Abbreviations of construction terms according to GOST. Builder's Concise Dictionary; building terms and definitions. Safe working conditions

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FEDERAL AGENCY

FOR TECHNICAL REGULATION AND METROLOGY

GOST 58179-2018

ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION

Terms and Definitions

Official edition

Moscow Standartanform 2018

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by Joint Stock Company "PMSOFT" together with the Private Institution of the State Corporation "Rosatom" "Industry Center capital construction”, National Association of Consulting Engineers in Construction, Project Management University of the PMSOFT Group of Companies, Autonomous non-profit organization"Labor Safety Institute"

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 55 "Terminology, data elements and documentation in business processes and electronic commerce"

3 APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Order federal agency on technical regulation and metrology dated July 16, 2018 No. 416-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

The rules for the application of this standard are established in Article 26 of the Federal Law of June 29, 2015 No. 162-FZ “On Standardization in Russian Federation". Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also placed in information system general use - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

© Standartinform, design, 2018

This standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

1 area of ​​use

2 Terms and definitions

Bibliography

Introduction

The goals of engineering in construction are the development, change (in order to improve) and control over the implementation of organizational and technical (MD-3.02-2000 Technological rules for the design of construction objects), managerial and financial and economic models of systems (objects) and processes in accordance with the goals set for throughout the life cycle of an investment construction project.

Purpose of engineering in construction:

Development of design documentation for an object or process;

Development of design documentation for an object or process;

Development of organizational and technical (technological) documentation of an object or process;

Execution of functions technical customer;

Selection and ordering of the main equipment;

Commissioning management;

Training of operating personnel.

This standard for engineering terminology in construction meets the requirements for the development of engineering, ensures harmonization (comparability) of engineering terminology at the national and international levels; eliminates the shortcomings of the terminology used in the documentation and literature in the field of engineering; organically complements the created legal and regulatory and technical base in the field of engineering in construction.

The terms given in this standard are ranked in the following order:

General concepts of engineering in construction, containing the basic terms in the field of engineering in construction;

Terms from the field of engineering in construction, containing concepts used in the definitions of basic terms in the field of engineering in construction. These concepts are included for a clearer understanding of the terminological system of engineering in construction.

The terms established in this standard are arranged in a systematic order, reflecting the system of concepts in the field of engineering in construction. There is one standardized term for each concept.

The above definitions can be changed, if necessary, by introducing derivative features into them, revealing the meanings of the terms used in them, indicating the objects included in the scope of the concept being defined. Changes should not violate the scope and content of the concepts defined in this standard.

GOST R 58179-2018

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ENGINEERING IN CONSTRUCTION

Terms and Definitions

Construction engineering Terms and definitions

Introduction date -2018-09-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard establishes the basic terms and definitions of concepts in the field of engineering in relation to the construction industry.

The terms established by this standard are recommended for use in all types of documentation and literature in the construction industry that are within the scope of standardization work and (or) use the results of these works.

2 Terms and definitions

General concepts of engineering in construction

engineering: Engineering and consulting activity, the content of which is the solution of engineering problems related to the creation or improvement of products, systems and (or) processes.

Note - The subject of engineering is not the product (the end result of production), not the design and production of products, but the intellectual process of solving creative (engineering) problems related to the design and organization of production processes (performance of work, provision of services).

[GOST R 57306-2016, article 3.1.1]

2 engineering in construction: Engineering and consulting construction engineering services in investment construction activities carried out by consulting engineers in construction and / or engineering organizations under contracts with customers and with the ultimate goal of obtaining the best results from capital investments or other costs associated with the implementation of investment and construction projects.

Notes

1 Engineering in construction is a complex engineering, which is a combination of two areas of intellectual activity: technical and technological engineering in the field of capital construction and organizational and managerial engineering in the field of investment and construction projects

Official edition

2 Technical and technological engineering includes: technological engineering, design engineering, construction and technological engineering, production and construction engineering, engineering in the field of logistics, control and supervision engineering.

3 Organizational and managerial engineering includes: conceptual engineering, investment and financial engineering; cost engineering, organizational and construction engineering, engineering in the field of project management, information technology engineering

3 technological engineering: Engineering and consulting services, the purpose of which is to solve technological problems related to the creation or improvement of products, manufacturing technology, systems and (or) processes, confirmed by engineering and technological calculations.

4 design engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of designing capital construction facilities and supervision of compliance with the requirements of the design and working documentation.

5 construction and technological engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of development of projects for the organization of construction and projects for the production of works for capital construction projects.

6 production and construction engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of development of building materials and construction equipment, means of mechanization of labor, tools, devices and means of protection.

7 engineering in the field of logistics: Engineering and consulting services in the field of developing a system of logistics for capital construction projects under construction, including delivery schedules and routes for the movement of building materials, equipment, machinery and labor resources, confirmed by calculations.

8 control and supervision engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of construction control and technical supervision over the implementation of an investment and construction project, including with the participation of state authorized bodies.

9 conceptual engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of forming the concept of an investment and construction project.

Note - Conceptual engineering includes: analysis of markets, advanced technologies and equipment, development of investment recommendations for making decisions on the possibility and validity of further development of investment and construction projects, confirmed by calculations.

10 investment and financial engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the development of the investment model of the project. determining the key performance indicators of the project for making decisions on further development of the investment and construction project, developing tools for attracting funding and reserving financial sources, analysis financial risks project and mechanisms for their leveling, confirmed by calculations.

technological engineering




design engineering




construction and technological engineering




production and construction engineering




material and technical support engineering




supervisory engineering




conceptual engineering




investment and finance engineering

11 cost engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the development and application of scientific principles and methods for solving cost management problems.

NOTE Cost engineering includes: planning; value, economic and the financial analysis, evaluation, audit, control, optimization, management of performance, changes and risks of cost at all stages of the life cycle of projects, assets, products, programs, project portfolios of companies, confirmed by calculations.

12 organizational and construction engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of organizing the functioning of a construction site.

13 engineering in the field of project management: Engineering and consulting services in the field of investment and construction project management in the full implementation of integration management processes, timing, cost, quality, personnel, risks, changes, contracts, communications, stakeholders.

14 information technology engineering: Engineering and consulting services in the field of creation, implementation and maintenance of software products specialized for the construction industry, communication and communication tools aimed at the effective implementation of investment and construction projects.

15 subject area of ​​engineering in construction: Processes for the implementation of investment and construction projects focused on construction, technical re-equipment, reconstruction of linear facilities, reconstruction of capital construction projects, overhaul capital construction facilities, overhaul of linear facilities.

