The Dzhubga-Sochi highway, which needs reconstruction, can be extended to the Crimea.
The authorities have returned to the reconstruction of the highway along the Black Sea coast, this time the expensive project is being discussed jointly with investors. Earlier, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation estimated the construction of the route from the village of Dzhubga to the resort of Sochi at 1.6 trillion. rubles, which turned out to be a record amount for the industry. Then it was proposed to postpone the implementation of the project.
According to Vedomosti, the project for a large-scale reconstruction of the Dzhubga-Sochi highway in the Krasnodar Territory, the head of the Ministry of Transport, Yevgeny Dietrich, included in the list of those that the departments offered for business investment. The list of potential investors includes 17 private companies, including the NLMK group (its main asset is the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works), Severstal, Novatek, Mechel and not only, as well as five state-owned companies and a number of officials.
Now this highway is a two-lane mountain serpentine, which operates at the limit of capacity. The Federal Road Agency (Rosavtodor) proposes to build a new four-lane high-speed highway with a length of 119.5 km instead. At the same time, the estimated speed of movement along it will be 120 km / h. It took over a year to develop this project.
However, as it turned out, 1.6 trillion. rubles is not the limit for this project. The route can be extended to the Crimea (on the route from Kerch through Novorossiysk). As a result, it will be possible to get from Crimea to Sochi and back much faster than now.
To date, the almost 500 km long journey from Kerch across the Crimean bridge to the border with Abkhazia takes at least 8.5 hours if there are no traffic jams. How much this time will be reduced after the commissioning of the new highway, the department has not yet told.
Not in the documents and the full cost large-scale project. It is only known that the reconstruction of the Novorossiysk-Dzhubga section of the road is estimated at 116.5 billion rubles. Of these, the government is ready to allocate 96 billion rubles from the federal budget.
In exchange for sponsorship of the construction of a highway from Crimea to Sochi, investors will receive benefits for land tax, property tax; will be able to conclude an agreement on the protection and encouragement of capital investments, which assumes the immutability of tax and tariff conditions.
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Transport projects are one of the most important investments of the state. A convenient and well-developed infrastructure will ensure the well-being and progress of the entire nation. If we talk about transport networks, roads and railways, it is hardly appropriate to talk about savings here.
That is why many countries in the world stop saving money if they need to build something grandiose and important. Billions of dollars are spent on such constructions, the amounts that go into every little thing are simply amazing.
In the case of the rich and developed countries, part of the budget necessarily goes to the development and modernization of infrastructure. We invite you to get acquainted with the most expensive transport projects in the world.
This is one of the most expensive transport projects on the planet. It was valued at $114 billion and was completed in 1992. The project was named after the 34th President and its full name is National system interstate and defense highways named after Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was Dwight D. Eisenhower who began this grand construction in the 1950s. The highway system runs through every state and connects every major city in the United States. The total length of the network's roads is 75,440 kilometers.
China stunned the world when the high-speed rail network was officially opened. Chinese trains, which almost hover above the rails, are considered the fastest trains in the world. With the advent of new roads, the amount of time it takes to cover the distance of 1318 kilometers from Beijing to Shanghai has been halved. Today, from one metropolis in China to another can be reached in just 5 hours.
The project was estimated at $32.5 billion, and this is not the first project of this level that China has undertaken. China has the longest high-speed rail line in the world. The length of the roads in operation today is 8358 kilometers. 2197 kilometers of roads are used for trains reaching speeds up to 350 kilometers per hour.
Crossrail is an ongoing project to build a new subway line that will not be part of the old subway, but will intersect with it. The cost of the project is 25.5 billion dollars. The project includes the construction of major tube tracks that will run through central London. This Railway will serve 10 trains simultaneously, which will run at a frequency of 24 trains per hour in both directions. The line is expected to be open by 2018.
The Great Boston Tunnel is the most expensive road system project in the United States. It is estimated at $ 22 billion - an impressive amount even for a country like the United States. The tunnel and highways are located in Boston. It was decided to conclude the central highway of the city in a tunnel, the length of which is 5.6 kilometers. The project was completed in December 2007 with casualties during its construction.
Located on the island of Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong Airport was opened for commercial transportation of passengers and cargo in 1998. The cost of the project was 20 billion dollars - a huge amount for that time, but even 13 years later this project is in the top ten of the most incredible projects. This airport was even awarded as the best airport in the world, which was rated by passengers as the most convenient.
This infrastructure development program has been valued at $17 billion and the project has not yet been completed. Second Avenue is another branch of the New York City subway, a transportation project that was planned 75 years ago. It is expected to open in 2016. Many criticized this project and argued that the line should start operating much earlier, since its construction began in 2007.
