1.What is employment?
The Labor Code of the Russian Federation, unlike the previous Labor Code of the Russian Federation, does not regulate relations related to employment and employment. The Law on Employment defines the concept of employment as an activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings income, earnings 1 . It follows from the Constitution of the Russian Federation that citizens are granted the right to freely dispose of their abilities for work, as well as to grant us the right to protection from unemployment 2 .
In Russia, a state system has been created to protect citizens from unemployment and assist in finding employment. The legal status of the unemployed has been determined, additional guarantees for the employment of certain categories of citizens, including workers laid off as a result of the liquidation of organizations, reduction in the number or staff of workers, youth, the disabled and some others, have been established. It provides for the payment of unemployment benefits, scholarships to persons sent by the employment service for retraining, professional retraining, and advanced training. There are also many other activities aimed at providing citizens with work.
From this it can be concluded that employment- this is the right to protection against unemployment, which, in turn, the state should present to citizens in the form of a legal system aimed at developing not only the employment environment in the Russian Federation, but also at strengthening the market economy of the state as a whole.
2. What forms of employment do you know?
The entire population of the Russian Federation can be divided into employed and unemployed citizens. Depending on whether What kind of activities do citizens forms of employment can be determined. The Employment Law contains a list of citizens who are considered employed in the Russian Federation:
Working on employment contract, including those who have any paid work other than public works;
Registered as individual entrepreneurs;
Employed in subsidiary crafts and selling products under contracts;
Performing work under civil law contracts;
Elected, appointed or approved to a paid position;
Passing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as other types of services;
Passing a full-time course of study in general educational institutions any level;
Temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining or other valid reasons;
Those who are founders of organizations, with the exception of founders of public and religious organizations, charitable and other foundations, associations legal entities(associations and unions) that do not have property rights in relation to these organizations.
3. Who can be recognized as unemployed?
Analyzing the concept of the unemployed, it is necessary to note the consequences of unemployment . Unemployment creates many problems in society and
economy:
The purchasing power of citizens is decreasing;
The standard of living of citizens;
The organization is losing qualified personnel;
The risk of social tension increases and so on.
According to the Employment Law citizens are considered unemployed 3 :
able-bodied;
Who do not have work and earnings;
Registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job;
Who are looking for a job and are ready to start it.
The working capacity of a citizen is determined by their age and state of health. In terms of age, citizens under the age of 16, as well as those who, in accordance with pension legislation, cannot be recognized as unemployed. Russian Federation old age pension.
Citizens applying for the status of unemployed must look for work, since this criterion characterizes the subjective intention of a citizen, however, such an intention has external manifestations. Evidence that a citizen is looking for work is his appearance at the invitation of the employment authorities to get acquainted with the proposed work, which is why the refusal to register as unemployed those who refused within 10 days from the date of registration with the employment authorities in order to search for work from two options for suitable work, including temporary work, and for first-time job seekers who do not have a profession (specialty) - also from two offers of vocational training. In addition, registration as unemployed will be denied to a citizen who, without good reason, did not appear within 10 days from the date of registration in order to search for work in the employment authorities to offer him a suitable job, as well as who did not appear within the time period established by these authorities for registration as unemployed.
Finally, an unemployed citizen must be ready to start work. This means that at the time of registration there should be no obstacles so that a citizen can start work as soon as it is found for him. If such obstacles are unremovable, then recognition as unemployed is impossible.
The legal status of the unemployed also includes his rights and obligations, social guarantees and compensations provided in case of loss of work, as well as in other cases.
AT modern science developed various methods of accounting for unemployed citizens, the use of which can show different statistical data on employment in the country. In my opinion, this is a necessary procedure, since the number of unemployed citizens directly affects the state - this is an important indicator for the political life of the country, for politicians, both ruling and opposition.
4. What is community service? State their legal status.
Public works are understood as publicly available types of labor activity, which, as a rule, do not require preliminary professional training of workers and are organized as additional social support for citizens looking for work. Such public works do not include activities, for example, related to the need to eliminate the consequences of various accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies and requiring special training of workers, as well as their qualified and responsible actions as soon as possible. The organization of public works is entrusted to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments at the suggestion and with the participation of the employment service and is regulated, in addition to Article 24 of the Law on Employment, also by the Regulations on the organization of public works, which was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of 14.07.1997. No. 875 (as amended by Government Decrees No. 1247 dated 12.11.1999, No. 769 dated 20.12.2003) 4 .