16 engineering and consulting services in construction: Engineering and consulting services in the field of engineering in construction, including consulting an investor, customer, technical customer to perform one or more stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction project and (or) the life cycle of a capital construction object.

Note - The stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction project include conceptual studies and forecasting, preliminary design (financial, economic, technical, social, environmental and other aspects); business planning and life cycle modeling; technological, basic and working design; sustainable development design; architecture and design; logistics and assembly of production resources; project management, risks, deadlines, cost. requirements, supply, construction, quality, commissioning; post-launch support, system engineering and other activities related to the named services.

17 consulting engineer in construction: A subject for the implementation of engineering and consulting services in construction, providing services under contracts with customers and other participants in investment and construction projects.

Notes

1 A consulting engineer in construction is either a legal entity - an engineering organization, or an individual - an independent consulting engineer.

cost engineering

organizational engineering in construction site

project management engineering

information technology engineering

construction engineering subject area

construction engineering consulting services

consulting engineer in construction

2 An independent consulting engineer in construction must have confirmation of professional qualifications and experience by passing attestation / certification in an authorized body for the right to perform engineering and consulting services in the field of construction.

18 engineering organization: A legal entity that has an engineering organization officially confirmed by the relevant authorized bodies the right to provide engineering and consulting services in construction.

19 investment construction project: A project related to investment construction with the implementation of capital investments, aimed at solving the project investment task and focused on construction, technical re-equipment, reconstruction of linear facilities and capital construction facilities, overhaul of capital

construction and linear facilities.

investment and construction activity: Activities aimed at attracting, investing and managing investments (investment activity) for the purposes of construction, reconstruction and overhaul, organization (planning), commissioning of production and non-production purpose, as well as linear structures.

[GOST R 57363-2016, item 1]

Terms from the field of engineering in construction

21 life cycle capital construction object: The life cycle of a capital is the period of existence of a capital construction object, during the construction object of which engineering surveys, design, construction, technical re-equipment, reconstruction of linear

objects, reconstruction of capital construction objects, overhaul of capital construction objects, overhaul of linear objects, liquidation of the object.

project life cycle: A set of successive project phases, project life cycle from the moment the project starts to completion, the number and composition of which are determined by the scope of the project and the needs of project management.

Note - The project life cycle includes the phases of initiation, design and planning, project implementation (including the supply of material and technical resources and equipment, construction, commissioning works and commissioning), completion of the project.

[GOST R 56715.5-2015, Article 63]

building: The result of construction, which is a three-dimensional building system with above-ground and (or) underground parts, including premises, engineering networks and engineering support systems and intended for human habitation and (or) activities, location of production, storage of products or keeping animals.

investments: Cash, securities, other property, investment including property rights, other rights having monetary value invested in objects of entrepreneurial and (or) other activities in order to make a profit and (or) achieve another beneficial effect.

engineering survey: Study natural conditions and engineering survey factors of technogenic impact in order to rational and safe use of territories and land plots 8 within them, preparation of data on the substantiation of materials necessary for territorial planning, territory planning and architectural and construction design.

capital investments: Investments in fixed capital (fixed capital investment), including the costs of new construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the purchase of machinery, equipment, tools, inventory, design and survey work and other costs.

major repairs of capital construction objects major repairs of capital (except for linear objects): Replacement and (or) restoration of construction object building structures of capital construction objects or elements of such structures, with the exception of load-bearing building structures, replacement and (or) restoration of engineering and technical systems provision and networks of engineering and technical support of capital construction facilities or their elements, as well as the replacement of individual elements of load-bearing building structures with similar or other elements that improve the performance of such structures and (or) the restoration of these elements.

overhaul of linear objects: Change of parameters - major repairs of linear ditch of linear objects or their sections (parts), which does not entail a change in the class, category and (or) initially established indicators of the functioning of such objects and which does not require a change in the boundaries of the lanes withdrawal and (or) security eon of such objects.

linear objects: Power lines, communication lines (including linear objects including linear cable structures), pipelines, roads, railway lines and other similar structures.

capital construction object: A building, structure, construction of a capital construction object, objects whose construction has not been completed (hereinafter - construction in progress), with the exception of temporary buildings, kiosks, sheds and other similar structures.

32 design: Creation of an object model based on the design description of this object and (or) the algorithm of its functioning or the algorithm of its transformation process, in some cases repeated throughout the entire life cycle of the object, with the issuance of documentation to the customer, including design and working documentation to create this object.

project documentation: Documentation containing project documentation materials in text form and in the form of maps (diagrams) and defining architectural, functional, technological, constructive and engineering technical solutions to ensure the construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities, their parts, major repairs.

reconstruction of linear objects: Changing the parameters of linear objects of linear objects or their sections (parts), which entails a change in the class, category and (or) originally established indicators of the functioning of such objects (capacity, carrying capacity, etc.) or in which a change is required the boundaries of the right-of-way and (or) security zones of such objects.

reconstruction of capital construction objects: Changing the parameters of a capital construction object (with the exception of reconstruction linear objects), its parts (height, number of floors, area, volume), including superstructure, rebuilding, expansion of a capital construction object, as well as replacement and (or) restoration of load-bearing building structures of a capital construction object, except for the replacement of individual elements of such structures with similar or other elements that improve the performance of such structures and (or) restoration of these elements.

structure: The result of construction, which is a three-dimensional, planar or linear building system that has a ground. aboveground and (or) underground parts, consisting of load-bearing, and in some cases, enclosing building structures and designed to perform various types of production processes, store products, temporarily stay people, move people and goods.

construction: Creation of buildings, structures, structures, including construction on the site of demolished capital construction projects.

Notes

1 The construction process includes all organizational, survey. design, construction, installation and commissioning works related to the creation, modification or demolition of the facility, as well as interaction with the competent authorities regarding the performance of such work

2 The result of construction is a capital construction object (27).

(3, article 1, paragraph 13]

technical re-equipment: A set of measures to improve the technical and economic indicators of fixed assets or their individual parts based on the introduction of advanced equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of production, modernization and replacement of obsolete and worn-out equipment with new, more productive equipment.

project management: Planning, organization and control of the labor, financial and material and technical resources of the project, aimed at the effective achievement of the project objectives.

[GOST R 54869-2011. paragraph 3.17]

construction management: Organization of construction management at the facility, including: planning, control, assessment and risk management, coordination of work of contractors and construction and installation organizations, architectural supervision, construction control, other participants in construction, reconstruction or overhaul.

[GOST R 57363-2016. clause 3.7]

project manager in construction (project manager, project manager): Responsible person to whom the developer (investor) delegates the authority to manage work, plan, control and coordinate the work of project participants, order, control financial resources, risk assessment and management.

