determining the type of deposit protection system is the economic level of the country's development: the degree of development monetary system, share state property in the banking sector, as well as the possibility of a banking crisis, which is an important incentive to introduce a more effective deposit protection mechanism.

The most important factor in the redistribution of funds between banks, of course, is the interest rate policy of banks. The introduction of any improved new guarantees will lead to a decrease in interest rates on deposits in commercial banks, and high interest rates will remain only in the most risky and aggressive banks that need additional funds, the stimulation of which is by no means among the tasks of creating a new system.

Amendments were made to the current federal law on deposit insurance in order to improve the efficiency of the deposit insurance system for individuals and increase public confidence in banks. Let us consider the improvement of the criteria and mechanisms for monitoring the compliance of banks with the requirements for participation in the deposit insurance system after the amendments made in 2008:

An inaccuracy has been eliminated, according to which the established requirements for banks participating in the deposit insurance system applied only to banks that, on the day this Federal Law came into force, had permission to attract funds from individuals as deposits and to open and maintain bank accounts of individuals. According to the new wording, not only banks that have the appropriate permission from the Bank of Russia, but also applicants for its issuance, must satisfy.

In addition, the requirements for banks participating in the deposit insurance system have been clarified. Previously, it was envisaged that a bank could become a participant in the deposit insurance system if it simultaneously met the following conditions:

Accounting and reporting of the bank are recognized by the Bank of Russia as reliable;

The Bank complies with the mandatory ratios established by the Bank of Russia;

The financial stability of the bank is recognized by the Bank of Russia as sufficient;

The bank is not subject to the measures provided for by banking legislation, and there are no grounds for their application (including the imposition of a ban on certain banking operations, the collection of fines from a credit institution, the implementation of measures to prevent bankruptcy).

Another requirement has been added: compliance by the bank with the established procedure for disclosing to an unlimited circle of persons information about persons that have a significant (direct or indirect) influence on decisions made by its management bodies. At the same time, the Bank of Russia is obliged to make a decision on the introduction of a ban on accepting deposits of funds from individuals if the bank does not meet the stipulated requirements within a certain period. Thus, in particular, it was established that the bank does not meet the requirements for participation in the deposit insurance system in cases where:

The bank's accounting and reporting are recognized by the Bank of Russia as unreliable for three consecutive months;

The Bank fails to comply with one and the same mandatory ratio from among those established by the Bank of Russia for six months in a row. Failure to comply with the mandatory ratio in the reporting month is its violation in the aggregate for six or more business days during this month;

In addition, the Bank of Russia has the right to make a decision to impose a ban on taking deposits from individuals in cases where:

1) the accounting and reporting of the bank are recognized by the Bank of Russia as unreliable;

2) the bank fails to comply with the same mandatory ratio from among those established by the Bank of Russia for two consecutive months;

3) the bank has been rated “unsatisfactory” for two months in a row for the same group of indicators (assessments of capital, assets, liquidity, as well as assessments of the quality of management of the bank, its operations and risks).

4) if the bank has an “unsatisfactory” rating for the same group of indicators (assessments of capital, assets and liquidity) for six reporting monthly dates in a row or for two reporting quarterly dates in a row;

5) if the bank has an “unsatisfactory” rating for a group of indicators for assessing the quality of bank management, its operations and risks, as well as with regard to the procedure for disclosing information to an unlimited circle of persons about persons that have a significant (direct or indirect) influence on decisions made by its management bodies , three consecutive months;

6) if the bank has an “unsatisfactory” rating for a group of indicators for assessing profitability for two reporting quarterly dates in a row.

Also, banks are obliged to keep records not only of the bank's obligations to depositors, but also of the bank's counterclaims to the depositor. Maintaining such records ensures the readiness of the bank to form, upon the occurrence of insured event, as well as on any day at the request of the Bank of Russia (within seven calendar days from the date of receipt of the specified request by the bank) of the register of the bank's obligations to depositors. The register is formed in the manner and in the form established by the Bank of Russia at the suggestion of the Agency. The composition of deposits subject to compulsory insurance. Yes, from this composition excludes funds placed on bank accounts(deposits) of lawyers, notaries and other persons, if such accounts are opened for professional activities.

The circle of persons entitled to receive compensation on deposits after the occurrence of an insured event was expanded, namely, the heirs of the depositor. The heir has the right to exercise the rights of the deceased contributor from the moment of issuance to the heir of the appropriate certificate of the right to inheritance or other document confirming his right to the inheritance or the right to use the testator's funds.

