Introduction
Relevance term paper is that the Central Federal District (CFD) is the leader among the economic federal districts of the country. He was always the first - both in the period of the creation of St. Petersburg, and in the heyday of the Urals, and in the years of the rapid rise of the Donbass, and in our time. The name of the region accurately reflects the role that belongs to it in the formation of Russian statehood, the development of the economy and the formation of a single economic space of the country. The district is not accidentally named Central. This name characterizes not only geographical position in the center of the country, but also a historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.
The Central District has the largest training centers, research institutes, design organizations, cities of science, so it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains high level development of high technology industries. It is a developed industrial and agricultural region.
The Central Federal District (CFD) is a metropolitan region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railway and highways.
Main goalwork: to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic characteristics of the Central federal district. In accordance with this goal, the following tasks:
-assess the economic and geographical position and natural resource potential of the Central Federal District;
-to characterize the population and economy of the Central Federal District;
-analyze the level of social economic situation Central Federal District;
-identify promising areas for the development of the Central Federal District.
The following were used in the work research methods:
Analytical;
-historical and geographical;
Comparative.
1. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Federal District
.1 Evolution of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia
federal economic district
The presence of internal territorial differences in the Russian Federation determines the need for zoning, implies their consideration in the development of grids of administrative-territorial division and economic regions of the country. There are several types of regionalization of the territory of the country:
· administrative-territorial
· economic (general or complex),
problematic
industry;
· relatively new types of zoning, covering contiguous parts of several neighboring countries, transnational economic regions.
The main structural unit in the economic zoning, territorial administration and development planning of Russia has long been economic region, and since 2000 its modification is the federal district.
Economic region - the basic structural unit in zoning is an objective territorial category and is a derivative of the development productive forces and nature management in a given territory, has characteristic natural, historical, economic and some other features.
By its nature, the federal district is an administrative entity that covers the territory of several subjects. Russian Federation. The creation of districts does not affect the constitutional foundations of federalism and does not infringe on the constitutional and legal status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of the federal district, work is organized to implement the direction of the internal and foreign policy of the state, control over the execution of decisions is carried out federal bodies state power. The creation of federal districts is also intended to help ensure national security, improving the political, social and economic situation in each district. With the help of this work, the well-known fragmentation of the state that has arisen due to the large size of the territory of Russia and the weakening of federal influence on solving problems in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be overcome.
At the beginning of formation Russian state it was necessary to divide the vast territory of the country into administrative units. The evolution of the administrative-territorial division of Russia since the XVIII-XX centuries has 13 stages - from the First Petrine reform to the present day.
First Petrine reformbecame the first in the history of Russia to unify the system of administrative-territorial division (ATD). Until the end of the 17th century, this system developed largely spontaneously, the state was divided into administrative-territorial units of different origin and with different statuses - the former princely lands, destinies, orders, categories, cheti, counties , some volosts, in fact equated to counties. The number of such units at the end of the 17th century ranged from 150 to 200 . By decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the territory of the Russian state was divided into eight huge provinces - Moscow, Ingermanland (renamed St. Petersburg in 1710) , Arkhangelsk, Kyiv, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov, Siberian. In 1713, the province of Riga was formed from the newly annexed lands in the northwest. In 1717, a new Astrakhan province was formed from the southern part of the Kazan province. Second Petrine reform, proclaimed by decree of May 29 1719 , was aimed at disaggregating poorly managed huge provinces, which were divided into provinces, and those, in turn, into districts. Two provinces were re-formed - Nizhny Novgorod Iand Revelskaya ; Azov province was renamed into Voronezh .
Reform of 1727 abolished districts, partially replacing them with counties . This reform also continued the process of unbundling provinces, which began in 1719. In total, after the reform of 1727, there were 14 provinces and about 250 counties. This ATD grid has remained fairly stable for several decades.
The beginning of the reign of Catherine I was marked by some changes in the ATD, mainly associated with the creation of administrative bodies in the lands newly annexed to the empire. By the time the new ATD reform began, the territory of the empire was divided into 23 provinces, 65 provinces and 276 counties.
Catherine's reform, which began on November 7, 1775 with the signing by Catherine II « Institutions for the administration of provinces" , marked a much more significant disaggregation ATD cells than all previous reforms. In the course of this reform, the number of provinces doubled, the provinces were abolished, and counties became the unit of the ATD of the second level. . The process of implementing the reform lasted for 10 years, during which 40 provinces (vicerarchies) and two regions with the rights of a province, in which 483 county. Then there was Pavlovian reform, during which a number of provinces were renamed and the number of first-level ATD units decreased from 51 to 42.
Restoration of Catherine's and the formation of new provinces in the XIX century. The new emperor Alexander I from 1801 began to restore the former grid of provinces, retaining, however, a number of Pavlovian transformations. He revived the Olonets and Penza provinces, divided the Lithuanian province into Vilna and Grodno , and included in the empire of Georgia received the status of a new province. The Little Russian province was divided into Chernihiv and Poltava , and soon the Belarusian province was liquidated, which broke up into Mogilev and Vitebsk . The Novorossiysk province was divided between Nikolaev, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride, and Vyborg was renamed Finland. From the composition of the Astrakhan province, the Caucasian province was singled out with a center in Georgievsk, subsequently transforming it into the Caucasian region with a center in Stavropol.
During the XIX-XX centuries, the Kamchatka region was created and abolished many times, but for the first time it was separated from the Irkutsk province and received administrative independence in 1803. In the Asian part of the empire, under Alexander I, the Tomsk and Yenisei provinces. On the newly annexed lands, Bialystok, Ternopil, Imereti and Bessarabia regions; the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland had their own administrative division . In 1822, under the reform of Speransky, all the provinces and regions of Siberia were subordinated to two general governorships - West Siberian (center - Omsk) and East Siberian (center - Irkutsk). A special administration was introduced for the Siberian Kirghiz (Kazakhs ) .
In the middle of the century, the process of forming new units of the ATD continued: Kovno (the northern parts of the Vilna province), Tiflis, Kutaisi, Shamakhi and Derbent province in the Caucasus. The Caucasian region was renamed into Stavropol province. Among the most important transformations in the main territory of the empire in the second half of the 19th century are the creation of Samara, Ufa and Black Sea provinces, as well as regions of the Trans-Baikal and troops Donskoy. During the peasant reform of 1861, the counties were divided into rural municipalities .