Note - The project manager presents management company or directly to the organization of the developer (investor).

[GOST R 57363-2016. clause 3.6]

Alphabetical index of terms in Russian

Alphabetical index of terms in English

Bibliography

Federal Law of December 30, 2009 No. 384-FZ "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures"

with bitumen, taken in certain proportions and mixed in a heated state. (GOST 9128-97)

atmospheric air- a vital component of the natural environment, which is a natural mixture of atmospheric gases located outside residential, industrial and other premises. ()

weather resistant flame retardant- a substance that provides, within the specified limits, long-term fire protection of products that are constantly under the influence of atmospheric factors. (GOST 12.1.033-81)

Certification of realtors- checking the level of knowledge and qualifications (certification) of candidates for professional realtors is one of the requirements and conditions for the subsequent obtaining of a license by a real estate company (realtor). Regulations on certification of realtors are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. ()

Audit activity, audit- business activities for independent verification accounting and financial (accounting) statements of organizations and individual entrepreneurs(audited persons). ()

Aerobic wastewater treatment process- the process of destruction of organic substances by microorganisms in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. (GOST 25150-82)

Aerodrome (heliport)- a piece of land or water surface with buildings, structures and equipment located on it, intended for take-off, landing, taxiing and parking of aircraft. (); - a land or water area specially prepared and equipped to ensure takeoff, landing, taxiing, parking and maintenance of aircraft. (SNiP 32-03-96)

Joint airfield- an aerodrome where civil aircraft, state aircraft and (or) aircraft of experimental aviation are jointly based. The list of jointly based airfields is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. ()

Shared airfield- an aerodrome of state aviation, where takeoff, landing, taxiing and parking of civil aircraft are carried out, performing scheduled flights and not having the right to be based at this aerodrome. The decision on the joint use of the state aviation aerodrome is made by a specially authorized body in charge of this aerodrome. ()

Aerodrome pavements- structures that perceive loads and impacts from aircraft, operational and natural factors. Includes top and bottom layers. (SNiP 32-03-96)

Aerodrome facilities- structures, including ground elements of the airfield, ground bases, airfield pavements, drainage and drainage systems, as well as special sites and structures. (SNiP 32-03-96)

Aerosol irrigation- irrigation with tiny drops of water to control the temperature and humidity of the surface layer of the atmosphere. (SNiP 2.06.03-85)

Aerospace sensing- a set of remote research methods used in engineering and environmental surveys, including multi-zone and spectral-zonal aerial photography, thermal infrared aerial photography, perspective aerial photography in combination with materials from space photo, scanner, television, radar, infrared and other types of surveys carried out from artificial satellites of the Earth , orbital stations and manned spacecraft. In the practice of engineering and environmental surveys, photo and scanner surveys are most widely used. Other types of surveys are considered as auxiliary for solving a narrow range of special tasks. (SP 11-102-97)

The airport- a complex of structures, including an aerodrome, an air terminal, and other structures, intended for the reception and departure of aircraft, air transportation services and having the necessary equipment for these purposes, aviation personnel and other workers. ()

Aerotank forwastewater treatment- a facility for biological wastewater treatment with air aeration. (GOST 25150-82)

Database- an objective form of presentation and organization of a set of data (articles, calculations, and so on), systematized in such a way that these data can be found and processed using an electronic computer (computer). ()

Base for measuring longitudinal (transverse) linear deformations of the sample- a fixed distance between the fixed supports, within which the longitudinal (transverse) deformation of the sample changes. (GOST 24452-80)

Test base- pre-set maximum duration of endurance tests in cycles. (GOST 24545-81)

Rental base for mobile (inventory) buildings and (or) structures- a specialized organization whose functions include providing construction with mobile (inventory buildings and (or) structures, including their transportation, installation, operation and dismantling. (GOST 25957-83)

Basic network- geod. a system of triangles that serves to transition from the length of the geodesic basis to the length of the triangulation side in a trigonometric way. (GOST 22268-76)

Base side- geod. the side of a triangulation triangle, the length of which is determined from direct measurements and serves as the starting point for determining the lengths of other sides. (GOST 22268-76)

Basic (constant) cost level- value based on estimated prices fixed on some accepted date. This level of estimated cost is intended to compare results investment activity at different times, economic analysis various areas of this activity, and is also used as a basis for determining the value at the current level. (, SP 81-01-94, MDS 81-1.99)

Basic (typical) elemental cement consumption rate- net consumption of cement required for the manufacture of 1 cu. m of concrete of a given quality, according to standard technology, from materials with averaged standard quality indicators. (SNiP 82-02-95)

Basic design document designation- designation of a group or basic main design document. (GOST 2.113-75)

Basic objects- institutions and enterprises that organize and provide periodic maintenance of a group of settlements within the boundaries of the territory of local self-government. (SP 30-102-99)

Basic design document- a design document containing permanent performance data for two or more products. (GOST 2.113-75)

Basic Sample- a product sample accepted for comparison when assessing its technical level and quality, characterizing advanced scientific and technological achievements for a specified period. (GOST 2.116-84)

Basic way to execute design documents- a way to execute a set of design documents for products, in which all versions of these products are contained in one basic main design document. (GOST 2.113-75)

Basic section of the enclosing structure- a section of the enclosing structure, the state of thermal insulation of which is taken as a standard when monitoring the quality of thermal insulation of other sections of the enclosing structure. (GOST 26629-85)

Order book balance- is determined by the difference in the shares of respondents who marked "above normal" and "below normal", according to the expected number of employed - who noted "increase" and "decrease".()

Interest balance- the difference between the percentage of positive answers and the percentage of negative answers. It is a way of interpreting answers to questions that are supposed to give one of several answers. ()

Thermal energy balanceheat supply systems (heat balance)- housing and communal services. the result of the distribution of the amounts of thermal energy released by the heat source (sources), taking into account losses in the transmission and distribution of thermal energy up to the boundaries of operational responsibility and used by subscribers; (MDS 41-3.2000)

Balance of heat carriers of the heat supply system (water balance; steam condensate balance)- housing and communal services. the result of the distribution of quantities of heat carriers (network water; steam; condensate) released by the heat source (sources), taking into account losses during transportation to the limits of operational responsibility and used by subscribers; (MDS 41-3.2000)

Balcony- a fenced area protruding from the plane of the facade wall, which serves for recreation in the summer. (SNiP 2.08.01-89)

balcony door block- a translucent structure designed to provide communication between the interior and the balcony (loggia), natural lighting of the room and protection from atmospheric and noise influences. The balcony door unit consists of assembly units: a frame, a door leaf and, in some cases, a transom. (GOST 23166-99)