Named after one of the most important families of the United United Arab Emirates, the reigning home of Dubai, Al Maktoum International Airport opened in 2010 with just one runway and one for cargo flights. Only in 2011 the airport began to receive passenger flights. It is planned that this airport will become part of the company's projects Dubai World Central, which builds residential complexes, commercial buildings and so on. This amazing masterpiece of modern engineering is valued at $10 billion.
From the very beginning, the Timeslink railway system became very popular, its trains carried quite a large number of people immediately after opening in 1988. That is why it was proposed to expand the program. It was supposed to supplement the line with another 100 stations, to launch new, longer trains on them in order to relieve the system.
This transport project includes the lengthening of platforms, the reconstruction of stations, the expansion of infrastructure, the addition of new railway tracks, and an additional wagon fleet. This project is scheduled to be completed by 2018, but some major work has already been completed. This year, some sections of the renovated railway should begin to function. The entire project is estimated at $9.7 billion.
The Gotthard base tunnel is a railway tunnel under the Alps, the length of which is 151.8 kilometers with service and pedestrian passages. It will become the world's longest railway tunnel when it opens in 2016. The cost of the project is 9 billion dollars. The main goal of this project is to protect the environment, since after its construction all large cargoes will be transported underground without polluting nature.
Money not only rules the world, but also changes it in the literal sense of the word. Humanity over the past 100 years has been able to build massive and grandiose structures in record time. People know how to tunnel through mountains, reverse rivers, build islands, and many other seemingly unrealistic things. At the same time, money decides a lot in terms of quality materials and work. We offer the 10 most expensive construction projects for the history of mankind.
The tunnel is laid under the strait between the northern coast of France and Great Britain. British and French companies have invested $22.4 billion in its construction, and today it is overseen by the international company Eurotunnel. Such a high cost of work was due to high requirements for safety, infrastructure, environmental friendliness of the project, which eventually accounted for 80% of the total budget. It began to be built in 1988, and in 1994 it has already begun work. During construction, 10 workers died. The tunnel consists of three parts: two railway tracks and a road. The length of the underground tunnel is 50 km, and the diameter is from 8 to 4 m. There were several fires in the tunnel, which caused serious damage, in connection with which it was closed for several months. The security service often catches people who illegally seek to cross the border between France and the UK.
The Great Boston Tunnel cost taxpayers $23.1 billion. The goal of the project was to divert traffic from a major highway in downtown Boston to a tunnel that was named the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel. The project ran into a number of financial and administrative problems, including errors that cost $400 million to fix. During construction, a man died when a concrete structure fell right on his car. In addition, during construction, workers stumbled upon sunken ships, which were of historical and archaeological value, and, therefore, had to undergo an examination, which took a lot of time. The construction of the tunnel was delayed for 10 years.
Kansai International Airport cost $29 billion to build. It is located in the middle of Osaka Bay, Japan, on a man-made island, which was built taking into account the high seismicity of the region and the threat of flooding. Another reason for building the airport on an artificial island was to prevent complaints from the public. Over the years, the island has been reinforced with metal piles, columns, and structures to keep it from sinking into the water. The second terminal opened in 2012. Terminal 2 and Terminal 1 are connected by a free bus route.
Work started in 2015 has already required more funding than planned. This high-speed rail is part of President Obama's large-scale project to unite the entire country. The project's executive director, Jeff Morales, said that while the project costs $33 billion, it's worth it because it will use the latest technology. The road will connect Merced and Bakersfield, San Francisco and Los Angeles. The planned completion date is 2029.
This new business the city center is built on reclaimed land near Seoul, South Korea, at a cost of more than $40 billion. This is a high-tech area of the city with ubiquitous WiFi, an automatic recycling system and other technologies and innovations. Replicas of the most famous landmarks from other cities in the world will be built in this area, including New York's Central Park. There will be an island where rabbits and deer will live freely. The area is being built specifically to attract business and tourists. In addition, it is close to Incheon International Airport.
The construction of the amusement park was stopped in 2008 due to lack of funding and the financial crisis, but in 2013 it resumed. Its cost was 76 billion dollars. If the construction is completed, it will be the most expensive and most grandiose in the field of tourism and entertainment. There are plans to build a Disney theme park, an IMAX theater, and other facilities based on Arabian tales, including 1001 Nights. The impetus for the construction of the amusement park was the desire to make life in Dubai interesting for families with children and tourists.
Upon completion, the King Abdullah Economic City will cost him $86 billion. It is located an hour's drive from Mecca, the main attraction for Muslims and tourists who come to this region of Saudi Arabia. The city will have the best hotels, luxurious villas, prestigious universities and a large airport. The city is being built by Emaar Properties, which has extensive experience in building the tallest buildings in the world, including the Burj Khalifa skyscraper. At the heart of the Economic City will be Ethraa, a high-tech infrastructure serviced by Ericsson.