Formation of the ATD system in the newly annexed and colonized territories (second half of the 19th century). In 1849, the Erivan province was formed in Transcaucasia, the Shamakhi province was renamed Baku, and Zakatala appeared. district. On the site of the Derbent province, the Dagestan region was formed, and in the neighborhood a special region of the Cossack Kuban army was created. The latest transformations of the ATD in the Caucasus were the creation of the Terek region (the center of Vladikavkaz), Elisavetpol province, Batumi and Kars areas. In 1856, a new Primorsky Region was formed from the coastal parts of the East Siberian General Government, to which the former Chinese left bank of the Amur was annexed. Soon, the Amur Region was formed on the newly annexed part of the left bank (the center is Blagoveshchensk). In 1884, Sakhalin was separated from the Primorsky region as a special department. In the 1860s and 1870s, to Russian Empire the lands of modern Kazakhstan and Central Asia were annexed. In these territories, mainly regions (and not provinces) were organized - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Orenburg Kirghiz, Ural, Turgay, Semirechensk, Turkestan, Syrdarya, Samarkand, Fergana, Transcaspian . Vassal dependence on Russia recognized Bukhara, Kokand and Khanate of Khiva .
ATD of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. In the last pre-revolutionary years, there were relatively few changes in the ATD of Russia: the Kamchatka region again gained independence, and a new Sakhalin region also appeared. In the south of Siberia, the territory of present-day Tuva called the Uryankhai Territory was annexed to Russia. .
Coexistence of old and new ATD units (1917-1923).The implementation of a new project for the disaggregation of the ATD of Russia was started by the Provisional Government, which in April 1917 allocated the Altai province from the southern districts of the Tomsk province, and Bukeevskaya from the eastern part of the Astrakhan province. province.
Following the October Revolution of 1917, a spontaneous process of formation of Soviet republics and non-Soviet autonomies began, mainly on the outskirts of the country. In the provinces and regions with a predominantly non-Russian population, in 1918-1920, their own Soviet and non-Soviet autonomous or independent national republics were proclaimed. Completely separated from the country of Bessarabia, Finland, the Baltic states, Poland . In 1919-1922 in the Far East and at least four states coexisted in Siberia (including . Verkhneudinsk Far Eastern Republic) The process of disintegration of the old provinces began. In October 1918, the first national-state formation arose on the territory of the RSFSR - the Nemtsev Labor Commune Volga region (the prototype of the future ASSR and Autonomous Okrug). Following it, in March 1919, the “small” Bashkir ASSR was organized, and in May-June 1920 three more national autonomies appeared - the Tatar ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), Karelsk Ilabor commune (reorganized into the ASSR in 1923) and the Chuvash labor commune (autonomous region, later transformed into ASSR). From the steppe regions inhabited by the Kazakhs, a new Kyrgyz ASSR within the RSFSR with its capital in Orenburg (in 1925 it was renamed the Kazakh ASSR). Autonomous national regions Votskaya were also formed. (since 1932 - Udmurt), Mari, Kalmyk , as well as Dagestan and Mountain ASSR. In October 1921, the Crimean ASSR was organized on the territory of the Crimea as part of the RSFSR. In the early 1920s, the Murmansk and Novonikolaevsk provinces were formed, while the Ufa and Rybinsk provinces disappeared from the map at the same time.
The first Soviet reform (1923-1929; enlargement of ATD units).After the formation of the USSR, in 1923, the idea of a new zoning of the country, developed by the State Planning Committee, arose. Its essence was to replace the old provinces with huge Soviet ones. economic areas, divided sequentially into districts, districts and village councils. The reform began in the Urals, where it was formed Ural region(with the center in Yekaterinburg), which united four provinces. Soon, the South-Eastern Region was created in the North Caucasus , later included in the vast North Caucasus region (with its center in Rostov-on-Don). The last step of this reform was in 1929 the complete liquidation of the provinces and the creation of regions and territories in the remaining part of the country (the Center and the European North) that was not yet “regioned”. During the years 1929-1930, there were slight changes in the composition of the national autonomies, which were mainly part of the regions and territories. Thus, as a result of the first Soviet reform of the ATD, 40 units of the upper level of the ATD remained on the territory of Russia, including two types of large units - six regions and seven regions.
The second Soviet reform of the ATD (disaggregation of cells). First phase: 1930-1939. Huge in terms of area, population and number of districts, the ATD units were poorly managed, so the question arose in the USSR of disaggregating the territories and regions. First of all, the Far Eastern Territory was divided into several regions; then the remaining large regions and regions were divided into small regions. In 1930, several new national districts were formed.
The second phase of the disaggregation of the regions (1943-1954).In the second half of the Great Patriotic War, another wave of fragmentation of poorly managed areas began. It was accompanied by the liquidation of a number of autonomies of those peoples who were recognized as "disloyal". This is how new regions appeared: Ulyanovsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan, Astrakhan and Grozny . Kaluga, Bryansk, Kostroma, Vladimir, Velikolukskaya, Novgorod and Pskov arose at the junctions of neighboring regions of the Center and the North-West. region, and in Western Siberia the Tomsk and Tyumen region. In 1944-1946, new territories became part of the USSR: the Tuva People's Republic , which received the status of JSC, South Sakhalin Region, which was soon included in the Sakhalin Region, and Koenigsberg Region, renamed Kaliningrad . In January 1954, on the outskirts of a number of regions of the central part of Russia, five new regions were formed at once, three of which (Arzamasskaya, Balashovskaya and Kamenskaya) turned out to be ephemeral and lasted only three years, and the other two (Belgorodskaya and Lipetsk) exist to this day. The Crimean ASSR within the RSFSR was transformed into the Crimean Oblast and transferred to Ukraine in 1954.
