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Eastern Europe
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EASTERN EUROPE Eastern Europe- in the narrowest sense of the word - geographically central and northeastern Europe, inhabited mainly by Slavic peoples, constituting 2/3 of the territory of this subcontinent of Eurasia. The term is very context-dependent and even changeable; as noted in the United Nations document, there are "nearly as many definitions of Eastern Europe as fields of science" and "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct". According to the UN definition, Eastern Europe includes: Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine and the Czech Republic.
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STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS STATE CAPITAL BULGARIA HUNGARY POLAND ROMANIA SLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC MOLDOVA UKRAINE BELARUS
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STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS STATE CAPITAL BULGARIA SOFIA HUNGARY BUDAPEST POLAND WARSAW ROMANIA BUCHAREST SLOVAKIA BRATISLAVA CZECH REPUBLIC PRAGUE MOLDOVA CHISINAU UKRAINE Kyiv BELARUS MINSK
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BULGARIA The national flag of the Republic of Bulgaria consists of three horizontal stripes of equal size: white above, green in the middle, red below. The first of them personifies freedom and peace, the second - forests and agriculture, the third - the blood shed in the struggle for state independence. The coat of arms of Bulgaria is a dark red shield topped with the historical crown of Bulgaria. The shield depicts a crowned golden lion standing on its hind legs. The shield is held by two golden crowned lions. Under the shield are oak branches and a ribbon with the motto "Union to rule silat" (Unity gives strength).
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BULGARIA Bulgaria complete official uniform- The Republic of Bulgaria - a state in Eastern Europe, in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, occupies 22% of its area. The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - the Bulgarians. Population - 7,364,570 people Territory - 110,993 km². In the European Union it occupies: 11th place in terms of territory 16th place in terms of population. The capital is Sofia. The official language is Bulgarian. A significant part of the population (about 78%) professes Orthodoxy
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BULGARIA Industrial country with developed agriculture. One of the main sectors of the economy are also tourism and services. The volume of GDP per capita is $ 13,562. It is a member of many international organizations: the UN since 1955, the OSCE since 1975, the BSEC since 1992, the Council of Europe, the WTO since 1996, NATO since 2004, the EU since 2007.
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BULGARIA Benefits: Coal and gas reserves. Productive agriculture, especially wine and tobacco production. Close ties with the EU. Weak sides: infrastructure and equipment outdated; high debt in all sectors. Privatization that dragged on until 1998 and structural reforms. The reforms led to stabilization in the economy, the rise of industry, and increased inflow of foreign investment into the country. In 2002, the European Commission recognized Bulgaria as a country with a market economy, thereby recognizing the success of the government in carrying out market reforms.
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HUNGARY The national flag of the Republic of Hungary consists of red, white and green horizontal stripes. The red color symbolizes the blood of the Hungarian patriots shed in the struggle for the independence of Hungary. White is a symbol of moral purity and nobility of the ideals of the Hungarian people. Green color- a symbol of hope for a better future for the country. The coat of arms of Hungary is a heraldic shield divided vertically in two. Heraldically, the right side of the shield is divided into eight horizontal alternating red and silver stripes. On the left side of the shield in a red field is a silver six-pointed cross standing on a green hill crowned with a golden crown, the middle of three. The shield is surmounted by the crown of Saint Stephen.
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HUNGARY Hungary official form - Hungary - a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 10 million people territory - 93,030 km². It ranks 89th in the world in terms of population and 108th in terms of territory. The capital is Budapest. The official language is Hungarian. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. It is subdivided into 20 administrative-territorial units, 19 of which are county and 1 is a city of republican subordination, equal in status to the county. A landlocked continental state. It has land borders with Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria.
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HUNGARY Most of the believers (about 55% of the population) profess Catholicism. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. The volume of GDP per capita is 19,647 US dollars. The country is a member of the UN since 1955 joined the GATT in 1973 joined the IMF and IBRD in 1982 The Council of Europe in 1991 since 1999 a member of NATO since 2004 - the EU. Since January 1, 2011, Hungary has held the presidency of the European Union for six months.
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HUNGARY Benefits: Stronger by 1998, Hungary opened up to foreign direct investment. Effective tax system. Reducing bureaucracy. Since the end of the 90s. stable growth based on exports. Developed industrial production, especially in new modernized firms. Fully convertible currency since mid-2001. Decreasing inflation. Weaknesses: insufficient energy production. Gap in domestic development, eastern rural areas do not receive sufficient funding. Big difference income of the population. Lack of control over money laundering. Hungary mainly exports engineering products and other manufactured goods. The main partner in foreign trade is Germany.