Kashgan, located in the Caspian Sea, is the largest oil field found in the last forty years. $116 billion was spent on its development and infrastructure construction. Starting in 2017, 90,000 barrels will be produced here daily. The total amount of oil produced will be 13 billion barrels. Among the difficulties encountered during the implementation of the project, one can name a leak in the pipes and a number of other breakdowns. The fact is that the field is under great pressure and it is very dangerous to drill here. The project partners are Shell, ExxonMobil, Total, China National Petroleum Corp, KazMunaiGas, INPEX and AgipKCO.
The modular research space station, known as the International Space Station, cost $150 million. Many countries turned out to be investors, but the main participants were the USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Spain and Switzerland. By 2020, the station, having worked out its resource for 26 years, will be flooded in the ocean. Each module of the station, consisting of Russian space rockets and American space shuttles, was created on Earth and assembled together in space. For two years, while the station was being assembled, it was not used. The operation of the station began from the moment equipment, provisions and sleeping compartments were delivered to its board.
In 2015, the construction of the Interstate Highway System cost taxpayers $459 billion. The project was initiated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. But he thought not only about the transport system, but also about national security. The project was started in 1956, it was at this time that new routes were created. Nebraska was the first state to complete its section of the system in 1974. Last Plot, including the I-70 road, was completed in 1992. Despite exceeding the announced budget and deadlines, the construction of the SMM was of great importance for the US economy. Transportation of goods began to cost 17% lower, and during hurricane Katrina, it was along these roads that the population was successfully evacuated.
Design highway is one of the top priorities modern world, after all, the erected paths are arteries along which cars, trucks and public transport. The modern transport system is a complex organism, all elements of which are interconnected and directly dependent on each other. The design of the highway at the moment is largely determined by the existing links between settlements, recreation areas, industrial enterprises and other community centers.
The life of the modern world cannot be imagined without an organized and well-functioning mechanism that could ensure the normal transportation of goods or the population. Proper road design today is especially important for the reason that at the moment the paths are absolutely not adapted to the ever-growing traffic flows and high speeds.
Carrying out this procedure should provide a safe, convenient, organized and most comfortable movement. Vehicle in accordance with the calculated speeds. Also, competent road design allows achieving uniform traffic conditions, full compliance with the principles of visual orientation of drivers, convenient and extremely safe location of various intersections and junctions. That is why it is so important.
Many owners of private territories are thinking about why they need to survey and design roads, because it’s enough just to fill out the route and lay asphalt on it. But if a person has never encountered such a thing, it is better to start at least superficially familiarize yourself with complete list work that you will have to face, as well as see the cost of their implementation and the possible consequences.
Before you start laying public roads, junctions or any city street, you first need to obtain permission to carry out such work, and this requires the survey and design of highways. Unauthorized performance of all work will eventually result in the fact that representatives of the traffic police will be called, who will first issue an appropriate order, and if in the near future all the comments are not completely eliminated, the junction or road will be completely eliminated, and a ban on the operation of the facility will be issued . In this regard, everything will have to be restored to its original state, which will turn out to be a waste of a huge amount of money, not to mention the fact that if the path led to some industrial site, gas station, cafe or cottage settlement, their operation will also be terminated.
Not everyone understands that, in accordance with SNiP, the design of roads is not just laying rubble, asphalt and installing road signs. In the process of carrying out this procedure, all designed and existing communications that are located in the construction area should be taken into account, because it will be extremely unpleasant if workers accidentally break a gas pipeline, water supply or fiber optic cable during installation. Ultimately, the customer will be responsible for the restoration and compensation of losses to the owners of communications, and the cost of these works is very high.
That is why the norms specified in the SNiP must be fully observed. The design of roads should be trusted only to professional specialists, as there are many points that even professional builders may not take into account. Qualified engineers provide for any measures that may be necessary for long-term and safe operation of the road, calculate the structure and bearing capacity of the base for all kinds of loads, and also provide drainage systems in order to prevent the possibility of erosion of the subgrade, and take into account many other nuances.
To begin with, it is worth deciding what types of roads exist in principle:
Depending on the type of path chosen, the features of planning also change significantly. The design process takes into account various features terrain, type of roadbed, meteorological conditions, adjacent roads, approximate life, traffic intensity, and strength characteristics.
The first thing to do in the planning process is to clearly define the route. The highway should in no case be laid through agricultural areas, urban centers, as well as unique natural landscapes and all kinds of industrial complexes. In the overwhelming majority of cases, during planning, engineers first conduct a preliminary survey of the territory along which the path will be laid, and also mark all possible routes on the map. After that, a detailed analysis is carried out with the identification of all the advantages and disadvantages of each of the presented options.
