ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 1 1. Entrepreneurial risk is: A) a probabilistic category; B) economic category; C) economic risk; D) economic risk and at the same time the possibility of moral and social losses. 2. Which expression reflects the relationship between risk and profit: A) higher risk makes it possible to obtain higher profit; B) zero risk provides high profit; C) higher risk makes it possible to obtain lower profit; D) lower risk makes it possible to obtain higher profits; 3. Inflationary risk is: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of price reduction and the increase in the purchasing power of money, there is a fall in prices, deterioration economic conditions entrepreneurship, income decline; B) the risk that with the growth of the depreciation of money and the rise in prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses in the sale of securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and value. four. Credit risk- is: A) the danger of losses from exchange transactions; B) danger due to the wrong way of investing capital, the complete loss of the entrepreneur's own capital, the inability to pay off the obligations assumed; C) the danger of non-payment by the borrower of the principal and interest due to the creditor. 5. The nature of risk is: A) the subjective conditions of its occurrence; B) objective conditions of occurrence; C) subjective-objective conditions of occurrence. 6. The amount of risk is determined: A) as the ratio of possible income to total cost financial resources ; B) as the ratio of possible losses to the total cost of capital; C) as the ratio of profit to the total cost of compensating for losses; 7. The form of examinations, in which there is a danger of bias - is A) a closed discussion followed by a closed voting or filling out special expert survey questionnaires; B) free expression by each member of the expert group of his opinion without discussion and voting; C) an open discussion of the problems posed and an assessment of the probability of losses, followed by an open or closed vote. 8. Risk management: A) is the art of risk management; B) it is a system of methods and techniques of risk management; C) it is a system of measures to eliminate or limit risks; D) this is a set of methods, techniques and measures to reduce risk losses or avoid them. 9. Avoidance of risk is: A) risk, under one's own responsibility; B) avoidance of risk, from a risky transaction; C) responsibility for the risk is transferred to someone; D) the distribution of responsibility for the risk between several participants in the project or transaction. 10. Insurance is: A) capital investment in various unrelated objects, in order to reduce possible losses; B) a system of limits on marginal spending, sales, loans, etc.; C) a system of measures to create a trust fund at the expense of monetary contributions, from which the losses of business entities are compensated. MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC RISKS TEST № 2 1. Economic risk is: A) infliction of moral and social damage under adverse conditions; B) the probability of loss of resources in case of making the wrong decision or making a profit under a favorable set of circumstances; C) a complex multifaceted category that has many non-coinciding, opposite real grounds. 2. Financial losses are: A) additional losses of financial resources in the form of fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, etc. upon the occurrence of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; B) additional losses of raw materials, property, products in the event of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; C) loss of working time due to unforeseen, accidental circumstances - illness, accident; D) moral and socio-moral losses. 3. Deflationary risk is: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of reducing prices and increasing the purchasing power of money, there is a fall in prices, deterioration in economic conditions for entrepreneurship, and a decrease in income; B) the risk that with the growth of the depreciation of money and the rise in prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of currency losses associated with a change in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit, etc. currency transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses in the sale of securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and value. 4. Political risks are: A) risks that arise in violation of the norms of international economic relations and other political reasons; B) risks, the main factors of which are the deterioration of the living standards of the population, population decline, increased morbidity and mortality, etc.; C) risks, the main factors of which are a decrease in GNP per capita, an increase in inflation, a decrease in the country's competitiveness, and a loss of national wealth. 5. A risk situation is: A) a combination of various conditions and circumstances that create an environment for both positive and negative results; B) conditions that cause uncertainty of the outcome of the situation; C) the conditions for the occurrence of risk. 6. The magnitude of the risk may vary in the range: A) -1< Р ≤ 1; Б) 0 < Р ≤ 1; В) 0 < Р < 1; Г) Р ≥ 1. 7. Лимитирование - это: А) вложение капитала в различные не связанные между собой объекта, с целью снижения возможных потерь; Б) система ограничений предельных расходов, продаж, кредитов и т. п.; В) создание специального фонда на случай возникновения непредвиденной ситуации. 8. Форма экспертиз сложных проблем entrepreneurial activity, in which a more accurate determination of the degree of risk is possible - this is A) a closed discussion followed by a closed vote or filling out special expert survey questionnaires; B) free expression by each member of the expert group of his opinion without discussion and voting; C) an open discussion of the problems posed and an assessment of the probability of losses, followed by an open or closed vote. 9. Risk management: A) is the art of risk management; B) it is a system of methods and techniques of risk management; C) it is a system of measures to eliminate or limit risks; D) this is a set of methods, techniques and measures to reduce risk losses or avoid them. 10. The distribution of risk is: A) risk, under one's own responsibility; B) avoidance of risk, from a risky transaction; C) responsibility for the risk is transferred to someone; D) the distribution of responsibility for the risk between several participants in the project or transaction. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST #3 1. characteristic feature risk is: A) uncertainty; B) chance; C) insufficient information; D) the possibility of obtaining additional profit. 2. The destructive aspect of the regulatory function is that: A) the desire to eliminate or reduce the consequences of risk forces, stimulates the entrepreneur in the study of sources and risk factors; B) when implementing decisions with insufficiently studied risk, losses occur that can lead to a decrease in production efficiency or even bankruptcy; C) in the process of entrepreneurial activity, competition and justified risk make it possible to single out social groups that effectively use economic resources , and in the economy of the industry and area of activity in which the risk is acceptable. 3. Currency risk - is: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of reducing prices and increasing the purchasing power of money, there is a fall in prices, deterioration of economic conditions for entrepreneurship, a decrease in income; B) the risk that with the growth of the depreciation of money and the rise in prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses in the sale of securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and value. 4. Dynamic risks mean: A) the possibility of obtaining a zero or negative result; B) the ability to bring both losses and additional profits. 5. A risk factor is: A) a combination of various conditions and circumstances that create an environment for both positive and negative results; B) conditions that cause uncertainty of the outcome of the situation; C) the conditions for the occurrence of risk. 6. Risk assessment is: A) possible losses, expected costs to reduce or compensate for all losses; B) determination of a quantitative measure of risk, its possible value; C) the probability of losses, as well as the amount of possible damage from them; D) cause, a condition that causes an uncertain outcome of the situation. 7. The form of expertise, which allows you to exclude the influence of the opinions of individual experts and the prevalence of any particular idea - this is A) a closed discussion followed by a closed vote or filling out special expert survey questionnaires; B) free expression by each member of the expert group of his opinion without discussion and voting; C) an open discussion of the problems posed and an assessment of the probability of losses, followed by an open or closed vote. 8. The 2:1 ratio of the normal degree of liquidity shows that: A) the company has enough funds to pay off its short-term obligations; B) the enterprise is solvent; C) the company uses financial resources irrationally; D) All answers are correct. 9. Transfer of risk is: A) risk, under one's own responsibility; B) avoidance of risk, from a risky transaction; C) responsibility for the risk is transferred to someone; D) the distribution of responsibility for the risk between several participants in the project or transaction. 10. The sum insured is: A) the payment for insurance, which the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; B) the amount of money determined at voluntary insurance or established under compulsory insurance; C) the amount of money that is reimbursed to the insured as a result of the occurrence insured event . ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 4 1. A characteristic feature of risk is: A) chance; B) inconsistency; C) insufficient information; D) the possibility of obtaining additional profit. 2. The socio-economic function is that: A) the desire to eliminate or reduce the consequences of risk forces, stimulates the entrepreneur in the study of sources and risk factors; B) when implementing decisions with insufficiently studied risk, losses occur that can lead to a decrease in production efficiency or even bankruptcy; C) in the process of entrepreneurial activity, competition and justified risk make it possible to single out social groups that effectively use economic resources, and in the economy, industries and areas of activity in which the risk is acceptable. 3. Liquidity risks are: A) the risk that with the growth of the process of price reduction and the increase in the purchasing power of money, there is a fall in prices, deterioration of economic conditions for entrepreneurship, and a decrease in income; B) the risk that with the growth of the depreciation of money and the rise in prices, the income received depreciates in terms of real purchasing power faster than it grows; C) the danger of foreign exchange losses associated with changes in the exchange rate during foreign economic, credit and other foreign exchange transactions; D) risks associated with the possibility of losses in the sale of securities or other goods due to changes in the assessment of their quality and value. 4. The ability to bring both losses and additional profit is: A) speculative (dynamic) risk; B) static risk; B) simple risk; D) pure risk. 5. The nature of risk is: A) a combination of various conditions and circumstances that create an environment for both positive and negative results; B) conditions that cause uncertainty of the outcome of the situation; C) the conditions for the occurrence of risk. 6. Name three limit values of risk indicators according to B. Reisberg: A) acceptable risk 0.1 (10%); critical risk 0.01 (1%); catastrophic risk 0.001 (0.1%); B) acceptable risk 0.01 (1%); critical risk 0.1 (10%); catastrophic risk 0.001 (0.1%); C) acceptable risk 0.01 (1%); critical risk 0.1 (10%); catastrophic risk 1.0 (100%); 7. The standard deviation, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) of the quantitative assessment of the trait in the transition from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) scatter e. possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 8. To characterize the solvency of the enterprise do not use the coefficient: A) autonomy; B) concordance; B) agility D) borrowed capital. 