Bank- a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate Bank operations provided for federal law"On banks and banking activity". (GOST R 51110-97)

Banking system of the Russian Federation- a system that includes the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia), credit organizations, branches and representative offices of foreign banks, intended for legal regulation banking activities in accordance With The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the federal law "On Banks and Banking" and other federal laws and regulations of the Bank of Russia. (GOST R 51110-97)

Bankruptcy (insolvency)- recognized arbitration court or the inability of the debtor declared by the debtor to fully satisfy the claims of creditors for monetary obligations and (or) fulfill the obligation to make mandatory payments (bankruptcy). ()

Drum- the crowning part of the temple, bearing a dome or a multifaceted closed vault and having a cylindrical or polyhedral shape. In most cases, it has window openings. A blind drum without window openings is called a neck. (SP 31-103-99)

pressure level is the vertical distance corresponding to a change in atmospheric pressure per unit. (GOST 22268-76)

barometric leveling- leveling based on the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure. (GOST 22268-76)

Barrier- bank. bulletproof, rigidly fixed at the installation site of protective bank equipment (SZB), designed to ensure the safety of bank personnel, security personnel and prevent free passage. (GOST R 51110-97)

Surface water body basin- a territory that includes the catchment areas of hydraulically connected reservoirs and streams, the main of which flows into the sea or lake. ()

Traveling (translational) waves- waves, the visible form of which moves in space. (SNiP 2.06.04-82)

Non-documentary form of issuance securities- a form of emissive securities, in which the owner is identified on the basis of an entry in the system for maintaining the register of securities holders or, in the case of securities deposit, on the basis of an entry on the depo account. ()

Strapless belt- equipment. a safety belt, including: a carrying belt covering the waist or chest of a person, having a broadened support in the dorsal part (sash), a sling with a carabiner or a catcher for attaching to supports. (GOST R 50849-96)

Non-pressure hydraulic transport- hydraulic industrial transport, the pipeline of which operates when incompletely filled with slurry (with a free flow surface). (SNiP 2.05.07-91)

Safe distance- the smallest distance between a person and a source of a dangerous and harmful production factor, at which a person is outside the danger zone. (GOST 12.0.002-80)

Safety- the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. (); - the absence of unacceptable risk associated with the possibility of causing damage. Note: In the field of standardization, the safety of products, works (processes) and services is usually considered in order to achieve an optimal balance of a number of factors, including such non-technical factors as human behavior, to reduce the risk associated with the possibility of damage to the environment, human health and property safety. to an acceptable level. (GOST R 1.0-92, GOST R 51110-97)

Safety of hydraulic structures- property of hydraulic structures, which allows to ensure the protection of life, health and legitimate interests of people, the environment and economic facilities. ()

Production Equipment Safety- the property of production equipment to comply with labor safety requirements during installation (dismantling) and operation under conditions established by regulatory documentation. (GOST 12.0.002-80)

Process safety- the property of the production process to comply with the requirements of labor safety when it is carried out under the conditions established by the regulatory documentation. (GOST 12.0.002-80)

Safety of goods (works, services)- safety of the goods (work, service) for life, health, property of the consumer and the environment under normal conditions of its use, storage, transportation and disposal, as well as the safety of the process of performing work (rendering a service). ()

Safe conditions for humans- the state of the environment, in which there is no danger of the harmful effects of its factors on humans. ()

Safe working conditions- working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful or hazardous production factors is excluded or the levels of their impact do not exceed the established standards. (, , SNiP 12-03-2001); - the state of working conditions under which the impact on the worker of dangerous and harmful production factors is excluded or the impact of harmful production factors does not exceed the maximum permissible values. (GOST 12.0.002-80, SP 12-132-99)

Reliability- housing and communal services. the property of a heat supply system to remain operational continuously for a given time or a given operating time. (MDS 41-6.2000)

White- cement. property of white Portland cements, characterized by the coefficient of reflection of light by the surface of the sample. (GOST 965-89)

white portland cement- Portland cement containing white Portland cement clinker, gypsum or its derivatives. (GOST 965-89)

White Portland cement with additives- Portland cement containing white Portland cement clinker, gypsum or its derivatives, not more than 20% of additives. (GOST 965-89)

White Portland cement clinker- clinker, consisting mainly of calcium silicates and aluminates, obtained by firing before sintering a low-iron raw mixture and having a whiteness of at least 70% on an absolute scale in a crushed state. (GOST 965-89)

Right of way for inland waterways (ROW)- coastal land allotment along the inland waterway, provided in the prescribed manner for work related to the provision of navigation. (GOST 26775-97)

Concrete- an artificial stone-like material, which is a hardened concrete mixture. There are the following stages of concrete readiness: concrete mix, fresh concrete and hardened concrete. (GOST 25192-82)

concrete panel- a panel, the strength of which during the operation stage is provided by one concrete. The concrete panel has structural reinforcement and may have design reinforcement designed to absorb the forces that arise during the manufacture and transportation of the panel and during the installation of the wall. The panel is considered concrete if the working reinforcement is available only in limited areas (for example, in support zones, zones of stress concentration from local loads). (GOST 11024-84); - a panel with structural reinforcement, the strength of which during the operation stage is provided by one concrete. Concrete panels also include panels in which the working reinforcement is located only in limited areas (for example, in the lintel above the opening, cantilever ledge, support zones, stress concentration zones from local loads) and there is no vertical working reinforcement. (GOST 12504-80)

Concrete polymers- special concretes on a mineral binder, impregnated with monomers or polymers with their subsequent curing. (GOST 25192-82)

Decorative concrete- special concretes intended for finishing buildings and structures. (GOST 25192-82)

Heat-resistant concrete- special concretes designed to work under conditions of exposure to temperatures from 200 to 1800°C. (GOST 25192-82)

Structural concrete- concretes of load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures, the determining quality requirements of which are the requirements for physical and mechanical characteristics. (GOST 25192-82)

Coarse-porous concrete- concretes in which the space between the grains of coarse and fine aggregates is not completely filled or not filled at all with small aggregates and hardened binders, porous additives that regulate porosity in a volume of not more than 7%. (GOST 25192-82)

Lightweight concrete- concretes on cement binder, porous coarse and porous or dense fine aggregates. (GOST 25192-82)

