Introduction
At present, in modernizing Russia, there is a gradual development of the banking services market, including factoring, and its integration into world economy. Factoring in Russia was created a little less than 30 years ago and is young compared to foreign factoring. European countries. Despite little experience, factoring companies have shown their high efficiency in the lending market. The advantage of factoring is not only in its main function - the purchase by the bank of receivables from organizations and the financing of local deficits Money organization, but also in the fact that with the help of factoring, an enterprise can receive many benefits in the form of related services from a factoring company, reducing risks. At the time of the progressive development of the factoring market, it is important to have a clear and complete understanding of the essence of the market factoring services and about its possibilities of influencing the economy of the country. At the moment in Russian society, in entrepreneurship, including due to the unsustainable economic situation in the country, a steady need for knowledge in the field of factoring has formed, which determines the relevance and significance of the chosen topic. The purpose of the final qualification work for the bachelor's degree is to develop proposals for improving the factoring operations of Rosbank PJSC. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: - consider the concept of factoring and its main types and functions; - to present the history of factoring development in Russia and its modern practice; - compare factoring with similar operations; - to study the advantages and disadvantages of factoring operations for all participants; - analyze the financial activities of PJSC"Rosbank"; - develop proposals for improving the factoring operations of Rosbank PJSC. The object of the study is the Public Joint Stock Company "Rosbank". The subject of the study is the factoring operations of Rosbank PJSC. The relevance of the chosen topic is that factoring is a universal range of services that is vital for the supply of goods with a deferred payment, which is one of the main elements of an effective financial policy of an enterprise. To date Russian market requires a wide sale of goods and services on credit, and the financial and organizational capabilities of suppliers do not always allow it to be provided. The first chapter of the final qualification work shows theoretical basis factoring operations: the concept, main types and functions of factoring, as well as the history of the development of factoring in Russia and its modern practice, considers the features of factoring that distinguish it from similar operations, reveals the stages and composition of the participants in a factoring transaction. In the second chapter of the final qualifying work, factoring operations are considered on the example of Rosbank PJSC. Presented a brief description of bank, an analysis of financial indicators of PAO"Rosbank", as well as an analysis of factoring operations in PJSC "Rosbank". In the third chapter, proposals are developed for improving factoring operations in Rosbank PJSC.
INTRODUCTION 4 1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FACTORING OPERATIONS 6 1.1. The concept, main types and functions of factoring. History of factoring development in Russia and its modern practice 6 1.2. Advantages and disadvantages of factoring. Comparison of factoring with similar operations 15 1.3. Conditions and participants of the factoring transaction 19 2. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES OF PJSC ROSBANK 23 2.1. Brief characteristics of PAO Rosbank 23 2.2. Analysis of financial performance of Rosbank PJSC 26 2.3. Analysis loan portfolio PJSC Rosbank 32 3. PROPOSALS TO IMPROVE FACTORING OPERATIONS OF PJSC ROSBANK 38 3.1. Features and prerequisites for the development of factoring operations in the Russian Federation 38 3.2. Measures to develop lending in PJSC Rosbank 41 3.3. Calculation of the effectiveness of the proposed measures 44 CONCLUSION 46 LIST OF USED SOURCES 48 APPENDIX 51
Bibliography
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An excerpt from work
1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FACTORING OPERATIONS 1.1. The concept, main types and functions of factoring. History of factoring development in Russia and its modern practice Factoring is one of the most ancient forms of trade crediting. Its individual features can be found in the Roman Empire, and in the era of King Hammural, 4000 BC. The word factor comes from the Latin verb facio, which means “one who does”. Factoring began to develop actively in England in the XIV century, which was directly related to the development of the textile industry. At that time, sales markets were removed from the places of production, factors played the role of a connecting link between manufacturing enterprises and end buyers of products. Before the factor that knew commodity market, the solvency of buyers, the laws and trade customs of a given country, the tasks were to find reliable buyers, store and sell goods, as well as the subsequent collection of trade proceeds. Since about the mid-1980s, the factoring industry has shown the highest growth rates in the financial sector of the world economy. The volume of assigned receivables in 1998 amounted to 456 billion euros, by 2003 it had already reached 760 billion euros, thus increasing by more than 160%. To date, the market has about a thousand companies located in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa. Europe is the largest growth market, accounting for 71% of factoring turnover, followed by the Americas (14%) and Asia (14%). Since the middle of the 20th century, international factoring began to develop. In 1996, the first factoring association appeared - International Factors Group (IFG), which today unites more than 60 companies from 41 countries of the world. The association has developed electronic system transfer of information between factoring companies, which is used to very quickly assess the creditworthiness of debtors around the world, to establish credit limits and monitoring the status of supplies and payment discipline of buyers. The history of factoring development in Russia spans 20 years, of which only the last 5 years can truly be considered years of market development.
Commercial bank is an active element market economy. The main purpose of the bank is to accumulate funds and provide them on credit. That's why commercial Bank is a business enterprise that provides services to its customers, i.e. depositors (lenders) and borrowers, deriving profit from the difference in interest received from borrowers and depositors (lenders) for the funds provided. The main function of a commercial bank is to mediate between creditors and borrowers, and banks, unlike other financial non-banking structures, provide the bulk of all the means of monetary circulation of the economy of a particular country.
In banking practice, credit risk management is the central direction of banking activity. Credit risk, i.e. the risk that the debtor will not be able to make interest payments or repay the principal amount of the loan in accordance with the terms specified in the loan agreement, is an integral part of bank management. Credit risk means that payments may be delayed or not paid at all, which in turn could lead to cash flow problems and adversely affect the bank's liquidity. Despite innovations in the financial services sector, credit risk is still the main reason banking problems. In the period 2007-2009. arrears on bank loans amounted to 25% of all credit investments. Because of the potentially dangerous consequences of credit risk, it is important to conduct a comprehensive review of a bank's ability to assess, administer, oversee, control, execute and recover loans, advances, guarantees and other lending instruments. This analysis should also determine the adequacy of the financial information received from the borrower, which was used by the bank in making a decision to grant a loan.
The purpose of the work is to analyze and identify ways to improve the efficiency of risk management in lending corporate clients.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified in the work:
Consider theoretical aspects on risk management in lending to corporate clients;
Systematize methodological approaches to credit risk management;
Analyze the financial condition of JSCB Rosbank for 2007-2009;
The subject of the study is risk management methods for credit products provided to legal entities.
The object of the study is JSCB Rosbank.
The practical significance of the work lies in the consideration of the theory and practice of credit risk management, the analysis of the effectiveness of asset and liability management of a commercial bank, the study of methodological approaches to risk assessment when lending to corporate clients at OJSC Rosbank. To improve the accuracy of assessing the level of credit risk, a set of measures was developed for the use of various insurance instruments and proposals for changing the methodology for assessing the level of credit risk when lending to corporate clients.
The solution of any economic problem must be based on a correct understanding of the essence of risk and the mechanism of its study. Market environment is inseparable from the concept of risk, therefore the priority goal of the bank is not to search for a deliberately risk-free business solution, but to search for an alternative, non-standard solution. At the same time, it is necessary to learn how to assess the risk and not to go beyond its acceptable limits. Without this, the head of the bank is deprived of information, and, consequently, the ability to make optimal decisions in the field of credit, deposit, investment policy.
Risk is the probability (danger, possibility) of an event occurring, as a result of which the bank will suffer losses or receive less income than planned. This event may or may not occur. In the event of such an event, three economic outcomes are possible: negative (loss, damage, loss); positive (gain, benefit, profit); null .
In banking management, any management decision is risky, difficult to predict and determine, since the financial environment is very sensitive not only to various socio-economic, but also to political factors. Analysis, assessment and management of various risks - main part management activities of credit institutions. The most important element risk management is the process of identifying its source, ie, understanding its nature.
The first stage of the study of economic risk is based on the results of the feasibility and financial justification of financial projects, it allows you to identify possible risk factors associated with the technical, material, raw materials, personnel, etc., project support.
The second stage covers the risk analysis itself. His most important points:
Identification of particularly significant risk factors and their distribution according to the degree of influence on the expected economic result;
Determining the indicator (degree) of risk for each of the factors and the integral assessment of the economic risk as a whole;
Comparison of the degree of risk with expected returns in the context of various options for investing resources;
Comparison of risk indicators with maximum allowable values;
Comparison of profitability of risky and risk-free investments and substantiation of the optimal distribution of funds between them.
The third stage of the study involves the development of a comprehensive system of methods for eliminating, compensating or reducing risk, on the one hand, and identifying the inclination or aversion of the investor bank to risk, on the other, as well as the choice of means and methods of risk neutralization: diversification, hedging, limiting, etc. d.
The need for the fourth stage of risk research is due to the fact that the choice of a specific project in the presence of options with varying degrees of risk, unequal amounts of income and costs is largely influenced by the investor's attitude to risk. Therefore, studying the behavior of entrepreneurs under risk conditions allows us to develop a hypothesis of a rational justification for this behavior and determine which types of business are preferable for different (in relation to risk) groups of investors.
The effectiveness of risk assessment and management is largely determined by its classification. The classification of risks should be understood as their distribution into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve the set goals. In modern economic literature and practice, there is a large number of classifications of banking risks depending on the goals of analysis and management.
Consider the grouping of risks that would be most convenient to apply in Russian banks.
In this classification, risks are grouped according to the degree of impact on the daily activities of the bank.
Figure 1.1 Classification of banking risks
Credit risk is the risk that financial obligations will not be performed by customers in full and on time as expected or described in the contract, which may result in financial losses for the bank. Thus, credit risk is a risk that depends on the client, on his desire and ability to fulfill his obligation to the bank. We can conditionally distinguish the following types of credit risks:
Direct lending risk;
Conditional risk of lending;
The risk of non-fulfillment by the counterparty of the terms of the contract;
Issues and placements;
Clearing.
Lending risk (loan risk) is associated with the provision of credit and credit products, in which the bank is exposed to risk throughout the entire period of the transaction. The direct risk of lending lies in the possibility that the real obligations of the client will not be fulfilled on time. This risk applies to all banking products from loans to mortgages. Since it exists during the entire time of the credit operation, long-term credit operations are more risky than short-term ones.
Thus, the main definition will take the following form: credit risk is the probability that the borrower will not repay the amount of the principal debt to the bank due to the impossibility and / or unwillingness, in other words, credit risk is the risk that depends on the ability and desire of the client to fulfill his financial obligations to the bank.
Credit risks are the main ones in the bank's activity. In the event of non-repayment of loans, the bankruptcy of the bank is inevitable. Naturally, this type of risk cannot be completely eliminated. It remains to minimize the risks. Corporate clients make up the majority of almost any bank's clients. It is through them that the entire banking system functions. In this case, one legal entity borrower can compete in terms of profitability with an “uncountable” number of borrowers. individuals. AT modern Russia there is a certain specificity of corporate clients. This happens due to the characteristics tax system Russian Federation. Many fairly large enterprises are officially registered as individual entrepreneurs without education. legal entity. That is why they in this case can also be attributed to corporate clients.
In modern Russia, risk management is of particular importance. This is happening in connection with the growing crisis consumer lending. For banking system in general, interaction with corporate clients is more preferable than with individuals. Lending to one corporate client brings incomparably greater benefits. Next, methods of dealing directly with credit risks when working with corporate clients will be considered.
1.2 Credit risk management practices
Risk management techniques are risk management techniques. They consist of risk resolution tools and risk mitigation techniques. The means of resolving risks are: their avoidance, retention, transfer.
Transferring risk means that the investor transfers responsibility for the risk to someone else, such as an insurance company. In this case, the transfer of risk occurred through risk insurance.
Risk reduction is the reduction of the probability and amount of losses.
Diversification;
Limiting;
Insurance;
Acquisition of control over activities in related areas;
Diversification is the process of allocating capital among different investment objects that are not directly related to each other.
Diversification is the dispersion of investment risk. However, she cannot bring investment risk down to zero. This is due to the fact that entrepreneurship and investment activity the economic entity is influenced by external factors that are not related to the choice of specific objects of capital investment, and, therefore, they are not affected by diversification.
Risk consists of two parts: diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk (Figure 1.2).
Diversifiable risk, also called non-systematic, can be eliminated by dispersing it, i.e., diversification.
Non-diversifiable risk, also called systematic risk, cannot be reduced by diversification.
Figure 1.2 Dependence of the volume (or degree) of risk on diversification
In Figure 1.2, the value of the segment AB shows the amount of total risk, which consists of diversifiable risk (AK) and non-diversifiable risk (KB).
Limiting is the setting of a limit, i.e., the maximum amount of expenses, sales, loans, etc. Limiting is an important technique for reducing the degree of risk and is used by banks when issuing loans, when concluding an overdraft agreement, etc.
Reserve cash funds created primarily to cover unforeseen expenses, accounts payable, expenses for the liquidation of an economic entity. Their creation is obligatory for joint-stock companies.
The most important and most common method of risk reduction is risk insurance.
The essence of insurance is expressed in the fact that the investor is ready to give up part of his income in order to avoid risk, that is, he is ready to pay for reducing the degree of risk to zero.
Credit risk management is understood as a set of organizational and technical measures that make it possible to anticipate and resolve emerging issues related to credit risk in advance before they develop into a serious problem for the bank.
Complex methods for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers are used by many commercial banks However, their "empirical" nature, insufficient theoretical and methodological elaboration, and poor use of the mathematical apparatus attract attention. The main emphasis in their implementation is on the subjective opinion of experts. The existing system of selection of lending subjects, according to which most commercial banks operate today, is far from perfect in many respects. Its most significant shortcomings are as follows:
The basis of credit risk management is credit monitoring, that is, a set of measures for a comprehensive analysis of the bank's loan portfolio, the purpose of which is to obtain reliable information about its condition and to ensure the possibility of timely taking measures to manage credit risks.
Thus, the number of credit risk management methods is quite large. Unfortunately, on present stage some methods of risk reduction are unacceptable for modern Russia. The system of risk insurance is not sufficiently developed, there are great difficulties with risk diversification. Other problems of lending to corporate clients will be discussed in the next paragraph.
Credit risks of banks are the most significant in terms of losses incurred by banks as a result of banking operations. Credit risk concentration continues. New factors are emerging (globalization of the economy, Internet technologies, increased competition in the banking services market, etc.) that increase credit risks, both for individual banks and banking systems as a whole.
This is confirmed by the volume and growth of overdue loans in 2009 compared to the beginning of the year.
Table 1.2
NPL indicators
The Russian banking community, as well as the world, has recently been intensively searching for new, more advanced ways to manage credit risks, both at the level of a particular bank and at the level of risk regulation by supervisory authorities.
In the credit risk management system, a significant place is occupied by the creation by banks of a reserve for possible losses on loans.
The reserve is created in accordance with the precautionary principle and does not allow the bank to distribute part of the profit that may be required to cover future loan losses. The reporting data of banks allow us to conclude that this part of the profit, which is not spent on other purposes, but exists in the form of a reserve for possible losses on loans, is very significant (40-80%), and for many banks it is not a part at all, but an amount , several times exceeding the balance sheet profit of the bank (from 2 to 5 times). This circumstance imposes special requirements on the validity of the amount of the created reserve, since it is obvious that the amount of deductions affects the estimated indicators of the bank's activities: profitability, profitability, as well as the possibility of financing other expenses from the bank's profit.
Such, in essence, administration credit risks on the part of banking supervisory authorities, which is associated with significant costs (monthly regulation of debt on loans), can become a brake on improving management in banks, mastering and using new methods for assessing and insuring credit risks.
It is not entirely justified that the Bank of Russia does not accept such a method of security as insurance by the borrower of credit risks in an insurance company. Worldwide, insurance is an acceptable collateral for a loan because insurance risks are transferred to a specialized organization, and not concentrated in a credit institution. The qualification of such loans by the supervisory authorities as unsecured often artificially worsens the characteristics of the bank's loan portfolio, requiring, under certain conditions, a larger reserve.