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POLAND Coat of arms of Poland is the official state symbol of the Republic of Poland. The image is a white eagle with golden claws and a beak, wearing a golden crown, on a red background. The national flag of Poland consists of two equal horizontal stripes, the upper stripe is white and the lower one is red.
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POLAND Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 38.5 million people territory - 312,679 km². It ranks 34th in the world in terms of population and 69th in terms of territory. The capital is Warsaw. The official language is Polish. Most of the believers (about 87% of the population) profess Catholicism. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. The volume of GDP per capita is 22,162 dollars.
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POLAND Poland is a former socialist country and therefore its economy was seriously affected by the political changes that took place in the early 1990s. So, at that time, a wave of privatization began, during which the main part state property passed into private hands. A developed market economy promotes competition. The Polish economy also has its weaknesses. First of all, it is relatively high, by the standards of the European Union, unemployment (in 2004, 18%, but in 2008 - only 6.5%). Agriculture suffers from a lack of investment, an abundance of small farms and excess staff.
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POLAND Mining of hard, brown coal and natural gas; sulfur, saltpeter, table, potash and rock salt and asbestos; iron ore, silver, nickel, gold, cobalt, copper, zinc, shale gas; logging, fishing, antler reindeer breeding. Poland has a highly developed agriculture. Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crops are rye, wheat, barley, and oats. Poland is a major producer of sugar beets, potatoes, and cabbage. Importance has exports of apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic, onions. The leading branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding; dairy and meat cattle breeding, poultry farming; beekeeping. Sea fishing and reindeer husbandry.
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POLAND Leading branches of the manufacturing industry mechanical engineering (production of fishing boats, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machines, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment, etc.), ferrous and non-ferrous (large zinc production) metallurgy, chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic products, photo products), textile (cotton, linen, wool), clothing, cement, porcelain and faience production, sporting goods production (kayaks, yachts, tents, etc.). furniture manufacture
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ROMANIA The flag of Romania is a red-yellow-blue tricolor - 3 vertical lines of equal width. It was adopted in 1848 during the revolution in Wallachia. The flag resembles some other European flags. The emblem of Romania is a golden eagle holding a cross in its beak, and a scepter and a sword in its paws. The shield, located on the eagle, is divided into five fields, each of which is a symbol of the historical region of Romania. Golden eagle - symbol of Wallachia Bison head - Moldavia Dolphins - Dobruja Black eagle, seven castles, sun and month - Transylvania Lion and bridge - Oltenia and Banat
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ROMANIA Romania is a country in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 19 million people Territory - 238,391 km² It ranks 52nd in the world in terms of population and 78 in terms of territory. The capital is Bucharest. The official language is Romanian. Most of the believers (about 87% of the population) profess Orthodoxy. It has borders with Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. The volume of GDP per capita is 13840 US dollars.
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ROMANIA Benefits: oil reserves, potential for tourism, declining inflation. Strong recovery since 2000 thanks to export growth. Weaknesses: strong corruption, high inflation (8.1% in 2008). The protracted transition from a planned to a market economy. Slowly advancing market reform. Small volume of foreign investments. One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, but oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing. One of the largest manufacturers of oil and gas equipment (80% of the production of all oil and gas equipment) is the "Plant Upetrom - May 1" in (Ploiesti). Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been roughly double its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.
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ROMANIA Romania has natural gas reserves and production, but last years the country is forced to import gas to meet its needs. Leading Industry Agriculture- plant growing, grain farming. Developed viticulture. In animal husbandry - breeding of sheep and cattle. The main articles of Romanian exports are products of mechanical engineering and the metallurgical industry. Imports are dominated by engineering products, raw materials, including oil and gas, textiles and textile products. The distribution of the labor force is about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in the service sector. The main partners in foreign trade are Germany, Italy, France.
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SLOVAKIA The flag of Slovakia is based on the red and white ancient Slovak flag, as well as the white, blue and red Slavic tricolor. To the left of the center is the coat of arms of Slovakia. The coat of arms of Slovakia consists of a double silver cross on a red early Gothic shield, which stands on a symbolic image of three mountains in blue. The double cross symbolizes the Christian cross, which was used starting from the 9th century in Byzantium, and was brought to Slovakia by Cyril and Methodius.