Fine-grained concrete (sand concrete)- concretes of dense structure on cement binder and dense fine aggregates. (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on gypsum binders- concretes based on semi-aqueous gypsum or anhydrite (including gypsum-cement-pozzolanic, etc. binders). (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on lime binders- concretes based on lime in combination with hydraulic active and (or) silica components (cement, slag, ash, quartz sand and active mineral additives). (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete onorganic fillers (arbolit)- concretes based on cement binder and vegetable origin of organic aggregates (crushed wood from production waste, cotton stalks or rice straw, hemp and flax fire). (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on dense aggregates- concretes on aggregates from dense rocks or slags. (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on porous aggregates- concretes on artificial and natural mineral porous aggregates, as well as on porous large and dense small aggregates. (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on cement binders (cement concrete)- concretes based on clinker cements. (GOST 25192-82)

Concrete on slag binders- concretes based on ground slags and ashes with hardening activators (alkaline solutions, lime, cement or gypsum). (GOST 25192-82)

Prestressing concretes- special concretes based on self-stressing cement, expanding during hardening and designed to create a prestress (self-stress) in the structure during its hardening. (GOST 25192-82)

Dense concrete- concretes, in which the space between the grains of coarse and fine or only fine aggregates is filled with a hardened binder and pores of entrained gas or air, including those formed through the use of additives that regulate porosity in a volume of not more than 7%. (GOST 25192-82)

Radiation-protective concretes- special concretes designed to protect against exposure to radiation. (GOST 25192-82)

Silicate concrete- concretes on lime binders of autoclave and non-autoclave hardening. (GOST 25192-82)

Special concretes- concretes, which are subject to special requirements in accordance with their purpose. (GOST 25192-82)

Heat-insulating concretes- special concretes intended for thermal insulation of structures, buildings and structures. (GOST 25192-82)

heavy concrete- dense concrete on cement binder and dense large and small aggregates. (GOST 25192-82)

Chemically resistant concretes- special concretes designed to work in conditions of exposure to aggressive environments. (GOST 25192-82)

Cement-polymer concretes- special concretes based on a cement binder, the aggregates of which are treated with a polymer composition before making the concrete mixture. (GOST 25192-82)

Cellular concrete- concretes, in which the main part of the volume is made up of evenly distributed pores in the form of cells obtained with the help of gas or foam formers. (GOST 25192-82)

Biological wastewater treatment- technological processes for wastewater treatment based on the ability of biological organisms to decompose pollutants. (GOST 25150-82)

biofilm- a film of bacteria and other organisms on the surface of the biological filter loading, oxidizing and mineralizing pollutants. (GOST 25150-82)

biological pond- reservoir for biological wastewater treatment in natural conditions. (GOST 25150-82)

biological filter- a facility for wastewater treatment, operating on the principle of passing them through a load with a biological film. (GOST 25150-82)

Biostability- resistance of a parquet product to destruction by biological agents. (GOST 4.223-83)

dry closet- a device for processing fecal waste into organic fertilizer by using a biological oxidation process activated by electrical heating or chemical additives. (SNiP 30-02-97)

Biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater- the amount of oxygen consumed for the biochemical oxidation of pollutants contained in wastewater in a certain time interval. (GOST 25150-82)

Curve bisector- geod. a straight line segment connecting the vertex of the angle of rotation of the route with the middle of the curve. (GOST 22268-76)

Favorable environment- the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. ()

Favorable conditions for human life- the state of the environment, in which there is no harmful effect of its factors on humans (harmless conditions) and there are opportunities for restoring disturbed functions of the human body. ()

Landscaping- a set of measures that ensure the accessibility of visitors with limited mobility and include: creating an artificial landscape (landscaping), paving paths for pedestrians and the roadway, outdoor lighting, creating recreation and entertainment areas on the site, as well as providing information to visitors. (SP 31-102-99)

Block- crap. the bearing part of the stamp, which has a mounting and assembly purpose. (GOST 2.424-80); - equipment. closed or open space formwork, assembled from panels or individual panels. (GOST 23478-79)

Residential block- an autonomous part of a blocked residential building, including one apartment and, if necessary, other premises. (SNiP 31-02-2001)

Pipe block- several units and elements of the pipeline, enlarged before installation on the installation site. (MDS 81-29.2001)

Glass blocks- all-glass products, unpainted or colored, intended for laying translucent enclosing structures of buildings. They differ: hollow with a hermetic air cavity formed during welding of two semi-blocks; hollow with an open air cavity; solid without cavity. (ST SEV 2439-80)

Blocked residential building- a building of an apartment type, consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to the adjacent plot. (SNiP 2.08.01-89); - a house consisting of two or more apartments, each of which has direct access to its own plot of land. (SP 30-102-99)

block container- volume element of full factory readiness. Note: A volumetric element can be closed, open, transformable. (GOST 25957-83)

Lateral daylight- natural lighting of the room through the light openings in the outer walls. (SNiP 23-05-95)

Border- fencing of traffic routes and spaces with homogeneous elements of low height, combining functions according to the criteria of safety and information content. (SP 31-102-99)

Board- equipment. a mold element designed to form part of the outer perimeter of the product outside the plane of the pallet. (GOST 25781-83)

Base board- equipment. the board of the group form, on which the forming elements are fixed. (GOST 25781-83)

Board transverse (end)- equipment. board located on the short side of the form. (GOST 25781-83) Board longitudinal- equipment. board, located on the long side of the form. (GOST 25781-83) The board is elastic- equipment. board connected to the pallet by an elastic hinge. (GOST 25781-83)

Onboard equipment (board equipment)- a set of forming elements designed to form the surfaces of the product outside the plane of the pallet; - a set of boards that are an inventory of the molding post. (GOST 25781-83)

Fire hose (fire barrel)- a device installed at the end of the pressure line for the formation and direction of fire extinguishing jets. (GOST 12.2.047-86)

Reservation emergency- housing and communal services. minimum flow thermal energy and (or) heat carriers, ensuring a safe state for the personnel and the environment of the enterprise with a completely stopped technological process; (MDS 41-3.2000)

Technological armor- housing and communal services. the lowest consumption of thermal energy and (or) heat carriers and the length of time necessary for the consumer to safely complete the technological process, production cycle, after which the corresponding heat-using equipment can be turned off; (MDS 41-3.2000)

Bar (profile)- windows. profile detail of a sash, box, strapping of a leaf from any material or combination of materials (profiled wooden detail, polyvinyl chloride profile, metal profile (including combined, with a thermal insert). (GOST 23166-99); extrusion method, with a given shape and dimensions of the section (GOST 30673-99)

Financial statements- a unified system of data on the property and financial position of the organization and the results of its economic activity, compiled on the basis of accounting data in accordance with established forms. ()

Fast flow on the sewer- a straight section of a sewer collector, laid with a slope that creates increased speeds of wastewater movement. (GOST 25150-82)

Household buildings of enterprises- buildings designed to accommodate service premises for workers: sanitary, public health, Catering, trade and household services, culture. (SNiP 2.09.04-87)