Of course, the quality of security in the form of a guarantee, guarantee, insurance policy determined by the financial condition of the guarantor, guarantor and insurer. In this regard, it becomes obvious the need to form an appropriate rating culture in Russia, as well as the possibility of using data from foreign rating agencies. The classification of loans and equivalent debt as secured with various methods of collateral would contribute to the diversification of the loan portfolio and reduce the overall credit risk.
By reserving without sufficiently good reason a certain part of the loan amount (above the actual level of credit risk), banks will lose part of the profit that they could use to increase capital - a permanent source of covering bank losses. The problems of increasing capital are peculiar to small regional banks who work with small borrowers.
The question arises of the effectiveness of the use of the reserve for possible losses on loans. To assess the effectiveness, you can use an indicator that characterizes the share of the fund's resources spent to cover losses as a result of non-repayment of loans. Sample data show that in practical activities banks there are only a few instances of the use of the reserve for its intended purpose. Moreover, the amount of written-off losses is less than 1% of the amount of the created reserve.
It is clear from the debt write-offs outlined above that the poor performance of the reserve is partly due to complex procedures, additional costs, and the limitation of the bank's Board of Directors' rights to use the reserve.
Lending to corporate clients differs from lending to other clients directly by the borrower. In a more common sense, a corporate client is a legal entity. In modern Russia, there is a certain specificity associated with the peculiarities of taxation. In many cases, enterprises with large trade turnover are registered as individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity. In fact, IP data is inherently enough large enterprises. When calculating credit risk, the scale of activity of a potential borrower and the size of the loan play an important role. OJSC AKB Rosbank for individual entrepreneurs provides for a loan amount of up to 500 thousand rubles. While there are practically no restrictions for a corporate client. The Buryat branch has a limit of 20 million rubles, that is, at the discretion of the employees of the credit department, potentially, the borrower can receive a loan within the limit of the branch. If a larger amount is needed, the loan application is sent to the Head Office in Moscow. Naturally, a very small number of individual entrepreneurs will be satisfied with a loan amount of up to 500 thousand rubles. In this case, they are treated as corporate clients.
The activities of commercial banks in the area of credit risks are regulated by instructions of the Bank of Russia No. 242-P "On the organization of internal control in credit institutions and banking groups" and No. 254-P "On the procedure for the formation by credit institutions of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loans and equal to her debt."
Rosbank was founded in March 1992 as a commercial bank specializing in servicing commercial enterprises and municipal institutions. Today Rosbank is a universal, backbone, high-tech, commercial bank, confidently included in the top ten leading Russian banks.
Rosbank serves more than 80.6 thousand corporate clients and about 5.3 million individuals. Among the Bank's clients budget organizations and off-budget funds, tax inspections, joint-stock companies, foreign firms and their representative offices, individuals.
Rosbank is constantly strengthening its presence in the financial and banking sector by expanding its branch network and subsidiaries both in Russia and outside the country. The developed branch network of Rosbank allows clients to promote their own business in all economically important regions of Russia.
Rosbank operates its own processing center that services all card programs of the Bank. By October 01, 2009 the Bank issued over 4.9 million cards. The bank has its own processing center certified by Visa International and Europay International, has a wide network of ATMs (more than 800) and cash points.
In the metropolitan region, Rosbank provides services to clients through a network of 66 separate divisions (branches, operating cash desks and exchange offices) operating in all administrative districts. Services to the population are also provided in 448 postal and banking branches. The activities of JSCB Rosbank are regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation and are carried out in accordance with Federal Laws“On Joint Stock Companies” and “On Banks and Banking Activity”.
In accordance with the Charter, Rosbank is authorized to carry out the entire range of operations permitted to commercial banks by the legislation of the Russian Federation, including: attract funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits, place funds raised on its own behalf and at its own expense, open and maintain bank accounts of individuals and legal entities persons, carry out settlements on behalf of clients, collect funds, provide cash services, attract deposits and place precious metals, transfer funds, issue bank guarantees, provide long-term and short-term lending to individuals and legal entities, leasing operations etc.
On a regular basis, Rosbank provides charitable assistance to socially unprotected sections of society, medical, educational and cultural institutions, sports and religious organizations, takes an active part in socially significant events held in Moscow and throughout Russia as a whole.
Main shareholders: Societe Generale - 64.7%, PHARANCO HOLDINGS CO. LIMITED - 30.3%, Others - 5.0%.
Correspondent banks outside Russia: JPMorgan Chase Bank, HSBC, BNP Pavibas, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG, Commerzbank AG, UBS AG, Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich AG, Nordea Group, Credit Lyonnais, Bank of Tokyo, Mitsubishi, Bank of China, State Bank of India.
In fulfilling its statutory tasks, the Bank focuses on the development of the region's economic and financial potential and supports municipal programs.
Among the Bank's clients are budgetary organizations and non-budgetary funds, tax inspectorates, joint-stock companies, foreign firms and their representative offices, individuals.
The Amur branch of Rosbank began its work in August 1999. Today, among his clients are more than 1,300 legal entities and about 8,600 individuals. The work of the branch is closely connected with the economic and social life Amur region. Many modern productions, industrial and social infrastructure facilities have been created in the region thanks to credit support Rosbank. The Amur branch of Rosbank finances the expenditures of the budget of the Amur Region. The branch's clients, both individuals and legal entities, are provided with a wide range of banking products and services. Reliability, commitment, high quality of service are the hallmarks of the Amur Branch in its work with clients. During this time, the Bank has gone through all the stages of formation and has taken a strong position in the banking community of the country. The bank is one of the 10 largest banks in Russia.
The achievements of the Bank have had a significant impact on its business reputation, which is based on its stable and uninterrupted work. Last year, the Bank made serious efforts to expand its client base and further develop mutually beneficial relationships with counterparties, creating the most comfortable conditions and a high level of banking services. The result of this policy was the growth of the client base over the past year by more than 17%.
JSCB "Rosbank" serves enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership, including the state. The Bank serves financial institutions, insurance companies, trade enterprises, car dealerships, real estate companies, construction organizations and many others. The fact that the Bank has a license from the Bank of Russia to carry out banking operations with precious metals makes it possible to serve enterprises engaged in the extraction, processing and sale of precious metals.
The expansion of the client base contributes to the diversification of the loan portfolio and maintaining a stable profitability of the bank. This helps strengthen the Bank's position in the banking services market and makes it more competitive in the Russian commercial banking system.
In 2009, the Bank carried out active work on lending to the Bank's customers. The credit policy aimed at minimization and constant monitoring of credit risks was improved. Given that the main degree of concentration of risks associated with banking operations falls on credit risks, the Bank pursued an active policy to minimize this type of risk. In particular, the system of comprehensive assessment of borrowers was improved, and the system of requirements for loan collateral was optimized.
Credit resources were allocated to various sectors of the economy that have a conscientious credit history and a planned production and technological cycle, as well as occupying a stable position in their type of business.
In the end for reporting year The Bank's loan portfolio grew 3.6 times and amounted to 2,603 million rubles, including commercial loans - 2,080 million rubles, interbank loans - 523 million rubles. A significant increase in lending was achieved through a flexible client policy and an individual approach to each client.
Loans to legal entities - 65%;
Loans to individuals - 15%;
Interbank loans - 20%.
The internal control system of JSCB Rosbank is a combination of accounting and credit policies, regulatory procedures, internal instructions aimed at preventing, detecting and correcting material errors and misrepresentations of information that may arise in the activities of the Bank. Formation of a team of highly qualified specialists is an important task for the Bank. Over the past year, the number of employees who improve their level of education has increased. The Bank's employees regularly attend seminars and consultations held by audit and consulting companies.
An important point in terms of the distribution of functions between structural units is the definition of the organizational structure of the bank. There are the following regulations and documents regulating the operation of Rosbank branches and the formation of their organizational structure, taking into account changes and additions:
Bank of Russia Instruction No. 109-I, dated January 14, 2004, “On the Procedure for the Bank of Russia to Make a Decision on the State Registration of Credit Institutions and the Issuance of Licenses for Banking Operations”;
Charter of Joint Stock Commercial "Rosbank" (JSC);
Regulations on the branch of JSCB Rosbank;
According to the Charter, the supreme governing body of Rosbank is the General Meeting of Shareholders, whose functions include: making changes and additions to the Charter; reorganization of the Bank; liquidation of the Bank; appointment of a liquidation commission and approval of interim and liquidation balance sheets; election of the President of the Bank; determination of the total amount of declared shares; reduction of the authorized capital of the bank by reducing the par value of shares; approval of annual reports; distribution of profits and losses and resolution of other issues provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The Board of Directors carries out general management of the Bank's activities. Its functions include: determination of priority areas of the Bank's activities; Convening meetings of shareholders; increase in the authorized capital by increasing the nominal value of shares or additional issue; formation of the Board of the Bank; recommendations on the amount of annual dividends on shares and the procedure for their payment; approval of the Bank's internal documents and resolution of other issues stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The President of the Bank is the sole executive body of the Bank and is elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders for a term of 4 years. Its functions include: submitting for consideration by the Board of Directors annual report Jar; representing the Bank in relations with other organizations; distribution of duties between deputies; structure approval and staffing the central office of the Bank; appointment and dismissal of the heads of departments of the central office of the Bank and branches in the republics, territories and regions, imposition of disciplinary sanctions on them. The President of the Bank, without a power of attorney, acts on behalf of the Bank, represents its interests, makes transactions, issues orders and gives instructions.
The Management Board of the Bank is a collegiate executive board that makes decisions on issues of direct current management of the Bank's activities. This body discusses the reports of the heads of departments and branches on the results of activities for the relevant periods; establishes the procedure for the formation, use of funds; decides on the placement of securities; organizes the introduction into practice of the most progressive banking technologies, approves the rules for performing banking operations; approves interest rates on deposits, deposits, savings certificates, loans for individuals; considers the status of accounting, reporting and intra-bank control and resolves other issues.
Branches of the Bank act on the basis of the Regulations approved by the Board of the Bank. Branches in the republics, territories, regions are headed by directors of branches (managers) appointed by the Board of the Bank.
Organizational structure of the Amur branch of JSCB Rosbank:
1. Director of the branch,
Human Resources Department,
legal service,
Department accounting and reporting
Retail Business Department,
Security Service,
Financial sector (planning),
Sector for work with pledges,
Economic sector;
2. Deputy Director,
Department corporate business,
Small business lending sector,
Operations department
Department of Software Automation and Telecommunications,
The management of the Bank exercises control over the day-to-day activities of the organization. The administration includes a legal adviser and a human resources specialist. The lawyer-consul carries out the legal substantiation of financial and economic activity bank, protection of interests in courts and arbitration. The HR specialist selects and improves the qualifications of personnel, monitors compliance with labor laws.
The accounting and reporting department collects, registers and summarizes accounting information and provides reports.
The financial sector is engaged in the analysis, planning and forecasting of financial and economic activities.
The corporate business department is engaged in lending to legal entities.
The Operations Department performs settlement and cash services clients.
The retail business department is engaged in lending to individuals, attracting funds from the population for settlement and cash services for deposit accounts and bank cards.
The Department of Automation, Software and Telecommunications develops and maintains automated banking systems, provides communications, and maintains computer equipment.
The economic sector provides the supply of goods and materials, the maintenance of public utilities.
When analyzing the distribution of functions between the structural subdivisions of the apparatus of a branch of Rosbank of Russia, it can be seen that this scheme in general view corresponds to the goals and objectives of the bank's functioning.
In market conditions, the analysis of the bank's assets is the most relevant, since, based on the findings of this analysis, proposals for managing credit resources are developed and measures are taken for the efficient, rational and least risky allocation of resources. Table 2.1 and Appendix A present the data on the analysis of the assets of JSCB Rosbank.
Table 2.1
Structure of assets of JSCB Rosbank
| Asset items |
total assets in 2007, % |
total assets in 2008, % |
total assets in 200, % |
||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Cash and accounts with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation | 6,13 | 9,64 | 7,60 | 243 | 64 |
| Required reserves in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation | 6,75 | 1,83 | 7,20 | 42 | 319 |
| Funds in credit institutions | 1,00 | 0,45 | 0,98 | 69 | 178 |
| Investments in trading securities | 7,03 | 11,33 | 6,78 | 249 | 48 |
| Loan and equivalent debt | 53,89 | 63,45 | 56,22 | 182 | 72 |
| Investments in investment securities held to maturity | 7,38 | 0,61 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| fixed assets, intangible assets, household materials and low-value and wearing items | 2,28 | 1,43 | 1,66 | 97 | 94 |
| Securities available for sale | 0,61 | 3,67 | 2,66 | 930 | 59 |
| Settlements with branches | 7,20 | 5,77 | 10,20 | 124 | 143 |
| Other assets | 7,73 | 1,82 | 6,70 | 36 | 298 |
| Total assets (st. st. +2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10) | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 155 | 81 |
The bank's assets grew by 55% in 2008, and in 2009 they decreased by 20%. The increase in assets in 2008 occurred primarily due to the increase in available securities, the growth rate of which was 9.3 times, as well as due to the growth of cash in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and investments in trading securities, the growth rate of which was 2 .43 and 2.49 times, respectively. The decrease in the bank's assets in 2009 was due to the lack of investments in investment securities, the reduction of investments in trading securities, the growth rate of which in 2009 was 0.48 times.
Analyzing the structure of assets, the lion's share is occupied by loan and equivalent debt, which is 53.89% in 2007, 63.45% and 56.22% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The structure of assets for 2007 also includes investments in investment securities held to maturity, the share of which was 7.38%; settlements with branches - 7.2%; investments in trading securities – 7.03%; required reserves (6.75%) and cash in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (6.13%); other assets - 7.73%. In the structure of assets for 2008, the largest share is occupied by: investments in trading securities - 11.33%; cash and accounts with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation - 9.64%; settlements with branches – 5.77%. As regards the structure of assets in 2009, the largest share is occupied by settlements with branches - 10.2%; cash and required reserves in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which amount to 7.6% and 7.2%, respectively; investments in trading securities (6.78%) and other assets (6.7%).
Table 2.1 shows that over the course of three years the share of working assets has gradually increased, this is a positive trend and indicates an improvement in the bank's asset management. The lending policy of the branch is aimed at meeting the needs of the population, enterprises and organizations in borrowed funds. Given the increased demand of the population for lending services, the branch expanded the range of loans provided. New types of loans have been mastered: corporate loans, related lending, credit cards.
The balanced credit policy pursued by the branch and the adoption of measures to minimize credit risks made it possible to reduce the share of overdue debts from 0.2% in 2007 to 0.2%. to 0.08% in 2009
This asset structure is quite efficient and highly diversified. The share of working assets is high, and this allows the bank to get the maximum benefit from the attracted resources, it should also be noted that the bank sufficiently creates effective, income-generating instruments.
State of the art passive operations determines the size of bank resources and, consequently, the scale of the bank's activities. Table 2.2 and Appendix A present an analysis of the liabilities of JSCB Rosbank.
Table 2.2
Structure of liabilities of JSCB Rosbank
| Liabilities articles | Oud. weight in total liabilities in 2007, % | Oud. weight in total liabilities in 2008, % | Oud. weight in total liabilities in 2009, % | Growth rate 2008 by 2007, % | Growth rate 2009 by 2008, % |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Funds of credit institutions | 10,09 | 2,32 | 4,54 | 45 | 124 |
| Client funds | 57,33 | 57,44 | 64,94 | 197 | 72 |
| including deposits of individuals | 24,20 | 22,09 | 28,94 | 180 | 83 |
| Issued debt obligations |
6,97 | 3,05 | 5,10 | 86 | 106 |
| Settlements with branches | 7,20 | 4,54 | 10,20 | 124 | 143 |
| Other liabilities | 6,90 | 1,19 | 5,46 | 34 | 291 |
| Total liabilities (Article 12+13+14+15+16) | 88,48 | 90,63 | 90,24 | 202 | 63 |
| OWN FUNDS | |||||
| Authorized capital | 7,59 | 5,67 | 6,07 | 147 | 68 |
| Subordinated loan | 0,98 | 0,36 | 0,50 | 73 | 88 |
| Funds and profit left at the disposal of the credit institution | 1,07 | 1,54 | 1,27 | 282 | 52 |
| Provisions for possible losses, for depreciation of securities, for settlements with debtors | 1,41 | 0,74 | 1,12 | 103 | 96 |
| Profit of the reporting year | 0,96 | 1,41 | 1,50 | 288 | 68 |
| Profit use | 0,25 | 0,15 | 0,26 | 113 | 112 |
| Other own funds | 0,24 | 0,20 | 0,44 | 166 | 140 |
Total own funds (Article 18+19+20+21+ |
11,52 | 9,37 | 9,76 | 160 | 66 |
| Total liabilities (line 17+line 25) | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 197 | 64 |
The increase in the resource potential of the department was provided for the most part by attracting free funds from the population. The attracted resources of the bank in the analyzed period increased by 41.6% in 2009 compared to 2007, mainly due to the increase in the funds of individuals. In 2009, compared to 2007, deposits of individuals increased 1.49 times, increasing their share in total liabilities from 24.20% to 28.94%.
