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A presentation on the topic "Regional Economics and Management" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Economics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 14 slide(s).
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The main objectives of the course
To study fundamental knowledge on theoretical issues regional government; Familiarize yourself with the state of the economy Russian regions, with the main problems and ways to solve them; Develop systemic skills integrated approach to solve problems of regional governance.
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Basic concepts
Management Region Territorial organization Regional management Typology of regions Differentiation of regions Regional development
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Literature
Butov V.I., Ignatov V.G., Ketova N.V. Fundamentals of Regional Economics. - M., 2000. Regional Economics / Tyaglov S.G., Chernysh E.A., Molchanova N.P. and others / Under the editorship of prof. N.G. Kuznetsova and prof. Tyaglova S.G. - Rostov n / D., 2001. Regional economy: Tutorial/ Ed. M.V. Stepanova. - M., 2002. Regional Economics: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. - 686s. Regional development: the experience of Russia and European Union. Ed. A.G. Granberg. - M., 2001. 2003. Regional studies / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004. – 567p. The standard of living of the population of the Tomsk region. 2005 - Tomsk, 2006. - 120p. Economic and regional geography of Russia / Ed. A.P. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2002. - 672 p. Turgel I.D. Regional Economics and Management: A Course of Lectures. - M.: RUDN, 2003. - 403 p. Regional Economics and Management: Textbook / A.A. Voronina, L.N. Lisovtseva, B.G. Preobrazhensky, N.I. Rogacheva and others - Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2004. - p. 7-8 Management of the regional economy / G.V. Gutman, A.A. Miroedov, S.V. Fedin; Ed. G.V. Gutman. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 176 p.
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Informational resources in the Internet:
information and analytical sites of the regions; Rosstat website - www.gks.ru website International Center social economic research Leontief Center http://leontief.ru/ site of the Institute of Regional Policy - http://www.regionalistica.ru/ site of the Center for Fiscal Policy - http://www.fpcenter.ru/ site of the Ministry of Regional Development - http://www .minregion.ru/ website of the World Bank - http://web.worldbank.org
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TOPIC 1 SUBJECT, OBJECT AND METHODS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE
1. Subject and object of the regional economy. 2. Methods of regional economy. 3. Stages of regional economic research
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Subject and object of regional economy
Regional economy - science studies the problems and patterns of functioning and development of the country's economy, which is considered as a system of interacting regions, free economic zones, large economic regions, individual territorial production complexes, as well as large industrial and urban agglomerations.
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Stages of the formation of science
There are three stages in the development of the theoretical foundations of the regional economy: The emergence of theories and their genesis within the science of the West; Development in the USSR; convergence of regional studies of the West and the East; Modern directions of development of the regional economy as a unified world science.
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"Region" - a word of Latin origin (from the root regio) in translation means country, region, region. A region is a certain territory that differs from other territories in a number of ways and has some integrity, interconnectedness of its constituent elements.
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Economic zoning
With economic zoning in Russian Federation 12 economic regions (ER) are distinguished: Central Central Black Earth East Siberian Far Eastern Northern North Caucasian Northwestern Volga Ural Volga-Vyatka West Siberian Baltic
http://openbudget.karelia.ru/budnord/russian/russia_map.htm
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Approaches to the problems of functioning of regions
World economic approach Geopolitical approach Territorial reproduction approach Geographic Reproduction process
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Methods of regional economy
System analysis Method of systematization Balance method Normative method Method of economic and geographical research Cartographic method Method of economic and mathematical modeling Methods of multivariate statistical analysis Methods of sociological research Methods of comparing regional living standards of the population and forecasting the development of regional social infrastructure
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Stages of regional economic research
in Russia in the 1920s R&D was related to territorial development and industrialization beginning of the 1960s issues of development and deployment industrial productions, industries across the country after the collapse of the USSR by adapting the regional economy, its methodological base to market relations
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To study fundamental knowledge on theoretical issues of regional governance; To get acquainted with the state of the economy of the Russian regions, with the main problems and ways to solve them; To develop the skills of a systematic, integrated approach to solving the problems of regional management.
