Income and expenses, the implementation of which is not related to the subject of the organization's activities, are considered other income and expenses.
Other income are:
1) income related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets;
2) receipts associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property;
3) income associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (including interest and other income from securities);
4) profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);
5) proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than Money(Besides foreign exchange), products, goods;
6) interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank;
7) fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;
8) assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement;
9) exchange differences etc.
For accounting purposes, the amount of other income is determined in the following order:
The amount of proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods, as well as the amount of interest received for the provision of funds for use by the organization, and income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is not the subject of the organization's activities).
Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization are accepted accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the debtor.
Assets received free of charge are accepted for accounting at market value. Market price assets received free of charge is determined by the organization on the basis of the prices valid on the date of their acceptance for accounting for this or a similar type of assets. Data on prices in force on the date of acceptance for accounting must be documented or confirmed by an examination.
other expenses are:
1) expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets;
2) costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions and other types of intellectual property;
3) expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;
4) expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products;
5) interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use;
6) fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;
7) amounts accounts receivable for which the term has expired limitation period, other debts that are unrealistic to collect;
8) exchange differences, etc.
For accounting purposes, the amount of other expenses is determined in the following order.
The amount of expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products, as well as participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (when this is not the subject of the organization's activity), interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds for use, as well as expenses associated with payment for services rendered credit organizations.
Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused by the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the organization.
Income and expenses not related to ordinary species the company's activities are accounted for 91 "Other income and expenses".
In accounting, income (expenses) from the lease of property is attributed to other income (expenses) of the company, if the provision of property for rent is not the subject of the company's activities.
Amount rent owed to the organization under the lease agreement is reflected in the accounting as follows:
Debit 76 (62) Credit 91/1- reflects income from the rental of property.
The costs associated with the provision of property for rent are reflected in the posting:
Debit 91/2 Credit 02 (10, 70, 69...)- reflects the cost of renting out property.
The amount of money that the organization received from buyers for the company's property sold to them is reflected in the accounting as follows:
Debit 62 (76) Credit 91/1- income from the sale of property is taken into account.
At the same time written off residual value sold fixed assets, intangible assets (actual cost of other property transferred to buyers):
Debit 91/2 Credit 01 (04, 03, 10, 58...)- written off the residual value of the sold property.
Then VAT is charged on the sales proceeds:
Debit 91/2 Credit 68 sub-account "VAT settlements" - VAT is charged on proceeds from the sale of property.
All expenses associated with the sale of property are reflected in the debit of sub-account 91/2:
Debit 91/2 Credit 20 (23, 25...)- expenses related to the sale of property are taken into account.
To take into account cash, accounts payable or receivable in foreign currency, the organization must convert them into rubles.
To recalculate, use official exchange rate currency, effective on the date of receipt of foreign currency funds or acceptance for accounting of foreign currency debt.
So, exchange rate differences are formed:
1) when recalculating funds in a foreign currency account or currency in cash - if on the date of the transaction with currency (the date of reporting) its exchange rate has increased or decreased;
2) when recalculating accounts payable - if on the date of repayment of the debt (date of reporting) the exchange rate turned out to be lower or higher than on the date of its occurrence;
3) when recalculating accounts receivable - if on the date of repayment of the debt (date of reporting) the exchange rate turned out to be higher or lower than on the date of its occurrence.
The amount of a positive exchange difference is credited to sub-account 91-1:
Debit 50 (52, 60, 62, 76...) Credit 91/1- reflects a positive exchange rate difference.
The amount of the negative exchange rate difference will be attributed to the debit of sub-account 91/2:
Debit 91/2 Credit 50 (52, 60, 62, 76...)- reflected a negative exchange rate difference.
The amounts of penalties, fines, penalties recognized or awarded by the court, accrued for violation of the terms of business contracts, are taken into account as follows:
Debit 91/2 Credit 76/2- accrued amounts of penalties, fines, forfeits for violation of the terms of business contracts.
Determination of the balance of other income and expenses at the end of the month
At the end of each month, the financial result (profit or loss) from other activities of the organization is determined.
This is done like this:
Balance of other income and expenses= The amount of other income (credit turnover for the reporting month on subaccount 91/1) - The amount of other expenses (debit turnover for the reporting month on subaccount 91/2)
If the amount of income exceeded the amount of expenses, then the organization made a profit.
The amount of profit is reflected at the end of the month by posting:
Debit 91/9 Credit 99- reflected profit from other activities.
If the amount of income was less than the amount of expenses, then the organization received a loss.