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SLOVAKIA Slovakia, officially called the Slovak Republic, is a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 5.4 million people. Territory - 48,845 km². It ranks 112th in the world in terms of population and 127th in terms of territory. The capital is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak. Most of the believers (about 70% of the population) profess Catholicism. It has land borders with Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. The volume of GDP per capita is 23,384 US dollars.
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SLOVAKIA Slovakia is a developed industrial and agricultural country. A relatively developed diversified agriculture is based on a modern material and technical base and infrastructure. Benefits: increased production, especially in the Bratislava area. Growth of foreign investments, some success of the privatization program. Export to EU countries is profitable. EU membership should contribute to further stabilization. Prospects for tourism, especially for ski resorts in the Tatras. Low inflation (1.6%), poverty (7.2%) and state debt(52% of GDP) compared to the rest of Europe. Developed pharmaceuticals and drug production. Slovakia was able in a very short time (2002-2005) to reorient itself to the Western market. Full market economy.
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SLOVAKIA Weaknesses: high unemployment - 12.3% in 2010. Due to dependence on foreign trade, Slovakia is sensitive to the global recession, but was less affected than Hungary. Heavy industry is a very unproductive and uncompetitive mechanism. The east of the country is poor (Košice and Prešov regions). The growth of unemployment (in 2004 - 19%). Slovakia has overcome most of the difficult transition from a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. As a result, the standard of living of the population increased and Slovakia was admitted to the EU. Privatization is largely completed, the banking sector is almost entirely in the hands of foreigners, and foreign investment are growing. The Slovak economy has outperformed early 2000s expectations, except for a decline in exports.
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CZECH REPUBLIC The flag of the Czech Republic is the official state symbol of the Czech Republic. It is a rectangular panel consisting of two equal horizontal stripes: white and red, with the addition of a blue isosceles triangle at the base. The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is a combination of the coats of arms of the countries of the Czech crown in the Middle Ages. The emblem of Bohemia is a white lion with two tails. The red and white eagle on a blue field belongs to Moravia. The black eagle on a golden background represents Silesia.
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CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech Republic, the official name of the Czech Republic, is a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany - in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria - in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia - in the east (border length 214 km). The total length of the border is 1880 km. The capital - Prague since March 12, 1999 is a member of NATO since May 1, 2004 is a member of the European Union. The population is about 10.5 million people. The largest number of believers are Catholics (26.8% of the population), the next largest group are Protestants (2.5%).
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CZECH REPUBLIC Czech Republic - industrial country. The main industries are fuel and energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industries. Among all the post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is industry (engineering, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry, food industry, ferrous metallurgy) and the service sector. The share of agriculture and forestry, as well as the mining industry, is insignificant and continues to decrease.
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CZECH REPUBLIC Crisis phenomena managed to be overcome by increasing exports to countries market economy, first of all, the European Union (and within its framework - Germany), attracting foreign investment and increasing domestic consumption. Since joining in May 2004 European Union the economic growth Czech Republic noticeably accelerated. In terms of foreign trade per capita, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of such countries as Japan, Great Britain, France or Italy. The development of the Czech economy in 2009 was strongly affected by the global financial crisis. In the first half of 2010, the country's economy began to gradually emerge from the crisis.
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MOLDOVA The flag of Moldova is a tricolor with equal stripes arranged vertically in the following order starting from the flagstaff: blue, yellow, red. In the center, on the yellow stripe, is the State Emblem of the Republic of Moldova. The coat of arms of Moldova is a crossed shield, in the upper part of which there is a red field, in the lower part - blue. In the center of the shield is the head of a bison, between the horns of which there is an eight-pointed star, to the right of the head - a five-petal rose, to the left - a crescent moon, turned and slightly tilted to the left. All elements on the shield are golden (yellow). The shield is placed on the chest of an eagle holding a golden cross (crusader eagle) in its beak, in its claws: on the right - a green olive branch, on the left - a golden scepter.
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MOLDOVA The climate of Moldova favors agriculture. There are no deposits of mineral resources in the country, and therefore the country's economy is based on agriculture. Almost all energetic resources are imported. According to some estimates, up to 25% of Moldova's labor force works abroad. According to the European Commission's Directorate General for Trade, Moldova's exports in 2012 amounted to 1.6 billion euros. The main export items are food products, textiles. Main importers: European Union (54.6%), Ukraine (19.4%), Russia (8.1%), Belarus (5.4%), Turkey (4.8%)
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MOLDOVA The main imports are minerals and fuels, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles. The main exporters are the European Union (53.5%), Russia (21%), Ukraine (6%), Turkey (6%). There are 174 wineries in Moldova. In 2005 it was recognized by the World Bank poorest country Europe. Moldova is a country with a relatively underdeveloped tourism industry, despite the existence of historical and modern tourist attractions on its territory. The most visited place in Moldova by tourists is its capital, Chisinau.