9. Cost of risk: A) possible losses, the expected costs of reducing these losses or the total cost of recovering all losses; B) targeted allocation of funds to cover possible losses during risky transactions; C) a generalized quantitative description of the expected result. ten. Insurance compensation- is: A) payment of a certain amount of money in the event of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the amount of money determined in case of voluntary insurance or established in case of compulsory insurance; C) the amount of money that is reimbursed to the insured as a result of the occurrence of an insured event. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 5 1. Uncertainty is: A) a situation where it is impossible to estimate the probability of the final result; B) collision of objectively existing risky actions with their subjective assessment; C) the need to choose decisions or actions from several options; 2. Material losses are: A) additional losses of financial resources in the form of fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, etc. upon the occurrence of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; B) additional losses of raw materials, property, products in the event of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; C) loss of working time due to unforeseen, accidental circumstances - illness, accident, etc. D) loss of time in case of violation technological process. 3. Country risk is a kind of: A) political risk; B) economic risk; C) social risk. 4. Resource risk may arise: A) with deficiencies in the organization of labor and work in all areas of activity of a business entity; B) with deficiencies in material, labor, financial, and other types of resources; C) with the probability of loss of property due to shortcomings in its storage, protection, failure of technological systems and computer equipment, loan default, etc. 5. The risk-free zone occurs when: A) the entrepreneur does not incur any losses; B) losses are less than the estimated profit; C) losses are equal to the value of all property of the enterprise; D) losses exceed the value of the estimated profit and reach the limit of the value of the estimated revenue 6. The zone of acceptable (minimal) risk occurs when the risk coefficient: A) up to 0.25; B) from 0.25 to 0.5; C) from 0.5 to 0.75; D) over 0.75. 7. Identification: A) this is a targeted allocation of funds for the purpose of protection property interests upon the occurrence of certain events; B) this is a set of organizational and technical measures taken to minimize the amount of damage during risky operations; C) this is the identification of sources of danger that can cause damage to property interests; D) this is the definition of a quantitative measure of risk, the probability of losses and their value. 8. Concentric diversification is: A) replenishment of the assortment with new goods that have not been produced before; B) expanding the range of products, with goods similar to those produced by the enterprise, but of better quality. 9. Hedging is: A) a system of measures to eliminate or limit risks financial transactions as a result of unfavorable changes in the exchange rate, commodity prices, interest rates in future; B) a set of methods, techniques and measures that allow you to determine the manifestation of risk, its cost and develop specific measures to reduce losses or avoid them; C) risk management system. 10. A system that involves compensation for damage within predetermined boundaries is: A) a first-risk system; B) a system of proportional responsibility; C) the system of ultimate liability; ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 6 1. The main element of risk or consequence is: A) the probability of obtaining additional profit; B) the probability of deviation from the chosen goal, which can have both positive and negative properties; C) failure under adverse circumstances. 2. Special types of losses in terms of money can be expressed: A) by means of translation into business downtime hours; B) as a decrease in planned profit; C) as an increase in costs in the production process; D) these types of losses are not subject to exact calculation. 3. Selective risk is: A) the overall risk of an investment Money in securities ; B) the risk of wrong choice of securities; C) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; D) the risk of loss if interest rates change; E) the risk of loss for the investor if the securities are withdrawn due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them over the current market interest. 4. Property risk may arise: A) in case of shortcomings in the organization of labor and work in all areas of activity of a business entity; B) with deficiencies in material, labor, financial, and other types of resources; C) with the probability of loss of property due to shortcomings in its storage, protection, failure of technological systems and computer equipment, loan default, etc. 5. The main factor in making a risky decision is such individual personality traits: A) propensity to take risks; B) the current situation; B) competition D) the aggressiveness of the entrepreneur. 6. The critical risk zone occurs when the risk coefficient: A) up to 0.25; B) from 0.25 to 0.5; C) from 0.5 to 0.75; D) over 0.75. 7. Quantitative risk analysis: A) identification of all possible risks and their negative manifestations; B) determination of numerical indicators of the probability of occurrence of risk events and their consequences; C) shows the amount of profit under favorable circumstances; 8. Horizontal diversification is: A) replenishment of the assortment with new goods that have not been produced before; B) expanding the range of products, with goods similar to those produced by the enterprise, but of better quality. 9. Protective clauses are: A) special contractual conditions stipulating the revision of the amount of payment in the process of execution and for the purpose of insuring currency and other risks; B) the right to choose from certain options for the currency terms of the contract related to the form, methods and place of payment; C) a system of measures to eliminate or limit the risks of financial transactions as a result of adverse changes in the exchange rate, commodity prices, interest rates in the future; 10. The system that provides compensation to the insured for the share of damage that the sum insured is in relation to the property valuation is: A) the system of the first risk; B) a system of proportional responsibility; C) the system of ultimate liability; ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 7 1. The main element of risk or consequence is: A) the probability of obtaining additional profit; B) the probability of deviation from the chosen goal, which can have both positive and negative properties; C) failure under adverse circumstances. 2. Labor losses are: A) additional losses of financial resources in the form of fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, etc. upon the occurrence of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; B) additional losses of raw materials, property, products in the event of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; C) loss of working time due to unforeseen, accidental circumstances - illness, accident, etc. D) loss of time in case of violation of the technological process. 3. Capital risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of wrong choice of securities; C) the risk of loss for the investor if there is a withdrawal of the security due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them over the current market interest. 4. In economic mechanism external factors that cause risks include: A) natural and geographical conditions; B) force majeure circumstances; C) the socio-political situation in the country; D) the organizational structure of the enterprise. 5. The degree of risk is: A) the probability of obtaining the desired positive result; B) the likelihood of negative consequences; C) the probability of losses and the amount of possible damage from them; D) the probability of deviation from the chosen target. 6. The zone of catastrophic (unacceptable) risk occurs when the risk coefficient: A) up to 0.25; B) from 0.25 to 0.5; C) from 0.5 to 0.75; D) over 0.75. 7. Risk assessment: A) this is a targeted allocation of funds in order to protect property interests in the event of certain events; B) this is a set of organizational and technical measures taken to minimize the amount of damage during risky operations; C) this is the identification of sources of danger that can cause damage to property interests; D) this is the definition of a quantitative measure of risk, the probability of losses and their value. 8. Quantitative risk analysis: *A) identification of all possible risks and their negative manifestations; B) determination of numerical indicators of the probability of occurrence of risk events and their consequences; C) shows the amount of profit under favorable circumstances; 9. Unsystematic risk is caused by: A) military action; B) an increase in numbers labor resources enterprises; B) decrease production capacity enterprises. D) litigation of the enterprise. 10. Swap transactions are: A) the purchase and sale of currency with delivery in the future at the rate agreed upon at the time of the transaction; B) term transactions for the sale and purchase of currency concluded at the exchanges at prices valid at the time of the transaction, with delivery and payment in the future; C) purchase or sale of currency on a spot basis with the simultaneous conclusion of a reverse forward transaction to cover the currency risk. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 8 1. The main element of risk or consequence is: A) the probability of obtaining additional profit; B) the likelihood of negative consequences when choosing the wrong decision; D) failure under adverse circumstances. 2. Loss of time is: A) additional loss of financial resources in the form of fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, etc. upon the occurrence of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; B) additional losses of raw materials, property, products in the event of adverse conditions in a risky transaction; C) loss of working time due to unforeseen, random circumstances - illness, accident, etc. D) losses due to violation of the technological process. 3. The risk associated with investing capital is: A) currency risk; B) investment risk; B) property risk; D) trading risk. 4. In the economic mechanism, external factors that cause risks include: A) natural and geographical conditions; B) force majeure circumstances; AT) the legislative framework in the country; D) the organizational structure of the enterprise. 5. The cost of risk is: A) all possible loss of profit; B) loss of all property; C) possible losses. 6. The zone of acceptable (increased) risk occurs when the risk coefficient: A) up to 0.25; B) from 0.25 to 0.5; C) from 0.5 to 0.75; D) over 0.75. 7. Risk prevention: A) this is a targeted allocation of funds in order to protect property interests in the event of certain events; B) this is a set of organizational and technical measures taken to minimize the amount of damage during risky operations; C) this is the identification of sources of danger that can cause damage to property interests; D) this is the definition of a quantitative measure of risk, the probability of losses and their value. 8. Retention of risk is: A) risk, under one's own responsibility; B) avoidance of risk, from a risky transaction; C) responsibility for the risk is transferred to someone; D) the distribution of responsibility for the risk between several participants in the project or transaction. 