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Management Region Territorial organization Regional management Typology of regions Differentiation of regions Regional development
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Butov V.I., Ignatov V.G., Ketova N.V. Fundamentals of Regional Economics. - M., 2000. Regional Economics / Tyaglov S.G., Chernysh E.A., Molchanova N.P. and others / Under the editorship of prof. N.G. Kuznetsova and prof. Tyaglova S.G. - Rostov n / D., 2001. Regional Economics: Textbook / Ed. M.V. Stepanova. - M., 2002. Regional Economics: Textbook / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005. - 686s. Regional development: the experience of Russia and the European Union. Ed. A.G. Granberg. - M., 2001. 2003. Regional studies / Ed. T.G. Morozova. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004. – 567p. The standard of living of the population of the Tomsk region. 2005 - Tomsk, 2006. - 120p. Economic and regional geography of Russia / Ed. A.P. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2002. - 672 p. Turgel I.D. Regional Economics and Management: A Course of Lectures. - M.: RUDN, 2003. - 403 p. Regional Economics and Management: Textbook / A.A. Voronina, L.N. Lisovtseva, B.G. Preobrazhensky, N.I. Rogacheva and others - Voronezh: Voronezh State University, 2004. - p. 7-8 Management of the regional economy / G.V. Gutman, A.A. Miroedov, S.V. Fedin; Ed. G.V. Gutman. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 176 p.
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information and analytical sites of the regions; website of Rosstat - www.gks.ru website of the International Center for Social and Economic Research Leontief Center http://leontief.ru/ website of the Institute of Regional Policy - http://www.regionalistica.ru/ website of the Center for Fiscal Policy - http://www .fpcenter.ru/ website of the Ministry of Regional Development - http://www.minregion.ru/ website of the World Bank - http://web.worldbank.org
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1. Subject and object of the regional economy.2. Methods of regional economy.3. Stages of regional economic research
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Regional economics - science studies the problems and patterns of functioning and development of the country's economy, which is considered as a system of interacting regions, free economic zones, large economic regions, individual territorial production complexes, as well as large industrial and urban agglomerations.
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There are three stages in the development of the theoretical foundations of the regional economy: The emergence of theories and their genesis within the science of the West; Development in the USSR; convergence of regional studies of the West and the East; Modern directions of development of the regional economy as a unified world science.
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"Region" - a word of Latin origin (from the root regio) in translation means country, region, region. A region is a certain territory that differs from other territories in a number of ways and has some integrity, interconnectedness of its constituent elements.
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When economic zoning in the Russian Federation, 12 economic regions (ER) are distinguished: Central Central Black Earth East Siberian Far East Northern North Caucasian Northwestern Volga Ural Volga-Vyatka West Siberian Baltic http://openbudget.karelia.ru/budnord/ russian/russia_map.htm
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World economic approach Geopolitical approach Territorial reproduction approach Geographic Reproduction process
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System analysis Method of systematization Balance method Normative method Method of economic and geographical research Cartographic method Method of economic and mathematical modeling Methods of multivariate statistical analysis Methods of sociological research Methods of comparing regional living standards of the population and forecasting the development of regional social infrastructure
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in Russia in the 20s of the 20th century, R&D is associated with territorial development and industrialization beginning of the 60s of the 20th century issues of development and location of industrial production, industries across the country after the collapse of the USSR adaptation of the regional economy, its methodological base to market relations
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The concept of spatial development, factors reflecting the influence of space. Tasks of region management productive forces- regularities, principles and factors.
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Introduction to Regional Economics
Territorial organization of the regional economy
Regional economic management
State regulation of territorial development
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Economic potential of the region
Analysis and evaluation of investment attractiveness and
competitiveness of the region.
Regional problems of nature management.
Labor market and social policy of the regions
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The theory of the agricultural banner of I. Tünen agriculture and national economy. "The main content of this fundamental work was to identify patterns in the location of agricultural production, depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (i.e., transport costs). In his studies, J. Thünen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world , within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods.The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are taken to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the distance of transportation. Criterion optimization of accommodation in the works of J. Thünen - minimization of transport costs.
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The theory of central places by V. Kristaller. The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work "Central Places in Southern Germany", published in 1993. He substantiated the theoretical conclusions with empirical data.
