The geographical division of labor is a spatial form of the social division of labor.
The geographical division of labor is one of the forms of social division of labor. Peculiarities:
its necessary condition is that countries should work for each other, including specializing, which leads to an increase in communication between them;
technical progress in the development of production is the main reason for the geographical division of labor;
economic profit is the driving force behind the geographical division of labor;
transport has a great influence, and its development, improvement and cheapening stimulates the division of labor in breadth;
subdivided into:
universal - covers everything world economy and countries of different types;
international - within the framework of the EU and associations of groups of states;
interregional;
intra-regional;
It is implemented mainly in cities where industry, science, and other spheres of social life are concentrated.
Types of division of labor:
common - the division of labor by spheres of production, is manifested in the fact that countries are usually divided into industrial, raw materials, agricultural .; such a division of labor is determined by natural and climatic conditions, economic and geographical position and natural resources;
partial - manifested in specialization in certain industries and widows of manufactured products;
single - is expressed in the specialization of countries in the manufacture of individual units of machine units or specialization in technological stages; such a division of labor corresponds to highly developed industries and means the development of intra-industry specialization.
In modern conditions, the role of the global division of labor is increasing; it has become a prerequisite for economic, social and social progress. The objective reason for including the economies of different states in the global division of labor is:
in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the mass introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution requires huge expenditures on development;
global problems (ecology);
in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, there is a shift in emphasis from trade and economic relations to scientific and technical production cooperation;
the geographical division of labor is accompanied by the integration of labor. Labor integration is the process of establishing and deepening economic ties between individual countries, in the formation of intra-economic centralization.
Geographical and territorial division is an inextricable interacting system of processes in which the geographical division of labor is of decisive importance. The regulator of such interaction is the territorial structure National economy at different levels. The main motive for the territorial integration of labor is profit (economic benefit).
1. Highlight on the map the main industrial and agricultural regions of the country. Compare their placement with the location of the Main Settlement Strip.
The main industrial (Central, North-Western, Ural, Volga) and agricultural regions (Central Chernozem, North Caucasus, Volga) generally coincide with the main zone of the country's population.
2. Expand the content of the concept of "territorial (geographical) division of labor", highlight its components.
The territorial division of labor is the key concept of economic geography; it explains the process of district formation, the nature of the production-territorial ties that arise between the regions.
The territorial division of labor is the spatial differentiation of labor activity, which is expressed in the consolidation of individual industries for certain regions of the national market, in the specialization of regions in the production of one product.
The territorial division of labor is due to the economic, social, natural, national-historical features of the various territories of the country and their economic and geographical position.
The components of the territorial division of labor are specialization and the exchange of goods.
3. What, in your opinion, specialization for the territory is more profitable - narrow or wide? Why?
Exists general rule theory of systems: the more diverse the system, the more stable it is. Consequently, the wider the specialization of the territory, the more stable and profitable its position.
4. Explain the meaning of the geographical division of labor: a) for individual territories; b) for the country as a whole.
For some territories, the geographical division of labor makes it possible to acquire and use resources that are not available in the given territory.
For the country as a whole, the division of labor makes it possible to function more efficiently.
5. What is the economic specialization of your region? What conditions determined it? Is it promising in modern conditions? Is there a possibility to deepen it? Assume your project for the participation of your region in the regional geographical division of labor.
Remember what products are produced in your region, what exactly they supply to other regions of the country. How can you explain the specialization of your locality in the production of this particular product? Think about how the country's transition to a market economy has affected the specialization of the economy.
When developing a project for the participation of your region in the regional division of labor, factors such as the presence of natural resources, the level of qualification of labor resources, the competitiveness of new products in the conditions of the modern market.
6. Explain in your own words the meanings of the following concepts: economy; branch of the economy; the structure of the economy; zoning; zonal specialization Agriculture; agro-industrial complex; timber industry complex; fuel and energy complex; Unified energy system; specialization and cooperation; information infrastructure; recreational economy; service sector; territorial (geographical) division of labor.
The economy unites all spheres of production and consumption of various goods, goods and services.
The structure (from the Latin structura - structure, location, order) of the economy is the totality of all industries and sectors that closely interact with each other.
Zoning is the process of dividing a territory into parts.
Zonal specialization of agriculture is the cultivation within natural zones of certain types of cultivated plants and animals that are most adapted to given agro-climatic conditions.
