Recently, it has become very fashionable to talk about investing. Moreover, this is often done by people who actually have a very remote idea of the concept and essence. investment activity. The types of investments for many of them remain a secret behind seven seals.
At the same time, every competent and successful investor should be able to freely navigate the modern diversity financial investments. Such knowledge allows you to freely navigate the existing investment opportunities and help you make the right decisions. Currently, the classification of investments can be carried out according to several criteria.
If you talk to several different investors, and each of them will be asked the question: "What are the types or forms of investment?", then the variety of answers can confuse you. Indeed, they can tell you about direct, portfolio, gross, long-term and primary investments of funds. Moreover, this enumeration can be continued for a long time.
All these types of investments exist. The question is only on the basis of what feature they are classified in each individual case. It is also necessary to take into account that there is no right and wrong division. All of the following gradations have the right to exist.
The classification of investments can be based on the following features:
Let's look at these types of investments in more detail.
From the name of such a classification, it becomes obvious that in this case the object of investment is taken as a starting point. In other words, this is the same asset that the investor acquires in exchange for the money invested.
The main types of investments, depending on the investment object, are:
In addition, types of financial investments, depending on the object, may be classified in a different way. These are investments:
At the end of this section, it is also necessary to touch upon such concepts as net investment and gross investment. The first is characterized by an investment financial assets in the purchase of a company or enterprise. The second represents the totality of net investment and the reinvestment process. In other words, initially the investor acquires the company. As a result of its functioning, he makes a profit, which he reinvests in its further development.
Types of investment, depending on the goals pursued, are:
In this case, the right of ownership of the invested resources is at the forefront. In other words, we start from who actually owns the invested funds or from sources of financing. Based on this principle, the following forms of investment can be distinguished:
These forms of investment are best understood in terms of specific example. Suppose the Government of the Moscow Region put up for an open auction a certain amount land plots in the Stupino and Ozersk districts. Thus, any owner of capital who wishes can invest in their acquisition. If the auction winner is a private or entity, then such investments will be considered private. If an American or Chinese company wins, then such investments will be recognized as foreign. And so on.
Types of investment, depending on the origin of the funds used, are:
Let's take a closer look at disinvestment. The question arises: "In what case can an investor take such a decisive step?" As a rule, we can talk about two situations. Firstly, the investor withdraws money from an unsuccessful investment project when he is finally convinced that he has no prospects.
Secondly, disinvestment can be carried out with the aim of investing money in a more interesting investment object. They are necessary when the investor does not have enough other free funds for this.
Types of investment on the basis of riskiness are distinguished:
Investors who prefer to use an aggressive strategy often prefer investments with a higher level of risk. It is explained simply. Such investments promise maximum returns.
Types of investments according to the level of liquidity are:
The higher the degree of liquidity of investments, the better. In practice, this means that the owner of highly liquid assets at any time can easily find a buyer for him at a price that is currently established on the market.
The degree of liquidity of assets is well understood by the example of a currency from different countries. If an investor has invested in american dollars or euro, it was a highly liquid investment. They can be easily implemented in any nearest exchanger with a suitable rate. However, if an investor bought Bahraini dinars or Chilean pesos, then it will be somewhat more difficult to sell them, that is, the level of investment liquidity in this case will be lower.
If we put the time factor at the forefront, then our investments can be:
According to the form of accounting, investments can be:
In reality, these two terms are closely related. Gross investment is usually understood as the sum of all investments made for reporting period. To calculate the value of net investments, we should subtract the monetary value of depreciation from the gross funds invested.
When we want to divide investments by geographic or territorial principle, then first of all we should specify the region or state from which we will start. Depending on the territorial affiliation, investments are:
If we take as a starting point Russian Federation, then all investments made in the country itself will be internal, and outside it will be external.
An investor does not always manage his own funds on his own. At present, a situation is widespread in which capital is given to a third party for management. For example, on the stock exchange it can be a managing trader.
In this regard, investments can be:
Every year investment activity attracts attention ordinary people that are not closely related to economics and finance. If we compare the profitability and riskiness of various types of investment, we can determine the most promising and profitable areas of funds. Moreover, most people want to receive precisely passive income, which does not require active actions or special financial knowledge.
Currently, the most popular types of investments with passive income are:
Let's take a closer look at each of these possibilities.
The mutual fund offers all its potential clients to buy a share or share in the formed investment portfolio, which includes securities of various companies. This is a classic form of passive investment. At the end of the reporting period (usually a calendar year), the shareholder receives a portion of the profit proportionally equal to the size of the share he redeemed.