In addition, a new rule has been introduced with respect to additional funds received on a deposit (account) after the Bank of Russia introduced a ban on attracting funds from individuals to deposits. Such funds (with the exception of interest accrued in accordance with the terms of the agreement) are not credited to the deposit (to the account), but are subject to either return to the persons who instructed to credit funds to the deposit (to the account), or, at the request of an individual, are transferred to an account of the same individual opened with another bank registered in the deposit insurance system.

According to the amendments made, the Agency was entrusted with the functions of a bankruptcy trustee (liquidator) in case of bankruptcy of credit institutions. In addition, it is envisaged that the Agency will be given the right to carry out transactions for the sale of property (collateral), which is security for the fulfillment of obligations of credit institutions - counterparties of the Bank of Russia.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that the main reason for improving the deposit insurance mechanism in the Russian Federation is the financial unreliability of most of the existing financial institutions and the enormous losses of the population from the collapse of the largest private banks during the unstable financial situation of the country's economy.

As is known, the most severe consequence of banking crises in various countries was a total crisis of distrust of the population in the banking system. It is quite obvious that no administrative measures can force the population to keep free money in banks. We need economic measures and the creation of adequate regulatory and legal support for the functioning of the system for protecting bank deposits. Under these conditions, the issue of creating a system to protect citizens' deposits from the risk of being lost comes to the fore in the implementation of measures to restore public confidence in banks. Political and economic instability are the result of:

Decrease in savings activity and increase in consumption at the expense of savings funds, with a drop in interest in income received on deposits in the form of interest;

Decreased activity of the population in investing in securities;

Transfer of funds from the ruble zone to the currency zone.

Therefore, in our opinion, the modern Russian state faces important tasks of improving the insurance system, related, firstly, to stimulating economic growth and, secondly, to increase the level of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen.

Thus, it is worth noting that for our country, in the context of a general economic instability, inflation, huge budget deficit creation of many banks, reorganization of the banking system, etc. with all the acuteness the question arises of improving the insurance of banking activities, ensuring the interests of bank customers.

In conclusion of this issue, it must be said that the reliability of commercial banks is one of the decisive elements of their activities, and one of the important measures to ensure reliability is deposit insurance, which is used in all countries with highly developed banking systems. In this regard, the banking system needs to significantly increase the confidence of potential depositors in the full and timely return of funds entrusted to the bank. This will contribute to solving the important task of involving financial resources in the economy that the population currently has in the form of ruble and foreign currency cash worth many tens of billions of dollars.

Conclusion

Today, commercial banks are able to offer the client a variety of banking products and services. All banks in the Russian Federation are universal in their specifics. There is a certain basic set, without which the bank cannot exist and function normally. Among them, preference is given to attracting and placing temporarily free funds of clients in deposits.

The attracted resources are important for banks, since it is through them that banks cover the largest share of their needs for funds, which averages 40% of the total resources of a commercial bank.

At the same time, one cannot but say that such a source of formation of banking resources as deposits has some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and monetary costs of the bank when attracting funds to deposits, limited free cash. In addition, the mobilization of funds for deposits depends to a large extent on the clients, and not on the bank itself. Therefore, the competition between banks in the market of credit resources forces them to take measures to develop services that help attract deposits. For these purposes, it is important for commercial banks to develop a deposit policy strategy based on their goals and objectives. Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total volume of deposits and expanding the circle of depositors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system for stimulating the attraction of deposits.

In the course of writing the work, the activities of a specific subject of the banking system - Bank Petrovsky OJSC in the field of deposit operations were studied.

Analyzing the deposit market, it is possible to identify a growth trend in the share of deposits of legal entities and individuals in the total liabilities of the banking sector, their share has been steadily growing during 2005-2008.

As for the activities of Bank Petrovsky OJSC, both positive and negative trends can be noted here. The positive aspects in the work of the bank include the ever-expanding client base, capital and borrowed funds. However, in the structure of attracted funds, it is necessary to pay more attention to funds raised from legal entities, since it is deposits that are currently the most promising liabilities and a priority for banking growth.

As of January 1, 2009, deposits of legal entities accounted for approximately 24.2% of the total volume of deposits, which is three orders of magnitude less than deposits of individuals. This is due to the peculiarity of the deposit policy of JSC "Bank" Petrovsky ": not to involve in the service of the possible placement of funds from the client's settlement or current account in the bank into a term deposit, it is much more convenient and profitable for the funds to be free of charge on the current account, or, in the last case - monthly accrual of interest on average daily account balances. And if we take into account that there is such a thing as comprehensive customer service (the presence of a current account, the Bank-Client system, salary project, business accounts and other services), which implies an increase in the interest rate by several points when using the term deposit service together with another bank service, it can be concluded that the chances of a savings bank to attract this client are almost zero.

