One of the key indicators of success economic policy in a country is the income of its citizens. The most commonly used indicator in its assessment is the average wage. It allows you to find out the income level of an average citizen, although, of course, it also has its drawbacks. Let's find out what the average wage of workers and employees in Russia, as well as in other countries, is.
The average salary, according to the methodology, is calculated by dividing the total salary by a unit of time (year, month, etc.). This calculation is carried out in order to determine how much income a particular person received for a certain period. If we take this definition in the context of an entire region or state, then, among other things, the total salary should be divided by the number of all persons employed in a given territory. The result of these calculations is called the average per capita income. In addition, there is an average wages in the context of a specific sector of the national economy. In this case, the same scheme is applied, but only data on a specific sector of the economy are taken into account.
At the same time, the average wage cannot be the only indicator characterizing the standard of living in the country, since the price factor should also be taken into account. But there are other shortcomings of this average approach. For example, the calculation of the average wage does not take into account the moment of social stratification. To exaggerate, the average salary of five people, of whom four receive a thousand rubles a month, and one a million, is 200,800 rubles a month. But this says practically nothing about the real income of these five people.
In addition, the average salary in the country does not include income received outside the official place of work or in the absence of registration. Her calculation does not include the so-called salary in envelopes.
The average salary of workers and employees in the country is taken into account primarily for statistical purposes, to determine the level of income of citizens, as well as to compare it with the corresponding indicators of other states. In addition, sometimes this indicator is used when calculating specific budget items of a country or region.
For each specific person, the average wage can also be calculated. It is calculated for various purposes. For example, it may be needed by a person applying to the authorities government controlled for subsidies, material assistance, or for a loan in banking structures. In these cases, the confirmation of the calculations is a certificate of average wages. In addition, the calculation is made directly at the enterprise - to determine the amount of vacation pay, sick leave and other payments. In this case, a certificate of average wage is not required, everything is regulated by on-farm settlements, in accordance with the Labor Code and others. legal acts.
Although the list options this list is not limited.
The procedure for calculating the average wage in Russia is regulated by laws and decrees government agencies Russian Federation. In particular, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 922 of December 24, 2007 and the Labor Code are taken as a basis.
According to these legal acts, the average salary of employees of enterprises and organizations is calculated for the last twelve months of work of a particular person at the enterprise in the amount of income actually accrued to him and the time actually worked. The calculation period is taken up to the last full month inclusive.
AT the average size wages include all types of material remuneration for work received at a particular enterprise, including additional payments, allowances and bonuses. Social payments and all incomes that are not related to wages are not taken into account. For example, material assistance, travel allowance, reimbursement of previously spent funds for household needs, and so on.
A certificate of average wage to determine the amount of income of a citizen is a document that confirms the relevant calculations. There is no single established form for the Russian Federation. Therefore, the format is often this document is arbitrary. First of all, this concerns certificates issued for submission to various banking structures.
But the arbitrariness of the form does not negate the presence required details. The certificate must indicate the surname, name, patronymic of the employee, the name of the enterprise, the date of issue, the signature of the head, the period for which the average wage is calculated, the monthly breakdown of earnings and the total average amount.
But still, there are cases when individual organizations to which a person applies require the provision of an approved document. Most often, they themselves issue a certificate form to fill out at the enterprise. First of all, this applies to state structures. For example, in order to receive a subsidy, you will have to carry a certificate confirming your average salary level of a strictly prescribed form.
Every enterprise in without fail must issue the said document at the request of its employee. 
The arithmetic average wage in Russia has fluctuated greatly over the years since the collapse of the USSR. So, at the time of the collapse of the Union in December 1991, this figure was 101.36 in terms of dollars. In 1992, it reached its minimum. Then the average monthly income of a Russian was only $23.96. In the following years, significant growth began, and the arithmetic average wage in Russia exceeded $180 per month. But then a default followed, and the average salary in 1999 fell again to almost $73.
After the denomination of the ruble and the default, a slow but steady growth in the average wage began. In 2013, it peaked in dollar terms and amounted to $856, or 26.6 thousand rubles. But then followed economic crisis and devaluation of the ruble. This led to the fact that, although in 2015 the average wage increased to 30 thousand rubles, but in dollar terms it almost halved compared to 2013, and amounted to $449.
The forecast for the near future remains disappointing. A slight increase in the average wage in rubles is expected in the short term, but at the same time there will be a decrease in the level of wages in the dollar equivalent, as well as in real incomes of the population. In fact, this trend has already been observed in recent years. How strong the fall will be depends largely on the development of further economic situation in the country as a whole.