9. Systematic risk is caused by: A) military action; B) a change in the rate of interest on taxes; C) a decrease in the production capacity of the enterprise. 10. Non-diversifiable risk is caused by: A) external factors; B) internal factors. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 9 1. The most important source of uncertainty is: A) chance; B) inconsistency; B) alternative; D) limitation. 2. Special losses are: A) various fines, penalties, payment of additional taxes, non-repayment of debts, depreciation of securities; B) additional costs of resources or direct losses of raw materials, property, products that were not provided for in business plans; C) loss of time due to unforeseen, random circumstances - illness, accident, etc .; D) moral and socio-moral losses. 3. The risks associated with the purchasing power of money are: A) financial risks; B) property risks; C) innovation risks; D) production. 4. In the economic mechanism, external factors that cause risks include: A) natural and geographical conditions; B) force majeure circumstances; C) change in the counterparty, changes in the targets of the partners. D) the organizational structure of the enterprise. 5. The zone of critical risk occurs when: A) the entrepreneur does not incur any losses; B) losses are less than the estimated profit; C) losses are equal to the value of all property of the enterprise; D) losses exceed the value of the estimated profit and reach the limit of the value of the estimated revenue 6. The essence of the statistical method of risk assessment is: A) in the study of statistics of losses and profits, other performance indicators, and with the help of mathematical calculations, the probability of risk occurrence is established; B) in the use of subjective criteria, which are based on assumptions obtained by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; C) in determining risk by combining several separate methods or their individual elements; D) in the assessment financial stability using a system of various indicators. 7. In the process of expert risk assessment, the risk measurement scale is accepted: A) from 0 to 10; B) from 0 to 100; C) from 0 to 1; D) the experts themselves choose the scale of measurement; D) All options are correct. 8. Risk policy: A) these are all risk management activities; B) these are the conditions for the occurrence of risk; C) this is a collision of objectively existing risky actions; D) it is a risk management strategy and techniques. 9. Correlation is: A) the relationship between features, which shows the change in the average value of one of them, depending on the change in the value of the other; B) reflects working capital to all borrowed capital; C) an indicator of the consistency of expert assessments; D) numerical determination of the magnitude of individual risks. 10. Futures transactions are: A) purchase and sale of currency with delivery in the future at the rate agreed upon at the time of the transaction; B) term transactions for the sale and purchase of currency concluded at the exchanges at prices valid at the time of the transaction, with delivery and payment in the future; C) purchase or sale of currency on a spot basis with the simultaneous conclusion of a reverse forward transaction to cover the currency risk. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 10 1. The main element of risk or consequence is: A) the probability of obtaining additional profit; B) the probability of obtaining the desired positive result; C) failure under adverse circumstances. 2. Property risks are: A) risks associated with a loss from stopping production due to the impact of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the probability of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal to pay; D) risks associated with the probability of loss of funds. 3. The risk of direct financial losses is: A) the risk of indirect financial damage as a result of failure to implement any activity; B) the risk of investing money in securities; C) the risk of direct financial damage as a result of the failure to implement any measure; 4. Organizational risk may arise: A) with deficiencies in the organization of labor and work in all areas of activity of a business entity; B) with deficiencies in material, labor, financial, and other types of resources; C) with the probability of loss of property due to shortcomings in its storage, protection, failure of technological systems and computer equipment, loan default, etc. 5. The acceptable risk zone occurs when: A) the entrepreneur does not incur any losses; B) losses are less than the estimated profit; C) losses are equal to the value of all property of the enterprise; D) losses exceed the value of the estimated profit and reach the limit of the estimated revenue. B) in the use of subjective criteria, which are based on assumptions obtained by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; C) in determining risk by combining several separate methods or their individual elements; D) in assessing financial stability using a system of various indicators. 7. The method of consistency of experts' assessments: A) when the opinions of experts completely coincide; B) when experts' assessments coincide by 60%; C) use the coefficient of concordance; D) when the difference between the estimates of two experts on the type of risk does not exceed 10%. 8. Risk financing: A) this is a targeted allocation of funds in order to protect property interests in the event of certain events; B) this is a set of organizational and technical measures taken to minimize the amount of damage during risky operations; C) this is the identification of sources of danger that can cause damage to property interests; D) this is the definition of a quantitative measure of risk, the probability of losses and their value. 9. On the basis of what indicator the level of risk is finally established: the objects under consideration with the statistical method of risk assessment: A) the probability coefficient (the lower it is, the more risky the situation); B) coefficient of variation (the larger it is, the more risky the situation); C) dispersion coefficient (the smaller it is, the more risky the situation); 10. Forward foreign exchange deal- is: A) purchase and sale of currency with delivery in the future at the rate agreed upon at the time of the transaction; B) term transactions for the sale and purchase of currency concluded at the exchanges at prices valid at the time of the transaction, with delivery and payment in the future; C) purchase or sale of currency on a spot basis with the simultaneous conclusion of a reverse forward transaction to cover the currency risk. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 11 2. The protective function of entrepreneurial risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against undesirable risk realization; B) in providing additional income, in comparison with the planned, with a confluence of favorable conditions, as compensation for entrepreneurial risk; C) in the search for non-traditional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all options decisions. 2. Production risks are: A) risks associated with a loss from stopping production due to the impact of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the probability of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal to pay; D) risks associated with the probability of loss of funds. 3. The risk of bankruptcy is: A) the risk of losses from exchange transactions; B) danger due to the wrong way of investing capital, the complete loss of the entrepreneur's own capital, the inability to pay off the obligations assumed; C) the danger of non-payment by the borrower of the principal and interest due to the creditor. 4. Economic risks are: A) risks that arise when the norms of international economic relations are violated and for other political reasons; B) risks, the main factors of which are the deterioration of the living standards of the population, population decline, increased morbidity and mortality, etc.; C) risks, the main factors of which are a decrease in GNP per capita, an increase in inflation, a decrease in the country's competitiveness, a loss of national wealth, etc.; 5. In the economic mechanism, internal risk factors depend on: A) the choice of the field of activity; B) from the environment; C) from relationships within the team; D) from changing partners, when more profitable offers appear. 6. The essence of the combined method of risk assessment is: A) in the study of statistics of losses and profits, other performance indicators and with the help of mathematical calculations, the probability of risk occurrence is established; B) in the use of subjective criteria, which are based on assumptions obtained by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; C) in determining risk by combining several separate methods or their individual elements; D) in assessing financial stability using a system of various indicators. 7. With full coordination of the actions of experts and the reliability of expert assessments, the concordance coefficient is: A) w=0; B) w=1; C) w>0.5. 8. The means of risk risk resolution is: A) risk diversification; B) risk transfer; C) limiting risk; D) risk insurance. 9. Insurance tariff is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; B) rate insurance premium per unit of the sum insured or the object of insurance. 10. System providing full refund damage is: A) the system of the first risk; B) a system of proportional responsibility; C) the system of ultimate liability; ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 12 1. The analytical function of entrepreneurial risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against undesirable risk realization; B) in providing additional income, in comparison with the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for entrepreneurial risk; C) in the search for non-traditional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions. 2. Trading risks are: A) risks associated with a loss from stopping production due to the impact of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the probability of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal to pay; D) risks associated with the probability of loss of funds. 3. Exchange risks are: A) the danger of losses from exchange transactions; B) danger due to the wrong way of investing capital, the complete loss of the entrepreneur's own capital, the inability to pay off the obligations assumed; C) the danger of non-payment by the borrower of the principal and interest due to the creditor. 4. Social risks are: A) risks that arise when the norms of international economic relations are violated and for other political reasons; B) risks, the main factors of which are the deterioration of the living standards of the population, population decline, increased morbidity and mortality, etc.; C) risks, the main factors of which are a decrease in GNP per capita, an increase in inflation, a decrease in the country's competitiveness, a loss of national wealth, etc.; 5. Competition: A) is a positive factor; B) hinders the development of the company; C) encourages the entrepreneur to take risks. 6. Essence of risk assessment based on financial analysis consists of: A) in the study of statistics of losses and profits, other performance indicators and with the help of mathematical calculations, the probability of risk occurrence is established; B) in the use of subjective criteria, which are based on assumptions obtained by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; C) in determining risk by combining several separate methods or their individual elements; D) in assessing financial stability using a system of various indicators. 7. The method of collective generation is: A) ideas put forward by experts, which are then not discussed; B) "brainstorming"; C) study of special literature and experience of other entrepreneurs; D) ideas put forward by experts, followed by open or closed voting. 8. The method of risk reduction is: A) risk diversification; B) risk distribution; B) risk retention; D) risk avoidance. 