The selection of securities for the investment portfolio of the mutual fund is carried out by a special manager. The shareholder himself has nothing to do with this process.
Typically, mutual funds form several different investment portfolios, each of which has its own potential return and risk level.
The traditional and most popular type of investment among Russians. You do not need to be seven spans in the forehead to immediately highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of this method of investing money. Its main advantage is the guaranteed receipt of income prescribed in advance in the contract. Minus bank deposits is at an extremely low rate of return.
In many ways, this method of investing resembles the purchase of a share in a mutual fund. The main difference lies in the personalized approach, which distinguishes trust management. In other words, the investor does not invest money in an already formed investment portfolio, but gives it to his trustee for management. key figure in this situation becomes the manager. This should be a legal entity or a specific person, in the professionalism and cleanliness of which the investor has no doubts.
Data financial structures offer investors services for managing money, from which their future pension will be formed in the future. The essence of this method of investing is not so much to preserve, but to increase the financial assets of the client.
It makes sense to seriously consider investing in real estate during periods of sustainable development of the country's economy. This is due to the fact that during economic crises real estate objects seriously lose in value and liquidity.
These investments are primarily divided by objects. It makes sense to talk about residential and commercial real estate.
This type of financial investment is much more complex than participation in mutual funds or transferring money to trust management. In such a situation, the investor has to rely solely on his own knowledge and experience of stock trading. Consequently, the risks of this type of investment increase significantly. Thus, exchange trading is the lot of self-confident experienced investors.
Behind this long and difficult to pronounce word is an investment activity that is directly related to the investment of funds in art objects (paintings, engravings, etc.), precious metals, stones, jewelry and antiques.
Such investments also require specific knowledge and understanding of pricing factors. In addition, investments of such a plan are long-term and most often require a significant amount of money.
Similar investments in last years are gaining popularity. They are characterized by investing financial assets in start-ups, innovative business ideas and projects.
This area of investment is characterized by very high risks. According to statistics, only 10-15% of all launched startups become successful companies. At the same time, if your choice turns out to be correct, then you may find yourself at the origins of a project that can change the world within a few years.
All of the above types of investments with the right approach can bring a lot of money. Choose wisely.
From characteristics economic essence investments, let's move on to the main forms of their implementation.
An analysis of the economic literature made it possible to identify enough a large number of approaches to the classification of forms of investment, both at the macro and micro levels.
Let's consider the main ones.
Figure 2.1 shows the classification of investment forms according to the system of national accounts (hereinafter SNA) and the developments of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation created on their basis.
Rice. 2.1. Classification of investments according to the SNA
According to this classification, the following types of investments are distinguished.
1) Capital investment that ensure the creation and reproduction of funds. They involve the investment of capital directly in the means of production and consumer goods. In other words, capital-forming investments represent the investment of capital in fixed assets and in the growth of inventories.
Capital investments include:
Investment in fixed assets or, in other words, capital investments;
Overhaul costs;
Investments for the acquisition of land plots and nature management facilities;
Investments in intangible assets such as patents, licenses, research and development, etc.;
Investments in working capital replenishment.
At the same time, capital investments, which are fixed capital, characterize the volume and structure of capital-forming investments. Capital investments include the following types of costs:
For new construction;
For reconstruction;
For expansion and technical re-equipment;
For residential and cultural construction.
2) Under financial investments refers to investing in financial assets such as stocks, bonds and other securities, as well as objects of hoarding and bank deposits.
3) As can be seen from Fig. 2.1, the system of national accounts in a separate group allocates intellectual investment. These include investments in personnel training, transfer of experience, licenses, know-how, scientific developments, etc.
The above classification is limited to one classification feature - investment objects, while the most comprehensive classification of investments is carried out in the work I.A. Blanca.
Figure 2.2 shows the classification of investments according to individual characteristics.
Rice. 2.2. Classification of forms of investment according to certain characteristics
According to fig. 2.2 investments are classified as follows:
1. By investment objects
Under real investments understand investments in real assets - both tangible and intangible. financial investments represent an investment in various financial instruments, among which a significant share is occupied by securities.
2. According to allocate direct and indirect investments.
Direct investments- this is the direct participation of the investor in the choice of investment objects and investment. Under indirect investment refers to investment mediated by other persons (intermediaries).
3. By investment period distinguish between short-term and long-term investments.
Under short term investments refers to capital investments for a period not exceeding one year. Long term investment is an investment of capital for a period of more than one year. In the practice of large investment companies, long-term investments are detailed as follows: a) up to 2 years; b) from 2 to 3 years; c) from 3 to 5 years; d) over 5 years.