Participation of citizens in public works is allowed only with their consent. Persons who have expressed a desire to participate in public works conclude urgent labor contract. The preemptive right to conclude such an agreement is enjoyed by unemployed citizens who do not receive unemployment benefits for various reasons, as well as unemployed citizens registered with the employment service for more than six months.
As an example of public works, we can name some of them that are known to many of us from personal experience, namely:
Landscaping and landscaping;
care for the elderly and disabled;
Various agricultural works;
Ancillary work in housing construction, etc.
Summing up the above, it should be noted that citizens engaged in public works are subject to the legislation of the Russian Federation on labor and social insurance. Also, during the period of participation of unemployed citizens in public works, they retain the right to receive unemployment benefits.
5. What is the amount of unemployment benefit?
One of the guarantees of social support for the unemployed is unemployment benefit. Can be distinguished two options for determining the amount of the allowance, which is calculated in some cases as a percentage of average earnings, and sometimes in the amount of the minimum wage.
First option calculation of unemployment benefits applies to those who during 12 months prior to the onset of unemployment had a paid job of at least 26 calendar weeks on the terms of a full working day (week) or on a part-time basis (week) with the appropriate recalculation.
The benefit is accrued in the first 12-month period:
Within three months at a rate of 75% of average monthly earnings(monetary allowance) calculated for the last three months at the last place of work (service);
In the next 4 months - in the amount of 60%;
In the future - in the amount of 45%, but not higher than the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and not lower than 30% of this minimum.
For citizens living in the regions of the Far North and areas equated to them, when calculating benefits, its size increases, taking into account the regional coefficient. The amount of the benefit in all cases should not be less than 100 rubles..
In the second 12-month period - in the amount of 30% of the subsistence level of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Second option determining the amount of benefits depending on the subsistence minimum is established for certain categories of citizens in the Employment Law 5 . Citizens looking for a job for the first time, not working for a long time, not having 26 calendar weeks of paid work in the last 12 months, benefits are paid in the amount of 30% of the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, but not lower than minimum size wages.
6. What kind of work is considered suitable?
The Employment Act reveals to us the concept of suitable work. Such work is considered suitable, including temporary, which corresponds to the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of his professional training, the conditions of the last place of work (with the exception of paid public works), health status, transport accessibility of the workplace 6 . The maximum distance of a suitable job from the place of residence of the unemployed is determined by local authorities and administration, taking into account the development of the transport network in the area.
Suitable Job Requirements reduced for citizens:
For the first time looking for a job (previously unemployed), without a profession (specialty);
Dismissed more than once during the calendar year preceding the period of unemployment, for violation of labor discipline;
Individually terminated labor activity;
Those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their current profession (specialty), receive a related profession or undergo retraining after the end of the initial (12-month) period of unemployment;
Registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as more than 3 years not working;
Applied to the employment service after the end of seasonal work, etc.
For them, work is considered suitable, including work of a temporary nature, that meets the requirements of labor legislation, regardless of whether it requires or does not require (taking into account the age and other characteristics of citizens) preliminary training.
It is associated with a change of residence without the consent of a citizen;
Working conditions do not comply with the rules and regulations on labor protection;
The proposed salary is lower than the average salary of a citizen, calculated for the last 3 months at the last place of work. This provision does not apply to citizens whose average monthly earnings exceeded the average wage in the region. In this case, a job cannot be considered suitable if the salary offered is below the average wages in the region.
Employment of the population is not only one of the most important economic characteristics. According to this category, one can judge the well-being of the people of any state. At the same time, the level of employment of the population, which is an important macroeconomic indicator, is estimated.
Employment of the population is a phenomenon of the socio-economic plan. It is a socially useful activity of the population, the purpose of which lies in the satisfaction of social and personal needs, as well as in earning money (income). This definition is given by the Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation". This important document was adopted on April 19, 1991 under No. 1032-1.
Employment is also an economic category. It is a set of relations that relate to the labor activity of citizens. This economic category expresses the degree of inclusion of the country's population in socially useful activities. It also indicates the measure of the needs of enterprises in workers, the availability of vacancies necessary to generate income. All these positions make it possible to consider the employment of the population as one of the most important characteristics of the labor market.