The volume of attracted funds in deposits from organizations has a positive trend throughout recent years. This is due to the growth in income of enterprises and the development of customer business.

The interest rate policy is an integral part of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. This consists in observing a number of principles on which the optimal interest rate policy of the bank should be based. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to name the principle of differentiation of interest depending on the period of storage and the size of savings, the principle of "social" differentiation of interest on deposits, the principle of ensuring the profitability of banking activities and the principle of preserving and protecting the savings of depositors. When forming an effective interest and deposit policy of a bank, a combination of all these principles is required.

The policy in the field of attracting free cash in deposits for both legal entities and individuals in Bank Petrovsky OJSC, despite the uniform growth from year to year, should be constantly improved.

A study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy and an assessment of the current situation in the field of attracting funds in the conditions of the current financial crisis in deposits made it possible to develop a number of proposals and recommendations for improving the deposit policy.

Thus, in order to strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential, the bank is offered:

1) Expand the list of existing deposits, focusing on different segments of the population with different income levels. In this regard, a number of new contributions have been proposed.

2) Take measures to minimize the negative impact of unforeseen withdrawal of term deposits by the population.

3) To pay interest on placed deposits at a rate corresponding to the period of keeping funds in the account in order to compensate for inflationary losses for the client

The reliability of commercial banks is one of the decisive elements of their activity, and one of the important measures to ensure reliability is deposit insurance, which is used in all countries with highly developed banking systems. In this regard, the banking system needs to significantly increase the confidence of potential depositors in the full and timely return of funds entrusted to the bank.

For our country, in conditions of general economic instability, inflation, a huge budget deficit, the creation of many banks, the reorganization of the banking system, etc. with all the acuteness the question arises of improving the insurance of banking activities, ensuring the interests of bank customers.

Summing up, it should be noted that each bank develops its own deposit policy independently, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of their activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflationary processes occurring in economics.

Bibliography

1. "On banks and banking activities in the Russian Federation" Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated 02.12.1990 No. 395-1

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation

3. "On the mandatory ratios of banks": Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated January 16, 2004 No. 110-I

4. "On the required reserves of credit institutions": Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated March 29, 2004 No. 255-P

5. “On the Procedure for Calculating Interest on Operations Associated with Raising and Placement of Funds and Recording These Operations in Accounts”: Bank of Russia Regulation No. 39-P dated June 26, 1998

6. "On Deposit and Savings Certificates of Credit Institutions": Regulations of the Bank of Russia dated 10.02.1992. No. 14-3-20 dated February 10, 1992 No. 14-3-20 as amended. letters of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 12/18/92. #23

7. “On the Methodology for Calculating Equity (Capital) of Credit Institutions”: Letter of the Bank of Russia dated 16.12.1998. No. 363-T.

8. Federal Law No. 395-1-FZ of December 2, 1990 "On banks and banking activities" (as amended)

10. Federal Law No. 86-FZ dated July 10, 2002 "On central bank Russian Federation10tion (Bank of Russia)" (with amendments and additions)

11. Federal Law No. 177-FZ of December 23, 2003 "On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation"

12. Federal Law No. 158-FZ of July 22, 2008 “On Amendments to Chapters 21, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of Part Two Tax Code of the Russian Federation and some other acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees"

13. Federal Law No. 48-FZ of March 11, 1997 "On a transferable and promissory note"

14. Regulation of the Bank of Russia No. 255-P dated March 20, 2004 "On the required reserves of credit institutions" (as amended)

15. Banking: Textbook / ed. G. N. Beloglazova, L. P. Krolivetskaya, 5th edition revised and enlarged, Moscow, “Finance and Statistics”, 2008.- 478p.

16. Banking operations / edited by Yu.I. Korobov.-M.: Master, 2007.-446s.

17. Banking operations: Textbook / edited by A. V. Pechnikov, O. M. Markov, E. B. Starodubtsev, Moscow, 2009.- 284p.

18. Banking operations: textbook / team of authors; under the editorship of O.I. Lavrushin.-M.: KNORUS, 2007.-384p.

19. Banking: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Ed. O.I. Lavrushina.-M.: Finance and statistics, 2005. - 576 p.

20. Banking: textbook / edited by Doctor of Economics, Prof. G. G. Korobova.

21. Beloglazova G.N., Krolivetskaya L.P. Banking. Organization of the activities of a commercial bank: textbook.-M.: Higher education, 2008.- 422p.