4. By forms of ownership investors allocate investments private, state, foreign and joint.
Private investment- investments made by citizens, as well as enterprises of non-state forms of ownership. To public investment includes investments made by central and local authorities and administrations, as well as state-owned enterprises and institutions at the expense of their own borrowed funds. Under foreign investment refers to investments made foreign citizens, legal entities and states and subjects of a given country. Joint investment is a combination of two or more of the above forms of investment.
5. By regional allocate investments at home and abroad.
The above classification of investments reflects their most significant features and, if necessary, can be deepened depending on business or research goals.
V.V. Bocharov gives the following classification of investment forms:
1. By investment objects allocate real and financial investments.
Real investment(investment) - advance money in tangible and intangible assets (innovation). Capital investments are classified:
By sectoral structure (industry, transport, Agriculture etc.);
Reproductive structure (new construction, expansion, reconstruction and expansion of existing enterprises);
Technological structure (construction and installation works, purchase of equipment, other capital costs).
financial investments- investments in securities: equity (stocks) and debt (bonds).
2. By nature of participation in investment– direct and indirect investments.
Direct investments involve the direct participation of the investor in the selection of an object for investing funds. Indirect investment carried out through financial intermediaries - commercial banks, investment companies and funds, etc. The latter accumulate and place the collected funds at their own discretion, ensuring their effective use.
3. By investment period investments are divided into short-term (for a period of up to 1 year) and long-term (for a period of more than 1 year). The latter of them serve as a source of capital reproduction.
4. By form of ownership investments are divided into private, public, joint and foreign.
Private investment express investment in objects entrepreneurial activity legal entities of non-state forms of ownership, as well as citizens. Public investment characterize the investment of capital of state unitary and municipal enterprises, as well as federal and regional budgets and off-budget funds.
5. By regional investments are divided into investments within the country and abroad.
6. By level of investment risk distinguish the following types of investments:
- risk-free investment- investing in such investment objects for which there is no real risk of losing the expected income or capital and real profit is practically guaranteed;
- low risk investments— capital investment in objects, the risk of which is below the average market level;
- medium risk investments— capital investment in objects, the risk for which corresponds to the average market level;
- high-risk investments- investing in such objects, the level of risk for which is usually higher than the average market;
- speculative investment- investment of capital in the most risky assets (for example, in shares of young companies), where maximum income is expected.
As you can see, V.V.
Other classifications of investments are given in the scientific literature. So, V.M. Juha identifies the following features of investment classification.
The first classification feature he singles out are ownership of investments within which they are carried out, and ultimate investment goals.
Figure 2.3 shows the classification of investments in terms of their direction and effectiveness.
Rice. 2.3. Classification of investments by forms of ownership and by the ultimate goals of investment (V.M. Dzhukha)
The next sign of classification, distinguished by V.M. Juha, are market areas on which investments appear, and nesting objects.
As shown in Figure 2.4, depending on the objects of investment and market areas, the author distinguishes between portfolio and real investments (capital investments).
At the same time, under portfolio investments refers to investing in instruments stock market and other financial assets such as insurance policies, shares in the statutory funds of non-incorporated enterprises, targeted deposits, collateral objects, etc. Moreover, the investment of such funds must meet at least two requirements:
Profitability (ensure high current income or rapid growth of invested funds);
Reliability (liquidity and inflation protection).
Rice. 2.4. Classification of investments by market areas and investment objects (V.M. Dzhukha)
To real, or capital-forming, investments includes all costs for the construction, expansion, reconstruction (modernization) and equipping of investment objects, as well as the costs for the preparation of capital construction and the increase in working capital necessary for the normal functioning of the enterprise.
The last sign of investment classification by V.M. Juha Highlights ensuring the investment process. This classification is presented in Figures 2.5 and 2.6.
Rice. 2.5. Classification of own investments (V.M. Dzhukha)
Rice. 2.6. Classification of foreign investments (V.M. Dzhukha)
It should be noted that the author singles out into a separate group foreign investment , defining them as a special form of investment. They can be used as an external source of funding and come in three main forms:
- straight;
- portfolio;
- targeted loans at the enterprise level.