Some authors give another definition of this term. In their opinion, employment is the main parameter necessary for the functioning of the market. labor resources. At the same time, it is a certain type of relationship between people of an economic and legal nature. And this is not surprising, because a person acquires workplace, being included in this or that cooperation of labor. And as long as the employee remains in the subsystem of the economic sector of the economy he has chosen, these relations continue to take place.
The Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation" provides an explanation of which of the citizens of the country can be considered included in socially useful activities.
These are the people:
- working under employment contracts, as well as having other service or work for which they receive remuneration;
- registered as an individual entrepreneur;
- engaged in subsidiary crafts and selling products under concluded contracts;
- elected, approved or appointed to paid positions;
- performing various types of work in accordance with civil law or copyright agreements;
- being members of artels (production cooperatives);
- in the service of the military, civil alternative, in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
- full-time students of educational institutions;
- temporarily absent from their workplace due to illness, vacation, conscription, etc.;
- being participants (founders) of organizations and possessing property rights in relation to the latter.
Since the nineties of the last century, Russia has abandoned the administrative-command type of management. Its economy began to move to market rails, which required various reforms. It did not pass by the sphere of employment. It also underwent numerous changes. The development of innovations was based on the experience already gained by developed countries. The result of the work done was the legislative act "On the Employment of the Population of the Russian Federation", which reflected the basic principles of the state on this issue. The first of them is enshrined in the Constitution of Russia. It speaks of the voluntariness of labor and the existence of the right of citizens to freely dispose of their abilities for creative and productive work.
The second of the principles set out in the law concerns the responsibility of the state for creating the necessary conditions for employment and free choice of workplace by citizens. The country is also responsible for ensuring and taking into account the long-term interests of the nation. This is the third principle of employment. Authorities at all levels should make efforts to put mechanisms into operation state regulation, as well as not hinder the market self-regulation of this area. In this case, financial opportunities should be used off-budget funds, budget, public associations, enterprises and citizens themselves in order to achieve social and economic efficiency government programs. This is the fourth principle of the state policy in the field of employment.
In any state, the employment policy of the population is determined, first of all, by the tasks and goals set by society. At the same time, each country can use its own methods of solving problems in this area. Yes, allocate American model. It involves the creation a large number jobs where people are not required to be highly productive and their incomes are low. Such a labor market suits a significant part of the economically active citizens. Officially, unemployment is at a low level. However, the number of people with low incomes is increasing significantly.
Under the Scandinavian model, virtually the entire working-age population will have jobs with satisfactory pay conditions. This is possible when creating a large number of vacancies in public sector economy. However, the implementation of this policy is fraught with the appearance of inflationary pressure and depletion of the treasury.
When creating a European model, the number of employed people decreases with the growth of labor productivity and incomes of workers. Such a policy must be supported by an expensive system of benefits for the ever-increasing number of unemployed.
In the field of employment of its citizens, the state can carry out both active and passive activities. The first of them involves the adoption of a number of measures aimed at promoting employment of the population. An active policy includes measures aimed at preventing layoffs of workers and preserving jobs, improving the skills of the population and its professional training, organizing various public works, supporting private entrepreneurship, etc. All this helps to reduce the unemployment rate in the country.
When pursuing a passive policy, the state does not take measures to promote employment. It only traces the negative consequences that take place when the unemployment rate is high. At the same time, the state pays benefits to unemployed citizens and provides services for the selection of a job. For this purpose, a public employment service is being organized in the country. In addition, when pursuing a passive policy, the state draws up early retirement. It also provides material or in-kind support to the unemployed.
Developed countries with a socially oriented market economy, as a rule, conduct an active policy in the field of employment of citizens. At the same time, the state strives to:
- the work was for everyone who is looking for it;
- labor activity was at the most efficient level;
- there was freedom to choose a workplace.
In order to plan effective measures in the implementation of the policy in the field of employment of citizens, it is necessary to take into account the level and stage of economic development the whole country. An important factor in solving the problems of employment will be the merger of this direction with the solution of various economic and social problems.
How should the level characterizing the employment of the population rise? Work to improve this indicator is carried out using methods that would be consistent with practice and national conditions.