A particular route is then selected and analyzed in detail before road design is carried out through the TCH. Further, design drawings are being created, but at the same time, the owners of land and various organizations through whose territory road routes will be laid have the right to express their suggestions and comments. Basically, in the process of planning, an independent design expertise is organized, based on the results of which various adjustments are already being made.
At the final stage, after the project has been approved, a large number of working drawings are created. In addition to the direct route, the drawings also indicate in great detail intersections, exits and entrances from the road, as well as driveways, crossings, bridges and other structures. also in without fail it is determined what specific special equipment will be used in the process of laying the roadway and clothing.
Thus, planning can be divided into several main stages:
One of the most actual problems road construction is the planning of the landscape, where the main goal is to include the route being laid in it. In doing so, be sure to pay attention to the following points:
Do not forget that such construction should include long-term, large-scale and painstaking research, especially if you are building roads through the TCH. Design standards include many different nuances that must be taken into account at each stage of such work. The positive aspects include the fact that at the moment the current principles of laying paths with arcuate junctions of the roadway and soft turns are perfectly combined with any landscape features.
If you are faced with the construction of highways, city streets or any junctions, this work should be done in several steps:
At this stage, it is extremely important to determine the staging, as well as the types of work performed. The thing is that depending on the list you specified (overhaul, new construction, reconstruction, etc.), the scope of work performed will directly change, as well as the full list of organizations with which you will need to coordinate all kinds of documents. For example, if you specify reconstruction in the road design task instead of carrying out overhaul, then in this case you will have to undergo a thorough state examination and bring various geometric parameters to the standards, and these works will require a large number time and money.
The assignment must also indicate the exact number of copies and the type of documentation issued, general terms design, a certain category of the path being laid, and many other nuances. Do not forget that, in accordance with the task, the preparation, design, construction of roads will be carried out, and any things that go beyond its scope will have to be discussed separately.
This list of data includes all kinds of engineering surveys, specifications from the owners of each of the communications located in the work area, as well as various letters received from the coordinating institutions. The amount of initial information directly depends on the characteristics of a particular object. For small construction city maps are quite enough for driveways, junctions or parking lots, while road design standards also provide for the presence of geological and geodetic surveys.
This stage is the longest and most costly. After the technical conditions have been received, the total amount of work increases significantly, and asphalt and crushed stone turn into far from the most expensive expenses.
Often one has to deal with such situations when the administration delicately “asks” for additional landscaping, design of sidewalks, parking lots and bike paths, as well as landscaping. If we are talking about arranging a connection to public roads, for example, the SOGU and the traffic police will require mandatory design of road intersections, junctions with transitional speed lanes, arrangement of lighting, various traffic lights and, if necessary,
Path lighting must necessarily be equipped on the territory of settlements, and its main purpose is to ensure normal visibility of the highway and sidewalks. Drainage can be carried out in two different ways - storm sewers or separate drainage ditches. It is extremely important in the process of designing a drainage system to take into account and provide for regulatory slopes, as well as various points of intake and release. In the process of diverting water to adjacent territories, it is often also necessary to equip local treatment facilities.
If they got into the construction zone, then in this case the owners will in any case demand their protection or reorganization in accordance with the regulatory documentation. Thus, recommendations for the design of roads are no longer limited to the roadway, which requires the involvement of engineers from many other specialties, which, accordingly, significantly increases total cost construction.
Starting the design, various strength calculations are initially carried out, and only then, on their basis, the calculation of the longitudinal and transverse profiles is carried out. In the design process, the technical and financial side of the project is also calculated, after which a detailed design and estimate documentation with an estimate of all costs required for the construction of the canvas.
Engineering and environmental solutions are selected, with the help of which the road can be harmoniously placed in the natural landscape. By analyzing the environmental situation during development project documentation it will be possible to carry out further construction with minimal damage to the environment.
Road design is carried out on the basis of a number of engineering surveys, as well as analysis of soil parameters, taking into account the features of the local relief. In the process of road design, professionals use modern software systems, as well as specialized engineering equipment.
In modern realities, it is simply impossible to imagine the professional development of project documentation without automated systems. Mathematical modeling and computer optimization on each of them can significantly increase the overall quality of the work carried out, as well as reduce the cost, time and total amount of materials required for construction. Over time, methods design work completely depart from the traditional design principles used literally 20 years ago.
The list of bodies involved in the coordination of project documentation should be reflected in the task, in accordance with which the rules for the design of highways are established. If any comments or questions arise, designers can always contact the specialist directly and eliminate the comments or make various adjustments. Conducting an independent or state examination in most cases is noted separately.
After all positive approvals have been received, the design of the road section can be considered completed. Then it is already possible to obtain a permit for construction work.