22. Velieva I., Volkov S. "Time to collect money" // Expert No. 11 (650) dated 03/23/2009

23. Glushkova N.B. Banking: Textbook - M., Academic project, 2005.-210s.

24. Zharkovskaya E.P. Banking: a textbook for university students.- M., Omega-L, 2008.-480 p.

25. Sheremet A.D., Saifulin R.S. Methodology financial analysis.– M., INFRA-Moscow, 2007.-376p.

26. Internet site of the DIA: http//www.asv.org.ru/guide (section "Contributor's Guide")

27. Internet site: http://www.rbcdaily.ru

28. Internet site: http://www.petrovskiybank.ru/

29. Internet site: http :// www . consultant . en

30. Internet site: http://bankrange.ru/

Application No. 1

AGREEMENT No. ______________

ABOUT DEPOSIT "DEMAND"

St. Petersburg "_________" _______________ 200___

1. SUBJECT OF THE CONTRACT

1.1. The subject of the agreement is the relationship of the parties regarding the acceptance of funds on deposit, the payment of interest and the return of the deposit on the terms and in the manner prescribed by this agreement.

2. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION AND PAYMENT OF INTEREST

2.1. The BANK opens an account for the DEPOSITOR __________________

2.2. For the use of funds, the BANK pays the DEPOSITOR __________________% per annum. Deposit term: on demand.

2.3. Interest on the deposit amount is accrued from the day following the day of its receipt by the BANK, until the day preceding its return to the DEPOSITOR, or its debiting from the DEpositor's account for other reasons. In this case, the actual number of calendar days in a year (365 or 366 days, respectively) is taken as the basis for calculation.

2.4. Interest accrued during the calendar year is added to the balance of the deposit, increasing its amount, on the last working day of the current year.

2.5. When paying in cash from a deposit in foreign currency, amounts less than the minimum denomination of banknotes of the corresponding currency are paid to the DEPOSTER in the currency of the Russian Federation at the rate established Central Bank Russia on the date of payment.

3. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

3.1. The INVESTOR has the right:

3.1.1. Make income on the deposit and expenditure operations both in cash and non-cash. It is possible to replenish the deposit by third parties.

3.1.2. Unilaterally terminate the agreement and claim the amount of the deposit with the interest due.

3.1.3. Issue a power of attorney to a third party to dispose of the deposit and draw up a testamentary disposition of the rights to funds in the BANK.

3.2. INVESTOR is obliged:

3.2.1. Make a deposit in cash or by bank transfer in the amount of at least 10 (ten) rubles or the equivalent in foreign currency, not less than the minimum denomination of banknotes.

3.2.2. Do not use the "On Demand" deposit for making settlements related to entrepreneurial activities.

3.2.3. Reimburse the BANK for expenses arising from the execution by the BANK of the INVESTOR's instructions in accordance with the commission rates approved by the BANK.

3.2.4. Notify the BANK two working days in advance of the intention to claim from the deposit an amount exceeding 10,000 rubles or an equivalent in foreign currency as of the date of notification.

3.3.The BANK has the right:

3.3.1. During the term of the deposit, change the interest rate on the deposit. The new interest rate shall enter into force upon expiry of 10 days from the date of placement of the relevant notice on advertising stands in the BANK's premises.

3.3.2. Write off at the time of the operation from the DEPOSITOR'S account without acceptance the due fee for the BANK's services in accordance with the commission rates approved by the BANK.

3.4. The BANK is obliged:

3.4.1. Provide the DEPOSITOR with an account statement reflecting the movement of funds on the account when making income and expenditure transactions.

3.4.2. Observe the secrecy of the deposit in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. SPECIAL CONDITIONS

4.1. If the INVESTOR has a zero balance on the account within 12 (twelve) months from the date of the last operation, the BANK has the right to consider this circumstance as a direct order of the INVESTOR to close the deposit account.

4.2. Savings book on the deposit is not issued.

CONTRACT TIME

5.1. This agreement comes into force from the moment of its conclusion and the deposit of funds and is valid until the account is closed at the request of the INVESTOR or until the circumstances specified in clause 4.1 occur. of this agreement.

5.2. This agreement is made in two copies, one for each of the parties, having the same legal force.

5. DETAILS, ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES OF THE PARTIES

BANK : OJSC Bank Petrovsky:

191186 Saint-Petersburg, Nevsky pr., 26, c/c 30101810600000000809 at the Central Bank of the Bank of Russia for Saint-Petersburg, BIC 044030809,

TIN 7831000179, KPP 783501001, OKONKh 96120, OKPO 09801859, PSRN 1027800000568 SWIFT: PETR RU 2P

INVESTOR: FULL NAME ______________________ TIN

Date of Birth ___________________________

Postal code, address _____________________ Phone __________

Passport: series ________ number _______________ by whom and when issued _________________________________________________________________

Signature ___________________

Application No. 2

Deposit "PETROVSKY-UNIVERSAL"

The deposit accepts additional contributions in cash or by bank transfer. The frequency of making and the amount of additional contributions are not limited.