9. Self-insurance is: A) a system of measures to create a trust fund at the expense of monetary contributions, the funds of which are compensated for the losses of business entities. B) the creation by the enterprise of a special reserve fund , both in kind and in cash in case of unforeseen circumstances; C) an event whose probability of occurrence can be predicted. 10. An event whose probability of occurrence can be predicted is: A) an acceptable risk; B) insured risk; C) uninsurable risk. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 13 1. The compensatory function of entrepreneurial risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against undesirable risk realization; B) in providing additional income, in comparison with the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for entrepreneurial risk; C) in the search for non-traditional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions. 2. Financial risks are: A) risks associated with a loss from stopping production due to the impact of various factors or with the introduction of new equipment and technologies into production; B) risks associated with the probability of loss of property due to theft, sabotage, negligence, etc.; C) risks associated with loss due to delayed payments, refusal to pay; D) risks associated with the probability of loss of funds. 3. Interest risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; C) the risk of loss if interest rates change; 4. Static risks mean: A) the possibility of obtaining a zero or negative result; B) the ability to bring both losses and additional profits. 5. The main factor in making a risky decision is such individual personality traits: A) propensity to take risks; B) the current situation; B) competition D) originality of thinking. 6. Probability, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) of the quantitative assessment of the trait in the transition from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) scatter, i.e., the possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. The following can act as experts in the expert method of risk assessment: A) start-up entrepreneurs; B) young professionals; C) experienced entrepreneurs and specialists; D) scientists. 8. The means of resolving the risk of risks is: A) diversification; B) risk distribution; B) limitation; D) insurance. 9. Range of variability: A) characterizes the effectiveness of diversification; B) this is the difference between the maximum and minimum value of a certain indicator; C) shows the level of change in prices for a particular product. 10. Coefficient of variation: A) indicator of consistency of expert assessments; B) a relative value characterizing the degree of change in the trait; C) the ratio of the company's equity capital to total capital. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 14 1. The innovative function of entrepreneurial risk is expressed: A) in the search for methods and forms of protection against undesirable risk realization; B) in providing additional income, in comparison with the planned one, under favorable conditions, as compensation for entrepreneurial risk; C) in the search for non-traditional solutions to problems and the introduction of new progressive technologies; D) in conducting a detailed risk analysis, considering all possible options for decisions. 2. The risk of lost profits is: A) the risk of indirect financial damage as a result of failure to implement any activity; B) the risk of investing money in securities; C) the risk of direct financial damage as a result of the failure to implement any measure; 3. Revocable risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of wrong choice of securities; C) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; D) the risk of loss if interest rates change; E) the risk of loss for the investor if the securities are withdrawn due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them over the current market interest. 4. The possibility of obtaining a zero or negative result is: A) speculative positive risk; B) speculative negative risk; B) static risk; D) dynamic. 5. Risk factors that are very difficult or partially influenced by the subject of management under consideration and are called: A) manageable; B) unregulated; B) difficult to control. 6. Variation, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) of the quantitative assessment of the trait in the transition from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) scatter, i.e., the possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. The current liquidity ratio shows: A) the creditworthiness of the enterprise; B) the dependence of the enterprise on borrowed funds; C) the ability to pay off debt at the expense of own current assets. 8. The method of reducing the degree of risk is: A) limiting the risk; B) risk distribution; B) risk retention; D) risk avoidance. 9. Insurance premium is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; C) the rate of the insurance premium per unit of the sum insured or the object of insurance. 10. Correlation is negative: A) the average value of one feature changes in the same direction with other features; B) indicator of consistency of expert assessments; C) the mean value of the features changes in the opposite direction. ECONOMIC RISK MANAGEMENT TEST No. 15 1. The constructive aspect of the regulatory function is that: A) the desire to eliminate or reduce the consequences of risk forces, stimulates the entrepreneur in the study of sources and risk factors; B) when implementing decisions with insufficiently studied risk, losses occur that can lead to a decrease in production efficiency or even bankruptcy; C) in the process of entrepreneurial activity, competition and justified risk make it possible to single out social groups that effectively use economic resources, and in the economy, industries and areas of activity in which the risk is acceptable. 2. The risk of a portfolio of securities is: A) the risk of indirect financial damage as a result of non-implementation of any event; B) the risk of investing money in securities; C) the risk of direct financial damage as a result of the failure to implement any measure; 3. Time risk is: A) the general risk of investing money in securities; B) the risk of wrong choice of securities; C) the risk of buying or selling a security at the wrong time; D) the risk of loss if interest rates change; E) the risk of loss for the investor if the securities are withdrawn due to the excess of the fixed level of interest rates on them over the current market interest. 4. The decision on the forthcoming risky transaction is most often made by the entrepreneur: A) having complete information about competitors; B) having information about the demand for the product; C) under conditions of uncertainty; D) takes into account the opinion of experts in this field. 5. The zone of catastrophic risk occurs when: A) the entrepreneur does not incur any losses; B) losses are less than the estimated profit; C) losses are equal to the value of all property of the enterprise; D) losses exceed the value of the estimated profit and reach the limit of the value of the estimated revenue 6. Dispersion, as a tool of the statistical method, means: A) the possibility of obtaining the same result in a certain interval; B) change (fluctuation) of the quantitative assessment of the trait in the transition from one case to another; C) the weighted average of the squared deviations of the actual results from the average; D) scatter, i.e., the possible deviation of the expected value of the indicator under consideration from its average value. 7. Quick liquidity ratio shows: A) creditworthiness of the enterprise; B) the dependence of the enterprise on borrowed funds; C) the company's ability to quickly pay off its current liabilities. 8. Diversification is: A) an increase in the production of the same product; B) lower prices for goods; C) investing in various unrelated objects in order to reduce possible losses; D) a decrease in the range of goods produced. 9. Insurance coverage is: A) payment of a certain amount of money upon the occurrence of an insured event related to life insurance; B) the insurance fee that the policyholder must pay to the insurer in accordance with the terms of the contract; C) the amount of money that is reimbursed to the insured as a result of the occurrence of an insured event. 10. Correlation is positive: A) the average value of one feature changes in the same direction with other features; B) indicator of consistency of expert assessments; C) the mean value of the features changes in the opposite direction.
I decided to break down the topic of risks in testing to its simplest components, so that this semi-mystical, semi-shamanistic topic becomes transparent and manageable for myself and my colleagues.
So, firstly: risks and Problems often lumped together. Risk, by definition, some existing or developing process factor, which has a potentially negative impact on the process and, as a result, on its result. You can, of course, drag any problem to the concept of risk, but why? On average, a typical risk management training consists of only 20-25% of materials about the risk management process itself and descriptions of typical risks, and in the remaining 75% of the time, trainers try to cram descriptions of process problems under the guise of risks under the sauce “and you can also be this…” I repeat - why?
So, let's figure it out.
Risk is an existing or developing process factor that has a potentially negative impact on the process.
Simply put, to clearly distinguish between risk and problem: risk is something that may happen and lead to negative consequences, and the problem is that already happened and interfere with work. Both the risk and the problem interfere or may interfere with work, but the ways of working with risks and problems are somewhat different: the former should be tried to understand, find and, if possible, minimize their consequences before they “shoot out”, and problems should be dealt with after the fact - to repair or "extinguish". By separating risks and problems, the area of risk management becomes much simpler and clearer.
A simple example One that is not a risk associated with software testing, but is often one of them, is the use of the same environment for testers and developers. An uncomfortable situation that creates or can create a lot of problems, but this is the source of the problem, not the risk.
The algorithm for working with risks can be well represented in the form of a picture often used in trainings and literature:
Risk management activities are cyclical, just like any other project activity, if you work in iterations. At the same time, if your iterations are long enough, there may be several cycles of work related to risk management, such internal cycles can be called “loops” for simplicity.
What usually causes difficulties at the initial stages of working with risks: actually start (introduce these activities into work plans); to understand that working with risks is not rocket science and that these activities, like any other, must be planned, provided with resources (performers), executed, and the results must be analyzed (what “shot”, what didn’t, what we managed successfully and etc.).
Interesting point: sometimes we can't do anything about the risk or our actions are not enough to remove the risk from the list, but it happens. Systemic risks are systemic in that they cannot be completely excluded, as they are often a feature of the process in which we work. Clearing mines is a risky process, but you have to work. In this case, we are trying to insure ourselves in case of a fire from its consequences and paint instructions in case of hostilities.
I won’t go into more detail, but the stage of analyzing the results and extracting lessons is often ignored, which leads to the repetition of an unsuccessful result at the next iterations - which, in fact, is typical for any process: if we don’t analyze “where we hit”, we hit the next shot again” somewhere there…”, instead of getting “to the right place”.