Analyzing table 2.2, one can observe a decrease in all liability items in 2008. In 2007, in addition to customer funds, the largest specific gravity borrow funds from credit institutions - 10.09% and own funds of the bank - 11.52%. In 2008, there was a reduction in the funds of credit institutions compared to previous year, as well as a reduction in the overall structure of liabilities - 2.32%, but in 2009 we see a slight increase in this item by 1.24 times. In 2009, the largest share is occupied by settlements with branches - 10.20%. Bank's own funds for 2008-2009 in the overall structure of liabilities fluctuated slightly and amounted to 9.37% and 9.76%, respectively.
In general, the bank's resource base is quite stable, the share of individuals' funds is optimal for such a bank, since Rosbank is focused on working with various categories of borrowers, both individuals and enterprises and organizations.
An analysis of the bank's income and expenses makes it possible to study the results of a commercial bank's activities, and, consequently, to evaluate its effectiveness as a commercial enterprise. The purpose of the analysis of banking activity in terms of its financial results is to identify reserves for the growth of the bank's profitability and, on this basis, formulate recommendations for the bank's management on pursuing an appropriate policy in the field of passive and active operations. Banking performance analysis begins with an analysis of income and expenses, and ends with a profit study. All expenses incurred and income received are recorded in the bank's effective accounts, which are otherwise called profit and loss accounts.
The central place in the analysis of the financial results of commercial banks belongs to the study of the volume and quality of their income, since they are the main factor in the formation of profits for credit institutions, and a decrease in income is, as a rule, an objective indicator of the inevitable financial difficulties of the bank. Table 2.3 and Appendix A present data on the structure and dynamics of the bank's income for 2007-2009.
Income in 2007 amounted to 11,310,349 thousand rubles, in 2008 - 7,803,252 thousand rubles. and in 2009 - 5,394,170 thousand rubles. As can be seen from the data in Appendix B and Table 2.3, there is a trend towards a decrease in the bank's income, this is due to a decrease in income in almost all respects. Significant growth rates of income, compared with the general background, were observed in such items as income from operations with securities in 2008 - 4.43 times; income from operations with foreign currency in 2009 - 1.21 times; other net operating income in 2009 - 16.48 times.
Table 2.3
Structure of income and expenses of JSCB Rosbank
| Asset items |
total assets in 2007, % |
total assets in 2008, % |
total assets in 2009, % |
Growth rate 2008 by 2007, % | Growth rate 2009 by 2008, % |
| Net interest and similar income | 72,82 | 67,67 | 62,32 | 61 | 64 |
| Net income from operations with securities | 1,37 | 9,28 | 6,64 | 443 | 49 |
| Net income from foreign exchange transactions | 4,62 | 5,08 | 8,91 | 72 | 121 |
| Net income from operations with precious metals and other financial instruments | 0,16 | 0,10 | 0,13 | 40 | 91 |
| Net income from revaluation foreign exchange | -1,18 | -2,55 | -7,21 | -142 | -195 |
| Fee and commission income | 24,01 | 23,17 | 21,56 | 63 | 64 |
| Net income from one-time transactions | 0,56 | -2,87 | 4,58 | -335 | 110 |
| Other net operating income | -2,37 | 0,13 | 3,08 | 4 | 1648 |
| Total income | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 66 | 69 |
| Administrative and management expenses | 78,68 | 84,18 | 91,49 | 74 | 80 |
| Provision for possible losses | 11,78 | 5,49 | 0,16 | 32 | 2 |
| Commission expenses | 9,53 | 10,33 | 8,35 | 75 | 59 |
| Total expenses | 100,00 | 100,00 | 100,00 | 69 | 74 |
A large share in the composition of income is occupied by net interest and similar income, which amounted to 72.82% in 2007, 67.67% in 2008 and 62.32% in 2009. Commission fees also occupy a fairly significant place in the total income. revenues, the share of which is 24.01% for 2007, and in 2008-2009. 23.17% and 21.56% respectively. You can also note the income from operations with foreign currency - 4.62%, 5.08%, 8.91%; income from operations with securities - 1.37%, 9.28%, 6.64%.
The expenses for the analyzed period amounted to 6,187,106 thousand rubles, 4,295,449 thousand rubles, 3,158,192 thousand rubles. respectively.
Expenses in the analyzed period decreased in proportion to income - from 6,187.1 million rubles. up to 3158.2 million rubles. Such a significant reduction in expenses (almost 2 times) is observed mainly due to a reduction in reserves for possible losses by 3.09 times in 2008, and in 2009 - 48.03 times. According to Appendix B and Table 2.3, expenses are reduced in all respects: administrative and management expenses for the period 2007-2009. decreased by 2 times, commission expenses - by 2.24 times.
The lion's share in the composition of expenses is occupied by administrative and management expenses, the share of which amounted to 78.68% in 2007, 84.18% in 2008, 91.49% in 2009. You can also note the share of reserves for possible losses - 11.78% in 2007 and commission expenses 10.33% in 2008.
As part of the financial analysis of the bank's activities, we will assess its profitability. The key indicator here is the ratio of after-tax profit ( net profit) to the bank's equity, ROE. This indicator characterizes the economic return on own funds (capital), i.e., the amount of profit per 1 ruble of own funds.
It should be noted that the return on equity ratio in expanded form is the result of multiplying the indicator of profitability (profitability) of total assets (ROA) by the bank's equity multiplier (MC), i.e.:
(2.1)
Using the method of chain substitutions, one can quantify the influence of each of the factors introduced into the model on the value of the return on equity ratio.
Profitability indicators, which are the results of the ratio of profit (net income) and the means of obtaining it, to a greater extent characterize the efficiency of the bank - its productivity and return financial resources, supplementing the analysis of absolute quantitative values and revealing their qualitative content.
The most important indicators of profitability for a credit institution are the return on assets (ROA), which characterizes the amount of profit received for each ruble of bank assets and return on equity (ROE), which characterizes the amount of profit received for each ruble of its own funds (capital). They are designed both to analyze the effectiveness of individual active operations of the bank and the management of the bank as a whole, and for a comparative analysis with other banks. A low rate of return may be the result of conservative lending and investment policies, as well as excessive operating costs. A high earnings-to-asset ratio may be the result of a bank's efficient performance and high stakes income assets.
where P - net after-tax profit of the bank;
K - own funds (capital);
A is the value of assets.
The acceptable value of the return on assets (ROA) is 0.015, the critical value is 0.
As of January 01, 2009 - ROE 2007 and January 01, 2007 - ROE 2009 these indicators are equal:
ROE 2008 
(2.4)
ROE 2009 
(2.5)
Since the return on equity ratio in expanded form is the result of multiplying the indicator of profitability (profitability) of total assets (ROA) by the bank's equity multiplier (MC), i.e.:
(2.6)
Using the method of chain substitutions, we will evaluate the influence of each of the factors introduced into the model on the value of the return on equity ratio.
ROA 2008= =0.0175 (2.7)
ROA 2009 =0.0122 (2.8)
Total change in return on equity:
∆ROE = 0.125 - 0.147 = -0.022 (2.9)
The impact of changes in the profitability of total assets (ROA) on the dynamics of return on equity:
∆ROE ROA = (ROA 2009 – ROA 2008)×MK 2009 = (0.0122 – 0.0175) ×10.25= -0.0543; (2.10)
The impact of changes in the capital multiplier (MC) on the dynamics of return on equity:
∆ROE MK = ROA 2008 × (MK 2009 - MK 2008) = 0.0175 × (10.25 - 8.4) = 0.0324; (2.11)
Thus, we conclude that, compared with the base period, the return on equity decreased by 2.2%, and due to a decrease in the profitability of total assets, it decreased by 5.43%, and due to the growth of the capital multiplier, it increased by 3, 24%. Since the allowable value of the return on assets (ROA) is 0.015, the critical value is 0, we can conclude that ROA=0.012 in 2009. indicates the presence of certain problems in the financial and economic activities of the bank.
In the period under review, the bank's financial result was net profit. Bank profit indicators for 2007-2009 presented in table 2.4
Table 2.4
Dynamics of profit indicators of the branch of JSCB Rosbank
Profit decreased by 26.46% in 2008 and by 43.58% in 2009. With declining profit volumes, the tax deductions of the organization also decreased, which was reflected in the dynamics.
A bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio (N1) regulates (limits) the risk of a bank's insolvency and determines the requirements for the minimum amount of a bank's own funds (capital) required to cover credit and market risks. A bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio is defined as the ratio of the bank's own funds (capital) to the amount of its assets, weighted by risk level. The calculation of the bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio includes:
The amount of credit risk on assets reflected in the balance sheet accounts (assets net of created reserves for possible losses and reserves for possible losses on loans, loan and equivalent debt, weighted by risk level);
The amount of credit risk on contingent credit-related commitments;
The amount of credit risk on futures transactions;
The amount of market risk.
Also for evaluation financial condition it seems appropriate to consider some of the mandatory standards of the Central Bank.
The bank's own funds (capital) adequacy ratio (N1) is calculated using the following formula:
where K is the bank's own funds (capital) determined in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 215-P of February 10, 2006 "On the Methodology for Determining Credit Institutions' Equity Capital", registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 17, 2006 No. 4269;
Kp i - risk coefficient of the i-th asset;
And i - the i-th asset of the bank;
Рк i - the amount of the reserve for possible losses or the reserve for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt of the i-th asset;
KRV - the amount of credit risk on contingent liabilities of a credit nature;
KRS - the amount of credit risk on futures transactions;
РР - the amount of market risk, in accordance with the requirements normative act Bank of Russia on the procedure for calculating the amount of market risks by credit institutions.
OVM - obligations (liabilities) on demand, for which the depositor and (or) the creditor may present a demand for their immediate repayment.
The minimum allowable numerical value of the H2 standard is set at 15%.
This technique allows for a comprehensive analysis of each loan product provided by the Bank to its client in terms of the probability of the client failing to fulfill its obligations to the Bank - to determine the risk group (quality category) of the product, as well as to determine the credit risk limit for the product. The methodology was approved in accordance with Order No. 519 dated March 13, 2007 “On Approval of the Methodology for Assessing the Risk Level of Credit Products Provided to Corporate Clients”.
The product quality category and credit risk limit per product are calculated based on this methodology when considering granting a credit product/setting a counterparty limit or changing the terms of existing products/limits. In addition, these parameters are calculated at intervals set by the internal regulatory framework Bank to monitor credit risk, and are recalculated for existing products/limits when a new product/limit is issued to the same customer.
In order to classify the level of credit risk, the analyzed loan product (customer obligation) is assessed according to the following groups of factors:
a) the quality of collateral for the loan product;
b) the client's credit history;
c) turnover on customer accounts in banks;
d) the financial condition of the client;
e) additional objective assessment factors;
f) additional subjective evaluation factors;
g) evaluation of the unit.
Each group of factors has its own weight, which determines the significance of this group in the overall assessment.
The total number of points received by the loan product as a result of the analysis. is determined by the sum of the products of the points scored for each group of factors by the weight of this group, or:
B 0 \u003d Ф 1 * k 1 + Ф 2 * k 2 + ... + Ф j * j, (2.15)
where B o - the total number of points,
Ф j - the sum of points scored on the i-th group of factors,
k j - weight of the j-th group.
Each group of factors includes a number of indicators that form an assessment for this group. Each indicator has its own weight in the group. The number of points scored by the client for this group is determined by the sum of the products of the points scored for each indicator and the weight of this indicator in the group, or:
Ф i =n 1 *k 1 + n 2 *k 2 + ...+ n j *k j , (2.16)
where Ф i is the total number of points of the i-th group of factors,
n j - the sum of points scored in the j-th group of indicators,
k j - the weight of the j-th indicator in the group.
For the purpose of calculating the credit risk limit for a product, the amount of liabilities to the Bank does not include guarantees of the client to the Bank for third parties, provided that there are facts indicating the excellent financial and economic condition of the borrower, for whom the client has guaranteed, and his readiness to pay off his obligations.
To calculate the risk group of the analyzed loan product, the reporting data provided by the client is used prescribed form: balance sheet (form No. 1) and statement of financial results (form No. 2). In addition, the loan officer should request the client to prepare for the last 4 reporting periods a breakdown of cash flows in the form of standard financial statements “Statement of cash flows (form No. 4).
STOP indicators for certain values of the parameters provided for by the methodology are used both to evaluate newly provided products, and in the case of revaluation of existing ones.
A) quality assurance. Group weight 0.25
Collateral is assessed separately for each loan product and type of collateral.
If different types of assets are provided as collateral for one loan product, the calculation is made by summing the estimates for each type of assets.
Highly liquid collateral is not assessed, because it is not included in the calculation. If the collateral offered by the client is of a highly liquid type, then the amount of liabilities to the Bank for the purposes of this analysis is reduced by the collateral value of this collateral.
The sum of points for the "Quality of support" group, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 25 points.
B) Estimation of the client's turnover. Group weight 0.25
In the event that a client who has no turnover in the Bank at the time of submitting a loan application, undertakes to transfer them to the Bank within a certain period, the latter can be taken into account when filling out a file with a discount coefficient of 0.7 of the volume planned for transfer. At the same time, the client is obliged to submit, certified by the seal of the bank (banks), in which (he holds turnovers), a certificate of the level of average monthly turnovers for the last three months.
The sum of points for the group "Assessing the turnover of the client", taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 25 points.
C) credit history. Group weight 0.1
If the client has no current overdue debt, then for each previously issued Bank loan without delay in payment of interest and principal, depending on the ratio of the amount of repaid loans, the client receives the number of points shown in the table.
Table 2.6
Point calculation
The total score for this indicator cannot exceed 100.
The points scored by the client for each fact of overdue debt are adjusted by a coefficient that takes into account the share of overdue debt in the amount of the loan product for which it arose.
Table 2.7
Calculation of the correction factor
Credit history in other banks is assessed subject to its compliance with the client's financial statements. At the same time, a positive credit history more than a year old from the date of consideration is not taken into account.
The weight of the indicator in the group is 0.2.
The maximum amount of points scored in the Credit history group, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 10 points.
D) the financial condition of the client. Group weight 0.25
The overall assessment of the financial condition of the borrower is based on a rigorous (formalized) analysis of its financial indicators calculated as of the last reporting date.
Assessment of the borrower's current financial condition is carried out by calculating the following financial indicators that characterize the borrower's performance, its ability to fulfill short-term obligations, independence from external sources of financing. Depending on the value of each of the indicators, the borrower receives a certain score, the total amount of which, taking into account the weight of the indicator in the group, gives the final score.
All financial indicators are calculated according to the data for the last reporting period(quarter). Those. if the analysis is based on the results of the last quarterly financial report, then as revenue from sales, profit and other indicators reflected on an accrual basis (data of forms No. 2 and No. 4), the values corresponding to the results of work for the last quarter are taken. To determine them from the data of the analyzed financial reporting it is necessary to subtract the values of the same indicators at the beginning of the analyzed period. This procedure must be carried out for reporting for all quarters except the first of the year.
Form No. 2 reflects net sales proceeds, i.e. revenue excluding VAT, excises, customs duties and other similar payments. Therefore, when calculating the turnover ratios of accounts receivable and all current liabilities, the amount of current debt to suppliers and contractors (lines 621 and 622 of form No. 1) and the amount of receivables from buyers (lines 231 and 232 of form No. 1) must be reduced by the amount of such obligatory payments.