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UKRAINE The state flag of Ukraine is its official state symbol. It is a rectangular panel of two equal horizontal stripes: the upper one is blue and the lower one is yellow. The State Emblem of Ukraine consists of the Small and Large coats of arms. Only the Lesser Coat of Arms is currently in use. The large coat of arms of Ukraine exists in the form of a bill. The central heraldic figure of both coats of arms is the "trident" of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir, ruler and baptist of Russia. In addition, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, a Cossack with a musket, a symbol of the Zaporizhian Army, should also be an element of the Great Coat of Arms.
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UKRAINE As of 2014, Ukraine ranked 96th in the global ease of doing business ranking. The economy, with its market nature, is characterized by the active role of the state: it owns approximately 140 large enterprises in various sectors national economy and also controls the prices of a number of goods, including basic foodstuffs and fuels and lubricants. Share in GDP industrial production for 2011 is 34.4%, services - 56.2%, agriculture - 9.4%. At the same time, 18.5% of the working population is employed in industry, 15.8% in agriculture and 65.7% of the working population in the service sector. Total working-age population - 22.09 million people (30th place in the world), unemployment rate - 7% (81st place in the world)
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UKRAINE Main production centers: Cement: Balakleya, Amvrosievka, Zdolbunov, Bakhchisaray, Nikolaev. Concrete concrete production: Kharkiv, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Krivoy Rog, Chernihiv, Kyiv, Donetsk, Sokiryany, Kakhovka Wall materials production: Sumy, Kyiv, Khmelnitsky, Chernivtsi, Chernihiv Glass industry: Kyiv, Stryi, Konstantinovka, Lviv, Berezhany, Bucha Farforovo- faience industry: Budy, Korosten, Baranovka, Sumy
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UKRAINE The food industry employs 12.8% of the country's able-bodied population. The range of manufactured products includes more than 3,000 items. The forest resources of Ukraine are very limited, the forest cover of the territory is 14.3%. The main tracts of forests are concentrated in the Carpathians, in Polesie and in the Crimean mountains. Valuable species of trees are widespread - beech, oak, spruce, pine, ash. The logging industry was formed in the Carpathians and Polissya (90% of all logging). The forests have been depleted by merciless exploitation. Major centers: Lviv, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Zhitomir, Chernihiv, Rakhiv, Yasinya, Khust, Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Kostopol, Shostka.
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BELARUS The national flag of the Republic of Belarus is a rectangular panel consisting of two horizontally placed colored stripes: the upper one is red and the lower one is green. The Belarusian national ornament of red color on a white field is vertically placed near the pole. The State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus is a green contour of the country superimposed on the golden rays of the sun rising over the globe. Above the outline is a five-pointed red star. The coat of arms is framed by a wreath of golden rye ears intertwined with clover flowers on the right, and flax flowers on the left. The ears are entwined with a red-green ribbon, on which an inscription in gold is placed below: "Republic of Belarus".
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BELARUS Belarus official name - Republic of Belarus official abbreviated name Belarus - a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Russia in the east, Ukraine in the south, Poland in the west, Lithuania and Latvia in the northwest. Population - 9.4751 million people The country's area is 207,599 km². The capital is Minsk. The official languages are Belarusian and Russian. It is a founding member of the UN, the CIS, the CSTO, the EurAsEC, the Union State, the EAEU, as well as a member of other international associations. GDP per capita $17,700.
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BELARUS The economy in Belarus is built on the principles of a socially oriented, market model. The structure of the economy of Belarus is characterized by the dominance of state ownership in production, energy, transport, mining, construction, agriculture and banking, and a small share of the private sector. The country has developed energy, engineering, agriculture, chemical and timber industries, construction, production of building materials and mining. The main export items are oil products, potash fertilizers, engineering, chemical and food industry products.
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Eastern Europe Work done by: Sergey Pakhomov, Artyom Kongurov, Dima Pivovarovslide 2
The countries of Eastern Europe represent a single natural-territorial array stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. The region and adjacent countries are based on the ancient Precambrian platform, covered by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as the area of Alpine folding.