The stage of stable equilibrium of the ATD system (since 1957).At the very beginning of this period, a small step back was taken in the direction of enlargement - four unsuccessfully organized peripheral regions were liquidated, and all the autonomies liquidated by Stalin were restored (with the exception of the ASSR of the Volga Germans). So the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region, the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region were restored or re-emerged and Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR. The Karelian-Finnish SSR was abolished, which was again included in the RSFSR under the name of the Karelian ASSR . After the collapse of the USSR, there were several more minor changes in the ATD of Russia: the old names were returned to three regions, the autonomous republics (and some AOs) declared sovereignty and began to be called “subjects of the federation” (along with all units of the ATD of the first level). In 1992, the first territorial change in the ATD took place after 1957 - the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into independent Chechen and the Ingush Republic . After the collapse of the USSR, in 2000, in order to strengthen the economic regions due to the need to ensure the exact implementation of state decisions, 7 federal districts were allocated:
Central Federal District;
Southern Federal District;
Northwestern Federal District;
Far Eastern Federal District;
Siberian Federal District;
Ural federal district;
Volga Federal District.
But on the basis of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 19, 2010 No. 82 “On Amending the List of Federal Districts”, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. No. 724 "Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies" was the 8th federal district of the Russian Federation created? North Caucasian Federal District.
And also in 2014, a new territorial unit, Crimea, joined the Russian Federation, which led to the creation of the 9th federal district - the Crimean Federal District.
Figure 1 - Administrative - territorial division of Russia (wiki)
Table 1. Composition of the federal districts of Russia
Name of the federal districtCompositionArea (km ²) Численность населения (на 01.01.2014)Центральный федеральный округБелгородская область652,80038819874Брянская областьВладимирская областьКалужская областьКостромская областьВоронежская областьЛипецкая областьЯрославская областьТульская областьТверская областьКурская областьСмоленская областьТамбовская областьМосковская областьРязанская областьОрловская областьИвановская областьЮжный федеральный округРеспублика Адыгея416,84013 963 874Республика КалмыкияКраснодарский крайАстраханская областьРостовская областьВолгоградская областьСеверо - Западный федеральный округРеспублика Карелия1,677,900 13 800 658 Republic of Komi Arkhangelsk Region Vologda Region Leningrad Region Nenets Autonomous Okrug Pskov Region Novgorod Region Murmansk Region Kaliningrad Region Far Eastern Federal District Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 6,215,9006 226 640 Kamchatka Territory Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Jewish Autonomous Region Sakhalin Region Magadan Region Amur Region риморский крайСибирский федеральный округРеспублика Алтай5,114,80019 292 740Республика БурятияРеспублика ТываКрасноярский крайНовосибирская областьЗабайкальский крайКемеровская областьАлтайский крайРеспублика ХакасияОмская областьИркутская областьТомская областьПриволжский федеральный округРеспублика Башкортостан1,038,00029 738 836Республика Марий ЭлПермский крайСамарская областьСаратовская областьПензенская областьНижегородская областьУльяновская областьОренбургская областьУдмуртская РеспубликаРеспублика МордовияКировская областьЧувашская РеспубликаРеспублика ТатарстанУральский федеральный округКурганская область1,788 Republic of Ingushetia District of the Republic of Crimea27.1612 342 411
1.2 Composition and economic and geographical position of the Central Federal District
The Central Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation of the Russian Federation, includes eighteen constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the western part of the country:
Figure 2 - composition of the CFD
It was formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The territory of the district is 650205 km ², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the federal district as of January 1, 2013 is 38678.9 thousand people. (26.98% of the population of the Russian Federation). It is the largest federal district in terms of population. Located on the East European Plain, the territory of the district lies on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian Uplands, Meshcherskaya and Oka-Donskaya lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Top of Valdai).
The outer borders of the district are in the west - with Belarus, in the south-west - with Ukraine. Internal borders: in the south with the Southern, in the east with the Volga, in the north with the North-Western federal districts.
The favorable economic and geographical position of the Okrug is determined by the intersection of water and land routes, which ensure stable internal and external communications. Length railways- 17,291 km (19.9% of Russian), paved highways - 117,926 km (22.3%).
In terms of gross domestic product, the value of fixed industrial and production assets, the number of industrial and production personnel, scientific and technical potential, and developed industrial and social infrastructure, it significantly outperforms other federal districts of the country.
1.3 Population of the Central Federal District
In terms of population, the number of cities and towns, the variety of types and appearance of settlements, the Central Federal District occupies a special place in our country. 30.3 million people live here, or 20.4% of the population of Russia; by population density (62.6 people/km2). The Central Federal District also ranks first among the districts. Within the Central Federal District itself, densely populated industrial regions of the Volga-Oka interfluve, saturated with numerous cities and towns, and peripheral western and southern parts are clearly distinguished. In the north of the district, the density is 15-20 people/km2, in the west and south - 50-70 people/km2. The least densely populated is the Kostroma region, and the maximum density is in the Moscow region.
The Central Federal District is the district of the most ancient Slavic settlement, the historical core of the Russian people. And at present, the region is distinguished by a very homogeneous national composition: the Russian population prevails here everywhere. There are small national groups in the east of the Ryazan region (Tatars) and the northeast of Tver (Karelians). Belarusians and Ukrainians live in the west.
Feature CFD - high specific gravity urban population. There are about 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the region, in which over 25 million people live. Thus, the share of the urban population in the district is 82.5%. At the same time, the Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions reached the average indicator, and the Moscow region exceeded it. There are more than 30 large cities in the district, the share of the population of which in the total number of residents of the Central Federal District is almost half, and in the urban population - more than 2/3. In the Central Federal District, both large clusters of urban settlements and single cities and towns are common. Moscow occupies a prominent place among the clusters of cities. 1/2 of the urban population of the district lives in the Moscow agglomeration. Other largest urban agglomerations are Tula and Yaroslavl. An important reason for strengthening the connection between the cities of the Central Federal District is their diversity, the special role of industry, territorial proximity, and favorable transport conditions. Big cities characterized by high growth rates, which is due to the concentration of industry and social infrastructure. The network of urban settlements in the Central Federal District has evolved over many centuries. Here, more than anywhere else, cities that are among the most ancient in our country have been preserved. It was they who became the reference points of modern urban settlement. Among the administrative and industrial centers ancient cities also predominate (Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Vyazma, Kolomna).