The total score in the "Financial condition" section, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 25 points.
E) Additional objective evaluation factors. Group weight 0.05
Territorial location of the client (according to the actual location):
Table 2.8
Calculation of the number of points depending on the coefficient
Indicator weight 0.2
The actual duration of the analyzed client (from the date of the actual establishment of the enterprise to the date of analysis - provided that succession was maintained during subsequent re-registrations):
Table 2.9
Calculation of the number of points depending on the validity period of the client
Indicator weight 0.2
Ability to control the current activities of the client (the share of the Bank or its subsidiary in the authorized capital of the borrower):
Table 2.10
Calculation of the number of points depending on the share in the capital
Indicator weight 0.1
Time to maturity of the liability to the Bank (the number of months remaining from the date of analysis to the planned maturity of the assessed liability by the client; for a newly requested loan product - the planned duration of the liability):
Table 2.11
Calculation of the number of points depending on the term to maturity
Indicator weight 0.5
The total score for the "Additional objective assessment factors" section, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 5 points.
E) Additional subjective evaluation factors. Group weight 0.05
This section assesses subjective factors affecting credit risk. The degree of influence of these factors depends on various features operation of the client enterprise.
For each of the proposed parameters, the loan officer selects only one option, the assessment of which, taking into account the weight of the parameter and the weight of the factor, is included in the composite assessment for this section.
The following parameters are used to assess subjective factors:
Table 2.12
Share of subjective factors
The total score for the "Additional subjective assessment factors" section, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 5 points.
G) Evaluation of the credit unit. Group weight 0.05
This section analyzes the factors that affect credit risks, but are not amenable to formalization.
"Subdivision Evaluation" is intended to reflect a predictive assessment of the client's performance based on highly subjective parameters of its performance and personal experience of the loan officer.
The default score value is zero. Evaluation must be accompanied by written reasoning. The loan officer must clearly and reasonably indicate the reasons on the basis of which he considered it necessary to change the assessment, and enter them in the client's credit file.
In case of their absence or uncertainty of the loan officer in the correctness of the analysis made by him, the change of the assessment is not allowed.
In disputable situations, the final decision on the admissibility of using the value of the adjustment made by the loan officer is made by the Credit Risk Department of the Bank.
The total score for the "Evaluation of the unit" section, taking into account the weight of the group, cannot exceed 3 points.
Determining the amount of credit risk.
The amount of credit risk on a credit product (hereinafter referred to as the amount of risk) is the amount of funds that the Bank determines as possible losses in the implementation of a particular loan project.
The amount of risk of a credit product is calculated by multiplying the risk coefficient corresponding to the product:
At the stage of considering the possibility of providing the product - in the amount of the maximum possible debt on it,
At the stage of maintenance of a previously issued product - for the amount of the product
The risk coefficient (risk group) of the analyzed credit product is determined by the sum of points scored as a result of the analysis.
Table 2.13
Definition of a risk group depending on the number of points
The risk ratio in table 2.13 indicates the probability of losses on a particular obligation, and is used to calculate the yield, determine the price of a loan product, and solve other problems.
If the borrower has offered the Bank highly liquid collateral, then the assessment of the level of credit risk on the client's obligations is carried out without taking into account the part of the obligations covered by this collateral. The amount of risk in this case is calculated according to the following algorithm.
The entire loan product is divided into two parts. For the one that is backed by highly liquid collateral, the amount of risk is calculated by applying a risk factor equal to 1% to this part of the debt. The sum of the risk of the other part is determined by the results of the analysis using this Method. As a result of evaluating such a loan product, it is classified according to the risk group to which the part of the debt not covered by highly liquid collateral is assigned.
The overall risk factor for the product in this case is calculated as follows:
R= (R 1 *S 1 + R 2 *S 2) / S, (2.17)
where R 1 is the risk factor for the part of the loan product secured by highly liquid collateral;
(2.18)
R 2 - risk coefficient for the part of the loan product not secured by highly liquid collateral;
S is the total amount of the loan product;
S 1 - part of the loan product, secured by highly liquid collateral;
S 2 - part of the loan product, not secured by highly liquid collateral.
For loan products granted for a period of more than 1 year, the value of the risk coefficient is adjusted depending on the loan term according to the formula below.
, (2.19)
where R sr is the final value of the risk coefficient for a product provided for a period of more than 1 year, in percent;
R - risk coefficient for the product, in percent;
T - the period from the date of calculation to the repayment of the loan product, in years. At T<1, Т принимается равным 1.
Calculation of the base value of the credit risk limit for the product.
The credit risk limit per product is calculated by a loan officer for any corporate client of the Bank when considering the issue of providing this client with a specific loan product / setting a limit for this client or prolonging an existing loan product and limit. In addition, the calculation is made at the intervals established by the current regulatory documents for monitoring credit risk, including for the client's existing credit products, if a new credit product is provided to him.
In some cases, the client may be provided loan products in an amount exceeding the calculated credit risk limit.
A necessary condition for making a decision to provide a client with a certain amount of credit services is that he has his own sources of repayment of obligations. The main source of repayment of the client's obligations is the cash flow generated by it.
Table 2.14
Calculation of the forecasted cash flow
| Index | The source of information |
| Gross income (AR) from all activities and other receipts for the quarter | Form No. 4 (p.030+p.050+p.090) |
| Average Quarterly Gross Revenue (AQR) for the last three quarters | (VD2+VDZ+VD4):3 |
| Average Gross Revenue (TR) growth rate in percent for the last three quarters | ((VD3 / VD2 + VD4 / VDZ): 2) x100% |
| Projected gross income in the next reporting period | (TRxSVD)100% |
| Projected receipts of real receivables in the next reporting period | Breakdown of accounts receivable by maturity |
| Accounts payable due in the next reporting period (except for loans and borrowings) | Breakdown of accounts payable by maturity |
| Forecast cash flow (PCF) in the next reporting period | page 4 + page 5 - page 6 |
The amount of credit products provided to related borrowers should not exceed the total credit risk limit for related borrowers, calculated for each loan product provided to customers in the group of related borrowers, based on the cash flow of customers, additionally cleared of funds received from other members of the group .
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation strictly regulates the work of banks and the calculation of the level of credit risk. In any case, the risk assessment methodology in each bank is mainly determined by the regulations of the Central Bank. But the considered technique is used only in JSCB Rosbank. This technique is characterized by incomplete coverage of information coming from a potential borrower. In the third chapter, we will consider ways to change this methodology in order to more accurately assess credit risk.
Project lending is associated with increased risks. They are mainly related to the probability of non-repayment of allocated resources (credits), lost profits in the implementation of the project and the lack of conditions and methods for urgent mobilization of resources for investment projects (deficiency of financial technologies). In most cases, difficulties arise not only as a result of actions (inaction) of the state, although, of course, amendments to banking legislation are needed to initiate project financing and the establishment of rules that determine the procedure for implementing large international projects. Often they are due to an inefficient approach to the analysis of the transaction and the choice on its basis of the regional and sectoral construction of the project, as well as the structural conditions for the construction of the facility. In Russian conditions, the risks of a specific financial transaction should not be compared with the investment risks of the entire region.
One of the weak points is still the area of long-term forecasting, which makes it possible to reasonably estimate the borrower's activities over time, taking into account the current reliability of its business and real risks. Therefore, the main elements of the analysis can be:
The financial position of the potential borrower;
Calculation of the profitability of project investments (recoupment of borrowings);
Analysis of the external environment.
In its most general form, the development of a lending model in a project raises several issues, namely:
Business profitability. A general assessment of business profitability allows, firstly, to understand the potential volume of financial and other advantages and disadvantages, to identify areas and sources of threat coming from both specific individuals and institutional market participants;
The possibility of losing control of the company as a result of the concentration of the majority of the shares at the disposal of another person. As you know, at the present time there is a formation of the property market in certain areas, so the potential threat of loss of control over the shares remains.
When lending to an enterprise project, an assessment of its financial position should be carried out taking into account the amount of capital costs in its assets. According to our estimates, if the amount of capital costs for the project is no more than 25% of the company's net assets, project risks are considered minimal, and the focus should be on corporate risks. In this case, it is necessary to evaluate business companies in terms of their main positions: identify weak and strong areas, non-core assets, analyze the actions of managers to bring enterprises out of crisis periods, if any, etc. One of the indicators of the work of managers is the credit history of the enterprise, and the point here is not to find miscalculations in production planning. First of all, we are talking about the availability of skills and opportunities in a difficult period to quickly find the required amount: the viability of the project, as the most risky enterprise, is formed precisely by these skills. This assessment requires quite large financial costs, but you should not save on it, since the degree of credit risk depends on its results.
If the amount of financing is from 25 to 50% of the company's net assets, project and corporate risks are considered equal, so it is necessary to understand what results the project will bring, and therefore whether it is worth starting its implementation. It should also be taken into account whether the goal of the project is to continue the current activities of the company or its implementation is related to the development of other markets. In the first case, the profitability of current activities is compared with the project, and the estimated part serves as a “superstructure”, based on the results of existing activities, taking into account the costs of forming working capital in the missing volume. An important role at the initial stage of the activities of many companies is played by the so-called non-operating and operating expenses and income associated with currency conversion, interest payments, etc., due to which the company may receive a balance sheet loss. Therefore, it is the main activity of the company that needs to be evaluated, and other expenses should be taken into account when analyzing the break-even of the project (sufficiency of industrial turnover to provide all the necessary costs).
If the amount of project costs is 50% or more of net assets, the risks are fully allocated to the project. The financial position of the company is not assessed in detail, but if the company has experienced large balance sheet losses over the past three years, it is necessary to determine the reasons for their occurrence.
The need for significant costs in the organization of new industries is beyond doubt, but it should be understood to what extent the enterprise retains control over costs and is able to predict them. Therefore, the deviation of current expenses from the previously planned ones by more than 10-15% upwards indicates that there is still a possibility of a shortage of resources during the further implementation of the project. This is certainly not the only indicator to be considered. But comparing the projected costs with the actual values will help in assessing the risks of the project and eliminating them. These data, supplemented by information about the company's credit history, are quite indicative.
Currently, each Russian bank sets its own mathematical requirements for project evaluation, depending on credit priorities and opportunities. In technical terms, they do not differ much from each other, since they are borrowed from foreign practice. At the same time, practical experience shows that forecast indicators are of little interest to Russian bankers. Their efforts are aimed at organizing property and other reserves, in which the risks of loan default would be minimal.
The limited forms of collateral in assessing the quality of the borrower's financial position and the need to form reserves in this regard do not allow banks to use combined forms in project financing. For example, when lending to industrial exporters (a coefficient analysis of which, as a rule, gives good indicators), collateral is used in the form of foreign exchange earnings received under export contracts. The benefits of such transactions for banks are obvious, firstly, when lending, you can set an increased percentage, in addition, loans are provided for short periods (a year or two).
One of the effective combined ways to reduce risks in the Russian context is the introduction of control over the financed company.
The role of financial statements in the analysis of an investment project is small. It can only matter if the amount of capital costs is insignificant in the net assets of the initiator. In other cases, most of the risks are related to the project, which implies the need for its analysis based on appropriate methods, depending on the conditions in which its development is expected. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish the assessment depending on the form of the transaction, focused on the credit or investment model of project support.
Project financing should be considered as a tool for the development of primarily regional finance, so much attention should be paid to the placement of the project, i.e. the adequacy of its sectoral and regional distribution.
When managing risks in lending to corporate clients, one should not forget about insurance methods for reducing risks. The question seems to be how to properly structure insurance coverage to ensure the economic efficiency of insurance. Fraud-related losses for Russian banks run into the hundreds of thousands and millions of dollars each, but they rarely become public knowledge.
It has been proven in practice that insurance can serve as a very effective risk management tool. Provided, of course, that it is used for its intended purpose and in accordance with the principles that the international market has developed over many decades.
It is probably difficult to expect that insurance will cover all banking risks in the near future. However, as the risk management infrastructure in banking will become more and more perfect, banks will be able to articulate their needs more clearly and consciously use insurance mechanisms in risk management systems. But insurers will also have to adapt their products to the needs of banks to a greater extent.
It is hardly possible to find an insurance company in Russia now that would not deal with insurance of bank deposits. This practice is firmly rooted in the market. Moreover, it contributes to the development of voluntary insurance. Voluntary insurance, as is often the case in Russia, comes through compulsory or pseudo-compulsory insurance.
At the same time, we still lag behind developed countries in terms of the breadth of insurance coverage for lending operations and the list of products used. As a rule, we end up with security deposit insurance against fire, natural disasters, flooding and burglary. In Europe and the US, the practice is somewhat different - all borrowers, as a rule, insure their property and their professional risks. And then the bank's task is to assess the quality and adequacy of the borrower's insurance coverage. And, as a rule, such an assessment comes from broader criteria than just the availability of property insurance.
There is already a practice when Russian banks stop requiring borrowers to insure the collateral or cancel these requirements in exchange for a certain additional fee. In this case, the bank assumes additional risks associated with the possible loss of the collateral, in some cases performing functions similar to those of an insurance company. If we turn to Western practice, it turns out that, indeed, in this case, the bank independently made a certain analogue insurance product already known in the international market. it additional insurance collateral - mortgage impairment insurance.
This is a relatively young type of insurance, which is only gaining momentum in the most advanced insurance market - in the United States and is still poorly represented in Europe. This is an additional layer of protection in relation to the basic insurance of the collateral, which is effective if it is not possible to receive a refund under the main policy. Such insurance is used in the following cases:
The borrower for some reason did not insure the collateral in accordance with the requirements of the bank;
The pledged property is lost as a result of an event that could not be insured by the borrower under a traditional insurance policy;
The insurance company where the borrower is insured refuses to pay compensation due to the borrower providing incorrect information when concluding the contract, the borrower's fraud, late payment of the premium, etc.;
The insurance company, where the borrower has insured his risks in favor of the bank, does not pay compensation due to insolvency or other reasons.
In fact, such an insurance product is not yet used by our insurers, but has already been independently implemented by banks using "improvised" banking technologies. I would like to hope that this is supported by serious calculations. Otherwise, the bank will face a classic situation, which insurers call "anti-selection of risks", when the bank will have only poorly protected risks or objects associated with increased danger, for which the tariffs of insurance companies are too high. Insurers, on the other hand, will insure only well-protected risks, for which they can offer competitive rates that make the idea of a full-fledged service in an insurance company attractive to the borrower.
So far, it has not become widespread in Europe and is mainly used in the United States to protect large leasing projects, in particular in the aviation industry. However, residual value insurance is growing in popularity. In addition to its main function - compensation for losses - it has a number of other advantages, allowing you to receive tax incentives for a number of transactions, reduce the required reserves formed by banks and leasing companies, and so on.
In conventional products of insurance companies, there is a gradual merging of insurance and banking technologies. Sometimes it results in competition for the same risks and client groups, sometimes in complementary products. One thing is clear - the process will continue.
Many of the general directions for improving the efficiency of credit risk management can be used directly in JSCB Rosbank. Further, a methodology for express assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients, applicable to JSCB Rosbank, will be proposed.
The conditions of tough banking competition, which require credit institutions to make prompt decisions regarding the provision of credit loans in order to attract corporate clients, on the one hand, and high credit risks associated with lending to the real sector of the economy, on the other, cultivate the need to develop and implement improved technologies, capable of assessing their creditworthiness in a quality manner and within a timeframe acceptable to customers.
In order to solve the problem of combining the efficiency and quality of assessing the credit risks of borrowers, one of the options for developing a methodology for express assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients is proposed, which will allow determining the level of credit risk based on financial ratios. The methodology was developed on the basis of the rating method for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers, taking into account the following main shortcomings identified during the analysis of this method, namely:
The arbitrariness of the choice of the system of basic financial indicators;
Inconsistency of financial ratios with the recommended values, which may become the basis for declaring the client bankrupt, regardless of the values of other ratios;
Lack of consideration of industry-specific activities of corporate clients;
Cumbersomeness of the system of financial indicators.