I would also not want to distract attention from the main topic of this article with ideas about the right goal setting, but if the risk management plan says “talk with the boss about the lead tester’s salary” instead of “resolve the issue of increasing the lead tester’s salary by 20%”, then the result of the execution such a task in the plan will most likely not “increase the salary by 20%”, but “talked with the boss about the increase ...”.
What I would like to fix before we start considering the typical risks associated with software testing. In order to work with risks correctly and this work brings results, you need to clearly understand what level this or that risk belongs to - to the level of your responsibility as a test manager or to the level of project risks, which you need to work with the project manager and lead developer. Systemic or business-level risks of the company you work for are usually outside the control of the project team, but the project team may be involved in the preparation of some decisions and analysis of the current situation in order to provide decision makers with relevant and understandable information.
What is a project? The project from the manager's point of view is time, money and the client's success. A testing project is the same project, with the difference that test managers rarely manage money directly, but their resources in the form of man-hours can be converted into this money or work with labor costs directly.
Incomplete estimate of project labor costs
Frederic Brooks, in his famous book "Mythical Man-Month" noted that it is this risk that is often the main reason for projects not completed on time or completely failed.
In general, this risk, of course, refers to the level of project risks, and more precisely to the risks of project management. But since project effort estimates include testing effort estimates, and testing activities are on the critical path of the iteration plan, the risk is often associated with incorrectly estimating testing effort, which we will address as the next separate risk.
The risk is characterized by the fact that testers are not involved either in the review of project labor costs or in obtaining the estimates themselves. The situation in which test scores are simply sent down by the project manager, customer or someone else is often clinical and contradicts the basic principles of project management: the task is evaluated by the performer, otherwise the performer may not undertake the task or is not responsible for its result.
Again, project-level risk when it comes to estimating project effort, but can be partly managed and minimized by the testing team or its manager by including testers in the process of obtaining labor estimates and reviewing estimates and project plans.
Incomplete assessment of labor costs for testing
A risk similar to the previous one, based mainly on the violation of the principle “the estimate of labor costs is given by the contractor”, but already at the level of the tasks of the testing project.
In addition to the basic reason for the “shot” of this risk, omission of implicit requirements, incorrect definition of test types and configurations in which testing will be carried out can also be significant risk factors - these tasks are the most influencing the amount of testing work and, as a result, errors made when performing these tasks lead to a change in the scope of work on testing and significantly affect the test plan.
How to fight: reviews and audits, formal and on the run. In this place, one head is good, but two is better.
The situation can be generated or aggravated by the combination of the roles of the test manager and the test designer. When separating these project roles into different test team members, the test designer must justify and defend his proposed testing strategy and his estimate of effort. Such protection often works better than a formal review.
The test plan is not linked to the project plan
Strictly speaking, this is process problem testing, which, meanwhile, is so common that I would recommend focusing on it as a serious risk.
Testing and development sit on the same project resource - time. If the plans of the two directions are not rigidly linked (best of all at the level of one general project work plan, literally by links between tasks in MS Project or any other similar system) or are not synchronized on a permanent basis, there is a possibility or risk that the shift in development plans (which affects the release date of the version for testing) will not be taken into account in the testing work plan, which will lead to a lack of time for testing and, as a result, to the incomplete testing phase.
Why do testing and development plans still have to be tightly linked at the level of a single project plan: the project manager’s area of responsibility, with a fixed iteration duration, among other things, includes managing the scope of the iteration, for which he needs to see the testing work. Roughly speaking, in a time-limited iteration, the task of the PM is to choose such a volume of functionality that the team will have time to make and test.
If the project manager does not need testing labor estimates (see "clinic"), the test manager's task is to enter their work into the project plan and link them to the appropriate. development tasks. In such a scheme, it is extremely difficult to shift the testing deadlines - some part of the testing work will simply visually climb beyond the deadline in the plan or on the diagrams.
Test strategy missing or not accepted by development team or customer
Formally, it’s not a risk, but a problem that gives rise to the risk that the testing strategy will not be completed in that part of the tasks where it intersects with development tasks or will not be provided with resources (often just project time) and, as a result, is still not completed.
How to fight: A formal review of the strategy or test plan usually does not help here. The formal approval at this point often means "I saw that you have a document called Strategy or Plan and you updated it in this iteration". In fact, these are the words “well done, the main thing is that you study well”, which do not give you, as a test manager, the opportunity to get the necessary understanding in the development team and the corresponding resources to implement this strategy and your plans.
Dismissal of employees
There is always a risk of dismissal of a key or not very key employee.
The problem is not that people leave, but that they leave when they need it, and not the project, but it takes time to bring in a new employee, train him and bring him to “design capacity”, respectively. plans sag, speed drops, everyone gets nervous.
What to do. Keeping a "bench" is not always possible for economic reasons. “Feeding better” does not always help, and sometimes (in the case of just non-key comrades) it is also simply unprofitable. What can be done here? The most obvious thing I see is “negotiate with neighbors” - just talk to neighboring departments or projects (which also have this risk) and agree that in the event of such an event, they will be able to somehow (if the specifics of the product allow it) and current workload) to help you people. Likewise, be prepared to help yourself. Yes, yes, the salvation of drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves.
Other problems
Changing even fixed requirements or their priorities is often referred to as risks, as a factor that will affect the iteration volume and, accordingly. will lead to a revision of plans and possibly a delay in the delivery of the version. I wouldn't call this part design work risk - this is a reality that must be dealt with as a design constraint and try not to even reach the state of a problem. An effective way is just to limit the volume of the iteration in terms of time, when any change in the requirements leads to pushing some other piece of work (both development and testing) into the next iteration. No one has yet been able to force or administratively “force” requirements not to change - business is changing, requirements are changing, and if the Customer is ready to pay not only for natural changes in requirements, but also for his “fantasies” or “disorganization” - this must be accepted and be able to live with it. There are ways and they work.
There are actually very few difficulties in the work of the testing group related specifically to testing. Met the features described in the form of risks software implementation Product level "lack of GUI". In fact, not being a risk, such a feature of a project or product can be a significant limitation in the testing strategy and impose strict requirements on the qualifications of personnel involved in testing. Again, this is not a risk, this is a feature of your product or project. You do not complain that the interface of your product is written in English, as it is intended for the Western market, although it might be easier to test in Russian.
In conclusion, I would like to focus on a rather obvious, but ignored risk, which lies in the very idea of ignoring risks.
The risk of ignoring risks
One of the risks that applies to all levels of risk management.
The unwillingness to take into account the fact that there are risks, that the process (even the most streamlined, verified, formalized and controlled) can fail, usually leads to overly optimistic plans, to conflicts when they are not fulfilled, to the need to reschedule in a “fire mode” ( which usually leads to miscalculations and further disrupts the normal rhythm of work) and as a result to failures.
What to do: start working with risks (no matter how trite and trite this conclusion sounds, but there is no other recommendation here). There are few specific risks in testing. Most project-level risks can be addressed by the combined efforts of testing, development, and project management groups.
Now, I hope it gets easier.
1. The modern concept of "risk" ...
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A. External risk factors;
10.
A. Net risks;
B . Speculative risks.
12.
A. Commercial risk;
B . production risk;
B. Financial risk;
G. Insurance risk.
13.
14.
15.
BUT . Selective risk;
B. Exchange risk;
B. Business risk;
D. Credit risk.
16.
A. Business risks;
B . Organizational risks;
B. Legal risks;
G. Managerial risks.
17.
18.
19.
BUT . known risks;
B. Foreseeable risks;
B. Unforeseen risks.
20.
A. Risk factor;
B . Risk indicator;
B. Type of risk.
21.
22.
23.
BUT . ten%;
24.
25.
26. .
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
A. Minimum level of risk;
B. Acceptable level of risk;
AT . High level risk;
32.
A. A situation of certainty;
33.
A. Dispersion;
B . Swipe variation;
34.
35.
A. Dispersion;
B. Coefficient of variation;
B. Standard deviation.
36.
B. Limited application;
B. Complexity of calculations.
37.
38.
A. 2-3 people;
B . 5-12 people;
B. 15-20 people.
39.
A. Method of groupings;
B. Ranking method;
AT . Delphi method.
40.
41. The decision criterion under uncertainty, based on the choice of the maximum average value, is called:
A. Laplace criterion;
B. Criteria Wald;
AT . Hurwitz criterion;
D. Savage's criterion.
42. A criterion aimed at minimizing losses from incorrect decision, is called:
A. Laplace criterion;
B. Criteria Wald;
B. Hurwitz criterion;
D. Savage's criterion.
43. The correction factor α used when choosing a solution according to the Hurwitz criterion is called:
A. Coefficient of optimism;
B. The risk factor;
B. The coefficient of preference.
44. The Wald criterion (criterion of the greatest caution) when choosing risky decisions implies:
BUT . Choosing the option with the maximum guaranteed result;
B. Choosing the option with the highest average result;
C. Choice of option, taking into account the probability of the optimal development of events.
45. The purpose of risk management as part of financial management in an organization is:
BUT . Preservation of all or part of its resources and obtaining the expected result (profit) at an acceptable level of risk;
B. Avoidance of all possible risks in the company's financial, production and other activities;
B. Reducing the impact of external risk factors on the company's activities.
46. Which of the tasks is not part of the organization's risk management system?
A. Establishment of a hierarchical system of rules (criteria) for choosing a risk decision for the implementation of a risk management strategy, taking into account the attitude of a business entity to the consequences of risk;
B. Development of a risk management program, organization of its implementation, including control and analysis of the results obtained;
AT . Making management decisions on various types of activities of the organization in a risky business environment.