The Central Federal District is characterized by a relatively small proportion of rural residents in the total population - 17%. The main reason for the reduction in the number of rural residents of the district is an intensive outflow from countryside. In the Moscow region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir, Tula regions, a significant part of the inhabitants of rural settlements is the population not associated with agriculture. Since ancient times, the population has primarily developed more fertile lands, therefore, in places where very favorable soils are distributed, massifs of continuous settlement were formed. Most of the Central Federal District is characterized by small and medium-sized settlements, which is explained by the predominance of the focal nature of the agricultural development of the territory. The south-east of the district is dominated by more sparsely located large villages. This corresponds to a higher productivity of the land, continuous development of the territory, etc. Large rural settlements can also be found along large rivers, near cities.
Migration has had a certain impact on the population growth dynamics of the district. The mechanical movement of the urban population is characterized by a large proportion of migrants from other economic districts. The Central District south of Moscow is one of the main fields of migration gravity. In exchange with Moscow and the region, almost all regions of the district are losing part of their urban population. Along with this, the mechanical increase in the urban population of these regions is formed mainly due to the influx of local rural residents. In the influx of labor resources into the cities of the Central Federal District, a significant place also belongs to pendulum migrations. The Moscow region stands out in particular, where every fourth rural resident is employed at work or study in urban areas. In addition, about 36% of workers living in satellite towns come to work in Moscow.
Established in the Central Federal District demographic situation characterized by low natural growth (coefficient natural increase is -3.2 ‰, while the number of births is 10.8 ‰, and the number of deaths is 14 ‰ for 2011) and an increase in the proportion of the older population. The number of labor resources is insufficient. The Okrug, primarily due to Moscow located within its borders, has played and is playing an outstanding role in the development of culture and the training of qualified personnel. Higher than the national average, the level of employment of labor resources in the non-manufacturing sector is due to the role that the Central Federal District plays in the development of science, culture and training of specialists. But the district itself is experiencing a shortage mainly in less skilled labor. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the working-age population in Russia is 61%, younger than able-bodied - 18%, older than able-bodied - 21%. According to the criteria approved by the UN, the population of a country is considered old if the proportion of people over 65 exceeds 7%. In the Russian Federation, the proportion of this category of persons is 13%. The indicators of the regions of the Central Federal District practically do not differ from the national level. In most regions, the number of able-bodied citizens is approximately 60-63 percent. The Lipetsk, Tula and Bryansk regions came especially close to the average value of 60 percent. The largest number of able-bodied residents lives in the Voronezh region - 1389.8 thousand. However, such numerical characteristics are primarily due to the fact that this region, in comparison with its neighbors, is the most densely populated. The least able-bodied population is in the small Oryol region - 499.9 thousand people. From 2007 to 2009, the number of able-bodied people in the regions of the Central Federal District has been gradually decreasing. At the same time, the number of citizens younger than working age is also decreasing. At the same time, the number of people over the working age is gradually increasing. This is especially noticeable in the Belgorod, Oryol and Lipetsk regions. On average, more than 23 percent of the total number of residents living in these regions are no longer able to work.
.4 Natural conditions and resources of the Central Federal District
From a historical and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two subregions - Non-Chernozem and Chernozem. In the Central Federal District, market relations and infrastructure, a developed financial and credit system, transport and information services have been formed to the greatest extent, foreign investments are successfully attracted, and joint ventures with foreign partners are being created. The district has formed a diversified economic complex in which manufacturing and agriculture play a leading role.
The limited reserves of fuel and energy and a significant part of mineral resources make the development of the Okrug's economy dependent on the supply of fuel, raw materials, components and parts from other regions of Russia and countries of near and far abroad. In the territorial division of labor of the country, the federal district is distinguished by science-intensive and labor-intensive industries of mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, printing, light industry, food industry, production building materials. Despite the decline in their share in industrial production over the years economic reforms caused by crisis processes and the collapse of the single economic space, they retain a leading role in the economy of the district and the country.
Consider the main mineral resourcesdistricts. Compared to other districts of Russia, the Central Federal District is relatively poor in natural, especially fossil, resources. The available resources of fuel, iron ores, and some non-metallic minerals, as a rule, occupy a very modest place both in quantitative and qualitative terms. This position of the Central Federal District stands out especially in connection with the industrial development of this region, which emphasizes the discrepancy between its limited natural resources and strong economic potential.
Fuel resourcesThe Central Federal District is represented by the reserves of the Moscow Region coal basin and peat. The explored reserves of this basin are about 4 billion tons. The Tula and Kaluga regions differ in the largest resources. This coal is characterized by high ash content, humidity and sulfur content. Peat, due to the wide distribution of swamps, is available in the northern half of the Central Federal District almost everywhere. The largest peat deposits are located within the Meshcherskaya and Upper Volga lowlands. The low calorific value and high moisture content of peat make it preferable to use it near mining sites.
Iron ores have long been used in the Tula region, but their reserves are insignificant. Of great importance are non-metallic minerals of the Central Federal District - limestone, refractory and brick clay, construction, glass sand, gravel. The region is in great need for these minerals, and their deposits are used especially intensively near Moscow.
A significant economic role is played by the deposits of phosphorites located in the Bryansk and Moscow (Voskresensko-Egorievskoe) regions, as well as salt and limestone deposits in Tula.
In terms of reserves and production of gypsum for the production of binders, the Central Federal District has no equal. Most of the reserves and all production are concentrated in the Tula region.
Recreational resourcesThe Central Federal District is of particular importance due to its metropolitan position and the concentration of a large, predominantly urban population here. The Okrug has large recreational resources, primarily due to the picturesque landscapes of the Central Russian zone. Only forests of direct recreational purpose make up about 1/5 of such forests in Russia.
In addition to natural, numerous historical, cultural and architectural monuments, which are so rich in the district, are of great recreational value. Most of them are concentrated in such cities as Vladimir, Moscow, Suzdal, Sergeev Posad and others. In the Central Federal District, the country's first annular complex tourist route "Golden Ring" was created.
1.5 Economy of the Central Federal District
On the territory of the Central Federal District, a complex industrial complex of predominantly manufacturing industries and industries has formed, which has a fairly high level of interconnectedness.