1) purpose:
Production investments, the objects of which are production assets;
Non-productive investments - reproduction of fixed assets non-production purpose(objects of social and cultural purpose, etc.);
2) by direction of use:
New construction;
Reconstruction;
Technical re-equipment;
Expansion of existing enterprises;
3) by funding source:
Centralized, carried out at the expense of the state and trust funds of sectoral ministries and departments;
Decentralized (own and borrowed) - are created at the level of enterprises at the expense of depreciation, production development fund, rent payments and bank loans;
4) according to the structure of the constituent elements:
Construction;
Drilling;
Installation work;
Equipment;
Tool and inventory;
Other capital investments.
The classification given by V.M. Juha, the most complete, as it includes almost all classification features. The exception is the classification of investments according to the level of investment risk.
All previously given classifications of investments must be supplemented with the classification of investments at the enterprise level, shown in Figure 2.7.
Rice. 2.7. Classification of investments at the enterprise level
According to Figure 2.7, from the point of view of the enterprise and depending on the objects of investment, investments can be divided into two groups: real and financial. At the same time, real investments express capital investments in tangible assets, and financial investments in intangible ones.
In its turn, real investment presented in two forms:
1) investments in the development of production, represented by costs:
For reconstruction and technical re-equipment;
To expand production;
For the release of new products;
For the modernization of products and the development of new resources.
2) investments in the development of the non-productive sphere, including the following types of costs:
for housing construction;
For the construction of sports and recreation facilities;
To improve working conditions and increase the level of technical safety.
The financial investments or, as they are also called, portfolio investment, can be divided into the purchase of securities and contributions to the assets of other enterprises. Investments in the purchase of securities represent capital investments in shares and bonds of other commercial organizations, as well as financing of other types of securities, aimed at extracting certain benefits. Investments in the assets of other enterprises are investments in the assets of manufacturing enterprises, investments in the assets of financial institutions, as well as investments in the assets of other commercial organizations.
The main difference of this classification from the previously considered ones is that it gives a real idea of the purposes for which enterprises can invest. In other words, this classification characterizes the investment portfolio of the enterprise. Optimizing this portfolio to minimize risk and maximize economic reward is one of the critical issues at the enterprise.
Rice. 2.8. Investment classification
The analysis of the above classifications of investments made it possible to form a classification of investments, presented in Figure 2.8, according to which it is advisable to single out eight main features of the classification:
1) form of ownership of investment resources;
2) the level of investment risk;
3) nature of participation in the investment process;
4) investment period;
5) regional sign;
6) objects of investment and use at the enterprise level;
7) sources of financing;
8) economic goals.
This classification, shown in fig. 2.8, most fully reflects all forms of investment activity carried out by individual economic units.
Having decided to engage in such a type of financial activity as investing, the future investor must understand such issues as the main types of investments and their classification.
First, let's understand what investment is.
Investments are those or other types of intellectual or property values that are invested in certain commercial processes or financial instruments in order to make a profit.
Some of the investments can be attributed to both speculation and investment. This trend takes place because the boundary between these two concepts is to some extent not fully defined. The criterion is the investment period - if it is not more than a year, then this is referred to as speculation, more than a year - to investments. Although investing in stock trading no one calls speculation, and precisely - investments on the stock exchange, although most of the investors are closely watching economic situation and how things are going on the stock exchange, and they bet on profitability, and not on the duration of investment. Sometimes the distinction occurs for the intended purpose. For example, if we are talking about investments in the purchase of equipment, materials, technologies, the introduction of innovations, then they are called investments. If the funds are directed to the acquisition of shares, shares, commercial objects, legal rights, trademarks or any other securities, then such investments of money are called speculation.
In any case, investing is one of the most profitable and convenient ways increase your own capital and make a fairly large amount out of a small amount. Today, there are many types of investments, and anyone who decides to devote himself to investing has the opportunity to choose exactly those types of investments that suit him best.
There are many criteria for classifying investments. In this article we will try to consider all of them.
According to the type of investment object, real (direct) and financial (portfolio) investments are considered.
Real investments include investing in real tangible and intangible assets, which can include fixed and working capital or intellectual property. In most cases, this is a long-term investment in the creation of fixed assets.
Real investments, in turn, are divided into several types:
Financial (portfolio) investment includes all types of investments that are aimed at generating income directly. In this case, the objects of investment are: currency, stocks, precious metals, bonds and other securities. This type of investment, as a rule, brings profit from two sources: the regular payment of dividends and income from the increase in the initial value of investment objects received during their sale.
Both for individuals and for business representatives, at the moment, the greatest interest is in financial investment in currency market Forex (in particular), securities, mutual funds (mutual funds), shares of developing enterprises, start-ups and other similar projects.