Agro-industrial complex - interconnected sectors of the economy involved in the production, processing and storage of agricultural products, as well as providing agriculture with the means of production.
Timber industry complex - geographically close and industrially interconnected enterprises of all three stages of wood processing: harvesting, mechanical and chemical processing.
The fuel and energy complex is a set of enterprises engaged in extraction, processing and delivery of fuel to consumers.
Unified energy system - power plants of different types united by power lines.
Specialization is a form of organization of production associated with the concentration of production of certain types of products at certain enterprises.
Cooperation is a form of production relations between specialized enterprises that jointly manufacture certain products.
Information infrastructure - a set of systems and services that provide the functioning of the branches of material production and the conditions for the life of society with the necessary information.
Recreational economy is a branch of the economy that provides recreation for the population, restoration of forces expended in the labor process.
The service sector is a set of sectors of the economy that do not produce material goods, but provide the population with the services necessary for life.
Territorial (geographical) division of labor - specialization of areas in the production of certain products. material from the site
7. You know that the country's economy is divided into primary, secondary, tertiary sectors of the economy. Consider what other factors, besides the degree of dependence on nature, underlie such a division.
In addition to dependence on nature, information richness, the role of science and the human factor change from the first to the fourth sector.
8. Why in the modern period, the service sector, science, finance, and management receive priority development in the economy?
The most important thing in the development of the economy is the invention of a new one and the implementation of this invention in life. In addition, in a society that has achieved material well-being, more and more attention is paid to a person, his physical and moral comfort, therefore, in the modern period, science, finance and the service sector have become priorities.
9. What productions or separate enterprises of your city, region are the only ones of their kind? What is the history of their emergence, economic relationships?
Even if there are many enterprises in your area, you can easily identify unique (i.e., one-of-a-kind) among them. The history of their emergence can be found in the materials of the local press or the stories of adults.
Think about what made these businesses unique.
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35. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
The geographical division of labor (GDT) is the specialization of a country or region and the exchange of products and services between them. Sectors of specialization - such industries that are more focused on the export of products and determine the "face" of the country or region in the geographic area. division of labor. Geogr. the division of labor helps to strengthen trade between countries or districts economic ties. Specialization in a particular industry is formed under the condition (factors):
1. The country must have an advantage over other countries in the development of this industry. For example, natural resources labor resources, convenience transp.-geogr. position, highly qualified workers, the presence of significant capital, etc. Usually several factors act.
2. There are foreign markets where these goods are not enough and the price is higher than in the domestic market. For example, demand in Western Europe caused the development of the production of natural rubber and tin in Southeast Asia.
3. The cost of supplying products should not absorb the entire difference in price at the place of production and in the markets. The price difference should cover shipping costs, customs duties and take into account the profits of trading companies involved in exports.
The latter condition is directly dependent on the development of transport and the transport network - this is one of the main factors in the development of GDT. Dr. factors - lack of resources in a given territory and their excess in others.
The division of labor opens the access of the territory to the resources of other territories, which contributes to progress in production and consumption. The reason for GRT is the differences in natural conditions and resources, which increases the efficiency of production. The development of GRT is determined by the following groups of factors:
1. natural-geographic and social-econ. - differences in natural conditions and resources, in soil and climatic conditions, in the size of the territory, the number and concentration of the population and the availability of labor resources;
2. the results of scientific and technological progress - specialization, the level of development of the territory - these factors are of increasing importance compared to the first group;
3. social-political. and social-econ. - foreign policy, participation in the division of labor, features of historical development, traditions of random development and external relations, originality of the structure of the economy.
37. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE REGIONS
Anthropogenic factors, i.e. the results of human activities that lead to a change in the environment can be considered at the level of the region, country or global level. Anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere leads to global change. Atmospheric pollution comes in the form of aerosols and gaseous substances. The greatest danger is represented by gaseous substances, which account for about 80% of all emissions. First of all, these are compounds of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen. Carbon dioxide itself is not poisonous, but its accumulation is associated with the danger of such a global process as the "greenhouse effect". We see the consequences of global warming.
Acid rain is associated with the release of sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air combine with water vapor, then, together with rain, fall to the ground in the form of dilute sulfuric and nitric acids. Such precipitation sharply violates the acidity of the soil, contributes to the death of plants and the drying up of forests, especially coniferous ones. Once in rivers and lakes, they have a depressing effect on flora and fauna, often leading to the complete destruction of biological life - from fish to microorganisms. The distance between the place of formation of acid precipitation and the place of their fall can be thousands of kilometers.