The leading branches of the district are mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, and light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power industry, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials industry, glass and faience industries have received great development in the district.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District has no equal in the country in terms of the number of employees and marketable products. Among the branches of mechanical engineering, the leading place belongs to those that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of machine tools and about 1/3 of metalworking tools in the CIS. The enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in the Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. Electrical industry enterprises are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugin. Instrumentation is most developed in Moscow and in the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.
The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is the Moscow Automobile Plant. I.A. Likhachev. The company specializes in the production of trucks of medium tonnage and small-scale passenger cars of the highest class. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsevo, Mtsensk and other cities. On the basis of ZIL vehicles in the Moscow region, the production of dump trucks (Mytishchi), buses (Likino-Dulyovo) was created. Moscow plant them. Leninsky Komsomol is the head enterprise of the Moskvich Production Association, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.
The Central Federal District is the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. The production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinovo, Murom; wagons - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The aviation industry of the district is distinguished by a high degree of concentration. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). In the Volga-Oka interfluve - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets - shipbuilding is localized.
Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of numerous tractor (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) mechanical engineering enterprises in the Central Federal District. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), clothing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy industry (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing industry (Rybinsk), etc.
Chemical and petrochemical industry.In these branches of industry, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a capacious consumer. However, the development of the industry is constrained by a shortage of raw materials, water, energy, and the difficult environmental situation of a highly urbanized district.
The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen fertilizers) are Novomoskovsk and Shchekinskoye PO "Azot" (Tula region), Dorogobuzh plant (Smolensk region). Phosphate fertilizers are produced by Minudobreniya in Voskresensk, which uses imported apatite concentrates. On the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions, phosphate rock is produced. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products - in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country in the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow Region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov using imported oil and gas raw materials. The Yaroslavl and Moscow Tire Plants produce approximately 1/4 of the production of tires, the production of rubber products is concentrated in the same centers, and rubber footwear is concentrated in Moscow. Synthetic dyes are produced in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; here new productions are localized - chemical reagents and photochemical. In terms of the development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in the Central Federal District, Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions stand out.
Ferrous metallurgy.The Central Federal District hosts the country's second largest ferrous metallurgy base in terms of value and scale of production: the first place in Russia in iron ore mining, the second in iron and steel smelting and the production of rolled products, and the third in ferroalloy smelting. The iron ore industry, the main volumes of production of pig iron, steel and rolled products gravitate to the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the district, conversion metallurgy predominates, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical shops of machine-building plants.
The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky mining and processing plants, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Starooskolsky metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Orlovsky steel rolling plant.
Fuel and energy complex.The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially satisfies the needs of the district. Coal mining in the Moscow Basin is declining. In terms of peat extraction, the Central Federal District occupies a leading position in Russia. The largest peat enterprises with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year operate here. Most of the production falls on the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the fuel balance of the district, the share of local fuels has decreased to 10-15%. Most of the peat is used not for energy purposes, but for the needs of agriculture.
At present, the Central Federal District is one of the leaders in the country in terms of generation of electrical and thermal energy. The fuel and energy complex is based on large state district power plants and thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Kashirskaya, Ryazanskaya state district power plants, Moscow thermal power plants, etc. Following the country's first nuclear power plant - Obninskaya - large nuclear power plants were built: Smolenskaya, Kursk. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The needs of the CER in petroleum products are largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow refineries.
Agriculture. The Central Federal District is one of the leading agricultural districts in the country. Favorable natural climatic conditions contributed to the development of highly intensive agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross harvest of flax fiber, 47.7% of the harvest of sugar beets, 33% of the gross harvest of potatoes, 17.2% of the gross harvest of grain, 15.2% of the harvest of sunflower seeds, 23.3% of the harvest of vegetables, 28.4% of milk production, 21% of meat production.
The main crops of wheat fall on the black earth regions of the district - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture - buckwheat.
Of the industrial crops, the production of flax and sugar beet is of the greatest importance. Flax growing is represented in the most humid areas of the non-chernozem zone of the district - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable highly fertile black earth lands of the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. In the Voronezh and Kursk regions, hemp crops are common, and tobacco and shag - in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. Horticulture has developed in the regions of the Central Chernozem region, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The federal district also specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing.
Light industry.The light industry of the district is characterized by a high degree of concentration, primarily the textile industry. To share light industry The district accounts for 1/3 of the industry's production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful industrial base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and wide consumer demand. The enterprises of the district produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while the enterprises of the Ivanovo, Moscow, Vladimir regions account for 4/5 of the total production of cotton fabrics in the district. The largest textile center of the country is Ivanovo.
Silk industry enterprises, producing 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and the region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. The enterprises of the linen industry, which also produce 80% of the total volume of linen fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in the places of growth of raw materials - fiber flax (Vladimir, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions). The main center of the linen industry is Kostroma, but enterprises have recently appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total output of woolen fabrics, but the metropolitan area accounts for 2/3 of the district's fabrics. Among other regions, Bryansk, Ivanovo and Tver stand out. The textile industry of the Okrug is especially characterized by extensive interregional ties - three-fourths of all textile products are exported, including more than four-fifths of cotton.
Food industry.The sugar and oil industry is concentrated in the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of sugar beet and sunflower cultivation. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and it ranks second in the country in terms of acreage, sunflower seeds and vegetable oil production after the Southern Federal District. Dairy cattle breeding is the main livestock specialization of the Okrug, its share in the country's milk production exceeds a quarter. The dairy direction of cattle breeding increases as you move from south to north, where there is a better supply of succulent fodder. Potato and vegetable growing is developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops is increasing in suburban areas. Particularly great is the role in the production of potatoes and vegetables of the Moscow region and the administrative districts of neighboring regions bordering on it. The district ranks first in Russia in terms of the total volume of potato harvest, and shares the first and second places with the Southern Federal District in vegetable production.