The choice of the rating method as the basis for constructing the methodology is justified by its wide popularity and popularity among credit specialists of Russian commercial banks due to its simplicity and ease of use in practice.
It should be noted that the proposed method does not detract from the advantages integrated approach to the assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients, taking into account not only their financial condition, but also the qualitative factors of their activities, such as the level of management, the nature of the transaction being credited, the structure of owners, and so on. However, given the fact that the impact of qualitative characteristics of borrowers' activities on the level of their credit risk has not yet been sufficiently studied both in practice and in the scientific literature and is difficult to formalize in the form of any reasonable mathematical and statistical models, we consider it inappropriate to include qualitative factors in the methodology.
The system of selected financial indicators must meet two main criteria:
The coefficients should most fully characterize the financial condition of the client;
The coefficients should duplicate each other as little as possible.
Let us define a system of indicators consisting of 9 financial ratios that form the basis of the proposed methodology for express risk assessment in lending to corporate clients of a commercial bank. The recommended values and economic meaning of the financial indicators included in the methodology are given in Table 3.1.
| Indicator designation | Name of indicator | economic sense | Recommended indicator value | ||
| Trade | Production | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
| x 1 | Autonomy coefficient | Determines the degree of independence from borrowed funds | > 0,1 | > 0,3 | |
| x 2 | Characterizes the client's ability to fulfill current obligations at the expense of current assets | 1 to 2 | |||
| x 3 | Equity ratio | Shows the proportion of current assets financed from own funds | > 0,1 | ||
| x 4 | Sales profitability ratio | Determines how much net profit is received from 1 rub. sales revenue | on average > 0.15 | on average > 0.1 | |
| x 5 | Accounts receivable turnover ratio | Shows the average maturity of short-term receivables | an average of 45 days | an average of 30 days | |
| x 6 | Accounts payable turnover ratio | Shows the average time it takes for a customer to pay off their accounts payable | an average of 60 days | ||
| x 7 | Shows the average period of sale of products | an average of 45 days | an average of 15 days | ||
| x 8 | Coverage ratio | Characterizes the client's ability to pay off bank loans from the flow from its core business | 2 | ||
| x 9 | Coefficient of cash component in revenue | Shows the share of cash in sales revenue | 1 | ||
It should be noted that in order to calculate the coefficients of the methodology, it is sufficient for clients to provide only three forms of financial statements: balance sheet (form No. 1), income statement (form No. 2) and cash flow statement (form No. 4). Methods for calculating the financial indicators of corporate clients in accordance with the financial statements are shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2
Methods for calculating financial indicators of corporate clients of a commercial bank in accordance with financial reporting data
| Indicator designation | Name of indicator | The method of calculating the indicator in accordance with the financial statements |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| x 1 | Autonomy coefficient | (p. 490 - p. 244) Avg./ (p. 700 - p. 244) Avg. |
| x 2 | Current liquidity ratio | (p. 290 - p. 230 - p. 244) Avg./(p. 690 - p. 640 - p. 650) Avg. |
| x 3 | (p.490 - p.190)Wed./p.290Wed. | |
| x 4 | (p.50 f.2/p.10 f.2)×100% | |
| x 5 | (p.215 + p.241 + p.242 + p.243) Avg.×360/ p.10 f.2 | |
| x 6 | (p.621 + p.622 + p.623) Average×360 | |
| x 7 | Finished goods turnover ratio | p.214 Avg.×360/p.20 f.2 |
| x 8 | Coverage ratio | Proceeds from core activities (f.4) -Credits and loans (f.4) / line 611 f.1 + The amount of the analyzed loan product |
| x 9 | Proceeds from sales of goods (f.4) / line 10 f.2 |
Development of a rating scale for the values of financial indicators in accordance with the industry specifics of corporate clients.
Based on a comparative analysis of methods for assessing the creditworthiness of corporate clients of five Russian commercial banks, the intervals for changing the values of each of the 9 financial indicators were established, and the number of points corresponding to these intervals was assigned (see table 3.3). At the same time, the intervals of coefficient values were adjusted in accordance with the industry specifics of corporate clients. Trade and production were chosen as the basic industries, since representatives of these particular sectors of the economy are most often found among clients of commercial banks.
Table 3.3
The number of points corresponding to the accepted values of financial indicators in the method of express assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients
| Indicator designation | Indicator value | The value of the indicator, in points (P) | ||
| Trade | Production | Trade | Production | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| x 1 |
from 0.1 to 0.3 from 0.3 to 0.5 |
from 0.3 to 0.5 from 0.5 to 0.7 |
||
| x 2 |
from 0.6 to 0.8 from 1.2 to 1.5 from 1.5 to 1.7 |
|||
| x 3 |
from 0.1 to 0.3 from 0.3 to 0.5 |
|||
| x 4 |
from 0% to 10% from 10% to 15% from 15% to 20% |
from 5% to 10% from 10% to 15% |
||
| x 6 |
from 90 to 120 |
from 90 to 120 |
||
| x 7 | ||||
| x 8 | ||||
| x 9 |
from 0.3 to 0.5 from 0.5 to 0.8 |
|||
Determining the weight of each financial indicator in the method of express-assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients of a commercial bank.
Based on a comparative analysis of the weights occupied by financial indicators in the methods for assessing the creditworthiness of corporate clients of five commercial banks, we determine the average value of the weight of each of them and the place corresponding to this value in the developed methodology.
Table 3.4
The share of financial indicators in the method of express assessment of the creditworthiness of corporate clients of a commercial bank in descending order
| Indicator designation | Name of indicator | Place of the indicator in the methodology | The weight of the indicator in the model (W) | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| x 1 | Current liquidity ratio | 1 | 0,18 | |
| x 2 | Return on sales ratio | 2 | 0,14 | |
| x 3 | Coverage ratio | 2 | 0,14 | |
| x 4 | Autonomy coefficient | 3 | 0,12 | |
| x 5 | Accounts receivable turnover ratio | 4 | 0,1 | |
| x 6 | Equity ratio | 4 | 0,1 | |
| x 7 | Accounts payable turnover ratio | 5 | 0,08 | |
| x 8 | Finished goods turnover ratio | 5 | 0,08 | |
| x 9 | The ratio of the cash component in revenue | 6 | 0,06 | |
| Total | 1 | |||
To develop the scale, we will use the formula for calculating the credit rating of corporate clients and calculate the minimum (maximum) possible number of points that a client can score using the proposed method.
(3.1)
where R j - total assessment of financial indicators, in points (credit rating);
W j - weight of the i-th indicator in the group;
R i - assessment of the i-th indicator of the group, in points;
n is the number of indicators.
Using the data in Table 3.2, we establish that the minimum number of points that can be assigned to a client is 11, while the maximum is 100. Dividing the maximum number of points scored by the number of creditworthiness classes, we determine the boundaries of the corresponding risk groups of clients.
Let's establish 5 classes of creditworthiness of corporate clients (table 3.5).
Table 3.5
Scale for assessing the credit risk of corporate clients of a commercial bank
Let's compare the results of credit risk assessment calculated using different methods. For this we use financial statements corporate client - JSC "Amur Forest" (Appendix B). In the first case, we calculate according to the methodology used by JSCB Rosbank.
Table 3.6
Evaluation results for various factors, points
| Quality assurance | Credit history | Turnovers on accounts | Financial condition | Objective assessment factors | Subjective assessment factors |
| 3 | 9 | 2 | 18 | 2 | 1 |
Thus, the total score according to the method of JSCB Rosbank is 35 points, which corresponds to the third risk group. Next, we calculate the level of credit risk using the proposed method for express assessment of the credit risk of corporate clients based on financial ratios.
Table 3.7
Results of calculating financial ratios
| The designation of the indicator | Name of indicator | Meaning | Number of points |
| x 1 | Current liquidity ratio | 0,56 | 100 |
| x 2 | Return on sales ratio | 1,54 | 80 |
| x 3 | Coverage ratio | 0,31 | 75 |
| x 4 | Autonomy coefficient | 16 | 100 |
| x 5 | Accounts receivable turnover ratio | 21 | 80 |
| x 6 | Equity ratio | 53 | 60 |
| x 7 | Accounts payable turnover ratio | 14 | 75 |
| x 8 | Finished goods turnover ratio | 1,6 | 75 |
| x 9 | The ratio of the cash component in revenue | 0,7 | 60 |
R j =0.18×100+0.14×80+0.14×75+0.12×100+0.1×80+0.1×60+0.08×75+0.08×75 +0.06×60 = 81.3(3.2)
The calculation shows that according to this method, the level of credit risk is minimal and corresponds to the first risk group. This loan was repaid without deviation from the schedule. This allows us to note that the application of the method of express assessment of the level of credit risk based on nine financial ratios, in this case, would reduce the interest rate on the loan and reduce the amount of funds required for the reserve for possible losses on loans. Thus, both parties to the loan agreement would be satisfied.
Due to the decrease in the number of factors considered when lending to corporate clients, the duration of consideration of one loan application is reduced.
Increase in client base;
There are a number of corporate clients who do not meet the requirements of the methodology used by JSCB Rosbank. The proposed methodology takes into account other factors when assessing the level of credit risk. Consequently, some corporate clients may obtain a credit risk assessment sufficient to qualify for a loan product. The risk of an increase in the number of problem loans is negligible, since financial ratios quite accurately characterize the financial condition of a potential borrower.
Lack of subjectivity;
The proposed method does not take into account subjective factors. The possibility of influence of employees of the credit department is reduced to a minimum. Evaluation by the proposed method is more objective.
A simpler methodology helps to reduce the number of errors in assessing the level of credit risk.
A smaller number of financial indicators also contributes to the simplification of the procedure for assessing the level of credit risk.
The industry specifics of the activities of corporate clients are taken into account, which in turn positively affects the accuracy and quality of the assessment.
In conclusion, it should be noted that in order to assess the effectiveness of this methodology, it can be tested at trading and manufacturing enterprises that are corporate clients of JSCB Rosbank (OJSC). This technique looks appropriate for practical application of express credit risk assessment as a basis for making managerial decisions regarding the possibility of lending to corporate clients, taking into account their industry affiliation, based on a minimum package of documents consisting of financial reporting forms No. 1, No. 2 and No. 4 It should also be noted that this technique can be used not only by specialists of credit institutions, but also by financial managers and analysts of other commercial organizations and enterprises in order to quickly assess and monitor the creditworthiness of companies, as well as to determine the solvency of counterparties-buyers and other business partners.
As a result of the study, it was determined that credit risk is the probability that the borrower will not return the amount of the principal debt, and interest on it, to the bank due to the impossibility and / or unwillingness, in other words, credit risk is a risk that depends on the ability and desire of the client to fulfill his financial obligations in front of the bank.
Various methods are used to reduce the degree of risk. The most common are:
Diversification;
Limiting;
Insurance;
Acquisition of control over activities in related areas.
Comprehensive methods for assessing the level of credit risk are used by many commercial banks, but their "empirical" nature, insufficient theoretical and methodological elaboration, and poor use of the mathematical apparatus attract attention. The main emphasis in their implementation is on the subjective opinion of experts. The existing system of selection of lending subjects, according to which most commercial banks operate today, is far from perfect in many respects. Its most significant shortcomings are as follows:
Subjectivism of expertise (the decision made by an expert is based only on his personal experience, intuition and knowledge, that is, largely subjective);
Instability of results (they may depend on the emotional state and personal preferences of the expert);
Uncontrollability of expertise (its quality is a random variable, which is almost impossible to change);
Lack of a mechanism for the succession and training of experts (one can become a good expert only through the accumulation of significant experience, which is practically impossible to transfer due to the lack of effective teaching methods);
The problem of professional development of an expert (this is possible only through the accumulation of experience, both positive and negative, the latter being new problem loans);
The high cost of expertise due to the participation in it of the top management personnel of the bank;
Limiting the number of considered applications by the physical capabilities of experts;
Lost profit from limiting the flow of applications by requiring collateral.
Credit risks of banks are the most significant in terms of losses incurred by banks as a result of banking operations. Credit risk concentration continues. New factors are emerging (globalization of the economy, Internet technologies, increased competition in the banking services market, etc.), which increase the credit risks of both individual banks and banking systems as a whole.
The paper gives a brief description of the activity, analyzes the financial condition and the methodology used to assess the credit risk of JSCB Rosbank.
The achieved success of the bank has had a significant impact on its business reputation, which is based on its stable and uninterrupted work. Last year, the Bank made serious efforts to expand its client base and further develop mutually beneficial relationships with counterparties, creating the most comfortable conditions and a high level of banking services.
Over the course of three years, the share of working assets has been gradually increasing, which is a positive trend and indicates an improvement in the bank's asset management. The lending policy of the branch is aimed at meeting the needs of the population, enterprises and organizations in borrowed funds.
An analysis of the financial condition shows that the structure of income and expenses is quite stable and not subject to significant fluctuations, the bank has not exhausted its opportunities to increase profitability through income growth. With favorable development of the economy and improvement of the quality of management, the bank has a significant potential to increase profits.
The assessment of the risk level of credit products provided to corporate clients of JSCB Rosbank is calculated according to the following groups of factors:
The quality of collateral for the loan product;
Client's credit history;
Turnovers on customer accounts in banks;
The financial condition of the client;
Additional objective assessment factors;
Additional subjective assessment factors;
Division evaluation.
In the course of the study, general directions for improving the efficiency of credit risk management are considered and a methodology for express assessment of the level of risk in lending to corporate clients is proposed.
When lending to corporate clients, one should not forget about insurance methods to reduce risks. It seems that the question is how to properly structure insurance coverage in order to ensure the economic efficiency of insurance. Fraud-related losses for Russian banks run into the hundreds of thousands and millions of dollars each, but they rarely become public knowledge. It is possible to recommend specialized insurance instruments for use: insurance against a break in commercial activities, key person insurance. In certain cases, it is permissible to waive the requirement for collateral insurance for a fee. In this case, the bank independently made a kind of analogue of the insurance product - this is additional insurance for collateral.
The proposed methodology for express assessment of the risk level when lending to corporate clients based on the calculation of nine financial ratios has the following advantages over the complex methodology currently used by JSCB Rosbank:
Reducing the amount of time required to assess credit risk for one borrower;
Increase in client base;
Lack of subjectivity;
Reduced requirements for personnel qualification;
Simplified system of financial indicators;
The industry specifics of corporate clients' activities are taken into account.
Thus, the application of the proposed methodology in combination with the competent use of tools insurance market allows to increase the volume of lending to corporate clients of JSCB Rosbank while maintaining the number of problem loans at an acceptable level.
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Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms
Attracting deposits and placement of precious metals
Issuance of bank guarantees
Making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts(excluding postal orders)
Issuance of guarantees for third parties, providing for the fulfillment of obligations in cash
Acquisition of the right to claim from third parties the fulfillment of obligations in cash
Trust management of funds and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities
Carrying out operations with precious metals and precious stones in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
Leasing to individuals and legal entities of special premises or safes located in them for storing documents and valuables
Leasing operations
Provision of consulting and information services
Throughout its history, PJSC Rosbank has paid great attention to the implementation of social projects. PJSC Rosbank is one of the most reliable Russian banks. This makes it attractive for everyone who would like to save and increase the accumulated funds, receive high-quality banking services.
The structure of the entire bank is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Organizational PJSC structure"Rosbank"
The general management of the Bank is carried out by the Board of Directors between the general meetings of shareholders. The main executive body is the Board headed by the Chairman of the Board. The board includes the heads of departments, which include functionally separated structural units.
The front departments provide customer service in all areas of activity, and the supervision of certain types of activity is carried out by the relevant structural subdivision of the profile.
If a transaction requires the participation of several structural units, then a responsible employee is appointed in one or another structural unit to support these types of transactions. This expresses the elements of the matrix control circuit, and common system management can be characterized as linear-functional.
The goal of PJSC Rosbank is to provide consulting services to Russian and Western companies, organize mergers and acquisitions and raise financing in Russian and international markets in various forms from the issuance of bonds to the use of complex structured products.
Strong partnerships with leading investment banks in the US and Europe allow us to cover not only Russian but also international capital markets.