In Russia, in 2015, the highest average wage of workers is in Moscow. It reaches 60.8 thousand rubles, which is almost twice the average Russian level. Then follows the Nenets Autonomy - 54.1 thousand rubles, the Chukotka Autonomy - 51.0 thousand rubles, the Magadan Region - 50.8 thousand rubles, the Republic of Sakha - 48.6 thousand rubles. The lowest average salary of workers in Russia was recorded in Novosibirsk (16.0 thousand rubles) and Kemerovo (15.9 thousand rubles) regions.
Thus, the highest average salary in the Russian Federation is paid in the capital and in the Far East federal district, and the smallest - in some regions of Siberia. 
In the context of industries, the average wage is also calculated. It is determined by dividing total income all employed in a particular sector National economy persons for their number and for the period of time that they actually worked.
The highest level of wages in 2014 was among persons employed in financial activities(bank employees, etc.). Their average monthly salary was 66,605 rubles. Workers engaged in the extraction of various minerals received a little less - 57,080 rubles. Employees of government agencies and the military industry already received a significantly lower salary, although, when compared with other segments of the economy, it is still rather big - 40,219 rubles. Then came transport and communications workers (36,769 rubles), realtors (36,521 rubles), as well as those employed in the field of fish farming and fishing (35,663 rubles).
The lowest level of average wages in 2014 was in the hotel and restaurant business (19,720 rubles) and Agriculture(17,312 rubles). Even less was received by people employed in the production of textile goods. There average income is a little more than 11 thousand rubles a month.
To summarize, we can say that the highest wages in Russia are received by employees financial sphere, the communications industry, resource companies and information technology professionals. The least received in the service industries, agriculture and light industry.
In different countries of the world, the size of the average wage varies significantly. In addition, even within one state, it can change significantly over a relatively short period. This is due to the fact that, unlike the minimum wage, the value of the average is not regulated anywhere, and there is no clear link to its value. In the chart below, you can see how this value looked in 2012 for various countries of the world (in terms of US dollars).
In 2015, the situation has changed significantly. So, in Norway the average salary is $4600, in the USA - $4400, in Germany and Japan - $4100 each. South Korea is significantly behind in this regard, although it also has the mentioned indicator at a very decent level - $2,400. In Greece, which is currently experiencing an acute crisis, the income of the population is low by European standards, but nevertheless decent enough compared to many other countries. The average salary in this state is $1500.
The largest income among the post-Soviet countries is received by residents of Estonia. Their average salary is $1200. But the championship among the CIS countries is held by Kazakhstan with $660, although until recently Russia was in the lead, at the moment, as mentioned above, the average wage has fallen to $449. Approximately at the same level are the incomes of residents of Belarus. But in Ukraine they are even lower and average from 120 to 220 US dollars. Closes the list of CIS countries in terms of average wages Tajikistan. His figure is at the level of $120.
If we consider the world as a whole, then the outsiders in terms of the level of average wages at the moment are Zambia ($82), Cambodia ($75), Benin ($63) and Nigeria ($36). Thus, we see that the highest wages are the citizens of the United States, Western Europe and Japan, and the lowest are residents of a number of countries in Africa and Southeast Asia. The latter have a very low standard of living.
But before comparing the level of average wages in different countries, you need to know a few significant nuances. First of all, as discussed above, prices are often quite high in high-income countries as well. Also, do not forget that all analogies between the average salary are carried out in one world currency (dollar, euro, and so on), and a sharp drop in national monetary units some countries (devaluation) in most cases ahead of the inflation rate. Although this is more typical for unstable economies or a period of crisis.
So even with a high average wage, the overall standard of living in a particular state may be lower than in a country where it is lower.
In addition, there is another problem with which the “average wage” indicator is associated. Its calculation is done exclusively from the salary accrued officially. That is, the amounts issued in envelopes are not taken into account for calculating vacation pay and sick leave and are not included in the pension experience, and no one includes them when issuing certificates for applying for a loan. But, nevertheless, this is the real wages of citizens, albeit hidden. Naturally, this type of income is not included in the given statistics by country. That is, it turns out that in one country the official average salary may be higher than in the second, but due to high level shadowing, the real average wage of another country is still higher.
Well, we should not forget that in the calculations, as a rule, the accrued salary is given, that is, the so-called "dirty", without deducting taxes and fees. But it depends on the level of tax pressure in each individual country how much more money needs to be subtracted from the amounts given in order to get the average salary given in hand. Again, there is a nuance here. In one country, nominal wages may be higher, while in another, real wages may be higher. 