The amount of loss is reflected at the end of the month by posting:
Debit 99 Credit 91/9- reflected the loss from other activities.
Account 91 should not have a balance at the end of each month. However, sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 may have balances during the year, and their value will increase starting from January of the reporting year.
26. The concept and composition of non-current assets. Accounting for investments in fixed assets.
Fixed assets (Fixed capital) - fixed assets, fixed assets the amount of capital invested in a set of tangible objects and values used in the production process to influence the objects of labor and their transformation into products suitable for consumption.
Non-current assets participate in many production cycles, serve for a long time and transfer their value to the cost of goods produced with it gradually, as they wear out through depreciation.
AT composition non-current assets distinguish between active and passive parts. To active part non-current assets include machinery, equipment, vehicles directly involved in the processing, transformation and movement of objects of labor. active part non-current assets is the most mobile and dynamic, the most affected by scientific and technological progress.
To passive part non-current assets include buildings and structures, on the presence, composition and condition of which depend on working conditions, the functioning of machinery and equipment.
Accounting for non-current assets.
Check 08 Investments in non-current assets» is designed to summarize information about the organization's costs into objects that will subsequently be accepted for accounting as fixed assets, land plots and objects of nature management, intangible assets, as well as the costs of the organization for the formation of the main herd of productive and working livestock (except for poultry, fur-bearing animals, rabbits, families of bees, service dogs, experimental animals, which are accounted for as part of the funds in circulation).
To account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" sub-accounts can be opened:
08-1 "Acquisition of land plots"; Sub-account 08-1 “Acquisition of land plots” takes into account the costs of acquiring land plots by the organization.
08-2 "Acquisition of objects of nature management"; Sub-account 08-2 “Acquisition of objects of nature management” takes into account the costs of acquiring objects of nature management by the organization.
08-3 "Construction of fixed assets"; Subaccount 08-3 "Construction of fixed assets" takes into account the costs of erecting buildings and structures, installing equipment, the cost of equipment transferred for installation and other expenses provided for by estimates, cost estimates and title lists for capital construction (regardless of whether is construction by contract or economic method).
08-4 "Acquisition of individual fixed assets"; Sub-account 08-4 “Acquisition of certain fixed assets” takes into account the costs of acquiring equipment, machinery, tools, inventory and other fixed assets that do not require installation.
08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets"; Sub-account 08-5 "Acquisition of intangible assets" takes into account the costs of acquiring intangible assets
08-6 "Transfer of young animals to the main herd"; Sub-account 08-6 “Transfer of young animals to the main herd” takes into account the costs of growing in the organization of young productive and working cattle transferred to the main herd.
08-7 "Acquisition of adult animals"; Sub-account 08-7 "Acquisition of adult animals" takes into account the cost of adult and working cattle purchased for the main herd or received free of charge, including the cost of its delivery.
08-8 "Performance of research, development and technological work" Sub-account 08-8 "Performance of research, development and technological work" takes into account the costs associated with the implementation of research, development and technological work . and etc.
General principles accounting for investments in non-current assets
Investments in non-current assets (long-term investments) are understood as the costs of creation. Increasing the size, as well as the acquisition of long-term non-current assets not held for sale, with the exception of long-term financial investments.
Depending on which object will be taken into account as a result of investments. You can select attachments:
In fixed assets (including profitable investments in material assets);
· AT intangible assets;
· In research, development and technological work (R&D).
Synthetic accounting investments in non-current assets are kept on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" on the relevant accounts.
Analytical accounting account 08 is kept for each created or acquired object of fixed assets and intangible assets; for the costs associated with the formation of the main herd - by animal species; for expenses related to the implementation of R&D - by type of work, contracts (orders).
For the debit of account 08 reflect (accumulate) the actual costs of the organization, included in the initial cost of fixed assets, intangible assets and other assets.
By credit account 08 the formed initial cost of objects is written off after they are accepted for accounting (commissioning) to the debit of accounts 01 “Fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, etc.
Upon sale, gratuitous transfer and other disposals of incomplete investments in non-current assets, their value is written off to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
Account balance 08“Investments in non-current assets” reflects the value of organizations' investments in construction in progress, modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets, pending transactions for the acquisition and creation of fixed assets, intangible assets and other non-current assets.
Long-term investments are financed at the expense of own funds (accumulated depreciation, retained earnings, proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, amounts of insurance indemnities) and attracted funds (credits, loans, budget allocations, etc.)
Accounting for capital investments
According to federal law dated February 25, 1999 No. 39 - Federal Law "On investment activity in Russian Federation, carried out in the form of capital investments "investments in fixed capital (fixed assets) are called capital investments, whose participants are investors, customers, contractors, and users of capital investment objects.