Transport complex. The Central Federal District has a developed transport system. There is a high density of railways and roads, significantly exceeding the average for Russia. From Moscow, rays diverge in different directions 11 railways, which, branching on the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district, located at the crossroads from the oil Volga region, the forested North, the industrial Urals and the grain South, is great. Moscow, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk became major railway transport hubs of the system. 15 highways depart from Moscow in different directions. The creation of the Moscow multi-lane ring road with multi-level interchanges allows for transit traffic bypassing the city center. Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Oryol, Ryazan, Voronezh, Belgorod regions are distinguished by a high density of roads. Almost 60% of paved roads have an improved surface. Of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods, are waterways. Moscow is not only a port. Three airports of the capital (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest nodes of inter-district and international airlines. Pipeline transport is also developed within the district, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines.
Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has a high industrial potential, is a metropolitan region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.
2. Socio-economic situation of the Central Federal District
.1 Analysis of social indicators
This chapter discusses such social indicators as population, natural and migration growth of the Central Federal District.
Population.The Central Federal District, according to the statistical service, is the leader among other federal districts in terms of population. (Appendix 1) The population for 2011 is 38538 thousand people. Let's consider the Central Federal District separately by regions.
Figure 3 - Population of the Central Federal District
According to the bar graph, it can be seen that the leading positions in terms of population are occupied by Moscow - 11613 thousand people and the Moscow region - 7199 thousand people. The Kostroma and Oryol regions have the lowest figures - 662 and 781 thousand people. Basically, the population indicators by regions do not exceed 2,000 thousand people. (Figure 3)
natural increase.According to the coefficient of natural growth, the Central Federal District occupies the last place among the federal districts of Russia. The coefficient of natural increase is -3.2 ‰ (Appendix 2). Within the Central Federal District, Moscow is the leader in terms of indicators - 1.1 ‰. This is the only area among the Central Federal District, where the natural increase is positive. In other areas, a negative natural increase was noted. It reaches the lowest value in the Tula region -8.3 ‰. (Figure 4)
Figure 4 - Natural growth rate
Migration growth. The Central Federal District is an attractive district for migrants. It ranks first in terms of migration rate among other counties. The migration rate is 56 per 10,000 population. (Appendix 3) Within the Central Federal District, the Moscow region and the city of Moscow differ in migration growth. In turn, the Bryansk and Kostroma regions are distinguished by the outflow of the population. (Figure 5)
Figure 5 - Migration growth
Figure 6 - Average monthly salary
Average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations.According to this indicator, the Central Federal District ranks second after the Far Eastern Federal District (Appendix 4). The average monthly nominal accrued salary of employees of organizations in the Central Federal District is 28,449.4 rubles. The city of Moscow and the Moscow region stand out within the district. The employees of the Bryansk, Ivanovo and Kostroma regions have the lowest wages. (Figure 6)
Thus, we can conclude that the Central Federal District has a high level of socio-economic development. The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in terms of population, migration growth and average monthly wages, however, has the worst indicators in terms of natural increase. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, the most high rates the Moscow region and the city of Moscow differ, and the Kostroma region is the smallest.
2.2 Analysis of economic indicators
This section discusses such indicators as gross regional product(GRP), GRP per capita and unemployment rate.
GRP. According to this indicator, the Central Federal District is in first place and is far ahead of other federal districts. The GRP of the Central Federal District is 13,363,655.6 million rubles. Among the regions of the Central Federal District, Moscow and the Moscow region stand out with a large GRP, while Kostroma and Ivanovo regions have a small GRP. (Figure 7)
Figure 7 - Gross regional product of the Central Federal District
GRP per capita. According to this indicator, the Central Federal District occupies the third place after the Urals Federal District. GRP per capita in the Central Federal District is 348,099.9 rubles. (Appendix 5). Within the Central Federal District, the largest GRP per capita is in Moscow, Belgorod and Moscow regions. Ivanovo and Bryansk regions have the lowest index. (Figure 8)
Figure 8 - Gross regional product per capita in the Central Federal District
Unemployment rate The Central Federal District has the lowest unemployment rate among the federal districts, at 1.1% at the end of 2011. (Appendix 6) The lowest unemployment rates are in Moscow, Moscow and Lipetsk regions, which is associated with a large number of industries and jobs. The highest indicator was noted - in the Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. (Figure 9).
Figure 9 - Unemployment rate in the Central Federal District at the end of 2011
Thus, the analysis of the main economic indicators of the Central Federal District confirms the high level of socio-economic development of this district. Among the subjects of the Central Federal District, the city of Moscow and the Moscow Region have the highest rates, and the Ivanovo Region has the lowest rates.
3. Promising directions for the development of the Central Federal District
The development of the productive forces of the Central Federal District in the future is determined by its economic and natural features:
· overall high level of development and diversification of the economy, especially industry;
· the leading position of the region in the development of scientific and technological progress;
· availability of qualified labor resources;
· central position among other developed regions and a high level of development of transport and economic relations;
· the influence of Moscow - the largest industrial and transport hub, the scientific and cultural center of the country - on the development of the Central Federal District is very large;
· the presence of cost-effective metallurgical production and a highly efficient iron ore base - the KMA deposit;
· potential competitiveness in the foreign and domestic markets of aircraft manufacturing and radio electronics, chemical engineering, tractor engineering, building materials industry;
· favorable climatic conditions that ensure high yields and low costs in the production of grain, industrial crops, vegetables and potatoes.
In the future, the district will retain its focus on the development of predominantly manufacturing industries with reduced material and energy intensity, but requiring highly skilled labor. The deterioration of environmental environmental conditions requires a change in the approach to the development of industrial potential, the placement of industrial new buildings in small towns and urban settlements on the territory of less industrially developed regions - Bryansk, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk. There is a need to limit the growth of industry and the population of large cities, the Moscow and Tula-Novomoskovsk urban agglomerations, as well as to eliminate disproportions in the structure of labor use in the Ivanovo region and a number of urban settlements in other regions.
In the future, mechanical engineering and metalworking of the Central Federal District will determine the scientific and technological progress of the region's industry. Preferential directions for the development of mechanical engineering in the region will continue to be the branches of precision and complex mechanical engineering, which are guided by the use of the most skilled labor. The main attention will be paid to the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing machine-building enterprises. In the established and emerging machine-building territorial groupings and nodes, intra- and inter-industry cooperation will be further developed. In connection with the creation of highly specialized enterprises, it is expedient to deconcentrate large factories, especially Moscow and other regional centers, by organizing their branches and subsidiaries in the peripheral territories of the Central Federal District, including in small and medium-sized cities.