47. Managed risk management system includes:
A. Concept, strategy and criteria for risk management;
B. Risky investments of capital and economic relations between economic entities;
C. Subjects of risk management - a financial manager, a risk manager or an insurance specialist.
48. The concept of acceptable risk involves…
A. The need to choose management decisions in accordance with the subjective assessment of the level of risk by the manager;
B. The ability to take risks if its value is not more than 10%;
AT . Identification of the starting, assessed and final level of risk and continuous implementation of risk management measures on this basis.
49. A systematic approach to risk management involves…
A. Creation of a special structural unit, whose functions include the creation of a risk management system for the entire organization and targeted implementation of risk management activities;
B. System parallel protection of all activities of the organization: social, economic, financial processes, protection of the environment, design and technological structures from excessive (unacceptable) risks.
50. The main rules of risk management include...
BUT . The maximum gain, the optimal fluctuation of the result, the optimal combination of gain and risk;
B. The optimal combination of gain and risk, taking into account the subjective characteristics of the manager when making risky decisions;
B. The greatest fluctuation of the result, the maximum gain.
51. In a developed risk management system, risk management tactics are implemented on the basis of…
A. Organizational documentation systems - resolutions, instructions, methodological and technological materials that ensure the effective implementation of the chosen risk alternative;
B. Developed and approved risk management concept;
AT . The situational approach, in which risk assessment and implementation of risky measures takes place as a risky situation arises, taking into account specific factors and conditions.
52. The initial stage of the implementation of a risk management system in an organization is ...
BUT . Determining the purpose of the risk and the purpose of risky capital investments;
B. The emergence of a risk problem associated with shortfall in profits;
B. Creation of a specialized position or structural unit for managing the risks of the organization.
53. Making a risky decision in management practice should ...
A. To be carried out only collectively, because risky decisions are most often complex and ambiguous, and it is necessary to consider all sides and possible consequences of risky decisions;
B. To be carried out by the financial manager (risk manager) alone, because the decision always involves liability for possible losses.
54. The reduction of possible negative consequences of risk in the implementation of risk management at the planning stage is carried out using ...
A. Using a variety of decision-making criteria (Wald, Hurwitz criteria, etc.) to select the optimal solution, which allows you to make a risky decision under conditions of uncertainty;
B. Development of various measures to ensure the achievement of the set goals;
B. Strict control over compliance with various regulations, instructions, modes of operation.
55. Regulation in the risk management system implies:
A. Encouraging financial managers and other professionals to be interested in reducing the level of risks and possible losses;
B. Current impact on the control object to eliminate the deviations that have arisen;
C. Ensuring the consistency of relations between the object of management, the subject of management, the management apparatus and the individual employee.
56. Heuristic decision rules are:
A. Rules for processing statistical information about the probabilistic environment of entrepreneurship in order to make effective risky decisions;
B. Methods for developing forecasts for the development of risky situations;
C. A set of logical techniques and methodological rules for finding the truth, which allow you to make risky decisions under conditions of uncertainty and risk.
57. The heuristic "don't risk more than your equity allows" applies to:
A. Rules that take into account the possibilities of the entrepreneur;
B. Rules that take into account the decision-making situation;
AT . Rules that take into account the conditions for investing capital.
58. Heuristic rules that take into account the conditions for investing capital do not include the rule:
A. It makes sense to invest if the return on investment exceeds the rate of inflation;
B. It makes sense to invest if the profitability of the project is the highest possible;
B. It makes sense to invest (funds in production, securities, etc.) only when you can really get net profit more than from keeping money in the bank.
59. Synergistic risk decisions are:
A. Decisions, the implementation of which provided a profit greater than originally planned;
B. Decisions, the effectiveness of which is clearly expressed disproportionately increasing in nature;
C. Decisions in which the efficiency of spending resources per unit of the effect obtained in risk management complies with the norms and standards adopted for the industry in question, type of activity.
60. The main role in the implementation of management actions on risk in the organization's risk management system belongs to:
A. External mechanisms for their neutralization, i.e. different types of insurance as ways to transfer risk;
B . Internal mechanisms for influencing risk, which are selected and implemented by the business entity itself as part of its activities.
61. Risk resolution methods are used when:
BUT . The entrepreneur prefers to act for sure, refusing risky projects, transferring the risk to a third party or guarantors;
B. The situation is characterized by a high level of risk and high potential profitability, which forces the entrepreneur to take risks.
62. Methods of abandoning risky projects, unreliable partners, risky financial transactions, a large share of borrowed capital include:
A. Risk transfer methods;
B. Risk avoidance methods;
B. Risk allocation methods;
D. Risk diversification methods.
63. What is the main disadvantage of using risk avoidance methods:
A. Inability to use internal reserves of insurance protection;
B. High level of costs for the implementation of risk avoidance measures;
AT . Refusal of additional opportunities and sources of income.
64. Risk transfer methods include:
BUT . Conclusion of agreements with third parties that have more opportunities to neutralize the negative consequences of the risk;
B. Delimitation of risk by stages of project implementation;
B. Imposition of quantitative restrictions on some characteristics of the control object.
65. The conclusion of special agreements (for example, factoring agreements), the use of guarantees, the provision of guarantees are among the methods:
A. Risk avoidance;
B . Transfer of risk;
B. Risk diversification;
G. Limitations.
66. Risk distribution (dissipation) methods are as follows:
A. The risk is distributed by types of activity, types of investments, types of securities in the portfolio;
B. The risk is distributed through the conclusion of contracts, for example, an insurance contract;
AT . The risk is shared among business partners.
67. Diversification of activities as a method of risk management involves:
A. Development of new markets, orientation to various groups of consumers, expansion of the range of products;
B . Multiple Preference investment projects small capital intensity for a large investment project that absorbs all the financial reserves of the enterprise;
B. Organization of business relationships with several partners.
68. The presence of intra-company standards for certain indicators, the excess of which entails the emergence of risks, and the establishment of limit values for these indicators is called:
A. Dissipation;
B. Hedging;
AT . Limitation;
D. Concentration.
69. The creation of venture enterprises that ensure the implementation of high-risk projects is called:
BUT . localization;
B. Limitation;
B. Hedging;
D. Concentration.
70. Which of the following methods does not apply to risk compensation methods:
A. Creation of a system of reserves;
B. Staff training;
AT . The choice of several currencies for the implementation of foreign economic transactions.
71. Risk hedging is:
BUT . Insurance of the price of a risk product by creating met currency, commercial, credit and other obligations and requirements;
B. Creation of a system of quantitative restrictions imposed on certain characteristics of operations;
B. Creation of special structural divisions with a separate balance sheet for the implementation of risky projects.
72. The formation of a system of insurance stocks and reserves refers to the method:
A. Diversification;
B. Limiting;
AT . Compensation;
G. Insurance. In each task, there is only one correct answer, indicated by the corresponding letter.
1. The modern concept of "risk" ...
BUT . Used to indicate possible material damage;
B. Associated with both possible material damage and possible gain;
B. It is identified only with the received material damage.
2. The classical theory of entrepreneurial risk ((J. Mill, N.W. Senior) identifies risk with ...
A. Mathematical expectation of possible losses from entrepreneurial activity;
B. The likelihood of a risk event occurring;
B. The uncertainty of entrepreneurial activity.
3. The magnitude of possible profit fluctuations was first called the risk criterion by representatives of…
A. Classical theory of entrepreneurial risk;
B. Neoclassical school of risk;
V. Keynesian scientific school.
4. The objective probability of a risk event occurring…
A. Based on the assumption of the possibility of obtaining a certain effect;
B . It is based on the calculation of the frequency with which a process or phenomenon occurs.
5. What are the main reasons that limit the practical use of statistical data to determine the probabilities of events
A. Insufficient volume of statistical data or their absence;
B. The influence of the subjective characteristics of the researcher;
C. The presence of uncertainty in the real conditions of entrepreneurial activity.
6. What is the reason for the emergence of social uncertainty when making risky decisions?
A. With the influence of personal characteristics of the leader and performers;
B . With the uncertainty of the external environment;
B. With the emergence of various social ties and communications in the implementation of decisions.
7. What is the relationship between the concept of "uncertainty" and the concept of "risk"?
A. In real business activities, these concepts are synonymous;
B. Risk characterizes a situation where the occurrence of certain events can be quantified, and uncertainty implies the impossibility of estimating the likelihood of such events;
C. Uncertainty characterizes the conditions of the external environment, and risk characterizes the actions of the entrepreneur, so these concepts are not related.