Capital investments in fixed assets are associated with the following activities:
· Acquisition of land plots and nature management facilities. The inventory value of these objects consists of the costs of their acquisition and the costs of improving their quality, commissions and other payments. When forming the initial cost of land plots and nature management objects, it is necessary to take into account. That these objects are not depreciated and therefore, according to RAS 15/01, the costs of borrowings used to acquire them are not capitalized, but are charged to current expenses;
· Acquisition of objects requiring installation or assembly. Technological, energy, and production equipment requiring installation or assembly is accounted for on account 07 “Equipment for installation”. It is accepted for accounting in the debit of the account in the amount of the actual cost of acquisition and is debited from account 07 to the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” upon transfer to installation. The actual cost of purchasing equipment for installation is determined in accordance with the procedure established for accounting for inventories and includes the cost at the purchase price, the cost of purchasing and delivering to the warehouses of the organization;
· Acquisition of buildings, structures, equipment and other individual items of fixed assets or their parts that do not require construction and installation work in preparation for operation (vehicles, free-standing machines, construction machinery, production equipment, etc.);
· Formation of the main herd by acquiring adult animals or transferring young animals that are being grown to the main herd. Adult animals are accounted for at actual cost of acquisition, including shipping costs; young animals are taken into account according to the estimate, which consists of the actual cost of rearing at the beginning of the reporting year and the planned cost of weight gain or gain for the period from the beginning of the year until the transfer of animals to the herd. At the end of the year, the value of the planned cost is adjusted (by an additional or reversal entry) to the value of the actual cost of the gain or gain;
· Capital construction, carried out in the form of new construction, reconstruction, modernization, expansion and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises. Objects capital construction are buildings, structures with all their related arrangements (galleries, overpasses), equipment, furniture, inventory, as well as, if necessary, objects of external improvement, etc.
Accounting for investments in intangible assets and R&D expenses
Intangible assets (IA) can be acquired by an organization under an assignment (acquisition) agreement exclusive rights from the copyright holder (seller) or be created on their own or by attracting third parties. In any case, registration of exclusive intellectual property rights is required.
Organizations can independently carry out research, development and technological developments or enter into contracts with contractors - specialized organizations. In accordance with PBU 17/02, as a result of performing R&D, intangible assets or the inventory object “R&D Expenses” can be taken into account. The concept and features of accounting for R&D expenses are discussed in detail in Chapter 3.
Correspondence of accounts for accounting for investments in non-current assets
| Contents of operation | Debit | Credit |
| 1. Acquisition of fixed assets, including equipment that does not require installation: | ||
| invoices of sellers and suppliers are accepted | ||
| VAT included | ||
| reflects other costs for the acquisition, bringing objects to a state suitable for operation, | 10.70.69.76 and others. | |
| VAT included | 60,76 | |
| reflects the fee for registration of ownership of the property | ||
| 2. Purchase of equipment requiring installation: | ||
| suppliers' invoices accepted | ||
| VAT included | ||
| reflected other acquisition costs | 60,76,71 etc. | |
| VAT included | 60,76 | |
| released equipment from the warehouse for installation (for the amount of all acquisition costs) | ||
| 3. Construction and installation. Modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets in a contracted way: | ||
| contractors' invoices for completed construction and installation work were accepted | ||
| VAT included | ||
| 4. Construction and installation, modernization and reconstruction of fixed assets in an economic way: | ||
| construction and installation costs | 10,70,69,60,76 etc. | |
| VAT included | 60,76 | |
| VAT accrued (monthly on the cost of construction and installation work performed per month) | ||
| 5. Transfer of young animals to the main herd: | ||
| reflects the cost of rearing young animals | 10,70,69 etc. | |
| The cost of growth of young animals is reflected at the planned cost of growing | ||
| the young are transferred to the main herd during the year | ||
| the cost of weight gain or growth of young stock has been adjusted to the actual cost at the end of the reporting year | ||
| 11 storno | 20 reversal | |
| the cost of young animals at the end of the reporting year has been adjusted: | ||
| a) the actual cost of cultivation is higher than the planned one | ||
| b) the actual cost of cultivation is lower than the planned one | 08 reversal | 11 storno |
| 6. Acquisition of intangible assets: | ||
| the account of the seller (copyright holder) is accepted | ||
| VAT included | ||
| reflected additional costs for the preparation of intangible assets for use | 08, 19 | 10,70,69,76 etc. |
| 68,76 | ||
| 7. Creation of intangible assets: | ||
| expenses for the creation of intangible assets are reflected | 10,70,69,60,76 etc. | |