The deposit allows partial payments of amounts within 20% of the amount of funds in the account on the 1st day of the month in which the payment is made.

The deposit is subject to a 3-fold automatic prolongation of the deposit period without the personal presence of the depositor.

On the deposit, you can draw up a power of attorney and a testamentary disposition of the rights to the funds contributed by the depositor to the deposit.

Deposit "PETROVSKY - UNIVERSAL"

	91-180	181-1 year	over 1 year up to 3 years
amount, rub.
from 10 000 additional contribution from 1 000	11,25	12,25	12,75
from 500,000 additional contribution from 25 000	12,25	13,25	13,70
from 1,000,000 additional contribution from 50 000	12,50	13,50	13,95
amount, US dollars
from 300 extra installment from 50	5,00	6,00	6,15
from 15 000 additional installment from 500	5,90	6,90	7,05
	6,05	7,05	7,25
amount, euro
from 300 extra installment from 50	4,60	5,60	5,75
from 15 000 additional installment from 500	5,50	6,50	6,65
from 30,000 additional contribution from 1 000	5,65	6,75	6,80

Deposit "PETROVSKY - CLASSIC"

With interest paid monthly or at the end of the deposit term

A term deposit agreement is concluded in writing by the depositor or his representative under a notarized power of attorney, which stipulates this right of the depositor's representative.

Deposits are accepted in rubles, US dollars or euros. The amount and term of the deposit can be any of the proposed setting ranges. The interest rate on the deposit depends on the amount and term of the deposit and is not subject to change during the main or extended terms.

Additional contributions to the contribution are not accepted. Payment of a part of the deposit with the preservation of the interest rate is not allowed. The deposit is subject to a 3-fold automatic prolongation of the term without the personal presence of the depositor with interest paid monthly.

Interest on the deposit is paid to the depositor's current account on the 1st day of each month and on the last day of the main or extended deposit period.

- with interest payment at the end of the deposit term

Interest on the deposit is paid on the date of return of the deposit of the main or extended term by adding it to the deposit amount.
When claiming the deposit amount before the expiration of the main or extended term, interest for the period from the beginning of the term (main or extended) to the date of demand is charged at a rate of 0.05% per annum. On the deposit, you can draw up a power of attorney and a testamentary disposition of the rights to the funds contributed by the depositor to the deposit.

Deposit "PETROVSKY-CLASSICAL"

On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ

On Amendments to the Federal Law on Deposit Insurance: Federal Law of December 22, 2008 No. No. 270-FZ

On assessing the financial stability of a bank in order to recognize it as sufficient for participation in the deposit insurance system: Directive of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 16.01.2004. No. 1379-U.//www.consultant.ru

deposit term (inclusive), days	31-90	91-180	181-1 year	over 1 year up to 3 years
interest rates on deposits (% per annum) with interest payment:
rubles	at the end of the term
1 000-100 000	9,20	12,75	13,75	14,25
100 000- 700 000	9,40	13,00	14,00	14,45
from 700 000	9,60	13,25	14,25	14,70
U.S. dollars
100-3 000	4,50	6,50	7,50	7,65
3 000-15 000	4,65	6,65	7,65	7,80
from 15 000	4,80	6,80	7,80	7,95
Euro
100-3 000	4,10	6,10	7,10	7,25
3 000-15 000	4,25	6,25	7,25	7,40
from 15 000	4,40	6,40	7,50	7,55
rubles	monthly
1 000-100 000	8,20	11,75	12,75	13,25
100 000- 700 000	8,40	12,00	13,00	13,45
from 700 000	8,60	12,25	13,25	13,70
U.S. dollars
100-3 000	3,50	5,50	6,50	6,65
3 000-15 000	3,65	5,65	6,65	6,80
from 15 000	3,80	5,80	6,80	6,95
Euro
100-3 000	3,10	5,10	6,10	6,25
3 000-15 000	3,25	5,25	6,25	6,40

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21 deposit policy of commercial banks. Abstract: Deposit policy of a commercial bank. Deposit policy of commercial banks

AGREEMENT No. ______________

ABOUT DEPOSIT "DEMAND"

Deposit "PETROVSKY-UNIVERSAL"

Deposit "PETROVSKY - CLASSIC"

- with interest payment at the end of the deposit term

Deposit "PETROVSKY-CLASSICAL"

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