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An important feature of all countries of the region is their transit position between countries Western Europe and CIS. The countries of V. Europe differ from each other in geographic location, configuration, size of the territory, wealth of natural resources.
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From the reserves of natural resources stand out: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas (Romania), iron ore (countries of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary), chromite (Albania).
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In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a vivid example of an "incomplete" set of minerals. So, in Poland there are large reserves of coal, copper ores, sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of lignite, copper ores, and polymetals.
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Due to the shortage of oil reserves, this area is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated at thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. One of the largest nuclear power plants, Kozloduy in Bulgaria, has been built in the region.
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The population of the region is about 130 million people, but demographic situation, which is not easy in all of Europe, is the most alarming in Eastern Europe. Despite several decades of active population policy, natural increase The population is very small (less than 2%) and continues to decrease.
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In Bulgaria and Hungary, there is even a natural decline in population. The main reason for this is the violation of the age and sex structure of the population as a result of the Second World War. In some countries, the natural increase is higher than the average for the region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), and it is the largest in Albania - 20%.
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The largest country in the region is Poland (about 40 million people), the smallest is Estonia (about 1.5 million people). The population of Eastern Europe is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition, but the predominance of the Slavic peoples can be noted. Of the other peoples, the Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians are the most numerous.
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Poland, Hungary, Albania are distinguished by the most homogeneous national composition. Lithuania. Eastern Europe has always been an arena of national and ethnic conflicts. After the collapse socialist system the situation became more complicated, especially on the territory of the most multinational country in the region - Yugoslavia, where the conflict escalated into an interethnic war.
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The countries of Eastern Europe today are not characterized by a pronounced socio-economic unity. But in general it can be said that _. in the 2nd half of the 20th century. great changes took place in the economies of the countries of Eastern Europe.
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Firstly, industries developed at a faster pace - by the 80th reptiles of V. Europe turned into one of the most industrial regions of the world, and secondly, previously very backward regions also began to develop industrially (For example, Slovakia in the former Czechoslovakia, Moldova in Romania, northeast Poland).
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Such results became possible thanks to the implementation of regional policy. Agriculture of the region Mainly meets the needs of the population in food. Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: agro-industrial complex arose, specialization of agricultural production took place. It manifested itself most clearly in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes. The structure of the economy of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries, the share of animal husbandry exceeds the share of crop production, in the rest - the ratio is still the opposite. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), rye and potatoes play an important role, vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated in the central part of the subregion, and the "southern" countries specialize in subtropical crops.
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The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits. The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria). Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing. Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in the range of products. For example, Hungary is famous for winter varieties of apples, grapes, onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc. Livestock. The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool cattle breeding.
Eastern Europe
Work is done:
Pakhomov Sergey,
Kongurov Artyom,
Pivovarov Dima
The countries of Eastern Europe represent a single natural-territorial array stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. The region and adjacent countries are based on the ancient Precambrian platform, covered by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as the area of Alpine folding.
An important feature of all the countries of the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS.
The countries of Eastern Europe differ from each other in geographic location, configuration, size of territory, and richness in natural resources.
From the reserves of natural resources stand out: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas (Romania), iron ore (countries of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary), chromite (Albania).
In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a vivid example of an "incomplete" set of minerals. So, in Poland there are large reserves of coal, copper ores, sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of lignite, copper ores, and polymetals.
Due to the shortage of oil reserves, this area is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated at thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. One of the largest nuclear power plants, Kozloduy in Bulgaria, has been built in the region.
The population of the region is about 130 million people, but the demographic situation, which is not easy in all of Europe, is the most alarming in Eastern Europe. Despite the active demographic policy pursued for several decades, the natural population growth is very small (less than 2%) and continues to decrease.
In Bulgaria and Hungary, there is even a natural decline in population. The main reason for this is the violation of the age and sex structure of the population as a result of the Second World War.
In some countries, the natural increase is higher than the average for the region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), and it is the largest in Albania - 20%.
The largest country in the region is Poland (about 40 million people), the smallest is Estonia (about 1.5 million people). The population of Eastern Europe is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition, but the predominance of the Slavic peoples can be noted. Of the other peoples, the Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians are the most numerous.
Slide #10
Poland, Hungary, Albania are distinguished by the most homogeneous national composition. Lithuania. Eastern Europe has always been an arena of national and ethnic conflicts. After the collapse of the socialist system, the situation became more complicated, especially on the territory of the most multinational country in the region - Yugoslavia, where the conflict escalated into an interethnic war.