| VAT included | 60,76 | |
| expenses for registration of exclusive rights to intangible assets | 68,76 | |
| 8.Performing R&D: | ||
| reflects R&D expenses performed in-house | 10,70,69,76 etc. | |
| VAT included | 60,76 | |
| the invoice of the R&D contractor for the work performed was accepted | ||
| VAT included | ||
| 9. Accepted for accounting: | ||
| fixed assets | ||
| including profitable investments in material assets | ||
| intangible assets | ||
| object "Expenses on R&D" | 04 R&D | |
| 10. The cost of investment objects in non-current assets (construction in progress, etc.) was written off upon sale and other disposal. | ||
| 11. R & D expenses that did not give a positive result were written off | ||
| 12. Input VAT presented for deduction: | ||
| a) for construction and installation work performed by an economic method (as paid to the budget) | ||
| b) in other cases (subject to the conditions stipulated by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) |
Note:
After taking into account the acquired values (works, services), the organization fixes the amount of VAT related to them on the debit of account 19 “Value Added Tax on acquired values”. In the future, in most cases, the amount of VAT (subject to the conditions listed in Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) the taxpayer has the right to accept tax deduction(Dt sc.68, Kt sc. 19)
In the cases provided for in Art. 170 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, taxes charged by the supplier (customer) to the buyer when acquiring valuables (works, services) are included in their cost and are not subject to tax deduction. At the same time, an entry is made on the debit of the accounts of accounting for values \u200b\u200b(08, 10, 41, etc.) or costs (20, 25,26,41,91, etc.) and the credit of account 19.
27. The procedure for the formation and accounting of authorized, reserve and additional capital.
Authorized capital- this is the start-up capital necessary for the enterprise to carry out financial and economic activity for the purpose of making a profit.
Legal basis of the authorized capital determines its size and composition, the terms and procedure for making contributions to the authorized capital by participants, the assessment of contributions in the event of their contribution and withdrawal, the procedure for changing the shares of participants, the responsibility of participants for violation of obligations to make contributions.
Accounting is kept on account 80 "Authorized Capital". The credit balance of this account shows the amount of the registered authorized capital, the credit turnover reflects the amount of its increase for legal reasons, and the debit turnover reflects the decrease in the authorized capital when its participants (founders) leave the organization and for other reasons.
Change in the size of the authorized capital enterprise is always associated with the re-approval of its constituent documents general meeting founders and their re-registration with the relevant state bodies.
Increase the authorized capital enterprises can be carried out in cases of attracting additional funds from participants, in the event of an additional issue of shares or an increase in their face value; directions for its increase in retained net profit, additional and reserve capital, as well as accrued founder's income (dividends);
Decrease in authorized capital enterprises can be carried out in the following cases: withdrawal of founders from the organization or redemption of shares by a joint-stock company with their subsequent cancellation; bringing the size of the authorized capital to the value of net assets and repayment of the uncovered loss due to it, as well as covering the loss by reducing the size of the contributions (shares) of the participants or the par value of the shares;
Synthetic and analytical accounting of the authorized capital is kept in the journal-warrant 15 on the basis of past state registration constituent documents of the enterprise, contracts for the sale of shares in joint-stock companies and other primary documentation.
To account for the sources of new material assets or an increase in their book value in accounting, the concept of additional capital.
To account for the amounts of additional capital and summarize information about their accumulation and use, an accounting account is intended 83 "Additional capital".
Analytical accounting on this account is conducted according to the sources of its formation and directions of use. The sources of formation are:
The increase in the value of property due to revaluation and due to capital investment;
share premium;
Positive exchange rate differences resulting from the contribution of foreign currency to the authorized capital of the enterprise;
Funds allocated from the budget and used for financing long-term investments;
Funds of the enterprise aimed at replenishment of working capital.
In accounting change (increase) in the initial cost of fixed assets, equipment for installation is reflected in the entry on the credit of account 83 "Additional capital" in correspondence with accounts 01 "Fixed assets", 03 "Profitable investments in tangible assets", 07 "Equipment for installation".
Reserve capital represents the insurance capital of the enterprise, intended to compensate for losses from economic activities, as well as to pay income to investors and creditors in case there is not enough profit for these purposes. The funds of the reserve capital act as a guarantee of the uninterrupted operation of the enterprise and the observance of the interests of third parties. The formation of reserve capital can be mandatory and voluntary.