Consider the main performance indicators of Rosbank PJSC in Table 4.
Table 4
Key performance indicators of Rosbank PJSC
|
Index |
Deviation |
|||||
|
Abs., million rubles |
||||||
|
Profit before tax |
||||||
|
Funds and Profits |
||||||
|
Loans to enterprises (including individual entrepreneurs) |
||||||
|
Consumer loans (without overdue) |
||||||
|
Delay consumer loans |
||||||
|
Securities |
||||||
|
Bonds |
||||||
|
Bank bills |
||||||
|
Non-bank bills |
||||||
|
Property |
||||||
|
Settlement accounts |
||||||
|
Resident deposits |
||||||
|
Deposits non-residents |
||||||
|
Deposits of individuals |
||||||
|
ATM turnover |
The table shows that assets in 2016 amounted to 915,737 million rubles. (which is 123.34%). This growth was driven by an increase in the securities portfolio and an increase in customer lending.
Profit before tax for the analyzed period decreased by 10,272 million rubles. or by 25.56%, since in 2016 the profit was at a loss and amounted to 2,091 million rubles. The reasons for this loss are excessive “jumps” in exchange rates, as well as the imposition of sanctions against Russia.
Funds and profit in 2016 increased by 8,041 and amounted to 107.67%, which is primarily due to an increase in the average interest rate on loans provided.
Loans to enterprises (including IP) for the analyzed period increased by 63,348 million rubles. And amounted to 132.87%. Consumer loans (without delay) showed a decrease by 61,978 million rubles. And it was 72.13%. Consumption consumer loans increased by 9.176 million rubles. and amounted to 173.30%.
Securities in 2016 amounted to 114,370 million rubles, the total growth for the analyzed period was 141.50%. Bonds for the analyzed period increased by 47,090 million rubles. and amounted to 173.28%.
Promissory notes of banks showed a decrease of -13,266 million rubles. and amounted to 18.51%. As a result of the decrease in investments in banks' promissory notes, their share in securities portfolios decreased.
Non-bank accounts also showed a decrease of 284 million rubles. During the study period, the volume of property increased by 12.772 million rubles. And amounted to 165.38%. Settlement accounts showed an increase of 43,877 million rubles. and amounted to 145.88%. Residents' deposits increased by 70,468 million rubles. and amounted to 181.52%. Deposits of non-residents decreased by 16,010 million rubles, or by 10.75%.
The volume of deposits of individuals in 2016 amounted to 192,416 million rubles, for the analyzed period - 36,963 million rubles. Or 123.78%.
The turnover of ATMs amounted to 51.309 million rubles, for the analyzed period - by 8,297 million rubles. or 86.08%.
Thus, at the moment, according to the cost approach, the bank has a high potential due to the improvement of the loan portfolio, which affected the increase in the value of net assets.
One of the main principles of activity of Rosbank PJSC is information openness. This is primarily due to the financial performance of the bank. In addition to mandatory quarterly and annual reporting in accordance with Russian standards, OJSC Rosbank traditionally prepares financial statements in accordance with international standards.
The main task of PJSC "Rosbank" in the field of corporate finance is to provide consulting services to Russian and Western companies, organize mergers and acquisitions, conduct activities to raise funds for potential companies in the Russian and international markets in various forms from the issuance of Shares and bonds to the use of complex structured products .
Extensive experience and excellent understanding of all areas of investment banking allow us to offer clients comprehensive solutions to problems of any volume and level of complexity.
PJSC "Rosbank" offers its VIP clients a first-class banking services, the main principles of which are complexity, strict confidentiality and an individual approach that takes into account the wishes of the client.
A personal manager assigned to a VIP client develops individual service plans. At any time convenient for the VIP client, a personal manager consults on banking matters, legal matters, as well as taxation of personal income and property of the client.
The accumulated experience in the field of private lending allows the bank to pursue a balanced lending policy that maximally takes into account the interests of both the recipient of the loan and the bank.
Separate regulations Bank defined and structured the decision-making mechanism for credit transactions. The vertical structure was formed from credit committees of different levels, differentiated in accordance with the assumptions for making decisions on confirmation credit operations for various amounts.
The competence of the highest level Credit Committee (Chairman of the Committee - Chairman of the Board of the Bank) includes transactions that make up a significant part of the Bank's capital. For all subsequent subordinate credit committees, decision-making limits are determined in proportion to the position of members of credit committees in descending order.
Due to the fact that one of the main profiles of the Bank is consumer lending, and also taking into account that decisions on issuing loans of this type cannot be made in accordance with the established scheme (agreement with the Credit Committee), the Bank has developed a separate decision-making mechanism for this species loans.
This mechanism is a method whose principle is based on comparing various data about the borrower that he provides to the Bank (some data is checked by the Security Service of the Bank), as well as individual data about the potential borrower that the Bank is able to collect independently.
Based on these data, a decision is made to grant or not to grant a loan. This methodology is a priori imperfect, and the loans provided based on it have high percent non-repayment and / or improper debt service (untimely and incomplete).
This high risk for consumer loans is initially built into the interest rate on the loan.
2.2 Analysis of the bank's financial performance
PJSC Rosbank is the largest Russian bank and ranks 14th among them in terms of net assets.
We will analyze the economic activities of PJSC Rosbank based on financial statements.
PJSC "Rosbank" - is on the Lombard List, and the Bank of Russia accepts bonds of the credit institution in question as collateral; has the right to work with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and can attract its funds for trust management, deposits and savings for housing military personnel; has the right to work with non-state pension funds implementing the mandatory pension insurance, and can attract pension savings and savings for housing for military personnel; has the right to open accounts and deposits in accordance with Law 213-FZ of July 21, 2014, i.e. organizations of strategic importance for the military-industrial complex and security of the Russian Federation; authorized representatives of the Bank of Russia have been appointed to the credit institution (tab. 5).
bank creditworthiness credit
The balance sheet reflects the financial condition of the enterprise on a certain date. One section of the balance sheet reflects the assets of the bank, while
as the other part shows liabilities and equity.
Assets include cash, precious metals and stones, loans, investments in securities, bank property, receivables, i.e. reflects the allocation of funds. Liabilities are intended to account for the authorized capital and funds, attracted funds, received interbank loans, bank profits, accounts payable and other liabilities that are the bank's resources.
The bank's liquid assets are those bank funds that can be quickly turned into cash in order to return them to depositor customers.
Let us present the structure of highly liquid assets in the form of a table6.
Table 6
Structure of highly liquid assets of Rosbank PJSC
|
Name of indicator |
Abs., million rubles |
||||||||
|
cash on hand |
|||||||||
|
funds on accounts with the Bank of Russia |
|||||||||
|
NOSTRO correspondent accounts in banks (net) |
|||||||||
|
interbank loans placed for up to 30 days |
|||||||||
|
highly liquid securities of the Russian Federation |
|||||||||
|
highly liquid securities of banks and states |
|||||||||
|
highly liquid assets subject to discounts and adjustments |
The table shows that the strong liquidity position is due to the high volume of liquid and highly liquid assets, which is reflected in the sufficient coverage of potential outflows by highly liquid assets. The amount of funds on hand decreased by 14,507 million rubles. and amounted to 53.15% for the analyzed period.
The amount of funds on accounts with the Bank of Russia increased by 1,003 million rubles. or by 798.75%.
The amount of NOSTRO correspondent accounts in banks for the analyzed period showed a decrease by 12,082 million rubles. and amounted to 54.97%.
The volume of interbank loans placed for up to 30 days in 2016 amounted to 57,185 million rubles. or 52.87%. The amount of highly liquid securities of the Russian Federation increased by 796 million rubles. or by 113.41%.
The amount of highly liquid securities of banks and governments in 2016 amounted to 1842 million rubles, for the analyzed period increased by 796 million rubles. and amounted to 176.10%. The amount of highly liquid assets, taking into account discounts and adjustments, decreased by 15,026 million rubles. and amounted to 87.80%. The Bank maintains its liquidity through stable income by investing in securities.
As of the reporting date (April 01, 2017), the net assets of ROSBANK amounted to RUB 782.91 billion. During the year, assets decreased by -5.95%. The decline in net assets had a positive effect on the return on assets ROI: over the year, the return on assets net grew from 0.84% to 1.40%.
In order to maintain liquidity, the bank should strive to minimize costs when selling assets and attracting
liabilities, which is a prerequisite for maintaining the stability of its financial condition.
In terms of services provided, the bank mainly attracts client money, and these funds are quite diversified (between legal entities and individuals), and invests mainly in loans.
The current liabilities of Rosbank PJSC include:
Liabilities to banks
Commitment to clients and savings deposits(deposits),
Obligations of the clientele under the acceptances issued for them,
Unpaid taxes, etc.
The structure of current liabilities is shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Structure of current liabilities of Rosbank PJSC
|
Name of indicator |
Abs., million rubles |
||||||||
|
deposits of individuals with a term of more than a year |
|||||||||
|
other deposits of individuals (including individual entrepreneurs) (up to 1 year) |
|||||||||
|
deposits and other funds of legal entities (up to 1 year) |
|||||||||
|
correspondent accounts of LORO banks |
|||||||||
|
interbank loans received for up to 30 days |
|||||||||
|
own securities |
|||||||||
|
obligations to pay interest, arrears, accounts payable and other debts |
|||||||||
|
expected cash outflow |
|||||||||
|
current liabilities |
The table shows that the amount of deposits of individuals with a period of more than a year increased by 3888 million rubles. and amounted to 104.98%.
The amount of other deposits of individuals (including individual entrepreneurs) (for a period of up to 1 year) increased by 35,871 million rubles over the analyzed period. or by 139.05%. The amount of deposits and other funds of legal entities (for up to 1 year) decreased over the analyzed period by 33,124 million rubles, and amounted to 83.84%. and amounted to 78.80%. The amount of interbank loans received for up to 30 days is also in a negative position and amounts to 65.86%. and amounted to 21.61%.
The amount of obligations to pay interest increased over the analyzed period by 1,359 million rubles. and amounted to 109.22%. The reason for this is the growth of income through the favorable allocation of available resources. The resources of a commercial bank represent the obligations of the bank and the sources of its own funds.
The expected cash outflow decreased by 25,107 million rubles. or by 85.14%. The amount of current liabilities decreased by 9004 million rubles and amounted to 97.99% for the analyzed period.
The structure of earning assets is shown in Table 8.
Table 8
|
Name of indicator |
Abs., million rubles |
||||||||
|
Interbank loans |
|||||||||
|
Corporate loans |
|||||||||
|
Loans to individuals |
|||||||||
|
Investments in leasing operations and acquired rights of claim |
|||||||||
|
Investments in securities |
|||||||||
|
Other income-generating loans |
|||||||||
|
Income assets |
The table shows that interbank loans increased by 36,943 million rubles. and amounted to 142.65%.
Loans to legal entities for the analyzed period amounted to 101.73%, showing an increase of 4117 million rubles. The increase in the share of loans to legal entities and the decrease in the share of loans to individuals is primarily due to a change in the approach to collateral.
During 2016, organizations were actively lending due to the fact that each product was accompanied by collateral in the form of real estate, when in relation to the procedure for lending to individuals, the procedure for analyzing credit history and other factors was only tightened
Loans to individuals decreased by 99,690 million rubles. and amounted to 58.78%. Promissory notes decreased by 597 million rubles. and amounted to 92.74%. Investments in leasing operations and acquired rights of claim in 2016 amounted to 7526 million rubles, for the analyzed period increased by 269.07%. Investments in securities increased by 15399 million rubles. and amounted to 111.53%. Other profitable loans amounted to 4009 million rubles. or 0.56%, for the analyzed period increased by 65 million rubles. or by 101.65%. Earning assets decreased over the analyzed period by 142,596 million rubles. or 83.28%. During the analyzed period, there was a significant change in the total value of the bank's assets and its constituent items. This change is primarily due to a change in the volume of loans to individuals (58.78%) and the volume of promissory notes (92.74%).
Analytics on the degree of security of loans issued, as well as their structure is presented in tab. 9
Table 9
Analytics on the degree of security of loans issued by Rosbank PJSC
|
Name of indicator |
Abs., million rubles |
||||||||
|
Securities accepted as collateral for issued loans |
|||||||||
|
Property accepted as security |
|||||||||
|
Loan portfolio amount |
The table shows that the securities accepted as collateral for loans issued decreased over the analyzed period by 20,553 million rubles. and amounted to 82.64%. The property accepted as security increased by 656,759 million rubles. or by 345.20%.
The loan portfolio in 2016 amounted to 620,143 million rubles, the share of which was 121.64%. During the analyzed period there was a decrease by 31618 million rubles. or 95.15%. The Bank focuses on diversified lending, the form of which is guarantees and guarantees. The overall level of loan collateral is quite high, and the possible default of loans will most likely be compensated by the amount of collateral.
The bank pays special attention to the conditions for receiving contractual funds from interest payments and repayment of the credit institution. If the bank expects to receive all interest and principal of the loan in full, but with the current likelihood that these funds will be received later than the date agreed in the contract, amortization is estimated. The Bank analyzes depreciation in two main areas: the provision for impairment on an individual basis and on a collective basis. The Bank determines the allowance required for each individually significant loan on an individual basis.
Another important risk that a bank faces in the course of its business is liquidity risk, which is the risk that the Bank will not be able to meet its payment obligations at maturity in the normal course of business and under pressure.
Currency risk is the risk associated with the effects of fluctuations exchange rate on the value of financial instruments. The management of Rosbank PJSC has set limits on the risk level for positions in different currencies in accordance with the requirements of the Central Bank. Positions are monitored daily.
Another risk that is important to a bank is operational risk, the risk of loss due to system failure, human error, fraud or external events. The Bank cannot expect to eliminate all operational risks, but manages these risks by applying a system of controls, as well as controlling potential risks and responding accordingly. The control system ensures an efficient distribution of responsibilities, procedures for access, authorization and coordination, training of personnel and procedures for conducting assessments, including internal audit.
The risk management system of PJSC "Rosbank" is the relationship of methods, methods, methods of work of personnel, management bodies of the Bank.
Analysis of financial activity and statistics for 2014-2016. OJSC "Rosbank" indicates the absence of negative trends that may affect the financial stability of the bank in the future.
2.3 Analysis of credit operationsPJSC Rosbank
To this end, we will study the state of the loan portfolio of PJSC Rosbank (Table 10).
Table 10
Composition and structure of the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC for 2014-2016
|
Index |
Abs., million rubles |
||||||||
|
For legal entities |
|||||||||
|
including, overdue |
|||||||||
|
physical |
|||||||||
|
including, overdue |
|||||||||
|
Loan portfolio |
|||||||||
|
including, overdue |
As can be seen from the data in the table, the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC consists of loans provided to legal entities and individuals. In 2014, the majority of loans (50.75%) were provided to legal entities. In subsequent years, the bank changed direction and already in 2015 the share of loans issued to individuals decreased to 37.31%. Accordingly, the share of loans attributable to legal entities increased.
The value of the loan portfolio for the analyzed period increased by 1.32% with an increase in loans to legal entities by 35.71% and a decrease in the volume of loans to individuals by 28.94%.
Despite the increase in lending to legal entities, the share of overdue debt tended to decrease - 4.23%. The level of overdue debts of legal entities turned out to be half as much as the share of overdue debts of the population, which increased by 8.88% over the analyzed time interval. The share of total overdue debt in the loan portfolio increased from 8.7% to 10.32%, which required an increase in provisions for provisions for possible losses.
We will reflect the indicators of overdue debt on loans issued to individuals in table 11.
Table 11
Overdue debt on loans issued to individuals by Rosbank PJSC for 2014-2016
The table shows that the volume of loans provided to individuals increased by 42,815 million rubles. and amounted to 132.35%.
The volume of overdue debts of individuals also showed an increase and amounted to 23,718 million rubles, the growth share is 187.98%.
Despite the increase in the share of overdue debt by 8 million rubles. in the total loan portfolio, the Bank adheres to a conservative approach to credit risk assessment and pays special attention to the adequacy of provisioning for assumed credit risks.
The result of credit risk management is the qualification of assets in the appropriate quality categories (Table 12).