Thus, we can state the fact that the average wage indicator, although it is a rather important component in characterizing the general well-being of citizens of a particular state, cannot be considered a key one. When determining the standard of living of the population of each country, a number of important factors should be used, which only together can form a more or less complete picture for experts.
One of such complex evaluation methods is the index human development(HDI). Until 2013, it was called the Human Development Index (HDI). Although there are disputes about its complete objectivity, since a number of subjective factors are used in calculating this indicator, such as the level of education and freedoms. However, of course, this index more accurately characterizes the standard of living in a particular country than the average wage. At the moment, the world leaders, according to the calculation of the HDI, are Norway, Australia and Switzerland. Russia is on the 57th place, Ukraine - on the 83rd.
In addition, there are alternative methods for calculating the well-being of the population. One of them is the quality of life index. It also uses A complex approach. At the moment, the world leaders in this indicator are all the same Switzerland, Australia and Norway. Russia ranks 72nd, Ukraine - 78th.
As you can see for yourself, the leaders here are the same, but they are only arranged in the reverse order, in contrast to the ranking of countries according to the human development index. 
As you can see, the level of the average salary cannot characterize the standard of living with complete objectivity or real income population. However, this figure remains quite an important factor to determine a number of basic values when calculating the budget of a particular state or social guarantees for its citizens provided by it. In addition, the average salary of a particular person is the main criterion in calculating the payments due to him for social insurance in connection with temporary incapacity for work, when accruing a pension or vacation pay and a number of other payments. Although it plays an important role seniority, as well as a number of other significant factors used in the calculations by government agencies.
The devaluation of the ruble and the general economic crisis in the Russian Federation have led to the fact that wages in Belarus and Russia in dollar terms in many industries have now become almost the same. This is shown by the calculations of the Higher School of Economics and the Institute of Social Policy. The study used both an estimate of nominal wages and accounting for
If in 2011 the Russian Federation overtook the CIS countries by 40%, now this gap with Belarus does not exist at all. And this is due to the fall of the Russians. In January 2016, the average salary in Belarus in rubles was 21.98 thousand. Just this month there was a denomination national currency for the third time in the history of independence.
Until 1991, the country was part of the USSR. In January, the salary in Belarus was 266 rubles, in December - 1109. You need to understand that in 1994, 2000 and 2016. the denomination of the national currency was carried out by 10, 1000 and 10,000 times, respectively. The exchange rate (ruble) on 10/20/16 to the Russian is 1 to 32.84.
From the very beginning, inflation was at a fairly high pace. In December 1994, it reached 248,922 thousand rubles. The denomination, held in August 1994, helped only partly. continued to grow.
Already in September 1994, salaries began to be calculated again in six-figure numbers. In June 1995, the pre-reform level was reached. In December 1999, the average salary in Belarus was 34,871,899 rubles. And this is on the course to Russian currency 1 to 0.000077. That is, in rubles it is 2865, that is, two times less than in 1994.
After the denomination, the average salary in January 2000 was 36,659 rubles. The exchange rate against the Russian currency was 1 to 301.7. Six-figure salaries in Belarus began to be calculated due to inflation already in March 2001. However, the rate of currency depreciation has slowed down significantly. After the next denomination in January 2016, the average salary in Belarus was 655.22 rubles. In rubles - 21517.42. In August 2016, the average salary was 750.3 rubles.
After gaining independence and introducing its own national currency, the country experienced huge inflation rates. To date, three denominations have already been held in Belarus:
The last denomination allowed the currency to significantly strengthen. And the crisis in the Russian economy allows us to talk about the excess of Belarusian wages in dollar terms over Russian ones in the near future. And this is the forecast of the Higher School of Economics. Interestingly, back in 2011, Belarus lagged behind Russia by as much as 40% in this indicator.
In 2015, according to the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, real wages grew only in the capital by 1.1%. In all other regions, it decreased by an average of 3%. The average salary in the country in 2015 was 6.7 million Belarusian rubles. The exchange rate against the Russian currency during this period was 1 to 38.78. The regional breakdown of salaries looked like this:
The largest salaries in Belarus in rubles were paid to financiers. They received almost 300 thousand in Russian currency. If we place the spheres economic activity in descending order of salaries in Belarus, you get the following list:
If we consider the situation in 2015 in the city of Minsk, then here the average salary in rubles was 344 million. The highest paid were employees of the financial sector. If we consider the salary in each of the sectors in the capital, then the five most expensive professions are as follows:
According to 2013 data, the most big salary in Belarus was offered for the following positions:
The lowest wage in the state is fixed by law. It is established every year. Moreover, it can be indexed in accordance with economic realities. In 2015, the minimum wage in Belarus was 2,100,100 Belarusian rubles. This amount was indexed three times. Taking into account bringing the minimum wage in line with economic realities in January, it was already 2.391.769 Belarusian rubles. rubles. The exchange rate against the Russian ruble as of October 21, 2016 is 1 to 32.84. However, after the denomination from June 1, the minimum wage was set at 239 bel. rubles 18 kopecks. In September, this amount was indexed. Now the minimum wage in Belarus is 239.48 Belarusian rubles. rubles or 7864.52 Russian rubles.