Account 82 "Reserve capital" is provided for obtaining information on the availability and movement of reserve capital funds. The formation of reserve capital at the expense of retained net profit is reflected in the debit entry of account 84 " Undestributed profits(uncovered loss)" in correspondence with account 82 "Reserve capital".
Certain types of income and expenses can be both income and expenses for ordinary activities, and other income and expenses, depending on the direction of the organization's activities (rent, license fees, etc.) (clause 7 PBU 9/99, p 11 PBU 10/99).
But there are also such incomes and expenses that are always other:
| Other income | other expenses |
|---|---|
| Proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods | Expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products |
| Profit from joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement) | Expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions |
| Interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank | Interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use |
| Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts | Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts; |
| Assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement | Deductions to valuation reserves created in accordance with accounting rules (reserves for doubtful debts, for depreciation of investments in securities etc.), as well as reserves created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts of economic activity |
| Receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization | Compensation for losses caused by the organization |
| Profit of previous years, revealed in reporting year | Losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year |
| Amounts of accounts payable and depositor debts for which the limitation period has expired | Amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are uncollectible |
| Exchange differences | Exchange differences |
| Amount of revaluation of assets | Amount of asset writedown |
| Income arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc. | Transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events |
| Other income | Expenses arising as a result of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.) |
| other expenses |
The procedure for recognizing other income is contained in paragraphs 15-16 of PBU 9/99, and other expenses - in paragraphs 16-19 of PBU 10/99.
From the point of view of reflection on accounting accounts, other expenses in accounting are expenses reflected on account 91 “Other income and expenses”. Accordingly, the accounting of other income is kept on the same account.
How to calculate other income? For other income, the formula for determining them for reporting period is simple: just add up the credit turnover of account 91, sub-account "Other income". And to obtain a net estimate (excluding VAT) from the specified value, deduct VAT from other income, reflected in the debit of account 91, subaccount "VAT"
Similarly, other expenses for the reporting period are accumulated for the reporting period in the debit of account 91, sub-account "Other expenses".
Typical accounting records for accounting for other income and expenses:
| Operation | Account debit | Account credit |
|---|---|---|
| Reflected income from the sale of fixed assets | 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" | 91-1 |
| Write-off of the residual value of the sold fixed asset | 91-2 | 01 "Fixed assets" |
| Written off accounts payable after the expiration of the limitation period | 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" | 91-1 |
| Reflected a positive exchange rate difference on currency account | 52 | 91-1 |
| Reflected the negative exchange rate difference on settlements with suppliers in foreign currency | 91-2 | 60 |
| Recognized a penalty to be paid to the supplier for violation of the terms of the contract | 91-2 | 76 “Settlements with different debtors and creditors”, sub-account “Settlements on claims” |
| Depreciation of non-production equipment accrued (at the expense of profit) | 91-2 | 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" |
| Funds donated to charity | 91-2 | 51 "Settlement accounts" |
| Excess materials were identified based on the results of the inventory | 10 "Materials" | 91-1 |
| Bank commission charged for maintaining an account | 91-2 | 51 "Settlement accounts" |
Along with income and expenses from ordinary activities, other income and expenses that are not directly related to the sale of goods, works or services are allocated in the accounting of any company. The organization carries out accounting for other income and expenses on the basis of certain paragraphs of PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99, approved by orders of the Ministry of Finance dated May 6, 1999 No. 32n and 33n, respectively. Both of these documents have a later revision dated April 6, 2015.
So, other income includes, according to paragraphs 15-16 of PBU 9/99, the following types of income:
This list of income is always included in other income. At the same time, it is possible to single out such receipts that can relate to both main income and income from other activities, depending on the scope of the company. Other income of the enterprise includes, for example, income from the lease of property or royalties, as well as income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations. Such receipts will be included in the definition of ordinary income if such areas are the subject of the company's main activity, or they will be considered other income if the organization's main line of business is not related to such activities.
Other income in accordance with paragraphs 12 and 16 of PBU 9/99 are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred. In this case, the date of actual receipt of funds for them does not matter. Factors such as the right to receive revenue, its certain amount, the confidence that this amount will be transferred to the organization that has transferred ownership of the product or service (if any in the situation under consideration) are important, as well as the ability to determine the amount of associated costs. However, there is some exception for firms that have the right to apply simplified accounting methods and draw up simplified financial statements. If such a company applies under accounting policy conditional cash method in relation to accounting, then the date of recognition of other income will be the date of receipt of the corresponding amounts to the current account or to the cash desk of the enterprise.