And each investor thinks about whether to choose one type of investment or create an investment portfolio that will include several types of investments related to completely different sectors of the economy and industries. As a rule, reasonable investors choose the option with an investment portfolio. Hence the second name of financial investments - portfolio.
By the nature of participation in investment, the following types of investments are distinguished:
According to the terms of investment, the division of investments into:
Depending on the profitability, investments are divided into:
Depending on the degree of possible risks, investments are divided into:
The degree of liquidity of investments can be completely different, therefore there is a division into:
According to the nature of the use of capital, investments are divided into:
Based on the form of ownership, the following types of investments can be distinguished:
Territorially, investments are divided into:
In addition to the types of investments listed above, one can also single out such a type as an annuity. An annuity is an investment of funds that brings the investor a certain profit at regular intervals. As a rule, contributions to pension and insurance funds are called annuity.
Investment decisions to acquire financial assets have recently become incredibly popular. At the same time, the range of these solutions has expanded so much and become more diverse that separate areas clearly stand out in it:
To all of the above, a small clarification should be added: such concepts as investment and financing, although they are interconnected, the terms are far from identical. Although many of these concepts are confused. If financing means the formation and provision of financial resources that are aimed at creating property, then investment should be understood as their use and transformation into capital.
In addition, you should not confuse such two concepts as "capital investments" and investments. Because capital investment, as a rule, means the creation of new fixed assets (structures, transport, equipment, etc.) and the restoration of old ones. As for investments, this concept is broader and, in addition to the above investments, also includes investing in current assets, intellectual property, financial instruments. From which it follows that capital investment is nothing but component investment.
Life is so arranged that we spend half of our efforts, or even more, on various forms of investment. This is a universal rule for all contexts. The micro- and macroeconomic levels of the social structure refer investments to the key aspects of life. Why does a practicing manager need to know the classification of this type of activity? The types of investments that the manager and PM will have to deal with make it possible to distinguish one vector of activities from others and successfully improve project production in real business conditions.
The economic theory of John Keynes (Cambridge, 1930s) determined the economic content of the investment phenomenon. J.M. Keynes defined investment as an increase in the value of capital property. At the same time, the scientist believed that capital property may well consist of both fixed and circulating (liquid) capital. It is best to disassemble the essence of investment activity (ID) by answering six questions.
By answering these questions, we will not only gain a clear understanding of the economic nature of IP, but also provide a well-developed framework for the use of real investment classifications. The concept and types of investments will be filled with special content. Let's start with the question "Who?". Participants in the investment process are also called IP subjects. Law of the Russian Federation No. 39-FZ distinguishes four large categories of such persons:
The essence and classification of investments proceeds from the fact that the micro and macro levels are detailed through the types and types of investment activities. The structure of IE participants is quite universal and has some diversity at the micro level when considering, for example, investments on behalf of individuals. To a greater extent, the forms and characteristics of investments differ, based on the objects of investment. How to answer the question, what is the subject of investments? The subject of investment may be the following.
In answering the question "From where?", we must evaluate two types of source that determine the main types of investments. The first type sets types such as public, private, foreign, mixed, and so on. In other words, sources are understood as subjects of civil legal relations that enter the investment process as investors.
Each subject of relations has a composition of funds in their dual economic nature. On the one hand, funds as assets, on the other hand, the sources of these funds. As you know, there are three major forms of sources of funds: private ownership, budget and mixed. The first form fully belongs to the category of commercial organizations. The second type of sources, which determines the type of investment, is associated with such a classification feature as a source of financing. The following financial sources are taken into account in this category.
We continue to answer the question "Where?". Essence and types of investments according to their composition financial sources reflect such a fundamental moment of ID as the sufficiency of funds for their production. It is one thing - a strategic plan and prioritization. The very possibility of finding funds and ensuring a rational structure of sources is perceived in a completely different way. Each source has its price. Below is the structure of the sources of funds of the enterprise with their selected main elements for the purposes of ID.
Main and temporary sources of funding for ID
Let us analyze the types of investments by the nature of their sources of financing. The first of these can be called a simple reproduction of the main production assets(OPF). An extremely important and extremely veiled appearance. Its main characteristic is that the main source is the depreciation fund. Modern accounting does not imply the allocation of a real source in the balance sheet and, in theory, a part of retained earnings should be responsible for simple reproduction. Unfortunately, if you do not create special mechanisms, it is difficult to isolate this source by standard means.