8. What is the regulatory function of risk?
A. The need to identify, assess, manage risk in all areas of the organization's activities;
B. The need to pay for damages in the event of a risk event.
9.Business activity of the enterprise, marketing strategy, personnel management policy, production potential are
A. External risk factors;
B. Internal risk factors.
10. Speculative (dynamic, commercial) risks -
A. Always incur losses to business activities;
B. May incur both losses and additional profit;
B. Characterize additional features making a profit.
A. Net risks;
B . Speculative risks.
12. The risk of losses associated with the inefficient use of fixed and working capital by the enterprise refers to:
A. Commercial risk;
B . production risk;
B. Financial risk;
G. Insurance risk.
13. The risks associated with the purchasing power of money include:
BUT . Liquidity risks, currency, deflationary, inflationary risks;
B. The risk of reduced profitability, the risk of direct financial losses, the risk of lost profits;
B. Investment and financial risks.
14. Credit risk is:
A. The danger of losses by commercial banks, credit institutions, investment institutions as a result of the excess of interest rates paid by them on attracted funds over the rates on loans granted;
B. The risk of non-payment in commercial transactions and the risk of not receiving commissions;
AT . The danger of non-payment by the borrower of principal and interest.
15. The risk of incorrect choice of types of capital investment, type of securities for investment in comparison with other types of securities when forming an investment portfolio is:
BUT . Selective risk;
B. Exchange risk;
B. Business risk;
D. Credit risk.
16. Risks caused by errors of the company's management (including those in decision-making), its employees; system problems internal control Poorly designed work rules include:
A. Business risks;
B . Organizational risks;
B. Legal risks;
G. Managerial risks.
17. The risk problem that arises in entrepreneurial activity is:
A. The discrepancy between the planned profit and the real possibilities of the organization;
B. The influence of various risk factors on the achievement of the organization's goals;
AT . A large discrepancy between the need for security and the real level of risk in the process of entrepreneurial activity is unacceptably large.
18. Risk identification is:
A. Analysis of existing types of business risk;
B. Assessment of the consequences of risk events;
AT . Establishment of types, sources of risks and knowledge of the nature of their origin, taking into account the specifics of the organization's activities.
19. Risks, the consequences of which can be determined with a high degree of certainty and which can be identified in the analysis of statistical or financial statements refer to:
BUT . known risks;
B. Foreseeable risks;
B. Unforeseen risks.
20. The quantitative expression of the fact that, as a result of the decision made, the expected income will not be received in full or entrepreneurial resources will be lost, is:
A. Risk factor;
B . Risk indicator;
B. Type of risk.
21. Indirect profit losses associated with exposure to risk factors are:
A. Losses from non-execution of an operation, non-conclusion of a transaction, non-sale of goods;
B . Costs for organizing and conducting risk management activities;
C. Possible losses arising from the performance of a business transaction.
22. Critical risk is characterized by:
A. Losses equal to the property status of the enterprise;
B . Losses equal to estimated revenue;
B. Loss of expected profit.
23. The maximum value of the acceptable risk when concluding transactions is:
BUT . ten%;
24. The risk curve is:
A. Distribution of the probability of losses at the conclusion of the transaction;
B . Graphic representation of existing risks and probabilities of their occurrence.
25. What risk assessment indicators can be used under conditions of certainty?
A. Probabilistic and statistical indicators;
B . Absolute, relative and average indicators;
B. Expert assessments of the level of risk.
26. .What information characterizes the condition of certainty when making risky decisions?
A. Statistical and financial indicators activities of the organization;
B . Information about the factors and conditions for making a risky decision;
B. Information about the expert assessment of the situation.
27. Absolute risk scores are based on:
A. Distribution of predicted values of indicators;
B. Subjective assessments of the magnitude of the risk;
AT . Actual financial records.
28. Liquidity risk is:
A. The risk of loss of financial stability due to a low share of equity capital in total amount used financial resources;
B. Risk of temporary losses and loss of initial value when converting assets into cash;
C. The risk of a firm not being able to meet its financial obligations with their assets.
29. The solvency risk assessment is based on:
A. Analysis and comparison of groups of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, formed by the degree of risk;
B. Evaluation of own and borrowed funds of the enterprise;
B. Evaluation of working capital and sources of their formation.
30. The risk factor, risk scales and standard systems refer to:
A. Absolute indicators of risk;
B . Relative indicators of risk;
B. Statistical indicators of risk.
31. The value of the risk coefficient in the range from 0.3 to 0.6 characterizes:
A. Minimum level of risk;
B. Acceptable level of risk;
AT . High level of risk;
D. Unacceptable level of risk.
32. The situation when information about a risk event exists in the form of the frequency (probability) of its occurrence is called:
A. A situation of certainty;
B . Risk situation (partial uncertainty);
B. A situation of uncertainty.
33. A statistical indicator of risk assessment that characterizes the deviation of the extreme values of the result from the average is called:
A. Dispersion;
B . Swipe variation;
B. Standard deviation.
34. The variance as a measure of the risk of an outcome is:
A. The ratio of the standard deviation to the average expected value, which characterizes the amount of risk per unit of return;
B. The weighted average of the square deviations of the actual results from the average expected, which characterizes the spread of results relative to the mean;
C. The weighted average product of all possible outcomes times the probability of their occurrence.
35. An indicator that expresses the amount of risk per unit of return and is a complex relative indicator that allows you to compare results expressed in different units measurement is called:
A. Dispersion;
B. Coefficient of variation;
B. Standard deviation.
36. The disadvantage of statistical indicators of risk assessment is:
BUT . A large amount of initial data and the need to take into account additional characteristics and decision criteria;
B. Limited application;
B. Complexity of calculations.
37. Expert methods for making risky decisions are:
A. Qualitative assessments of specialists, allowing the most complete description of the situation of making a risky decision and considering options that are difficult to formalize;
B . A complex of logical and mathematical procedures aimed at obtaining information from expert experts, its analysis and generalization in order to select rational solutions.
38. The optimal number of experts during the examination, if it is not anonymous and the decision is developed jointly by the experts, is:
A. 2-3 people;
B . 5-12 people;
B. 15-20 people.
39. Conducting an examination in several rounds, determining the generalized opinion of experts (median) and substantiating the radical opinions of individual specialists characterizes:
A. Method of groupings;
B. Ranking method;
AT . Delphi method.
40. The Delphi method is characterized by the following requirements for its implementation:
A. Only a qualitative assessment and discussion of the problem situation in order to develop a single solution;
B. Only a quantitative assessment of the characteristics of the problem, the use of a scoring system;
B. Multi-level, anonymity, the ability to replenish information about the subject of the examination.
T.V. Ostudina
Tests
in the discipline "Risk management"
Togliatti, 2016
Test for section 1 "The role of risk in the management of the organization"
1. Risk management is
abandoning a risky project;
a set of measures aimed at reducing the likelihood of risk realization;
a set of measures aimed at preparing for the realization of the risk;
a set of measures aimed at compensating, reducing, transferring, avoiding or accepting risk.
2. The risk associated with the possibility of losses in the implementation of the investment object due to a change in the assessment of its quality is
political risk;
competitiveness risk;
selective risk;
liquidity risk;
profitability risk.
3. The risk of deterioration in the conjuncture (fall) of any market as a whole is
systemic risk;
liquidity risk;
deflationary risk;
inflation risk;
selective risk.
4. The risk of losses in the process of financial and economic activity is
commercial risk;
financial risk;
speculative risks;
production risk.
5. The process of reducing risk by increasing the variety of activities in markets or supply chains is called
diversification;
differentiation;
convergence;
focusing.
6. According to the nature of the consequences, risks are divided into
pure and selective;
industrial and commercial;
commercial and political;
pure and speculative;
direct and financial.
7. What risks can bring additional profit to the company?
any;
speculative;
clean;
the realization of the risk, in principle, cannot bring additional profit to the company;
retrospective.
8. The division of risks into speculative and pure is based on
the nature of the risk assessment;
the nature of the consequences of the risk;
classification of risk subjects;
classification of risk objects.
9. Risk is
all internal and external conditions that may adversely affect the achievement of strategic goals during a precisely defined period of observation time, for example, the operational planning period .;
probability of occurrence of natural disasters or technical accidents;
the likelihood of a sales program failure;
the likelihood of business success.
10. Selective risk is:
the risk of loss or loss of profit due to the wrong choice of investment object in a particular market;
the risk associated with the possibility of losses in the sale of the investment object due to a change in the assessment of its quality;
the risk that the borrower (debtor) will be unable to fulfill its obligations.