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Theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that this or that country (we mean the region) has. Each country (region) should specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced in theory much further than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages are only a special case. general principle rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) with higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange due to the "play" on the difference in costs.
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Heckscher-Ohlin theory In the 30s of the XX century. The Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Olin developed the theory of the international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the ratio of the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) should export products of intensive use of excess (relatively non-deficit) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factorial prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.
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D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Lösch The main work of the German scientist A. Lösch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" (1940). A. Lösch significantly expands the set of factors and conditions considered in the location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, the effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with all the variety of microeconomic tools He analyzes the situation of location of firms in a competitive environment , when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits, but also by an increase in the number of firms that fill the entire market space, A. Losh proved the optimality of the hexagonal location of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).
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New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region acted only as a concentration natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, services. The region was not considered as a subject economic relations, carrier of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multifaceted system. The most widespread are four paradigms of the region: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.
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Theories of regional economy and regional governance should contain an explanation of the laws and principles of economic space rationalization, development of various types of regions, interregional interactions, distribution of activities and population. (Ideally)
The development of theories of regional economics and management within the framework of Western science A) The factor of space in the history of economic thought Problems of economic space attracted the attention of ancient philosophers (Aristotle, Plato), creators of social utopias (T. More, T. Companella, C. Fourier, R. Owen), and in the XVII-XVIII centuries they were constantly included in the structure of the created economic theories. In this regard, it is appropriate to name first of all R. Cantillon, J. Stewart, A. Smith, and especially D. Ricardo with his principle of comparative advantages in interregional trade and the theory of rent by location.
B) The first theories of production location The first experience of regional scientific research is associated with the names of J. Thünen, W. Launhgardt, A. Weber. Their work had a significant impact on the subsequent formation of the theory of spatial and regional economics.
I. Tyunen's Theory of the Agricultural Standard The formation of the theory of location (localization) is commonly associated with the publication in 1826 of the book by the German economist J. Thunen (J. Thunen) "The isolated state in its relation to agriculture and national economy." The main content of this fundamental work was the identification of regularities in the location of agricultural production, depending on the distance from the place of production to the market for the sale of products (ie, transport costs). In his research, J. Thunen assumed the existence of a state economically isolated from the rest of the world, within which there is a central city, which is the only market for agricultural products and at the same time a source of industrial goods. The price of each product at any point in space differs from its price in the city by the amount of transportation costs, which are taken to be directly proportional to the weight of the cargo and the distance of transportation. The criterion for optimizing accommodation in the works of J. Thünen is the minimization of transport costs.
J. Thünen distinguishes six belts (rings) for the location of agricultural activities, based on the conditions of farming on his estate in Mecklenburg - a highly productive suburban economy; - forestry; - fruit production; - pasture farming; - three-field crop rotation fields; - zone of livestock production.
J. Thünen proved that the optimal layout of agricultural production is a system of concentric circles (Thünen rings) of different diameters around the central city, separating the zones of location of various types of agricultural activities. The work of J. Thünen was the first and very revealing example of the use of abstract mathematical models in the theory of spatial economics. Its important methodological significance is recognized in the new economics.
Rational standard industrial enterprise W. Launhardt The main discovery of the German scientist W. Launhardt (W. Laun-hardt), whose main work was published in 1882, is a method for finding the optimal location point for an individual industrial enterprise in relation to sources of raw materials and markets. The decisive factor in the location of production for W. Launhardt, as well as for Thünen, is transportation costs. Production costs are assumed to be equal for all points of the study area. The point of optimal location of the enterprise depends on the weight ratio of the transported goods and distances. To solve this problem, W. Launhardt developed the weighted (or location) triangle method, one of the first physical models in economics used to solve theoretical and practical problems.
A. Weber's theory of the industrial standard The main work of the German economist and sociologist A. Weber "On the location of industry: the clean territory of the standard" was published in 1909. The scientist set himself the task of creating a general "pure" theory of production location based on the consideration of an isolated enterprise. He took a significant step forward in comparison with J. Thünen and W. Launhardt, introducing theoretical analysis new production location factors in addition to transport costs and setting a more general optimization problem: minimizing the total production costs, and not just transport costs.