The Republic of Belarus, one of the prosperous states in Eastern Europe, has a population of 9 million 460 thousand people. It borders with Ukraine in the south, Russia in the east, Poland in the west, and Lithuania and Latvia in the northwest. The capital of the country is Minsk with a population of 1.8 million people. What is the average salary in Belarus? And what determines the specific amount paid to employees of a particular area?
In the Republic of Belarus calculated by the National Statistical Committee on the recommendations of the International Labor Organization. The data is determined for a monthly period. In addition, the information is classified according to the areas of activity of the economy according to the National Classifier of the Republic of Belarus OKRB-2006 "Types of activities economic sphere"It is important to note that Belarusian specialists use the arithmetic mean method to determine specific figures. This means that when calculating the amount for a monthly period, the volume of the fund is divided by the number of employees who carry out their activities for the benefit of the country's economy.
Thus, when analyzing three recent years a trend towards an increase in the average indicator is revealed: in 2014, 536 rubles were determined in January, which is the smallest indicator in terms of monthly calculation, and 685 rubles. - in December (the largest figure); in 2015, such indicators as 606 and 747 rubles are presented, respectively. Already in 2016: 659 rubles. - accrued average of employees of the Republic of Belarus for January, and 752 for August, which is the largest figure.
According to the National Statistical Committee average in Belarus in September 2016 amounted to 732.9 rubles, which indicates a decrease in the figure by 17.4 rubles compared to August. It is important to note that before the average fell in April. The figure shown equates to $377 at the weighted average rate. National Bank(In August, this figure turned out to be $6 more).
But average wages of workers in the Republic of Belarus in September it stopped at 734.8 rubles (17 rubles less than in August). It should be noted that it was in January that the figure that determines the average value of social earnings fell significantly (to 662 rubles), after which a gradual rise was noticed, however, as noted above, September was again characterized by a fall in the indicator under consideration.
It is important to note that today the highest level is achieved by wages in areas related to computer technology, air transport, the production of coke and petroleum products, as well as the extraction of minerals for fuel and energy purposes. But the lowest indicators characterize the sphere of education and, of course, the implementation of social services.
Naturally, the average workers in the Republic of Belarus differ depending on the region. It's no secret that the traditional leader in this regard is Minsk, followed by regional cities, and then other settlements. However, the reduction of wages in the province at the official level has never been fixed. On the contrary, there are always various kinds of allowances and benefits for employees. countryside. In addition, this provision is also active for those employed in the real sector of the economy, but it is rarely applied.
It is calculated according to individual rules, which is quite natural for a separate territorial unit. So, the following components are included in the accrual of employees in a particular area:
In Belarus, it is customary to distinguish 14 types of economic activity. They are analyzed annually. Below is the nominal accrued average wage in January 2016 by industry, as well as the percentage of each indicator to January 2015:
Public sector, non-material production, services (compared to January 2015):
As it turned out, the size of Belarus depends on many factors, the most significant of which is the field of activity in which a particular worker is employed. It would be advisable to give a few examples of vacancies:
Salary significantly depends on the direction of the employee, his experience and, of course, professional knowledge, as well as general development. This means that the Republic of Belarus is preparing special positions for the most purposeful and strong-willed members of society!
The salary of the inhabitants of any country reflects the quality of life in it. The characteristic of wages shows the direction of development of each state. Belarus is no less interesting in this regard, since the average salary of its specialists worries many people.
It is easy to guess that the level of income depends on labor productivity and the specialty of the employee, or rather, the popularity of the latter in the labor market. The most popular for 2019 are:
But by no means all of them receive a decent high salary, as there is a factor of ease of obtaining some professions. Thus, the work of computer programmers, according to 2017 data, is paid quite high: their average salary in some cases reaches 90 thousand Russian rubles, which is more than $1,000. "Air" employees receive 30 thousand rubles less, and workers in the field of oil processing - 50. The lowest income is social workers, plumbers and electricians.