Other expenses in accounting is a list of expenses defined in paragraph 11 of PBU 10/99. So, other expenses of the enterprise include:
By analogy with other income, other expenses in some cases can be determined alternatively, that is, included in the costs of ordinary activities. We are talking, in general, about identical items: the costs associated with leasing the property of an organization, with the provision of rights to use various types of intellectual property for a fee, and with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations. Such costs are either expenses for ordinary activities, or other, depending on whether the corresponding line of business of the company is declared as a priority.
Other expenses in accordance with paragraph 18 of the same PBU 10/99 are also usually recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the date of actual payment of funds for them. For companies that maintain simplified accounting, there is a traditional exception - they can reflect expenses, both for core activities and others, based on the date of repayment of the corresponding debt.
Accounting for other income and expenses is kept on account 91 of the Chart of Accounts. At the same time, other incomes are taken into account on the credit of subaccount 91.01 in correspondence with various accounts, and postings on other expenses go on the debit of subaccount 91.02.
Example
During the 4th quarter of 2016 Alfa LLC, operating within the framework of common system taxation, the following types of operations were carried out, which are accounted for as other income and expenses:
- Rental warehouse (this species activity is not the main one for the company, therefore it is other income), with a monthly rent of 20,000.00 rubles, including VAT of 3,050.85 rubles. The amount of monthly depreciation for this property is 4,500.00 rubles. Utility costs amount to 2,150.00 rubles.
- The amount of monthly banking servicing of the company's settlement account is 3,500.00 rubles.
- On November 5, an inventory of the remaining materials in the warehouse was carried out, as a result of which a surplus of total amount 12,350.00 rubles.
- November 16 trial, as a result of which court of Arbitration issued a resolution awarding Alfa LLC the amount of compensation for violation of contractual obligations by the contractor in the amount of 30,000.00 rubles.
- On December 6, the founder of Alfa LLC provided the organization with an interest-bearing loan at 6% per annum. The amount of interest on the loan for December amounted to 1,010.00 rubles.
- On December 9, the limitation period (3 years) for debts in favor of Alfa LLC for shipped but not paid for goods passed. The cost of the sold batch amounted to 25,000.00 rubles. The provision for doubtful debts was not formed in the company.
- On December 22, the company transferred 100,000.00 rubles in favor of a charitable foundation, which is confirmed by the corresponding letter and an agreement of intent to transfer the specified amount, signed on the same date.
During the quarter, the accountant of Alfa LLC will record other income and expenses with the following entries:
the date
Debit
Credit
Sum
October rent payment
The previously unrecorded materials identified during the inventory were taken into account
Reflected the amount of compensation for violation of contractual obligations receivable
November rent payment
Accrued VAT on the lease of property
Depreciation charged on property
Amount accrued utility bills under an agreement with a service operating company
Costs for monthly banking services current account
The amount of accounts receivable with the past limitation period written off
The amount of charitable assistance in favor of the charitable foundation has been determined
December rent payment
Accrued VAT on the lease of property
Depreciation charged on property
The amount of utility bills accrued under an agreement with a service operating company
Expenses for monthly bank servicing of a current account
Reflected the amount of interest on the loan from the founder
The total for sub-accounts 91.01 and 91.02 is accumulated during the year, so other income does not decrease by itself at the expense of other expenses. These are two separate cumulative totals that do not intersect until a certain point. Other income and expenses are written off by postings to account 91.09 (D 91.01 - K 91.09 and D 91.09 - K 91.02). It is on this sub-account that the balance between the two indicators of other income and other expenses is reflected. Further, at the end of the year, when the balance sheet is reformed, the balance of other income and expenses is written off by posting D 91.09 - K 99 - if the amount of other income during the year turned out to be higher than other expenses, or D 99-K 91.09 - if the amount of other expenses turned out to be higher.
On account 99, a total is formed for the activities of the company as a whole, that is, it reflects not only the balance of other income and expenses, but also income and expenses for the main activities. The final indicator will eventually be reflected in financial statements as an indicator of the company's profit or loss at the end of the year.
Under the financial result from other activities is understood the result of all operations of the organization, other than operations on ordinary activities.