Table 12
The share of debt qualified by quality categories for 2014-2016
As can be seen from the above data, in 2016, the bulk of the loan portfolio is loan and equivalent debt of the 1st and 2nd quality categories, which indicates the proper quality of the loan portfolio. Compared to 2014, the share of loans of the 1st and 2nd quality categories increased by 5.3 p.p. p.p.
These successes were achieved thanks to the credit risk management system created at Rosbank OJSC.
In particular, minimization of credit risk for the corporate loan portfolio includes the following activities:
Maintaining a diversified portfolio structure by industry, regional, currency, loan maturities, type of collateral, types of loan products;
Establishing risk limits for individual borrowers or groups of related borrowers;
Application of a differentiated, multi-level, integrated approach to the evaluation of client loan applications.
In the field of retail lending, the most important aspect of the bank's activity is maintaining an optimal balance between the profitability of the retail loan portfolio and existing credit risks, taking into account the possible trend of their further growth. The main tools for managing credit risks are:
Improving the restriction policy, according to which decisions on granting loans are made either on a customer count or jointly by representatives of business units and divisions;
Implementation of the client base risk segmentation methodology;
Constant monitoring of the effectiveness of scoring models, continuous expansion of the coverage of scoring cards for credit products and client segments;
Rapid response to credit risk growth factors - tightening conditions and / or limiting credit to potential borrowers whose credit risk is assessed as “high” by changing and adapting scoring models, credit rules and conditions;
Application of pricing policy to differentiate interest rates depending on the risk segment of the borrower, which allows attracting quality borrowers by offering them more attractive rates due to the low risk for such borrowers.
The structure of the consumer lending portfolio by types of lending is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Structure of the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC
Based on the data in Figure 3, we can say that the bulk of the loan portfolio of Rosbank PJSC is occupied by mortgage lending, which amounted to 188,338.4 thousand rubles. at the beginning of 2015.
Approximately the same volume in the structure of the loan portfolio is car loans - 146,623.57 thousand rubles. and consumer loans- 114558.3 thousand rubles. The smallest volume was occupied by loans provided to VIP clients and employees - 4343.95 thousand rubles.
According to the all-Russian rating, PJSC Rosbank took the 2nd place in Russia in terms of the volume of consumer loans granted due to mortgage lending and lending to small businesses and 7th place among all Russian banks in Russia, in terms of loans to individuals.
On a monthly basis, the bank submits a report to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and analyzes the lending of Rosbank PJSC, which makes it possible to identify the performance results of each of the additional lending offices, and in general the results of the bank's lending activities, as well as to determine positive and negative trends in the directions of the bank's lending activities.
Lending analysis includes data on changes in the size of the loan portfolio in absolute terms, in quantitative terms, the issuance and repayment of loans by type, the interest income received from lending operations is indicated, and the loan portfolio is classified by risk groups.
We will analyze the credit operations of Rosbank PJSC.
In 2016, the volume of loan investments amounted to 988 loan agreements on the total amount in ruble equivalent 119,992 thousand rubles.
The characteristics of lending operations by type of lending is as follows (table 13):
Table 13
Characteristics of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC in 2016
The table shows that in 2016 there were 988 credit transactions, of which 74 were commercial and 914 were consumer.
The actual debt from commercial loans is 112,507 million rubles. (105,022 million rubles more than from consumer).
Overdue debt from commercial loans is 474 million rubles. (471 million rubles more than from consumer).
Let's present structure of credit operations on fig. four.
Figure 4 - Structure of credit operations
The figure shows that consumer loans account for 89%. Commercial loans are 78% less and account for 11%.
The bank's clients are most interested in the program of lending to the population for any purpose.
Thus, the analysis of lending by Rosbank PJSC shows positive trends in the lending activities of this bank, as well as the demand for the offered products in the field of lending in the banking services market.
These indicators reflect the qualified approach of the bank's staff in carrying out credit operations, which allows us to say that each credit transaction passes through successive and necessary stages when issuing a loan.
2.4 Measures to improve the credit operations of the bank on the example of PJSC "Rosbank"
An analysis of the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC revealed the problems that the bank has to face in the process of credit operations.
Two points can be made here:
Organization of work with problem loans;
Focus on reducing the processing time of a loan application.
First, the key type of risk for the Bank is the risk of non-repayment or untimely repayment by borrowers of loans received from the Bank. Despite the fact that the share of overdue debt is small (0.16%), there are individual loans issued to large customers, the debt on which at the beginning of the reporting period in 2015 amounted to 13-18% of the bank's equity.
In its activity to solve this problem, Rosbank PJSC creates sufficient reserves for possible losses on loans, also maintains the structure of the loan portfolio in accordance with the standards of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and follows the adopted course for diversification (risk sharing).
Secondly, in modern world supercompetition and offers of various credit services PJSC "Rosbank" may lose its positions due to the long processing of an application for a loan (a large package of documents, a long time to check the borrower's creditworthiness, etc.) (Fig. 5).
Figure 5 - Problems of PJSC "Rosbank" in the process of credit operations
Let us consider in more detail possible ways to improve lending in Rosbank PJSC.
Dealing with problem loans should include elements of insurance that banks include in their lending programs, some loans inevitably become problematic. This usually means that the borrower has not made one or more payments on time, or that the collateral value of the loan has dropped significantly. Although each problem loan has its own characteristics, they all have some common features that tell the banker that there are certain difficulties:
Unusual or unexplained reasons for delaying financial reporting, making payments, or cutting off contact with bank employees.
Any unanticipated change in the borrower's methods for calculating depreciation, contributions to pension plans, inventory valuation, tax calculation, or income calculation.
Debt restructuring or refusal to pay dividends, change in the borrower's credit rating.
Adverse changes in the borrower's share price.
The presence of net losses for one or more years, measured using returns on assets, return on equity, or earnings before interest and tax.
In case of problems with a loan, the following main steps can be suggested, which foreign experts describe in relation to the development of loan repayment plans - the process of recovering bank funds in case of a problem situation:
Always keep in mind the purpose of developing such plans - to maximize the bank's chances of receiving full refund their funds.
It is critical to quickly identify and report any credit-related issues.
Separate the responsibility for developing such plans from the lending function to avoid potential conflicts of interest with a particular loan officer.
Loan officers should discuss as soon as possible possible problems with a troubled borrower, especially with regard to cost reduction, increase cash flows and management improvements.
Naturally, the most acceptable option is always to renegotiate the terms of the loan agreement, which gives the bank and its client the opportunity to resume normal activities. Even if there are serious problems with the loan agreement, the bank may have such problems with the client.
Insurance and attracting sufficient security allow you to repay loans and compensate for losses in the bank on interest on a loan through insurance compensation from an insurance company or the implementation of collateral. However, in the context of a complex and complex procedure for the implementation of collateral, credit insurance in a reliable insurance company looks more preferable, since in this situation, the insurance company, and not the bank, deals with the problems of collateral, its availability, Security, saves money for the bank and hours of work for employees of credit departments and services security.
In order to reduce financial losses due to non-fulfillment by borrowers of their obligations, the bank takes the following active steps:
Settlement of problem (overdue) debts through restructuring in cases where economic efficiency is due to financial feasibility and business plans for the development of borrowers' activities;
Work with problem (overdue) credit debts at all stages of collection of overdue debts using developed and improved strategies, including with the involvement of external counterparties;
Collection bad debts in court, including participation in bankruptcy proceedings and financial rehabilitation of borrowers.
Thanks to the implementation of the above measures, the bank can control the quality of the loan portfolio, predict and minimize the amount of reserves and final losses for the Bank. The main directions for improving the credit operations of JSC Rosbank are shown in Figure 6.
Let's take a closer look at each direction.
1. Improving the quality of loan portfolios.
In order to build an effective system for managing the quality of the loan portfolio, a credit institution can be recommended to ensure a set of measures, in particular:
Formation of a loan portfolio in accordance with the chosen lending strategy, periodically adjusted to the market situation, as well as satisfying the optimal indicators of credit risk, liquidity and profitability;
Carrying out the selection of qualified personnel who will perform their functions under the guidance of experienced managers in the presence of a clear labor motivation;
Development of a clear mechanism for market research, sales management, staff training, identification of potential customers and analysis of their lending prospects;
Carrying out continuous monitoring of credit assets, taking into account the relative instability of the loan portfolio, first of all, in order to identify deteriorating loans and refuse them (an alarming loan must be identified before it becomes problematic in order to make a timely decision to maintain or terminate credit relations);
Achieving sustainable profitability by regulating the concentration of loans and setting lending targets, such as, for example, the maximum level of problem loans in the total volume of current loans;
Regular analysis of the retrospective and current state of the loan portfolio to timely inform the bank's management about deviations from the lending strategy and the formation of objective management information.
Considering the problem of improving the quality of loan portfolios of the analyzed bank, it is important to understand that the quality of lending activities largely depends on the quality of credit risk management.
2. Expansion of credit and financial operations with all groups of clients.
The expansion of activities is carried out by the bank by searching for the most profitable both existing and future markets for banking products and services, taking into account the real needs of customers. Based on this, one of the main goals of banking marketing is to attract new customers, both depositors and borrowers. To do this, the bank develops and offers new services, improves the quality of existing ones.
The organization of marketing is based on the following principles: the orientation of the structure of the bank and its employees to achieve certain marketing goals, the implementation of the bank's marketing policy; complex organization of marketing in the bank, including analysis, forecasting and planning, stimulation of the marketing service in its development; advanced training of employees in the field of marketing, ensuring control over marketing decisions.
3. Improving the quality of service and reducing queues at the Bank's offices
The key to improving the quality of service should be a thorough study of the opinions of customers coming through various communication channels, as well as improving the bank's processes in accordance with customer expectations.
The bank should implement a unified system for handling applications. Technological process provides for the consideration of customer requests by specialized specialists. The reasons for the appeals are carefully analyzed, including in the context of the channels of their receipt. The conclusions are regularly brought to the attention of the bank's management, decisions are made to change technological processes.
An important stage in the organization of work with customer requests should be the creation of the Customer Care Service. Her tasks include identifying customer requests on the Internet, interacting with customers and analyzing the problems that led to the appearance of requests. Based on analytical data, the service identifies shortcomings in the bank's business processes and formulates proposals for their elimination, thereby improving the quality of customer service.
4. Improving the credit risk management system
The method of optimization analysis consists in redistributing funds on balance accounts, which, under given restrictions, for example, establishing the required level of liquidity, ensures the maximization of the indicator under consideration, for example, determining the minimum required amount of funds that must be on hand.
Balance optimization is characterized high level analysis and is one of the main elements of financial management in a commercial bank. At the beginning of the analysis, the parameter to be optimized, the type of optimization are selected, restrictions are introduced, that is, the permissible values of the control parameters are set, which must be linear functions or the quotient of dividing linear by linear. Next, the accounts are determined, at the expense of funds on which optimization is carried out and the range of their change, after which a stage-by-stage calculation of the optimized indicator is performed.
5. Modernization of the branch network
When choosing a strategy for the development of a regional network, a bank should proceed from the fact that this strategy is functional, and its specific goals and objectives are formulated in accordance with the corporate strategy, taking into account the resource capabilities of the bank, the quality of internal technologies, competitive position, priority areas of activity, as well as features functioning and effectiveness of the existing network. The bank must clearly define what goals will be key in the development of the regional network: capture a certain market share or increase profitability, increase the resource base or search for additional opportunities for investing funds. Based on the target orientation of the network development, the bank must determine the type of strategy for regional network development.
In the work to reduce the time for consideration of applications in PJSC Rosbank, it is recommended to take measures to eliminate the causes that cause this problem:
A large package of documents for lending.
In order to attract more customers, it is necessary to review and reduce the number of documents required for obtaining a loan.
Errors of specialists (defects in documents).
This requires targeted work with staff.
These are the main steps to improve the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC. I would like to emphasize that the main idea in the study of this issue in the work is a systematic approach, the need for which is obvious when it comes to such complex problems as lending issues.
As a result, we can say that PJSC "Rosbank" as a modern commercial bank "keeps up with the times", pursuing a flexible credit policy that meets the latest requirements of the domestic credit market. However, the problems identified in the course of the analysis (the risk of non-repayment or untimely repayment of loans by borrowers, lengthy processing of an application for a loan) make us think about the future of the bank's credit policy, which is far from cloudless.
Conclusion
Having studied the credit operations of the bank and their organization, we can conclude that in modern conditions the lending process is the backbone of the modern economy and is used by banks to generate income.
Lending operations are carried out in the presence of free cash. The loaned value is sold on the terms of payment, repayment and urgency. The main features of credit relations are repayment, urgency and payment, that is, funds are provided for a certain period, must be returned, and for their use the borrower pays a certain amount to the lender.
A commercial bank is an organization whose main function is to mobilize free cash economic entities and their placement in the economy. The implementation of this function affects the formation and use of credit potential funds. Lending is the most profitable and riskiest active operation of a commercial bank. Therefore, if the bank's goal is to maximize profits, then it should pay great attention to lending operations. To achieve this goal, the bank must manage the process of forming its resource base and use it effectively.
The question is currently effective use resources of commercial banks is an important task of banking practice.
Efficient resource management of a commercial bank is a rather complex topic in Russian banking theory. Now each bank organizes its work on resource management in its own way. This is due to the various market segments in which a particular bank operates, with the lack of a generally accepted methodology for resource management. Therefore, each market participant must develop this problem, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning and position of the bank in the banking services market.
The purpose of the loan is to generate income. Without pursuing this goal, the debtor does not take, and the creditor does not provide a loan. The lender hopes to receive interest on the capital, given the degree of risk. The borrower hopes that by using the borrowed funds he will be able to generate income that will be sufficient to pay interest to the lender.
Through the process of short-term and long-term lending, the function of redistributing funds in the country's financial system takes place.
The main forms of collateral for a loan and credit operations are: collateral, guarantee and bank guarantee. In Russian practice, the use of various forms of security has been widely developed.
Carrying out credit operations is directly related to risk. Particular attention is paid to credit risk, as in last years the degree of influence of credit risk on the activity of credit operations, as well as on the activity of Russian banks as a whole, was clearly revealed. Therefore, to reduce the risk, not only its essence was considered, but also its management.
Speaking about Rosbank PJSC, it should be noted that in its development the bank relies on rich experience in working with enterprises and organizations of various industries and forms of ownership.
The issue of resource management in modern conditions is of particular urgency, since the main financial indicator of the bank's activity - profit - depends on how efficiently the bank's resources are used. From correct use resources depends on both the volume and the dynamics of profit growth.
An analysis of the management of credit operations of Rosbank PJSC revealed the problems that the bank has to face in the process of credit operations.
These problems of credit operations provide the basis for the development of proposals for improving the management of credit operations in Rosbank PJSC.
In order to reduce financial losses due to default by borrowers of their obligations, the bank takes the following active steps:
Settlement of problem (overdue) debts through restructuring in cases where economic efficiency is determined by the financial solvency and business plans for the development of the borrowers' activities;
Dealing with problem (overdue) loans at all stages of collection of overdue debts using developed and improved strategies, including with the involvement of external counterparties;
Collection of problem (overdue) debts in judicial order, including participation in bankruptcy procedures and financial recovery of borrowers.