The prospective location of automobile industry plants in the Central Federal District is formed under the influence of a number of factors that are also characteristic of other branches of engineering. This is, firstly, the disaggregation of the former universal plants and the separation of specialized "subsidiaries" from among them. Secondly, the creation of production associations headed by the main enterprise.
Perspective development certain branches of the chemical industry of the region, especially the chemistry of organic synthesis, will be limited due to insufficient raw materials, fuel and water resources, as well as taking into account environmental protection. The prospects for fuel supply to the region are related to the orientation towards the supply of various types of highly efficient fuel from outside. The supply of oil, natural gas and thermal coal is planned to be carried out mainly from the eastern regions of the country, the missing fuel oil - from the Volga oil refineries.
In the future, the growing power consumption of the region will also be met through the transfer of energy by electronic transport not only from neighboring power systems, but also from the eastern regions.
In the metallurgical complex, the main task in the future is to ensure investment in projects related to the restructuring of the region's economy. The focus will be on the restructuring of the mining industry, caused by a decrease in the profitability of iron ore mining due to the development of reserves with a high iron content, an increase in the depth of mining, and an increase in environmental protection costs.
Conclusion
The paper shows the role and place of the Central Federal District, analyzes the social and economic indicators of this district, promising directions of its development have been identified. In the course of the work, socio-economic literature, cartographic publications, as well as statistical data on the research problem were studied and analyzed.
In terms of the functions performed - political, socio-economic, cultural - the Central Federal District really occupies a leading position in Russia. On the territory of the Central Federal District there is the largest economic, political, scientific and cultural center of Russia - its capital, the city of Moscow. This is the largest financial center of Russia, the most important transport hub, providing a wide range of transport services.
About 25% of the country's population lives in the district and a third of the gross domestic product is produced. The Central Federal District is the largest financial and economic center, in which more than 60% of the country's financial capital is concentrated, annual investments in the district's economy amount to about 22% of the national figure. The basis of the economy of the Central Federal District is the industrial sector with a historically established specialization in the fields of mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, and light industry. Also actively developing agro-industrial regions of the Central Black Earth region with developed agriculture and food industry, while the share of agricultural products accounts for over 20% of the total production in Russia.
Central Federal District for last years remains quite attractive in terms of foreign investment However, it should be noted that their volume in many regions does not correspond to their investment potential, and with a competent investment policy, one can expect a significant increase in this indicator, an order of magnitude higher than the existing value.
In general, the Central Federal District is a macro-region with the most developed manufacturing industry, which is due to its favorable economic and geographical position, the presence of consumers and a skilled workforce. The Okrug has the most powerful scientific and technical potential in Russia and the largest number of qualified personnel.
Bibliography
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The Central Federal District was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000.
The Central Federal District includes 18 subjects of the Russian Federation: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions and the city of Moscow. The center of the Central Federal District is the city of Moscow (the area is 1.1 thousand km2, the population as of January 1, 2007 is 10.4 million people).
The territory of the Central Federal District is 650.7 km2 or 3.8% of the territory of Russia. The Okrug is the most populated in Russia (37.3 million people), while 78.8% of the population lives in cities.
By , as well as by the number of inhabitants, the Central Federal District ranks first among the federal districts: 57.2 people. per km2. The maximum population density is in Moscow (9,571.6 people per km2) and the Moscow Region (141.7 people per km2), the lowest population density is in the Kostroma (13.2) and Tver (19.3) regions.
The Central Federal District belongs to highly urbanized regions: almost three quarters of the population lives in 40 large cities.
The largest cities of the central federal district are Moscow, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Tula, Lipetsk, Ivanovo, Bryansk, Tver, Kursk. The number of other cities does not exceed 440,000 people. In total, there are 300 cities in the district.
The territory of the Central Federal District is located in several natural zones - coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests,. The predominant part of the territory belongs to the basins of the Volga and Don rivers.
The main natural wealth of the Central Federal District is the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which ranks first in the world in terms of geological reserves and first in Russia in terms of balance reserves. The shallow occurrence and high quality of ores determine the efficiency of their extraction. Other types of mineral resources in the district include large reserves of chalk, limestone, refractory and brick clays, marl, as well as building, glass and molding sands. The Central Federal District is not rich in fuel and energy resources. Fuel reserves are represented by the brown coal basin, which is located on the territory of 5 regions - Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan. The balance reserves of coal are about 4 billion tons, the depth of occurrence is up to 60 meters, the thickness of the seams is 20–46 meters, the geological and hydrological conditions are unfavorable. Moscow region coals are of low quality (low calorific value, high ash content and sulfur content). There are peat deposits in the northern and central parts of the district. The discovery of oil fields is predicted in the Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions.
The specialization of the economy of the Central Federal District is territorially differentiated. The south of the Okrug (Central Chernozem Economic Region) is specialized in mining, metallurgical, some branches of mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as intensive agricultural production. In the north and in the center (Central Economic Region), highly developed diversified machine building and metalworking, the chemical industry, various industries, and some branches of light industry predominate.
Leading industries in the structure industrial complex The Central Federal District are mechanical engineering and metalworking. The region has developed rocket and space industry, aircraft industry, electronic and radio industry, railway engineering, production of precision machines, machine tools with numerical control, robotics. An important sector of the region's specialization is the chemical industry, represented not only by the production of fertilizers, but also by the chemistry of organic synthesis (synthetic resins, plastics, lavsan, etc.). The district produces up to 30% of light industry products, occupies a leading position in the country in the production of cotton, linen, woolen and silk fabrics. The food industry is widely developed, in which the sugar, flour-grinding, oil-processing, meat, alcohol, confectionery, fruit and vegetable and tobacco-shag industries are in the lead.
The Central Federal District is one of the largest producers of printed products, a significant share of which is produced at printing plants in Moscow and the Moscow Region, in Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan.