Household electrical installations- electrical installations used in residential, municipal and public buildings of all types, such as cinemas, cinemas, clubs, schools, kindergartens, shops, hospitals, etc., with which both adults and children can interact. (GOST 12.1.038-82)

Budget- form of formation and spending of the fund Money intended for financial support tasks and functions of the state and local self-government. ()

budget system Russian Federation- based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation, the totality regulated by the law federal budget, budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation, local budgets and state budgets off-budget funds. ()

budget loan- budgetary funds provided to another budget on a returnable, gratuitous or paid basis for a period of not more than six months within fiscal year. ()

Budget appropriations- budgetary funds provided by the budget list to the recipient or manager budget funds. ()

Budget credit- form of financing budget spending which provides for the provision of funds legal entities or other budget on a returnable and reimbursable basis. ()

Cover cars- railway wagons additionally installed in front of the train or between the train and the locomotive in order to ensure the supply of the train for loading (unloading) explosive and flammable goods or to prevent the locomotive from entering a prohibited section of the track. (SNiP 2.05.07-91)

Glass wool- material in the form of a loose mass of entangled non-oriented glass fibers with a diameter of 1 to 35 containing beads and intended for heat and sound insulation. (ST SEV 2439-80)

Commissioning of capacities- an indicator of capacity (productivity, capacity, throughput, area, length, etc.) created as a result of investments in fixed assets. ()

Commissioning- housing and communal services. filling the heating networks and heat consumption systems of the subscriber with a coolant and putting them under pressure, carried out after the proper registration of the admission of the facility for operation. (MDS 41-3.2000)

Introductory gas pipeline- a section of the gas pipeline from the disconnecting device at the entrance to the building (when the disconnecting device is installed outside the building) to the internal gas pipeline, including the gas pipeline laid in a case through the wall of the building. (SNiP 2.04.08-87)

Departmental security- a set of administrative bodies, forces and means created by the federal executive authorities, designed to protect protected objects from unlawful encroachments. ()

Departmental communication networks- telecommunication networks of ministries and other federal executive bodies, created to meet production and special needs, with access to a public communication network. ()

fan of paths- railway a separate switch zone with a beam-like division of the railway tracks. (SNiP 2.05.07-91)

Amount of compensation (subsidies)- is defined as the difference between the amounts of payment accepted for a given period for a part of residential premises occupied according to the social norm of housing area, and utilities in accordance with the standards for their consumption and the maximum allowable expenses of citizens to pay for housing and communal services, taking into account the total family income and existing benefits. ()

The amount of compensation on the second basis- is defined as the difference between the amounts of payment for housing and utilities accepted for a given period based on the social norm of housing area and standards for the consumption of utilities and 0.5 of the minimum wage established by federal law. ()

The amount of compensation on the first basis- is defined as the difference between the amounts of payment for housing and utilities accepted for a given period based on the social norm of housing area and standards for the consumption of utilities and the maximum allowable expenses of citizens for paying for housing and utilities, determined in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for providing citizens with compensation (subsidies ) to pay for housing and utilities, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 18, 1996 No. 707. ()

Ventilation- indoor air exchange to remove excess heat, moisture, harmful and other substances in order to ensure acceptable meteorological conditions and air purity in the serviced or working area with an average unavailability of 400 h/g - for round-the-clock work and 300 h/g - for single-shift work during the daytime. (SNiP 2.04.05-91)

Veranda- a glazed unheated room attached to a building or built into it. (SNiP 2.08.01-89, SNiP 30-02-97)

Probability of exposure to fire hazards- mathematical value of the possibility of exposure to fire hazards with predetermined values ​​of their parameters. (GOST 12.1.033 - 81)

Probability of fire (burning)- the mathematical value of the possibility of the appearance of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of a fire (burning). (GOST 12.1.033-81)

Probable displacements and deformations- the magnitude of displacements and deformations, determined in conditions when there are no calendar plans for the development of mining operations. (SNiP 2.01.09-91)

Vertical curve of the track- geod. part of the axis of the route of the designed structure, which is a curve lying in a vertical plane. (GOST 22268-76)

vertical plane- geod. a plane passing through the plumb line of a given point. (GOST 22268-76)

Vertical deformations of the earth's surface (slopes, curvature)- deformations of the earth's surface in the vertical plane, caused by uneven vertical displacements. (SNiP 2.01.09-91)

Anteroom- front, first hall.

Aqueduct- a structure in the form of a stone or concrete bridge, which serves to transfer water pipes, irrigation and hydroelectric channels through deep ravines, gorges, river valleys, railways and highways.

alleys- regular linear planting of trees, forming a narrow space aimed at the focus or dominant of the composition.

Antefix- stone or ceramic figured tiles, located along the eaves of the roof.

Mezzanine:

• the upper part of the room, divided into two floors;
• the upper mezzanine, built into the volume of the main floor, is typical for mansions and manor houses of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century.

Land lease- property lease, an agreement on the provision of territory for temporary use for a fee. Used in industry, agriculture, in other industries National economy, in urban land use. In Russian cities land represent an object of various types of property: federal, regional, municipal (city), corporate, private.

Arch- curvilinear overlap of openings in the wall (windows, gates, doors) or spans between supports, for example between columns or abutments.

Fittings:

• in reinforced concrete structures - a set of welded or connected steel rods poured with concrete;
• sculptural decorations from swords, shields, helmets and other weapons.

Architect- a specialist in the field of architecture, an architect.

Architecture- the qualitative side of construction activity, reflecting the aesthetic relations of the process of creating a construction object.

Architectural and construction control and supervision - type of state control over the use and protected land in cities and other settlements. The relevant bodies for architecture and urban planning exercise state control over:

• compliance with the implementation of all types of urban planning activities in cities and other settlements in accordance with urban planning documentation;
• compliance with the standards and rules for planning and building cities and other settlements;
• observance of the established procedure for the use of the territory with special treatment urban planning activities;
• prevention of demolition of buildings and structures, cutting down of public green spaces in cities and other settlements;
• provision of land plots in cities and other settlements in accordance with their purpose and urban planning requirements.

Beam- a solid or composite rod, usually prismatic, used to cover rooms.

Balcony- a protruding platform on the facade of the building, fenced with railings and surrounded by a lattice or balustrade.

Balustrade- through fencing in the form of railings, balconies, galleries, stairs, roofs.

Baluster- small curly columns supporting the railings of balconies, stairs, roofs.

Runner- the form of ornamental brickwork in the form of a belt, forming a series of triangular recesses on the surface of the wall, successively facing up and down with their tops.