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The concept of credit operations of a commercial bank, their legal regulation. Basic principles of lending, changes in production and commodity-money relations. Forms of credit: commercial, mortgage, state, interbank, etc.
thesis, added 07/07/2017
Presentation of the theoretical foundations of lending to individuals in the system of active operations of commercial banks. Analysis of credit transactions with individuals of the bank under study. Development of measures to improve the credit operations of the bank.
thesis, added 08/26/2017
Classification of bank loans. Normative-legal regulation of credit activity of banks in Ukraine. Analysis of credit operations and risks on them on the example of the bank "Finance and Credit". Prospects for the development of the bank's activities in the credit market.
thesis, added 12/15/2012
Regulation of credit operations of a commercial bank. Analysis of the state and dynamics of the loan portfolio, profitability of credit transactions with legal entities in the Chelyabinsk branch of the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation. Measures to improve lending.
thesis, added 07/03/2012
Study of aspects of managing credit operations, analysis of the effectiveness of credit operations of a commercial bank. Determining the essence and types of credit operations, the feasibility of managing them. Statistical methods for studying credit operations.
term paper, added 02/14/2010
Essence and role of credit operations. Analysis of the financial condition of the Chita regional branch. Key measures to improve the efficiency of its lending operations. Characteristics of the credit market of the Aginsky Buryat district of the Trans-Baikal Territory.
thesis, added 01/14/2015
Essence, forms and functions of credit operations. Operating principles modern system loans from commercial banks. Organization of microcrediting of individual entrepreneurs. Recommendations for optimizing work with problem loans.
thesis, added 03/23/2015
The concept and principles of lending by commercial banks. Varieties and features of the organization of the process of lending to individuals. Analysis of credit operations on the example of JSCB "ROSBANK", their general characteristics, evaluation and ways to improve efficiency.
term paper, added 09/11/2010
Principles of bank lending. Types of credit operations of the bank. Forms and procedure for lending. The credit process and its stages. Some varieties of bank lending operations: promissory note loan, factoring lending, forfeiting.
term paper, added 11/18/2003
Essence and types of credit operations. stages of lending. Analysis of the effectiveness of the management of credit operations of a commercial bank. Influence interest rate policy on the profitability of lending operations. Management of credit operations.
For PJSC ROSBANK, of course, the most significant are credit risks, as well as operational ones. Credit risk management and loan portfolio quality control are given special attention. ROSBANK PJSC has developed an Integrated Risk Management Policy.
PJSC ROSBANK introduces additional measures for effective risk management:
- changing the criteria for the sustainability of the clients' business in relation to activities in difficult conditions;
– strengthening the security of loans:
– increasing the level and quality of control by PJSC ROSBANK over the responsible behavior of owners and management by introducing additional conditions and restrictions on the borrower's activities.
To this end, PJSC ROSBANK pays more attention to:
– sources of repayment and their reliability;
– to the level of current liquidity of the client;
– to the level of debt load;
– to the quality and liquidity of the collateral;
- to the adequacy of financial plans and actions of borrowers in relation to sharply changed external conditions;
– Conservative approaches to customer solvency forecasts;
– to monitoring loan debt for early diagnosis of potential problems with borrowers.
The Group's credit risk management methods, including concentration risk, are aimed at minimizing and controlling credit risk on transactions that carry credit risk, and include the following main areas:
Maintaining a diversified structure of the loan portfolio by industry, regional, currency, types and terms of products provided, type of security;
Establishing risk limits for clients/groups of related clients/portfolios, etc.;
Definition of industry strategies and qualitative criteria for credit risk management in different industries;
Application of a differentiated, multi-level, integrated approach to the evaluation of customer loan applications;
Use of a centralized multi-level decision-making system when providing loan products;
Control over the implementation of established limits and decisions made;
Mandatory ongoing monitoring of the quality of the loan portfolio and individual loans/transactions bearing credit risk;
Formation of reserves for possible losses and reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt, reserves for operations with residents of offshore zones, as well as reserves in accordance with international financial reporting standards.
Centralization of decision-making procedures allows PJSC ROSBANK to form a high-quality portfolio of loans to small businesses.
The active growth of the retail loan portfolio dictates new requirements for the organization of work with the credit risk of individuals. The main task is to maintain a low share of problem loans with the planned growth in retail lending.
PJSC ROSBANK continuously monitors the quality of the retail loan portfolio by divisions and by main loan products. When an increased concentration of risk is detected in any segment, existing problems are localized, measures are taken to reduce the level of risk, recommendations are developed to prevent and reduce the likelihood of similar problems.
During 2017, PJSC ROSBANK worked with overdue debts of private clients in the following key areas:
– centralization of the collection of overdue debts in order to increase the efficiency of the collection process;
– use of market instruments, including interaction with collection agencies;
– automation of collection to account for all credit obligations of customers who have allowed the formation of overdue debts;
– building a centralized system for monitoring the collection process and its effectiveness.
Assessing the quality of credit risk management in PJSC ROSBANK, the following conclusions can be drawn.
PJSC ROSBANK’s fully functional risk monitoring and management system, based on the requirements of the Bank of Russia, recommendations of audit companies and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, as well as the experience of leading foreign and Russian financial institutions, ensures the stable operation of the Bank in the face of significant changes in financial markets.
As part of the adopted risk management policy, PJSC ROSBANK seeks to maintain a sufficient level of liquidity, balance the structure of assets and liabilities by terms and types of currencies, ensure the necessary level of diversification by regions, industries, customers and investment sizes. The risk management system in place at PJSC ROSBANK makes it possible to comply with the main standards of the Central Bank of Russia with a margin.
To assess the organization of the risk management system in accordance with the Instruction of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated January 16, 2005 N 1379-U "On the assessment financial stability bank for the purpose of recognition”, it is possible to calculate the indicator of the organization of the risk management system (PU4). To do this, you need to answer the questions given in Appendix B.
The total assessment of the risk management system of PJSC ROSBANK is equal to:
PU4 = Sum (score x weight): Sum weight (1)
The financial stability of the bank according to the group of indicators for assessing the quality of risk management is recognized as satisfactory if the assessment of the risk management system and internal control service is less than or equal to 2.3 points.
PU4 = (1*1+2*1+1*1+2*1+1*1+1*1+2*1+1*1+1*1+3*1)/10 = 1.6
Basically (95%) loans issued by PJSC ROSBANK belong to the first risk group, that is, they are loans without signs of problem.
The policy of the Central Bank and PJSC ROSBANK's own limit policy in relation to counterparties regulate the risk management process. PJSC ROSBANK sets two types of limits: a balance limit, linked to the level of our capital, and an individual one for each counterparty, depending on its financial condition. Central office PJSC "ROSBANK" sets risk limits for territorial banks, and those, in turn, for their lower levels. Today, the limits set for territorial banks fully satisfy the needs of customers in the regions.
From the provision of PJSC ROSBANK "Integrated Risk Management Policy", it is known that the risk management of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK is based on the following principles presented in Appendix B. Based on these principles, the main goal of credit risk management should be achieved - improving the quality of the loan portfolio PJSC ROSBANK by minimizing its risk.
The goal of credit risk management in PJSC ROSBANK is achieved on the basis of a systematic, integrated approach.
Risk minimization (otherwise referred to as risk management) is the adoption of measures to maintain risk at a level that does not threaten the interests of creditors and depositors, the stability of PJSC ROSBANK.
This management process includes:
Risk forecasting;
Determining their likely size and consequences;
Development and implementation of measures to prevent or minimize the associated losses.
To make effective management decisions, it is necessary to most accurately assess and predict the level of credit portfolio risk, since with the maximum possible determination and forecasting of the level of risk of the loan portfolio, PJSC ROSBANK can apply adequate regulatory methods to minimize such risk, and accordingly improve the quality of the loan portfolio.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
The most important issue for PJSC "ROSBANK" is the assessment and regulation of the riskiness of the loan portfolio, as one of the main areas of effective management of the bank's lending activities, and the main goal of the loan portfolio management process is to ensure maximum profitability at a certain level of risk.
The methodology for assessing the risk of the bank's loan portfolio provides for: a qualitative analysis of the total credit risk of ROSBANK PJSC consists in identifying risk factors (identifying its sources) and requires deep knowledge, experience and intuition in this area of activity. Speaking about the qualitative assessment of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK, one should also take into account the presence of related lending and the concentration of credit risk; quantitative assessment of the risk of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK, which involves determining the level (degree) of risk. The degree of credit risk is a quantitative expression of PJSC ROSBANK's assessment of the creditworthiness of borrowers and lending operations.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the credit portfolio risk is carried out simultaneously, using such methods for assessing the risk of the loan portfolio of ROSBANK PJSC as: analytical, statistical and coefficient.
A comprehensive assessment of the risk of the bank's loan portfolio provides for the simultaneous quantitative and qualitative assessment of credit risk.
The optimal method for quantitative assessment of the risk of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK is the methodology for assessing the degree of risk of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK. This is a mathematical procedure for structuring and hierarchically presenting a set of indicators that determine the actual level of risk and provide an opportunity to choose effective methods for managing it.
In order to prevent the possibility of an increase in the level of credit risk, the bank monitors credit risk.
Credit risk monitoring is carried out as in the context individual borrower and the bank's loan portfolio as a whole.
Monitoring of credit risk in the context of an individual borrower is carried out on an ongoing basis by employees of the lending division of the bank in accordance with the “Regulations on the procedure for the formation by the Bank of reserves for possible losses on loans, loans and equivalent debts”.
Monitoring of credit risk in general for the Bank's loan portfolio is carried out on a non-permanent basis by an employee of the "Risks" group.
In order to monitor the credit risk on the loan portfolio, the bank uses a system of indicators of the level of credit risk - indicators that are theoretically or empirically related to the level of credit risk accepted by the bank. The system of authority and decision-making is designed to ensure the proper functioning of credit risk management, giving it the required flexibility, combined with sustainability at each level of management. PJSC ROSBANK has developed and implemented an information system for collecting and analyzing information on the state of credit risk.
The information system on the state of credit risk is part of the information banking system "Monitoring of banking risks", on the basis of which the assessment, management and monitoring of banking risks inherent in the activities of the bank is carried out on a consolidated basis.
Main tasks information system are: providing the bank's management bodies and heads of structural divisions with the amount of information sufficient to make appropriate management decisions; formation of reliable reporting.
The main directions of risk management of the loan portfolio is the development and implementation of measures to prevent or minimize the losses associated with it. This involves the creation of a credit risk management strategy, that is, the basis of decision-making policy in such a way as to timely and consistently use all the development opportunities of PJSC ROSBANK and at the same time keep risks at an acceptable and manageable level.
Diversification of the loan portfolio of PJSC ROSBANK is carried out by distributing loans by various categories of borrowers, terms of provision, types of collateral, by industry.
Control over compliance with the established rules and procedures for credit risk management is carried out within the framework of the internal control system. The subjects exercising control are the Board of Directors of the bank, the Management Board of the bank, the Internal Control Service, the Organizational and Control Department, as well as the heads of all structural divisions of the bank, whose decisions affect the level of credit risk.
Credit risk control as a banking risk management tool is based on the following principles from among the principles of internal control organization: comprehensiveness of internal control, coverage control procedures all organizational structures and divisions of the bank, the multi-level nature of internal control.
These or those problems exist in all spheres of human activity. The credit market is no exception. Due to the enormous growth in demand for credit products, more and more problems arise in this industry. The main one is the presence of delinquency on loans issued to individuals. Potentially borrowed persons themselves also have a lot of obstacles to obtaining a loan on suitable terms and with minimal requirements from the lender. Therefore, any person who decides to enter into a credit relationship should familiarize himself with the list of difficulties that he may encounter.
The first thing that an individual who comes to the bank faces is the bank's requirements to provide all reliable information about himself, about his work, income, composition of property owned, family members, and so on. All data specified in the questionnaire must be confirmed by relevant certificates or documents. The borrower is responsible for the accuracy of the information provided and the authenticity of the documents, and it should be remembered that the bank's security service checks all potential debtors, there are no exceptions. At this stage, most of the clients of the bank's credit department are eliminated, because. they are unable to pass the solvency test.
In the case when a bank client has passed the security check, he will have to face a number of difficulties. Many banks, in order to reduce their risks, require clients to provide collateral in the form of a pledge of property (not every citizen owns valuable property), third-party guarantees (only in rare cases, even the closest people agree to act as a loan guarantor), bank guarantee(it is almost impossible for an individual to receive it), or liability insurance (additional costs for the borrower). On the one hand, securing a loan allows you to get more low interest on a loan, but on the other hand, it almost always incurs additional costs for the client.
If the bank does not require the provision of a large package of documents, loan security, then most likely it will set a high interest rate on the loan. Such measures are necessary to offset the high risks of the credit institution. Also banks in without fail issue a payment schedule, which indicates the amounts and terms of payment of the loan. Change it to unilaterally without notifying the debtor, the bank has no right, however, deviating from the rate of payments is fraught with consequences - penalties and fines for late payments sometimes reach gigantic proportions.
And there is a list of problems such problems include:
1) the existence of small commercial banks with a weak financial base (they cannot cope with the needs of customers, are limited to short-term credit operations, do not invest in the development of economic sectors, are limited by the monopoly of large Russian banks, foreign market players, and the lack of areas for profitable allocation of banking resources);
2) problems of the mortgage system (underdevelopment of the housing market, discrepancy between housing prices and the average income level, instability of the dollar exchange rate for mortgage loans in dollars, a decrease in the popularity of mortgage lending due to rapid changes in the real estate market, unacceptable for most price and other conditions of banks - the amount of the first installment is up to 30% of the cost of an apartment, the average loan term is 21.5 years, etc.), which require banks addressing risk management issues in this area (Figure 1);
Rice. 1. Problems in the field of risk management in mortgage lending
3) car loan problems (subsidized budget cars are the most popular, according to experts, car loan rates may increase by 5%;
4) the rise in the cost of loans for the population (an increase in interest rates on loans, a decrease in solvency due to cut wages and job cuts, an increase in the percentage of overdue loans - an average of 3.3% above the European level);
5) tightening the conditions of banks for all types of loans for the population and legal entities in the conditions of an unstable economic situation (an increase in the term early repayment credit, entering into the "black list" of the client with a slight delay in payments on the loan, an increase in the number of documents for granting a loan and the dependence of the rate, the loan amount on the availability of these documents, etc.);
6) competition from new credit and financial institutions, insurance companies and investment funds, which attract deposits from the population not on a genuine commercial basis, but according to the “pyramid” principle;
7) the inability of many banks to lend to production (most banks keep funds in liquid form or export capital abroad; at the same time, a structure for effective lending to production has not been created with the involvement of external specialists in narrow production areas to accurately assess specific risks and predict the solvency of a manufacturing company, the system lending for manufacturing enterprises is not flexible)
8) a drop in demand for loans (the population is more cautiously and responsibly considering the possibility of using bank loan, there is an increase in the popularity of express loans, loans that do not require collateral, a decrease in demand for car loans and mortgage loans);
9) a decrease in lending volumes (on average, each year the volume of lending decreases by 1%, while the percentage of overdue payments on loans for manufacturing companies decreases);
10) decrease in public confidence in credit institutions in connection with the loss of deposits;
11) toughening of the positions of the international banking community in relation to Russian credit institutions against the backdrop of political events and Russia's attitude towards them.
It is necessary to apply a number of measures to improve the efficiency of certain types of lending:
1) provision state support Russian banks;
2) increase in the volume of loans from the federal budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the period of their provision up to 3 years;
3) creating favorable conditions for lending by commercial banks to small and medium-sized businesses (increasing the amount of credit for legal entities up to 20 million rubles, for entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity up to 1 million rubles and the term of its provision up to 5 years, reducing interest rates on credit);
4) expansion of targeted lending to enterprises against payments for delivered products (factoring);
5) provision of subsidies for the development of educational loans (make educational loans more affordable in terms of terms of provision and interest rates, provide an opportunity to receive interest-free social loans);
6) providing subsidies to strengthen the banking system;
7) improvement of requirements for borrowers (reduction of requirements for the age of borrowers, etc.);
8) an increase in the volume of loans from large Russian banks;
9) reduction of interest rates on loans in large Russian banks to 10-12% and increased confidence of borrowers;
10) provision of mortgage loans for a long period (10-25 years);
11) development of mortgage lending secured by real estate;
12) reduction of outstanding debts on loans.
In modern conditions, a certain restraining position of the state is necessary in relation to the regulation of rates and the creation of favorable conditions for paying debts on loans.
The stability of the credit system of the Russian Federation and the growth of its qualitative indicators should be priority issues, because. a well-defined lending mechanism ensures the sustainable development of the country's economy.
Conclusion
In this paper, the theoretical foundations of credit, the essence and problems that are inherent in credit in modern conditions, and changes in its functional dynamics were considered. Description of the activities of PJSC Rosbank, the direction of lending to individuals in PJSC Rosbank, Problems and prospects for the development of lending to individuals in PJSC Rosbank.