Slide #11
The countries of Eastern Europe today are not characterized by a pronounced socio-economic unity. But in general it can be said that _. in the 2nd half of the 20th century. great changes took place in the economies of the countries of Eastern Europe.
Slide #12
Firstly, industries developed at a faster pace - by the 80th reptiles of V. Europe turned into one of the most industrial regions of the world, and secondly, previously very backward regions also began to develop industrially (For example, Slovakia in the former Czechoslovakia, Moldova in Romania, northeast Poland).
Slide #13
Such results became possible thanks to the implementation of regional policy. Agriculture of the region Mainly meets the needs of the population in food. Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: agro-industrial complex arose, specialization of agricultural production took place. It manifested itself most clearly in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes. The structure of the economy of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries, the share of animal husbandry exceeds the share of crop production, in the rest - the ratio is still the opposite. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), rye and potatoes play an important role, vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated in the central part of the subregion, and the "southern" countries specialize in subtropical crops.
Slide #14
The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits. The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria). Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing. Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in the range of products. For example, Hungary is famous for winter varieties of apples, grapes, onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc. Livestock. The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool cattle breeding.
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EGP features Area 1,775 thousand km The countries of Eastern Europe are a single natural-territorial array stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. The region and its adjoining countries are based on the ancient Precambrian platform, covered by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as an area of alpine folding. the region has access to the Baltic, Adriatic, Aegean, Black Seas, the Gulf of Finland, which allow you to have connections with the countries of Asia, Africa, the CIS countries and Europe. However, some states are deprived of this opportunity: Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia. An important feature of all the countries of the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS.
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Natural resources coal - in Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and in the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvinsky basin); oil and gas - in Romania; hydropower resources - in Bulgaria, Macedonia; iron ore - in Romania, Slovakia, as well as in the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia; copper - in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria; bauxites - in Hungary; chromites - in Albania; oil shale - in Estonia; sulfur and potassium salts - in Poland and Romania.
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Fertile soils: located on the plains of Eastern Europe, primarily on the Middle Danube Lowland. In combination with favorable agro-climatic resources, they are a good basis for the development of agriculture (with the exception of the Baltic countries. Water resources: represented by large river systems: the Danube, Vistula, Oder, etc. The provision of resources for the total river flow per capita is from 2.5 to 50 thousand cubic meters per year - average in size; agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing cereals, sunflower, sugar beets, potatoes; the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for its northern part;
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The provision of forest resources is generally insufficient for the development of forestry from 30 to 40% of the territory, most of them are secondary mixed broad-leaved forests. Only in the Baltic countries are coniferous forests of industrial importance. Natural and recreational resources are widely represented by resorts: Karlovy Vary (Czech Republic), Zakopane (Poland), Golden Sands (Bulgaria), Balaton (Hungary), resorts on the Adriatic, Tatras in the Czech Republic.
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Population Number - 130 million people; Poland has the largest population (38.4 million people), the smallest - Estonia (1.5 million people). Average density population - from 10 to 100 people per sq. kilometer; Type of reproduction - II: fertility, mortality, natural increase are low. Hungary and Bulgaria are experiencing a decline in population (the largest - in Albania); The predominance of the female population; (except Albania) The region is characterized by a general aging of the population; The region is still a hotbed of labor migration to the countries of Western Europe; Eastern Europe has labor resources average qualification.
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National composition: the Slavic language group prevails (Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Serbs, Slovenes, etc.); Romanesque (Romanians); Baltic (Lithuanians, Latvians). Interethnic problems in the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Bosnia, etc.), in the Baltic states (infringement of the rights of the Russian-speaking population), in Bulgaria (due to the position of the Turkish minority), in Romania (due to the position of the Hungarian minority). The most homogeneous in terms of national composition are Poland, Hungary, Albania, and Lithuania. Religions: Orthodoxy, (Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria), Catholicism, Lutheranism, in the south (slightly in number) - Islam (Albania);
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Urbanization Level of urbanization: about 60 - 70% of the population lives in cities, the largest ones are Bucharest, Warsaw, Budapest; The region is still a hotbed of labor migration to the countries of Western Europe;
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Industry Energy Due to the shortage of oil reserves, this area is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. Great importance and water resources (Bulgaria, Romania, Poland); One of the largest nuclear power plants, Kozloduy in Bulgaria, has been built in the region. Metallurgy Focused on both own raw materials and imported: non-ferrous - in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria; black - in Poland, Czech Republic;
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