These global negative impacts are exacerbated by desertification and deforestation processes. The main factor of desertification is human activity. Among the anthropogenic causes are overgrazing, deforestation, excessive and improper land exploitation. Scientists have calculated that the total area of man-made deserts exceeded the area of natural ones. That is why desertification is classified as a global process.
As a result of the active impact of civilization on the environment, the degree of pollution increases every year. This negative impact is especially strong in places of ecol. disasters or in places of irrational use of mineral resources and a variety of hazardous waste products. Ensuring life safety in a contaminated environment is impossible without sufficient knowledge about the harmful effects of many toxic substances.
Among all environmental pollutants, a special group stands out - metal ions. The main cause of these pollutions can be considered the colossal consumption and processing of mineral resources,
Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of fresh water reserves. And given that shared resources fresh water makes up only 2-2.5% of the total volume of the Earth's hydrosphere, it becomes clear what wealth we have. The main threat to these resources is the pollution of the hydrosphere. The main reserves of fresh water are concentrated in lakes, the area of which in our country is larger than the territory of Great Britain. Baikal alone contains approximately 20% of the world's fresh water reserves.
There are three types of water pollution: physical (primarily thermal), chemical and biological. Chem. Pollution occurs as a result of exposure to various chemicals. substances and compounds. Biological contaminants primarily include microorganisms. They enter the aquatic environment along with chemical waste. and pulp and paper industry. Baikal, the Volga, and many large and small rivers of Russia suffered from such pollution. Poisoning of rivers and seas with industrial and agricultural waste leads to another problem - a decrease in the supply of oxygen to sea water and, as a result, poisoning of sea water with hydrogen sulfide. An example is the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, there is an established regime of exchange between the surface and deep waters, which prevents the penetration of oxygen into the depths. As a result, hydrogen sulfide accumulates at depth. Recently, the situation in the Black Sea has deteriorated sharply, and not only because of the gradual imbalance between hydrogen sulfide and oxygen waters, there is a violation of the hydrological regime after the construction of dams on the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, but also because of the pollution of coastal waters by industrial waste. you and sewage.
The problems of chem. pollution of reservoirs, rivers and lakes in Mordovia. One of the most striking examples is the discharge of heavy metals into drains and reservoirs, among which lead is especially dangerous (its anthropogenic inputs are 17 times higher than natural ones) and mercury. The sources of these pollutions were the harmful production of the lighting industry. In the recent past, a reservoir in the north of Saransk called the Saransk Sea was poisoned with heavy metals.
Not bypassed Mordovia and a common misfortune - the Chernobyl accident. As a result, many districts suffered from radioisotope contamination of lands. And the results of this anthropogenic impact will be felt for hundreds of years.
Strengthening the concentration and intensity of agricultural production exacerbates the problem of maintaining ecol. balance. The natural landscapes of Mordovia are distinguished by a high (in some cases exceeding ecological balance) plowing of the territory, which causes the main ecological. agricultural problems. Among them, it should be noted a decrease in soil fertility due to a decrease in humus and mineral nutrition elements in them, widespread water erosion, and degradation of pasture resources, which are extremely limited in many districts of the republic. Therefore, based on real conditions, it is advisable in some areas to reduce the intensity of production, in particular, to expand the area under perennial grasses, which is an important agrotechnical method of erosion control.
Local sources of pollution have a significant impact on agricultural ecosystems - processing enterprises, large pig farms and poultry farms, places for storing mineral fertilizers, etc. Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent unfavorable environmental conditions. consequences (use of non-waste technologies, improvement of treatment facilities). Nitrogen fertilizers, which are used the most, break down, decomposing humus organic matter and depleting soils. Pollution with mineral fertilizers in case of violation of the technologies for their application and storage occurs not only in relation to soils, but also to water bodies. Calculations by ecologists show that at least 1/3 of the mineral fertilizers falling on the fields are washed away by melt and rain waters into reservoirs and streams. Negative consequences are caused by the massive use of pesticides - insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, etc. Many of them are highly toxic and biologically active. Most of them are characterized by increased resistance to environmental influences, the ability to persist in the soil for many years and even decades.
To predict unfavorable environmental conditions. the consequences of agricultural intensification, which in most cases are associated with the deterioration of soil quality (dehumification, erosion), an assessment is necessary modern level soil fertility and identifying factors that most strongly affect soil fertility.