Consider other income of the organization. In accordance with paragraph 7 of PBU 9/99, other income includes:
income related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets (subject to the provisions of clause 5 of PBU 9/99);
· proceeds related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (subject to the provisions of clause 5 of PBU 9/99);
· proceeds associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities) (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of PBU 9/99);
profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);
· proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods;
Interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank;
fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of contract terms In a situation of violation of contractual obligations, the organization receives a specific type of income, qualified in terms of civil law as losses (Article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) or a penalty (Article 330 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
“The forfeit is a way to secure obligations in the form of a sum of money received by the counterparty in case of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations in relation to him. A fine or a penalty are varieties of a penalty and differ in the way they are formed: a penalty is a fixed amount, a penalty is an amount depending on the time period during which the rights of the party under the contract are violated "E. Glukhovskaya Penalties for breach of contracts //" New accounting, 2007, No. 10.
assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;
Receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization;
Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;
· amounts of accounts payable and depositor's debts for which the limitation period has expired;
· exchange differences;
the amount of revaluation of assets;
· Other income.
Other incomes are also receipts arising as the consequences of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc. For accounting purposes, the amount of other income is determined in the following order:
ь The amount of proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), products, goods, as well as the amount of interest received for the provision of funds for use by the organization, and income from participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (when this is not the subject of the organization's activities) is determined in the actual amount of income arising from the terms of the relevant contracts;
ь Penalties, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the debtor.
ь Assets received free of charge are accepted for accounting at market value. The market value of the assets received free of charge is determined by the organization on the basis of the prices valid on the date of their acceptance for accounting for this or a similar type of assets. Data on prices in force on the date of acceptance for accounting must be documented or confirmed by an examination;
b Accounts payable, for which the limitation period has expired, is included in the income of the organization in the amount in which this debt was reflected in the accounting of the organization;
ь The amounts of revaluation of assets are determined in accordance with the rules established for the revaluation of assets;
ь Other receipts are accepted for accounting in actual amounts.
In accordance with clause 11 of PBU 10/99, other expenses are:
Expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of PBU 10/99);
Expenses associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of PBU 10/99);
Expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of PBU 10/99);
· expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products;
interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use;
Expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions;
· deductions to estimated reserves created in accordance with accounting rules (reserves for doubtful debts, for depreciation of investments in securities, etc.), as well as reserves created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts of economic activity;
fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;
Compensation for losses caused by the organization;
Losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;
the amount of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect;
· exchange differences;
the amount of depreciation of assets;
transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;
· other expenses.
Other expenses are also expenses arising as a result of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.) and expenses associated with the elimination of their consequences.
For accounting purposes, the amount of other expenses is determined in the following order:
ь The amount of expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except for foreign currency), goods, products, as well as participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, with provision for a fee for temporary use ( temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property (when this is not the subject of the organization's activity), interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds for use, as well as expenses related to with payment for services rendered by credit institutions are determined in the actual amount of the expense arising from the terms of the relevant agreements
ь Fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused by the organization are accepted for accounting in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the organization
ь Accounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect, are included in the expenses of the organization in the amount in which the debt was reflected in the accounting records of the organization. Moreover, overdue debt is written off separately for each obligation.
“The grounds for writing off bad debts are:
Inventory data;
Written justification for the inability to collect debts of debtors;
Order (instruction) of the head of the organization to write off such obligations "S.N. Polenov Overdue accounts receivable and taxation of certain operations // "Accounting", 2007, No. 9.
“Inventory of settlements with debtors is carried out according to the data of acts of reconciliation with counterparties of the organization. According to their data, an “Inventory act of settlements with buyers, suppliers and other debtors and creditors” is drawn up. The act shows receivables by type (confirmed by debtors, not confirmed by debtors, debt with an expired limitation period).
A written justification for the impossibility to collect debts of debtors is prepared on the note of the chief accountant, to which supporting documents are attached. So, the document that is the basis for the unreality of the return of bad debts from a liquidated organization is an entry in unified register legal entities and also a letter tax authority confirming the fact of liquidation” S. Blinova Overdue accounts receivable // “Calculation”, 2007, No. 6.
ь Amounts of depreciation of assets are determined in accordance with the rules established for the revaluation of assets.
“In practice, there is an opinion that ordinary activities include those types of activities that are listed in the charter. However, entries in the charter of organizations are always made taking into account a fairly wide range of possible activities that organizations may not carry out at all or resort to them extremely rarely. Consequently, the statutory entries on possible types of activities cannot be an appropriate criterion for dividing all types of activities into ordinary and other” Larionov A.D., Nechitailo A.I. Accounting and taxation financial results: textbook-practical guide. - TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006 p.100. Another view that exists in practice is the approach according to which it is legitimate to provide the functions of determining which activities of the organization are ordinary and which are other, by its competent management body. The transfer of such functions only to the management of the organization will inevitably lead to the use of this opportunity to determine the usual activities of those of them, information about which will be attractive in the eyes of external users. accounting information. Thus there is high degree the likelihood that, with approximately equal volumes of activities of organizations, information about them in the reporting, due to different approaches to the qualification of types of activities, will be accompanied by a loss of comparability of indicators.