Mezzanine:

• the second, main (usually with higher rooms) floor of the building (palace, mansion);
• the first floor of balconies above the stalls in the auditorium of the theatre.

Concrete- a mixture of gravel, crushed stone, pebbles with a solution of cement or other binders, acquiring greater hardness after drying. Used as construction material.

biosocial ecology - a scientific discipline that studies the biological foundations of the social behavior of living organisms, including humans.

Biforium- a window with two openings, divided by a column or column, very common in Romanesque architecture.

Block- a stone of large dimensions, most often of a prismatic shape, made of natural or artificial building materials (limestone, concrete, cinder concrete, etc.).

Blocked house - a residential building formed by a set of planning blocks. The block is one, two or more apartments with a common exit. Block - apartment can be located in one or two levels. The layout of the apartment, the placement of window openings and entrances are decided in such a way that when forming the house there is the possibility of shifting, turning individual blocks relative to each other.

Border- a strip framing the edges, a border, an edge; decoration around the edges of any object.

Bosket- a group of evenly trimmed in the form of walls or geometric shapes of shrubs or trees.

eyebrows- decorative decoration of the wall above the window in the form of a protruding roller.

boulevards- landscaped stripes along avenues, streets or embankments of cities with alleys and paths for pedestrian traffic and short-term rest; originally on the site of the ramparts.

Bungalow (bengalo) - a light country building with verandas that make up one horizontal row of wooden log buildings.

Cable structures - structures based on a combination of tension of special rods (ropes, cables, etc.) and rigid supports and fasteners (suspension bridges, coatings, etc.).

Guys- stretch marks for fastening high metal pipes, radio masts, wind turbine towers, etc.

Crown- mutually connected four logs that make up one horizontal row of wooden chopped buildings.

Veranda- an open or glazed gallery with a roof attached to the house.

Lobby- a large front hallway of a public building.

Villa- Vacation home, country house.

hanging gardens- artificial decorative and orchards arranged in tiers on artificial terraces or roofs.

stained glass- a set of colored glasses inserted into the window opening, constituting an ornamental pattern or image.

octagon- part of the building, which has an octagonal shape, an octagonal frame.

Remote plate- a simple or profiled shelf with a significant extension, which in some orders constitutes the main part of the cornice.

Releases (Help) - in wooden architecture, the ends of logs released from a log house. Helpers support roof overhangs, galleries, platforms of hanging rings.

Dimension- generalized limiting contour of an architectural structure or its part, details, etc.

Lawn- a site sown with grass for decorative purposes, usually short and evenly cut.

gallery house- a residential building in which residential cells (apartments) are located on one side of an open or closed gallery, which is the main horizontal communication link.

Gallery- a semi-open bright room, the length of which significantly exceeds the width.

General plan - a type of urban planning documentation that regulates urban planning activities in cities and other settlements, which determines the conditions for the safety of the population, ensuring the necessary sanitary, hygienic and environmental requirements, rational determination of land use boundaries, residential, public, industrial development zones, specially protected areas, zones of various urban development values , placement of places of application of labor, development of engineering and transport infrastructure, improvement of territories, preservation of historical and cultural heritage and anthropogenic landscapes. The master plan is the main legal document and is approved in the manner prescribed by Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation and laws or other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Federation.

Hygiene of the living environment - a branch of hygiene that studies the impact of the environment on the health of the population and develops criteria for optimizing the environment in terms of maintaining human health.

upper room- front, "clean" room, located on the second floor of the Russian hut. Usually it is summer, unheated.

City- one of the types of social and spatial organization of the population, arising and developing on the basis of the combination of industrial, scientific, cultural, administrative and other functions. As a rule, the population in cities exceeds 10 thousand, the vast majority of them are employed in industries not related to agriculture.

garden cityis a city designed for a healthy life and work, the size of no more than to provide a full-fledged social life surrounded by rural landscape. The idea of ​​the garden city is to combine the positive features of the city and the countryside: all its land is in public ownership or assigned to the community.

Satellite city- a historically emerging method of decentralized development of large cities, contributing to the withdrawal of industries that are undesirable for them and excess population from large cities and slowing down the growth of megacities.

Gorodnya- a log house filled with stone or earth inside.

urban agglomeration - territorial and economic integration of densely located and functionally connected cities and other settlements, different in size and economic profile.

City land policy - the activities of the city administration in order to dispose of the urban territory in accordance with the various urban development values ​​of the land in order to achieve conditions for comfortable living, production activities and socio-cultural development for the maximum development of the possible majority of urban residents.

urban climate - climate, which is formed as a result of changes in the natural environment by urban development, industry, transport, and the urban population. It is characterized by a higher temperature (3-5 degrees C higher) than in the surrounding area, an increase in convection, the frequency and amount of heavy rainfall; decrease in hours of insolation, increase in the number of fogs and increase in air pollution.

urban landscape is a dynamic functional-spatial system of cultural complexes, including natural components and urban environment.

Gostiny Dvor- rows of shops, commercial premises and warehouses, united by covered galleries, and sometimes by a common roof.

Urban planning documentation - a set of materials of graphic-analytical, cartographic, textual, calculation and other types, based on a scientific forecast of the development of the territory and its development.

Urban policy - purposeful activity on development management and regulation of construction and investment processes for the formation of a favorable human environment.

Urban cadastre - state information, legal system for registering the use of the territory - objects of urban planning. The basis for maintaining the cadastre is urban planning and design documentation. The procedure for maintaining the cadastre is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Urban planning charter - (development rules) of the city - a legal document regulating the procedure and procedures for the implementation of urban planning activities in a given territory.

Grotto- natural or artificial cave.

Decor- system, a set of decorative elements.

desuport- decorative pictorial or sculptural insert above the door.

Detail- part of the whole, detail, particularity. Part of a structure, a separate element.

House-commune- the embodiment of the design of a residential block with the main elements of consumer services "attached" to it.

Hotel type house - a residential building for single and small family residents, consisting of small apartments with a well-developed service unit, located on the lower floors or in a separate building connected to the residential building. The living cell of such a house usually consists of a living room with an area of ​​​​10-14 square meters. m, a kitchen niche and a combined bathroom. Hotel houses are most often located according to the corridor or gallery planning schemes.

Chimney- chimney, the upper outer part of a wooden chimney.

Zhartok- part of the Russian stove, in which hot coals are stored.

House- a building intended for permanent residence people, structurally consists of one or many residential cells - apartments. The cells are united by communication links - vertical (stairwells, elevators) and horizontal (corridors, galleries).