Since the beginning of 2019, the average wage in Belarus has changed by months. So, in January it was 23 thousand Russian rubles, or 332 US dollars, increased by 383 rubles in February, and by another 1,500 rubles in March. In terms of the US currency, the increase was 27.5 dollars. The lowest paid workers can be considered the workers of the Brest region, where the average wage is about 22,300 thousand in Russian currency. For comparison, in Minsk in 2019, the average salary is fixed at 30 thousand, which is quite logical for the capital of the country.
The average salary includes only the net salary. This is also all kinds of allowances: for harmfulness, length of service, work at night. Cash incentives in the form of bonuses are also taken into account. Don't forget about sick leave. If you look from the other side, then deductions in the form of taxes are also made from the salary. For formal workers, the average salary includes income tax in the first place.
But there is also a lower wage limit, in other words, the minimum wage, normalized by the country's legislation, which guarantees every worker that their salary will be sufficient for a monthly living. Lowering the bar by the employer threatens him with punishment. The government of Belarus in 2019 established living wage 5,400 Russian rubles, which is even less than $100.
Such noble professions as a teacher or a doctor do not lose their popularity, and it is impossible to imagine modern life without experts in these areas. In order to maintain interest in them, the government strictly monitors the level of salaries of teachers and doctors. Agree, the greater the monetary reward of an employee, the better services he provides. The state conducts an encouraging policy towards teachers and medical workers, as it is interested in attracting quality personnel.
Depending on the region of residence and the level of specialty, doctors can receive different incomes, but the average salary is 23 thousand in Russian currency, or 300 US dollars. Middle-level medical personnel earn half as much. The average salary of junior medical workers is 13.5 thousand rubles, or almost $200. Regarding educators in Belarus, back in 2013, a law was introduced to increase wages, which by 2019 increased salaries by one-fourth of them.
The size of the pension in this country is of no less interest, since people need a guarantee from the state that they will be provided with a comfortable old age for the worked experience. The answer to the question "What will be the pension?" depends on the number of years of service and the average income of the worker. In 2014, the Government of Belarus made changes to the procedure for calculating pension payments. So, from the beginning of 2016, after 15 years of service, a labor pension begins to accrue. In addition, to help citizens without work, there is a social pension.
The effect of labor accruals for men begins after 25 years of work. For women, this period is 20 years. But a prerequisite is deduction in Pension Fund Money within 10 years. The retirement age in Belarus for 2019 is 63 for men and 58 for women. Minimum size monthly pension payments in this case is equal to 5.5 thousand Russian rubles, or in terms of the US currency 80 dollars.
In some industries, a seniority pension is possible when workers have worked out the necessary length of service, determined specifically for their position. The preferential pension is assigned to the following categories of citizens:
The Belarusian economy is currently in a weakened state, which creates negative pressure on the average earnings of citizens, thereby creating the ground for rising unemployment and poverty.
Back in 2017, President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko set the task of bringing average income a resident of the country up to 1,000 Belarusian rubles. As practice has shown, it was not possible to do this (if you do not pay attention to the December jump, which has nothing to do with the real state of affairs in the economy). Moreover, incomes in other regions of Belarus, except for the capital and the Minsk region, remain quite low. Lukashenka also focused on the low incomes of representatives public sector which, he said, needed to be further emphasized. However, no fundamental changes have taken place here either.
Perhaps, as in many other countries, in Belarus, workers from the air transport sector earn the most. The income in this industry is 2,200 rubles.
In second place are employees of enterprises specializing in the chemical industry. Here you can earn an average of 1,775 rubles. The third line in the ranking was occupied by the oil refining industry, where they receive 1,768 rubles. Also high wages in industries such as:
● finance – 1,740 rubles;
● insurance - 1,739 rubles;
● mining industry – RUB 1,460;
● design - 1,330 rubles;
● jurisprudence - 1,200 rubles;
● science – 1,150 rubles;
● pharmaceuticals – 1,050 rubles.
The employees of archives, museums and libraries manage to earn the least. The income of employees in these industries is only 500 rubles. Slightly higher wages for social workers. Here you can get an average of 508 rubles. Also, creative activity is not distinguished by high earnings. People receive only about 550 rubles a month.
So, the December spike turned out to be just an episodic spike to mimic vigorous activity before President Alexander Lukashenko. This was shown by the average income of Belarusians in 2018, which fell sharply in January. The president demands that the task be completed, but there is no real opportunity to carry it out. Businesses are simply not ready for this. Accordingly, it is hardly worth building any castles in the air around the statements of the President. Reality will be harsher.