Thus, the development of unified evidence-based criteria by which the types of activities are classified as ordinary or other is an urgent problem of regulatory accounting.
Thus, the financial result of the organization is formed from two components, the main of which is the implementation result obtained from the sale of products, goods, works and services, as well as from business operations that are the subject of the enterprise's activities, such as renting fixed assets for a fee, transfer of objects of intellectual property for paid use and investment in the authorized capital of other organizations.
The second part, in the form of income and expenses not directly related to the formation of the main implementation financial result, forms the other financial result. If during the reporting period an enterprise has made a profit from the sale of products, goods, works, services and other operations that are the subject of its activity, then its entire financial result will be equal to the profit from sales plus other income minus other expenses. If the company makes a loss on sales, then its total financial result will be equal to the sum of the loss on sales plus other expenses minus other income.
Others include income and expenses that are not related to the normal activities of the organization.
In accordance with clause 7 of PBU 9/99, other income is:
· proceeds related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of assets;
· proceeds related to the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;
· proceeds related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities);
profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);
Proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash, products, goods;
Interest received for the provision of the organization's funds for use, as well as interest for the bank's use of funds held on the organization's account with this bank;
assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;
Receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization;
Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;
· amounts of accounts payable and depositor's debts for which the limitation period has expired;
the amount of revaluation of assets;
· Other income.
Other incomes are also receipts arising as the consequences of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc.
In accordance with clause 11 of PBU 10/99, other expenses are:
Expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets;
· costs associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;
Expenses associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;
· expenses associated with the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash, goods, products;
interest paid by the organization for providing it with funds (credits, loans) for use;
Expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions;
· deductions to estimated reserves created in accordance with accounting rules (reserves for doubtful debts, for depreciation of investments in securities, etc.), as well as reserves created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts of economic activity;
fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts;
Compensation for losses caused by the organization;
Losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;
the amount of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic to collect;
the amount of depreciation of assets;
transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;
· other expenses.
Other expenses are also expenses that arise as a result of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.).
Other income and expenses included in the overall financial result of the organization are recorded separately from the financial result from sales on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.
According to the working chart of accounts of Alternativa LLC, the following sub-accounts are opened for account 91 “Other income and expenses”:
91.1 - Other income;
91.2 - Other expenses;
91.9 - Balance of other income and expenses.
Entries on account 91 “Other income and expenses” are made accumulatively during the reporting year. On a monthly basis, by comparing the debit turnover and credit turnover on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month is determined. The balance of other income and expenses shows the financial result from other activities of the organization - profit or loss.
This balance is deducted from sub-account 91.9 “Balance of other income and expenses” to account 99 “Profit and loss” on a monthly basis with closing turnovers. Thus, synthetic account 91 "Other income and expenses" balance on reporting date does not have.
According to the analysis of account 91 for 2010, in the Profit and Loss Statement, line 090 "Other income" reflects the credit balance of account 91 in terms of other types of income of the organization.
If different sub-accounts were used to account for operating and non-operating income in accordance with the working chart of accounts of the company, they should be added credit balances. The total amount for line 090 was 3,565 thousand rubles.
Similarly, line 100 "Other expenses" reflects the debit balance of account 91. As a result, other expenses in Alternativa LLC in 2010 amounted to 2409 thousand rubles.
As a result of its activities, the organization in 2010 received a profit before tax in the amount of 204 thousand rubles. (profit from sales + other income - other expenses according to the appendix, i.e. (- 952) thousand rubles + 3565 thousand rubles - 2409 thousand rubles).
Next, we will reflect the procedure for the formation of the organization's net profit, taking into account the application of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for income tax settlements" (PBU 18/2002), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002 No. 114n.
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are not reflected in the Profit and Loss Statement for Alternativa LLC for 2010.
In accordance with PBU 18/2002, current income tax (current tax loss) is income tax for tax purposes, determined based on the amount of contingent expense (conditional income), adjusted for the amount of permanent tax liability deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability of the reporting period.
The current income tax in Alternativa LLC for 2010 is not reflected.
On the line "Net profit (loss) of the reporting period" (190) of the Profit and Loss Statement for 2010, the amount of profit generated on account 99 "Profit and Losses" is indicated. In the Profit and Loss Statement for 2010 net profit organization is equal to profit before tax - 204 thousand rubles.