11. Define volatility:
volatility is the volatility of market demand;
persistence of market demand;
variability exchange differences and interest rates;
constancy of exchange rate differences and interest rates.
12. In the presence of uncertainties, the process of choosing optimal solutions
does not change;
becomes more complicated;
is simplified.
13. Tolerable risk score
must not exceed the limit value;
must not be zero;
should not be less than the limit value.
14. Indicate the risks that do not belong to the types of production risks.
changing market conditions;
Force Majeure;
depreciation of production equipment;
increased competition.
15. Innovation risk is
the risk that a new product will not be accepted by the market;
the risk that innovative project will not be realized or recouped;
the risk associated with the leakage of information about the innovations used by the company.
16. What types of financial risks are divided into?
design;
currency;
monetary;
investment.
17. According to the area of occurrence, the following types of risks are distinguished:
a. production risk;
b. personnel risk;
in. information risk;
d. financial risk;
e. commercial risk.
18. Business risk is the risk arising from
a. in commercial enterprises;
b. at the conclusion of commercial transactions;
in. in the process of selling goods or services;
d. in the process of producing goods or services.
19. Foreign exchange risk is associated with
a. buying and selling currencies;
b. any losses due to a change in course foreign exchange;
in. exchange of one foreign currency for another;
d. errors in the calculation of cross-rates.
20. Select the categories into which the risks are divided according to the root cause of their risks.
a. natural risks;
b. political risks;
in. inflation risks;
d. transport risks;
e. currency risks;
e. property risks.
Test for section 2 "Main aspects and trends of risk management"
1. The implementation of risk management in modern enterprises includes ...
a. identification of the consequences of activities economic entities in a risk situation;
b. forecasting these activities to reduce the level of risk;
in. the ability to respond to the possible negative consequences of this activity;
d. ability to eliminate such consequences;
e. development and implementation of measures by which the likely negative results of the actions taken can be neutralized or compensated.
3. Which of the following is not an element of a risk management system?
identifying discrepancies in risk alternatives;
developing plans to act optimally in a risk situation;
development of specific measures aimed at minimizing or eliminating negative consequences;
taking into account the psychological perception of risky projects;
none of the options is an element of the risk management system;
All of the above are elements of the risk management system.
4. What categories of risk management tasks can be identified?
application of risk management;
application of risk management methods;
risk management by their types;
accuracy of risk assessments;
accuracy of risk forecasts.
5. main function risk management is
creating a responsive risk management system;
risk assessment for each project in the company;
risk assessment for the company as a whole;
preventing the bankruptcy of the company as a result of the occurrence of random events.
6. What are the functions of the control object in risk management?
organization of risk resolution;
organization of risk capital investments;
organization of work to reduce the magnitude of the risk;
organization of the risk insurance process;
organization of economic relations and links between the subjects of the economic process;
all of the above are functions of the control object;
none of the above is a function of the control object.
7. Which of the following is not a function of the subject of management in risk management?
forecasting;
rationing;
organization;
regulation;
coordination;
distribution;
stimulation;
control.
8. Which of the following is a risk management rule?
one cannot risk much for the sake of little;
risk is a noble cause;
one should not think that there is only one solution, perhaps there are others;
if there are several options, one should follow the path of minimal risk;
a positive decision is made only when there is no doubt.
9. What is included in the concept of control in risk management?
10. What is included in the concept of coordination in risk management?
encouraging financial managers and other professionals to be interested in the result of their work;
coordination of work of all parts of the risk management system, management apparatus and specialists.
11. What is included in the concept of regulation in risk management?
verification of the organization of work to reduce the degree of risk;
impact on the control object, through which the state of stability of this object is achieved in the event of a deviation from the specified parameters;
coordination of work of all parts of the risk management system, management apparatus and specialists.
12. What is included in the concept of incentives in risk management?
encouraging financial managers and other professionals to be interested in the result of their work;
impact on the control object, through which the state of stability of this object is achieved in the event of a deviation from the specified parameters;
coordination of work of all parts of the risk management system, management apparatus and specialists.
13. Which of the following sources can be used for information support risk management?
contracts, agreements on property transactions;
the image of the organization's management;
loan agreements;
market trends;
financial statements;
statistical reporting.
14. The essence of risk management is
elimination of risk;
risk management;
risk reduction;
choice of risk.
15. What factors are usually called risk-forming?
the essence of the processes or phenomena that contribute to the emergence of a particular type of risk and determine its nature;
factors affecting specific risks selectively.
16. Name the main types of risk factors.
subjective and objective;
internal and external;
neutral and integral;
all answers are correct.
17. Negative risk factors are
18. Integral risk factors are
factors affecting only a specific type of risk;
factors influencing the risks of several types at once.
19. The integral risk factors of the microeconomic level include:
dishonesty or professional errors of partners (third parties);
inflation rate;
dishonesty or professional errors of the company's employees;
illegal actions company employees and third parties (theft, forgery, etc.)
level of management;
the answers are correct: a, d, e, f, g, h;
correct answers: b, c, g, h;
all answers are correct.
20. Among the integral risk factors of the macroeconomic level include:
change in the exchange rate of the ruble against the leading world currencies;
inflation rate;
change in the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, LIBOR, MIBOR, etc.;
dishonesty or professional errors of the company's employees;
technological process errors;
level of management;
changes in energy prices;
change in tax rates;
changing climatic conditions;
correct answers: d, e, e;
correct answers: a, b, c, g, h, i;
all answers are correct.
Test for Section 3 "Risk Management"
1. Criterion of guaranteed result (maximum Wald criterion) is a criterion
least harm;
the most harm;
optimistic;
g. pessimistic.
2. If an event cannot occur under any circumstances, its probability is
a. zero;
b. unit;
in. 0.5;
g. 100%.
3. The first point of the risk curve determines
a. the amount of losses equal to the estimated revenue;
b. probability of zero losses;
in. the likelihood of an undesirable outcome.
4. The second point of the probability of an undesirable outcome corresponds to
a. "normal", "reasonable" risk, in which it is recommended to make ordinary business decisions;
b. the probability of an undesirable outcome;
in. losses equal to the property status of the entrepreneur.
5. Expert method can be implemented
a. by processing the opinions of experienced entrepreneurs and specialists;
b. through a survey of respondents;
in. by random sampling.
6. A variation of the expert method is
a. Delphi method;
b. Gauss method;
in. Ivanov's method.
7. The method of modeling the selection problem using a decision tree involves
a. mathematical construction of solutions;
b. software graphic construction of solutions;
in. graphic construction of solutions.
8. When using the analogy method, apply
a. databases on the risk of similar projects or transactions;
b. actions that the entrepreneur intends to take;
in. anonymity and controlled feedback.
9. Risk management methods that involve the exclusion of risky situations from business are called
a. risk dissipation methods;
b. risk compensation methods;
in. risk avoidance methods;
d. risk localization methods.
10. Risk management methods based on a clear identification of risk sources are called
a. risk dissipation methods;
b. risk compensation methods;
in. risk avoidance methods;
d. risk localization methods.
11. Financing against the assignment of a monetary claim, implying the transfer credit risk, underlies
a. exchange transactions;
b. construction contracts;
in. contract - surety;
d. factoring agreement.
12. When using the "Risk Reduction" method, the loss is covered by
non-insurance pool;
reserves;
sponsor
state support.
13. When using the "Transfer of risk" method, the loss is covered by
self-insurance;
loan
reserves;
insurance.
14. An example of covering damage by transferring liability on the basis of a contract is
hedging;
captin insurance organizations;
non-insurance pool;
self-insurance.
15. When covering a loss based on the support of state or municipal authorities, specific risks include
risks associated with foreign economic activity;
risks associated with mass destruction of property;
the risk of changes in commodity prices.
16. Loss coverage on the basis of insurance is resorted to in the following cases
investment of insurance funds within one business unit;
maintaining profits within the respective group;
obtaining tax incentives (which may be available in some countries);
if there are large aggregates of risks, the probability of which is high, and the amount of expected damage is small.
17. The main disadvantage of captain companies is
the use of this tool is possible only after the occurrence of damage;
the possibility of obtaining coverage for only minor damages;
in case of damage to the captain company, it is distributed among all participants.
18. When choosing a method of covering a loss through the use of a loan, special attention should be paid to the study
current cash flows organizations;
liquidity and repayment of the loan;
threshold value of probable damage.
19. Captain's company is:
not Insurance Company;
another name for the financial and industrial group;
it is an insurance company that is part of non-insurance organizations;
sponsor company.
20. A feature of the loss coverage method based on self-insurance is:
work with a large number of homogeneous risks;
work only with heterogeneous risks;
dealing with catastrophic risks.
The final test is formed from test questions in sections 1, 2, 3.
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