Green building - a system of planned measures to create, preserve and increase green spaces in cities and urban-type settlements, industrial facilities in state farms and collective farms, landscaping of large areas is carried out on the basis of a design assignment and a technical project drawn up on its basis.

green array- this is the largest unit of the park landscape. The optimal width, providing protection from noise, dust, and also creating visual isolation, is 100-150 m.

Tile- glazed ceramic tiles.

Impost- horizontal rod in the form of a cornice, separating the arch from the supporting pillar or wall.

Inlay(from lat.) - decoration of an object made of one material by cutting figured pieces from various other materials into its surface, forming a pattern that does not protrude above the surface.

Interior(from French interiur - internal) - architecture interior spaces building.

Kamelek- a furnace, a hearth, made of dry stones, without a binder solution. The smoke from it goes directly into the room itself and is drawn out either through the door or into a special hole in the wall.

Fireplace- (from German) - an open room stove with a direct chimney, which warms the rooms directly with the flame of the fuel burning in it.

Flutes- vertical grooves on the shafts of columns, pylons or pilasters.

Cornice(from Greek) - a protruding belt crowning the outer walls of the building, designed to protect the walls from rain. Upper part of the entablature. The cornice is in turn divided into three parts (from bottom to top: supporting, teardrop and crowning).

Tile(from German) - a tile, a thin tile of burnt marl clay, covered with glaze on the outside. The tile serves for facing of furnaces, walls and floors.

Quadr- hewn stone, having a prismatic shape.

Building class- a category that determines the significance, architectural value, functional complexity of the building, its urban and social significance.

Color(from lat.) - the color of the paint, its tone and density.

Comfort(from English) - a set of household amenities.

Structural scheme of the building - a concept that characterizes the type of the bearing frame of the building. The load-bearing frame is a set of building elements combined into a system that ensures its strength, rigidity and stability. The strength of the bearing frame is its ability to resist the influence of design loads without collapsing and without receiving unacceptable deformations; the rigidity of the supporting frame is the invariance of its shape in the process of receiving loads, and stability is the resistance to overturning. The loss of one of these qualities, one way or another, leads to the failure of the entire system of the carrier frame.

Design(from Lat.) - structure, device, construction, plan, relative position of parts (structure, project, etc.).

Buttress(from the French. contre-force - counteraction) - a vertical protrusion of the wall, counteracting the expansion phenomenon.

Corridor-sectional house - a kind of sectional house. Unlike a purely sectional house, where residential cells are grouped directly around the stair-elevator node, in this scheme, a section is formed by connecting several residential cells with a horizontal connection - a corridor that leads to a vertical connection - a staircase, an elevator. Typically, a section in houses of this type is formed from 8 or more apartments.

corridor house- a residential building in which residential cells (apartments) are located on two sides of the corridor, which is a horizontal communication link. The corridors are connected floor by floor by stairs, of which there must be at least two. The width of the corridor is usually 1.4 -1.6 m, the length is 40 m or more.

Box vault with formwork - formed by crossing at right angles K.S. with others K.S. smaller span and lower height.

Kosour- an obliquely placed beam, thrown between the platforms of the stairs, on which, in turn, the stairs are laid.

Cottage(from English) - a small country house.

Red line- the boundary defining the building line of the street or area of ​​the settlement.

Krepovka(raskrepovka) - a small protrusion of a wall, entablature, cornice.

Roof- the upper shell of the roof, consisting of a waterproof so-called waterproofing carpet and a base in the form of a batten, flooring or solid slabs laid along the rafters and roof beams.

bracket- a part or structure in the form of a console, released from the wall, serves for some kind of ledge.

Porch hanging- a porch resting on pillars and on the ends of logs protruding from the log house itself.

Roof without nails (male) - in ancient Russian wooden architecture, a roof in which the board is not folded onto inclined rafters, but onto horizontal logs - slabs. The ends of these longitudinal legs are cut into the transverse walls of the log house, or otherwise, males. So that the clefts do not slip, they are supported from below by a hollowed-out log-stream, based on "hens". Such a roof was built without a single nail and held very firmly.

Lobby(from French) - premises in public buildings (parliaments, theaters, public libraries, etc.), which increase the space of the main foyers and halls and are used for relaxation, informal meetings, and even for work.

Dome- a vault formed by rotating a curve (arc, circle, etc.) around a vertical axis.

Landscape- a specific territory, homogeneous in its origin and history of development, having a single geological foundation, the same type of relief. Depending on the origin, forests are distinguished: anthropogenic, natural, geochemical, cultural, acultural, agricultural, marsh, geographical, elementary, etc.

Paw(in the paw) - cutting logs in the corners without residue, that is, without the released ends of the log.

Curved brick - a brick, having in plan the shape of a sector, a circle or any other shape, limited by segments of a straight line and a circle.

plowshare- wooden tiles used to cover domes, necks, barrels, kokoshniks and other parts of church tops.

ribbon city- a city stretched along one or more highways. L.G., in which the building strip along the highway is narrow enough that in the transverse direction it can be limited to pedestrian traffic, was called linear. L.G., in which building strips of various functional purpose allowed parallel to the main routes of communication, is called parallel.

Linear city- a city in the form of narrow strips of buildings, developing along transport lines and having a symmetrical structure.

Loggia(from Italian) - a room open on one or more sides. It usually serves as a balcony, gallery or terrace recessed into the body of the building.

spoons(spoons) - bricks or stones laid with their long sides along the wall (i.e. in the direction of the plane of the wall).

shoulder blade- a vertical, flat and narrow ledge in the wall, resembling a pilaster, but without a capital and base.

Tray- timber with a hollowed-out gutter; part of the vault, having the shape of a segment of a semi-cylindrical surface, dissected by two mutually intersecting (most often mutually perpendicular) planes and resting on an extended horizontal wall.

Luchkovy pediment - a segmoid-shaped pediment, resembling a stretched bow in its outlines.

Lucarna(from lat. lux - light) - an attic window.

Lunette(from French lunnette):

• a hole in the wall under the stripping of the vault;
• a wall field bounded by an arch and its buttresses, often decorated with paintings or sculptures.

Highway(from lat.) - any main line in relation to the secondary ones departing from it. For example, the main wide street (one of the main ones in a big city) with heavy traffic.

Layout(from French) - a model of something; preliminary sample A that represents something at a reduced size (for example, a mock-up of a building).

Matica- a beam carrying a wooden ceiling.

Mezzanine(from Italian, mezzanino - mezzanine) - a superstructure over the middle part of a residential building.

Neighborhoods- a structural and planning unit of division of the territory, consisting of residential buildings and service establishments.

Mosaic- an image made up of small pieces of marble or smalt (colored glass).

Monolith(from Greek) - a solid block of stone; a whole building (monument) or part of it (column), carved from one piece of stone.