Three location factors are analyzed: transport, labor force, agglomeration. Accordingly, three main orientations in location are distinguished: transport, working and agglomeration. To find the transport point (standort) (the place where, taking into account the location of the consumer center and sources of raw materials, the minimum value of transport costs takes place), the weight (location) triangle of W. Launhardt is used. To determine the industrial standard, taking into account the joint influence of transport cost factors and labor force, A. Weber resorts to the construction of the so-called isodapane (isodapane). Graphically, such lines can be represented as closed curves, which are described around the transport minimum point and connect the points of identical deviations in transport costs when moving production to work points.
The theory of central places by V. Kristaller. The first theory about the functions and placement of the system of settlements (central places) in the market space was put forward by W. Christaller in his main work "Central Places in Southern Germany", published in 1993. He substantiated the theoretical conclusions with empirical data.
V. Kristaller calls the central places economic centers, which serve goods and services not only to themselves, but also to the population of their district (sales zone). According to V. Kristaller, over time, service and sales areas tend to take shape in regular hexagons (honeycombs), and the entire populated area is covered with hexagons without gaps (Kristaller lattice). This minimizes the average distance for product distribution or travel to shopping and service centers. The theory of V. Kristaller explains why some goods and services should be produced (provided) in each settlement (essential products), others in medium-sized settlements (ordinary clothing, basic household services, etc.), others only in large cities (items luxury, theatres, museums, etc.)
C) Theories of regional specialization and interregional trade internationalists, not regionalists. First of all, one should mention the classics of English political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, as well as the Swedish economists E. Hecksher and B. Ohlin.
Theories of absolute and comparative advantages of A. Smith and D. Ricardo The international division of labor, A. Smith believed, should be carried out taking into account the absolute advantages that this or that country (we mean the region) has. Each country (region) should specialize in the production and sale of the product in which it has an absolute advantage. D. Ricardo advanced in theory much further than A. Smith. He proved that absolute advantages are only a special case of the general principle of a rational division of labor. The main thing is not absolute, but relative (comparative) advantages. Even countries (regions) with higher production costs for all goods can benefit from specialization and exchange due to the "play" on the difference in costs.
Heckscher Ohlin's theory In the 30s of the XX century. The Swedish economists E. Heckscher and B. Olin developed the theory of the international (interregional) division of labor, introducing into consideration the ratio of the main interchangeable factors of production (labor, capital, land, etc.). Their main theoretical provisions boil down to the following: 1) countries (regions) should export products of intensive use of excess (relatively not scarce) factors of production and import products of intensive use of factors that are scarce for them; 2) in international (interregional) trade, under appropriate conditions, there is a tendency to equalize "factorial prices"; 3) the export and import of goods can be replaced by the movement of factors of production.
D) General theory of location The doctrine of the spatial organization of the economy by A. Lösch The main work of the German scientist A. Lösch (A. Losch) "Spatial organization of the economy" (1940). A. Lösch significantly expands the set of factors and conditions considered in the location of enterprises and their combinations (taxes, duties, the effects of monopolies and oligopolies, etc.), saturating the theory of location with all the variety of microeconomic tools He analyzes the situation of location of firms in a competitive environment , when the choice of location is determined not only by the desire of each firm to maximize profits, but also by an increase in the number of firms that fill the entire market space, A. Losh proved the optimality of the hexagonal location of firms (at the vertices of regular hexagons).
A. Losh gave a detailed mathematical description of the market functioning of the system of producers and consumers, where each economic variable is tied to a certain point in space. The state of equilibrium, according to A. Lesh, is characterized by the following conditions: 1) the location of each firm has the maximum possible advantages for producers and consumers; 2) firms are located so that the territory is fully used; 3) there is equality of prices and costs (there is no excess income); 4) all market areas have minimum size(in the form of a hexagon); 5) the boundaries of market arenas pass along the lines of indifference (isolines), which, according to A. Lyosha, ensures the stability of the equilibrium found. The greatest scientific achievement of A. Lesh, which raises him above all theorists of spatial economics until the middle of the 20th century, is the development of the fundamental foundations of the theory of spatial economic equilibrium.