As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:
know
be able to
own
The geographical (territorial) division of labor (GDT) is one of the basic, key concepts in economic and social geography. Without taking into account its influence, it is impossible to explain the existing location of production and scientifically predict changes in it. Understanding the essence of GRT follows from the doctrine of the social division of labor as a way of using social labor, increasing its productivity, which is the basis of economic progress.
The deeper the social division of labor in a country, including the geographical one, the greater the level of its economic development. One person, one family cannot provide themselves with everything they need, satisfy all their needs (from food to TV). Even Robinson Crusoe created his material well-being on a desert island, thanks to the property from the sunken ship, which was made by the hands of other people. And a separate small territorial community of people would not be able to organize the cost-effective production of material goods in a closed subsistence farming, economic autarky.
At the first stages human history the division of labor (occupations) was carried out according to biological characteristics - sex, age of people. A huge role was played by the division of labor between the tribes of nomadic pastoralists and farmers. Some researchers associate the biblical myth about the sons of Adam and Eve - Cain and Abel - with the division of labor: the work of the primitive farmer was harder than the shepherd, hence the envy of the farmer Cain to the shepherd Abel, which led to fratricide. The next step in history was the separation of urban occupations - crafts and trade. The division of physical and mental labor was of great importance. Each of the new independent types of labor activity, as it were, was assigned to certain territories that produced different types products. Thus, the rudiments of GRT gradually arose.
In geographical literature, the term "geographical division of labor" was often perceived critically: some Soviet scientists were embarrassed that it was not used by the classics of Marxism (they used the term "territorial division of labor"), others believed that this was a manifestation of geographical determinism, as if it labor from territorial (geographical) natural differences. A successful way out of the situation was proposed by E. B. Alaev, who believes that any spatial division of social labor should be called geographical. If we are talking about the division between individual countries or their communities, this is the international (interstate) division of labor; if between parts of one country, one region - intrastate, interdistrict or intradistrict territorial. There is a threshold at which the spatial division of labor loses its features of geography and turns into a technological one: at a metallurgical plant, the blast furnace shop is spatially separated from the rolling shop, but this does not mean that GDT is present here.
The geographical division of labor is expressed in the assignment of individual branches of production (and the non-productive sphere) to specific countries and regions, in the specialization of individual regions in the production of one product, sometimes a type of product, and even a certain part of the product. Such a consolidation is possible only under the condition of an exchange, a refusal to provide the territory with everything necessary.
Outwardly, GDT is manifested in territorial differences in the production of products. But not every difference is the result and sign of HRT. If the peoples of Southeast Asia produced rice and the Native Americans produced corn, there are territorial differences but not GRT. It was only when some rice or corn was grown additionally for exchange that GRT emerged. Each small human community found everything it needed for itself - both the means of subsistence and the material for the manufacture of tools - in the natural environment. Such an autochthonous type of production and consumption dominated in the recent past among the Chukchi, Nivkhs, Eskimos, Polynesians, aborigines of Australia and Amazonia.
But an allochthonous type began to take shape a long time ago, associated with the attraction of products and means of production received through exchange from other countries and regions (for the same Chukchi - firearms, ammunition for it, tea, "laughing water"). Such borrowings significantly increased labor productivity in traditional industries. It was possible to obtain new types of products from neighbors through exchange, obtained in other natural conditions and from other natural materials. Thus, the range of products used, the means of production, expanded. The exchange gave the territorial community of people the opportunity to have products that either could not be produced locally at all due to the lack of appropriate conditions and resources, or those for which prohibitive costs were required. For example, a Chukchi hunter could obtain additional furs for exchange, but could not produce tea or Winchester at any cost of labor.
Access to the resources of other territories contributed to progress in both production and consumption, giving a certain independence from local natural resources, their depletion, and fluctuations in productivity over the years. Primary forms of inter-territorial exchange were limited relatively small space and a narrow range of products. This was observed among the Chukchi, Pygmies and Bantu Central Africa, farmers and nomads of the Sahara. For a long time, the exchange between remote territories was carried out with products characterized by high physical and economic transportability (significant unit cost units of mass of the product), such as spices of Southeast Asia, silk and porcelain of China, furs and walrus ivory of North Asia. The technical progress of transport (especially maritime) in terms of speed and carrying capacity has made possible intercontinental exchange on a large scale. This contributed to the specialization of countries and regions in the production of mass multi-tonnage products or "particles of the product" in terms of cooperation.