The Central Federal District leads among the federal districts in all major indicators of socio-economic development. Only in total industrial production he is somewhat inferior. The Moscow region (Moscow and the Moscow region) occupies a leading position in the economy of the district, providing 84% of income in federal budget. The district is distinguished by the most significant territorial differentiation in the country cash income population (ten times between Moscow and the Kaluga region).
On the territory of the Central Federal District is the largest economic, political, scientific and cultural center of Russia - its capital. Moscow is the largest financial center of Russia, the most important transport hub providing a wide range of transport services. Here, the country's highest level of development of the service sector, wholesale and oriented to the area of concentration of consumer demand, has been achieved. The information and communication services sector is rapidly developing in the city. In the sphere of industrial production in Moscow, the leading role is played by science-intensive industries, the automotive industry, machine tool building, as well as the electric power industry, the production of building materials, and various sectors of the light and food industries.
Among other districts, the cities of Voronezh, Tula and Yaroslavl stand out.
The structure includes 18 territorial subjects. And for this reason, it is the largest in terms of their number. There are no republics in the Central Federal District, only regions, and the only one is the capital of our country, Moscow. By the way, it is not only the largest city of the entire district, but also its administrative center. However, first things first.
Before considering the composition of the Central Federal District, it is worth noting the features that distinguish it.
So, the Central Federal District was formed on May 13, 2000. It has no access to any sea and, accordingly, the ocean. But nevertheless, it is the largest district in terms of population and the number of territorial entities, as already mentioned above. A little more than 39 million people live in the Central Federal District. This is approximately 26.7% of the total number of citizens of the Russian Federation. The density, by the way, is ~60.14 people per km².
The Central Federal District includes two large economic regions, including 310 cities. This is the Central Black Earth and Central districts. The area occupied by them is 650,205 km². This is approximately 3.8% of the entire territory of Russia. But, despite such small dimensions, the Central Federal District is the basic macro-region of the whole country.
As mentioned above, Moscow is part of the Central Federal District. It occupies the smallest area when compared with other subjects of the Central Federal District - only 2,511 km². But, despite this, in Moscow there are on average 10 times more people than in other regions of the district. There are 12,330,126 people in the capital, according to the latest statistics.
What can you tell about Moscow? After all, this is the capital, and that says it all. But still it is worth noting that the city is the largest financial center on a national scale and one of the largest business megacities in the world. And perhaps it would not be superfluous to say that it is Moscow that is in first place among all cities on our planet in terms of the number of dollar billionaires living on its territory. There are 79 of them here. In any case, as of 2011.
And of course, Moscow is the largest transport hub in Russia. For the year, the volume of passenger traffic is about 11,500,000,000 people.
This is the next most populous subject of the Central Federal District after the capital. The area of the region is approximately 44.4 thousand km². About 7.32 million people live in this territory.
In terms of GRP, the Moscow Region ranks third among all Russian subjects. This is a well-developed region, which is facilitated, by the way, by the proximity to the capital. On the one hand, this fact plays a positive role. But on the other hand, the capital adopts labor resources areas. It's just that many people living in the Moscow Region work in the metropolis. And for this reason, their taxes go to the Moscow budget.
The industry is well developed in this region. In particular, metalworking and mechanical engineering. It produces rocket and space technology, nuclear and thermal power equipment, mainline diesel locomotives, electric trains, buses, wagons, excavators and much more.
The Central Federal District also includes the Lipetsk Region, a region located on a territory that has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic (40-12 thousand years ago). So say the scientists. 85% of the region's territory is covered with black soil, and 300 mineral deposits have been discovered here. In terms of reserves of carbonate raw materials, LO is the leader of the Russian Federation.
Speaking about the composition of the federal districts, one cannot fail to note the Ivanovo region, which is part of the Central Federal District. Indeed, 32.8% of light industry products of the total Russian volume are produced on its territory (indicator No. 1).
The Oryol region is also included in the Central Federal District. It is distinguished by its economy, which has a pronounced agrarian-industrial character.
The Tula region is also included in the Central Federal District. This is one of the most unfortunate socially regions. Low birth rate, high mortality, a large number of accidents, poor ecology, and more than 420 thousand people (and in total ~ 1,500,000 citizens live in the TO) are pensioners. But here the food industry is developed. The most striking example is the Yasnaya Polyana confectionery factory, which produces gingerbreads known throughout Russia.
Few federal districts can boast such a variety of territorial subjects as the Central Federal District. Not all areas have been listed above.
There is also Belgorodskaya. It is special in that about 40% of the iron ore reserves of the Russian Federation are concentrated on its territory. A good ecological situation is observed in the Kaluga region. 75.6% of its territory is occupied by soddy-podzolic soils. 45.2% of the space is occupied by forests, and the total timber stock, therefore, is 267,700,000 m³.
In the Vladimir region, the ecological situation is bad, but mechanical engineering is well developed. Due to this sphere, about 40% of the industrial product is created.
The Kursk and Tambov regions are also part of the Central Federal District (CFD). The main activity of the first is the extraction and enrichment of ore, as well as in mechanical engineering. The industry of the Tambov region is recognized as one of the leading sectors of the regional economy.
The Bryansk region is known for its highly developed railway transport and radio electronics. Also woodworking. The Yaroslavl region, which also largely determines the important position of the Central Federal District, is one of the most highly industrialized regions. About 300 local enterprises are of national importance. In addition, this area is known for good mineral resources (thin band clays, quartz sand, peat, gravel, etc. are common here).
As you can see, quite solid in economic terms is the Central Federal District. The composition of the regions, as well as their features, is useful to know. But the last 5 regions have not been mentioned yet. But they are also important.
The Ryazan region, for example, is known for the fact that its area is 103.5 thousand hectares of the most important natural areas. And protected, respectively. In the Smolensk region, animal husbandry of the dairy and meat direction is well developed. Agricultural land covers about 1,750,000 hectares!
The Voronezh region is the absolute leader in the whole country in terms of employment. Kostroma is known for the presence of the largest enterprises in the Russian Federation specializing in the production of lifting and oil and gas equipment. And finally, the Tver region, the last one. Construction and trade are developed on its territory.
What conclusion can be drawn? Unambiguous. All areas that are part of the CFD are special and valuable in their own way. And thanks to each of them, the Central Federal District is the most highly developed in Russia.