The classification of investments makes it possible to single out the second main source of ID. They are pure retained earnings, which, taking into account the funds for simple reproduction of the BPF, serves the functions:
The economic essence and types of investments are manifested through the third natural source of funds for these purposes, which is the authorized capital of the company. It can also be called the main one, but in relation to a large Russian business(JSC) and to foreign practice. In Russia, such business refers to natural monopolies or oligopolies, and there are very few truly market structures that place shares on stock exchanges.
Unfortunately, our not entirely legitimate past, and the present too, greatly levels the role of this practice for small and medium-sized enterprises. Double economic standards, opaque tax law, the imperfection of law does not allow owners to openly invest their funds through an instrument of authorized capital. Most often, the authorized capital is replaced by a form of borrowing from the same founders.
Among the ED's own sources of funding, there are also sources such as own shares and reserve capital. It is undesirable to use them as the main ones. Temporarily, the company, of course, can use them, because "money does not smell." However, the same financial director is obliged to ensure that these resources always return to the context of the statutory purpose. Additional capital, if it is applied during the revaluation of OPF, serves the task of their simple and expanded reproduction in addition to net retained earnings.
In this section, we complete the conversation on the topic: “Where do the investments come from?”. It is not in vain that we pay so much attention to the sources of investment financing. Each company wants to have enough own funds so that they are enough for production and marketing processes and for development. By attracting funds for investments, the company dramatically increases the risk zone of its activities. Nevertheless, in 90% of cases it is necessary to raise funds, and this is a normal practice.
The classification of ID, carried out with the attraction of funds from various sources, is based on the types of these sources according to the accounting division into long-term and short-term liabilities. The main source of financing are long-term loans and borrowings. If a company attracts long-term target financing from budgetary funds for investment purposes, then such a source can be considered the second most important source after borrowed funds.
Settlements with suppliers and contractors, settlements on taxes and fees, other forms of settlements, regardless of their duration, long-term or short-term, can also act as sources of investment. And these forms of sources are not desirable, and short-term liabilities cannot be used for these purposes, since the indicators of liquidity, independence and stability of the company may worsen.
The composition of the ID participants depends on what sources of investment are involved. For example, if a company copes with its own resources, then the roles of the investor and the customer coincide, and the role of investment intermediaries is minimal (assuming only insurance companies are allowed to participate). If the share of borrowed funds in the ID is high, then the role of the lender - a credit institution - increases.
Otherwise, the figure of an investor appears who provides a loan (usually long-term). Or he is a member of the society. An investor can invest by purchasing a block of shares joint-stock company or by buying out a share if the company is an LLC, ALC or limited partnership.
Sustainable liabilities, i.e. In principle, we do not consider sources equated to own funds as sources of investment, since we consider them to be ultra-short. Indeed, how can debt be considered as a source of funds for investment? wages or settlements with accountable persons under credit balance? In the last two sections of the article, we considered a very interesting question, and the topic, I hope, will be continued in other materials. Among other things, we fully answered the question “Where from?”.
The classification of investments, like any other classification, must ensure the implementation of the following principles.
These are the immutable laws of logic - the mother of scientific truth. Below is a scheme for classifying investments. The signs presented in it are far from exhausting all aspects of a possible division. Some species will receive a separate comment from me, but the main information on each species will be actively developed in thematic articles.
Classification of signs and types of investments
The types allocated on the basis of an object represent the assignment of investments to a certain area: real production or financial assets. This classification answers the question "Where?". The real investment in commercial activities is the dominant majority. They involve the construction and modernization, equipping of objects of the material and non-material sphere of organizations with equipment. This also includes the cost of preparations for capital construction. They also include investments in the form of increments in working capital stocks, intangible assets, acquired property and non-property rights, necessary and sufficient for the regular activities of the organization.
Types of financial investments involve investing in securities, shares and other assets of other companies. When using real financial instruments there is an increase in the financial capital of the investor due to dividends and other income. This type investment is speculative in nature, carried out for the purpose of resale. If the investor acts strategically and pursues long-term goals, financial investments are in the nature of long-term investments. There are the following types of financial investments.
In this article, we have considered subject matter investment activity through the classification prism of dividing the concept of IP and the main types of investments. Their isolation is made according to the key features that separate one type of investment from another. In the course of this work, we received answers to questions that reveal the essence of the concept: who, what, where and where.
Classification analysis gave us outlines for answering the question "How?". And the main answers await us in articles on management, processes and projects in the investment field. The answer to the question "Why?" obviously lies in the company's strategy and its investment policy. These topics are certainly very interesting, and we will definitely reveal them within the framework of our project.