The most obvious reason for GDT is differences in natural conditions and resources, since they determine in many ways economic efficiency production. But this reason is not the only one and not always the main one. Thus, the specialization of the southern states of the United States in cotton and tobacco, Cuba - in tobacco and sugar cane was explained not only by the favorable climate, but also by the possibility of using cheap slave labor. And in our time, the flourishing of the economy of the "Asian tigers" (Xianggang, Singapore, etc.) due to their specialization in modern engineering products, products light industry was determined primarily by the presence of a large enough skilled labor force, and at the same time cheaper than, for example, in Japan or the United States. Of great importance are the established national traditions in the field of production, the available material and technical base.
Ultimately, in the process of GDT, there is an exchange of those types of products, the costs of which, due to natural, social and other reasons, within a given territory are minimal compared to other territories. In the absence of GDT, each region is forced to produce the necessary types of products, regardless of costs, or to abandon their production (and consumption) altogether, which drastically reduces labor productivity, especially when it comes to non-interchangeable products.
Ya. Ya. Baransky. His merit in developing the foundations of the doctrine of GRT are as follows:
It is worth recalling the well-known position of Baransky that the geographical division of labor is "the basic concept economic geography, which most closely connects it with political economy; a concept from which the economic geographer cannot break away in any topic he studies, whether it be “industry” or “regional”; the historical-geographical study of the economy also cannot do without it, since economic development any territory - whether within the whole world, a whole country, a district or a single city - comes down in the end to the history of the development of the geographical division of labor.
Actively developed the main provisions of the international GRT Ya. A. Witver. In particular, he considered the issue of developing GDT "in breadth" (due to the involvement of new territories in the economic turnover) and "deep" (by increasing the intensity of GDT).
Much attention was paid to this scientific category Yu. G. Saushkin in his main work on economic geography, using the term "territorial division of labor" (TRT).
He analyzed the TRT in its relationship with transport, the natural environment, and labor resources. Saushkin considered TRT as concept system. Depending on the scale of spatial coverage in it, he singled out six levels :
As for the actual essence of the GRT (or TRT), we single out the following statements made by Yu. G. Saushkin: "All the diversity economic specialization individual localities, centers, enterprises is largely formed as a result of social economic process, which is called the geographical, or territorial, division of labor ... The territorial division of labor develops as a result of the connection of areas with different economies, it expresses their economic ties and is a process of economic complementarity of territories (countries, regions, centers, etc.) .d.). This process involves them in the mutual exchange of goods and thereby brings additional benefits to one or another of the classes and groups of society participating in it.
Works on the theory of TPT in recent decades have reflected latest changes in the world economy and the ideas of foreign scientists-economists. However, the works V. V. Volsky, V. P. Maksakovsky, N. S. Mironenko, L. M. Sintserova, L. V. Smirnyagina and some other scientists who considered the categories of GDT (or TRT) in close relationship with the historical process of world socio-economic development and the modern geography of the world economy.
Geographic division of labor (territorial)
the division of labor between individual geographical areas, expressed in the specialization of these areas in the production of certain types of industrial products, agricultural - x. products or the provision of services. G. (t.) r. m. is a form of social division of labor and is subject to the laws of its development, which are determined by the mode of production. There is a direct connection G. (t.) R. i.e. with the territorial distribution of social production to the extent that there is an exchange of results production activities between different areas. According to the territorial scope of economic relations G. (t.) r. that is, a division of labor is distinguished between individual settlements located within the same region (local division of labor), between economic regions of different sizes (inter-regional division of labor), and between countries (international division of labor). The interregional and international division of labor in modern conditions is complex, covering, as a rule, a huge range of exchanged products. Single-commodity specialization or its limitation to two or three types of products is found mainly only in former or surviving colonies. In the socialist countries G. (t.) R. t. is systematic. The emergence and development of G. (t.) r. m. are determined by the economic effect that the concentration of production in a certain area gives, due to the general economic advantages of large-scale production or due to especially favorable natural or economic conditions this locality. Influence natural conditions to the greatest extent affects the specialization of areas of extractive industry, agriculture, tourism and resorts. G.'s development (t.) r. t. is closely connected with the development of the transport network and the reduction in the cost of transporting raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, and finished products. P. M. Alampiev.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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