DOMESTIC SCHOOL OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH Interest in territorial economic and state structure showed such scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, A.N. Radishchev, K.I. Arseniev, D.I. Mendeleev, D.I. Richter, N.G. Chernyshevsky and many others. In the 19th early 20th century regional studies in Russia concentrated mainly on the study of natural productive forces, socio-economic geography, natural and economic zoning, regional statistics, problems of regional markets Russian Empire to administrative units. For a long time, it was the administrative-territorial structure of our state that was the basis of economic zoning.
The economic zoning of Russia was first considered in the 18th century. Already in the works of V. N. Tatishchev and M. V. Lomonosov (he first used the term " economical geography”), there are materials devoted to the elements of interaction between nature, population and economy. Later in the 19th and early 20th centuries large-scale scientific research on zoning by K. I. Arsenyev (“The Inscription of Statistics Russian state”), N. P. Ogareva (“The experience of the statistical distribution of the Russian Empire”), V. P. Semenova (“Trade and industry of European Russia by regions”), D. I. Mendeleev (“Factory industry and trade in Russia” ), A. F. Fortunatov (“On the issue of agricultural areas in Russia”), A. N. Chelintseva, S. Yu. Witte, V. I. Vernadsky, A. I. Skvortsov and others.
Regional economic research in the USSR developed under the strong influence of the state; since the late 1920s they were rigidly focused on the tasks of planned management. Theoretical and methodological research on the regional economy in the USSR, before the start of active entry into world science and the transition to market relations, concentrated around three problems: patterns, principles and factors in the distribution of productive forces; economic zoning; methods of planning and regulation of territorial and regional development. The most prominent authorities among Soviet regionalists, economists and geographers, were I.G. Alexandrov, N.N. Baransky, B.C. Nemchinov, N.N. Nekrasov, A.E. Probst, Yu.G. Saushkin, Ya. G. Feigin, R. I. Shniper.
The genesis of domestic theories of regional development The first stage: the years of the 20th century - the beginning of large-scale practical territorial and economic research and the creation of prerequisites for the formation of a regional economy. Second stage: - characterized by a radical restructuring of territorial and economic research, the emergence and initial development of the planned economy of the regional economy. The third stage: from the beginning of the 1990s, was accompanied by the adaptation of the regional economy and management to market relations.
Modern trends in the development of theories of regional economics The development of the theory of regional economics is carried out along two main lines: 1) expansion and deepening of the content (subject) of research (addition of classical theories with new factors, study and understanding of new processes and phenomena, emphasis on complex problems requiring an interdisciplinary approach) ; 2) strengthening the research methodology (especially the application of mathematical methods and informatics).
New paradigms and concepts of the region In the works of the founders of the regional economy, the region acted only as a concentration of natural resources and population, production and consumption of goods, and the service sector. The region was not considered as a subject of economic relations, a bearer of special economic interests. In modern theories, the region is studied as a multifunctional and multifaceted system. The most widespread are four paradigms of the region: region-quasi-state, region-quasi-corporation, region-market (market area), region-society.
Placement of activities New objects of the theory are the placement of innovations, telecommunications and computer systems, the development of restructuring and convertible industrial and technological complexes. An important stage in the development of the theory of location was the study of the process of creation and dissemination of innovations T. Hagerstrand put forward the theory of diffusion of innovations The theory of regional life cycle. According to this theory, regional economic policy should focus on creating favorable conditions for the innovation stage in less developed regions, for example, in the form of creating educational and scientific centers (technopolises, science cities, etc.).
Spatial organization of the economy Theories of structuring and effective organization of economic space are based on the functional properties of the forms of spatial organization of production and settlement of industrial and transport hubs, agglomerations, territorial production complexes, urban and rural settlements different type. The theory of growth poles has received wide recognition. The idea of growth poles, put forward by the French economist F. Perroux, is based on the idea of the leading role of the sectoral structure of the economy and, first of all, the leading industries that create new goods and services. The theory of growth poles was developed in the works of P. Pottier on the axes of development. In the modern practice of spatial economic development, the ideas of growth poles are implemented in the creation of free economic zones, technopolises, technology parks.
Interregional economic interactions The modern theory of interregional economic interactions (or interactions of regional economies) includes and integrates particular theories of the location of production and production factors, interregional economic ties, distributive relations.