Pre-developed methods should be constantly coordinated within the social and economic policy. At the same time, all decisions in the field of employment require active actions not only on the part of the state. Steps in this direction are needed from employers, as well as employees.
In 1991, the Russian Federation established federal Service employment of the population. To date, the Ministry of Labor and social development Russia. It was created in 1996, while abolishing three social departments at once:
Ministry of Social protection of the population.
- Ministry of Labor.
- Federal Employment Service.
At the same time, the newly formed department became responsible for the development. In addition, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development manages the entire system of employment services through regional offices.
The main function of this governing body is the development and further funding of programs in the field of employment, standards and the implementation of tasks in close cooperation with regional offices. This activity is aimed at protecting the population from unemployment.
Regional services are directly subordinated to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development. They supervise the work of the bodies of this department, located directly on the ground. At the same time, the responsibilities of regional services include:
- planning;
- instruction;
- financing;
- implementation of control.
Local employment services, which are managed by the regional bodies of this sphere, carry out direct work with the population. This is the essence of their daily activities.
Citizens wishing to find a suitable job for themselves should contact the Employment Center of their city or town. This is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, will provide advice and inform about available vacancies. In addition, the Employment Center will provide a number of other services. Among them:
Payment of unemployment benefits;
- provision of material and psychological assistance to the unemployed, as well as to their dependent family members.
SZN solve four main tasks. It:
- social protection of unemployed citizens;
- training in professional skills;
- facilitating employment;
- availability of vacancies.
The state of any country organizes and regulates the employment of its citizens. The Russian Federal Employment Service carries out activities aimed at:
Making development forecasts and analyzing the level of employment;
- development and further implementation of targeted programs at the federal and territorial levels, the purpose of which is to promote the employment of those citizens who are at risk of being fired and have difficulty finding work;
- organization of vocational guidance, training and retraining of unemployed citizens.
This work is organized and carried out under the direct supervision of the relevant federal body which is the Department of Employment. He, within the framework of his authority, creates and oversees territorial services.
The Department of Employment is called upon to:
- analyze the situation that has developed in the territorial labor markets and develop various measures aimed at preventing or reducing the negative consequences of mass layoffs of workers;
- organize work on registration of the unemployed and assist them in further employment;
- assign and pay unemployment benefits to registered citizens;
- provide citizens with state guarantees;
- organize the work of any territorial body included in this system, such as the city department of employment of the population and the regional department of the ZN;
- conclude agreements with educational institutions for vocational training of the unemployed;
- to promote the development of small businesses.
The territorial bodies of the employment service work in accordance with the Federal Program, which provides for assistance in finding employment for citizens. Their main task in this case is mitigation in the regions of the Russian Federation. This goal is achieved through the development of a flexible labor market, balancing the supply of vacancies and unemployed workers, increasing the level of employment, etc. At the same time, there is a constant improvement in the methods and forms of work with the population.
For example, the employment of the population of Moscow and some other cities is trying to be channeled into the mainstream of intensifying the independent search for work by citizens who have applied to the SZN Centers. To do this, the employees of this service introduce into the practice of group consultations.
In addition, the employment of citizens is promoted by the ongoing "Job Fairs", "Client Resume Banks", "Job Seekers' Clubs" and many other programs.
At present, one of the most important socio-economic tasks is the creation of conditions for ensuring the fullest and most effective employment of the population in our country.
Implementation public policy employment of the population should be carried out in such basic areas as the creation of a legal framework that regulates employment and social protection of the unemployed; creation of conditions by the state for self-employment of the population; encouragement of territorial mobility of labor force; regulation of international labor flows.
The development of market relations contributes to the creation of non-state structures of private employment. These are various types of commercial recruitment agencies, institutions with educational institutions etc. Find applications and labor exchanges.
One of the tools for implementing the state policy in the field of employment of the population is, first of all, strategic planning, the main forms of which are: the development of forecasts for the state of the labor market, federal targeted programs to promote employment of the population, comprehensive programs for creating and maintaining jobs, drawing up general schemes for their development.
Thus, the concern of the state to achieve the most complete and effective employment of the population in the country and the growth of its income on this basis is the most important aspect of state regulation of a market economy. The main thing at the same time is to ensure strict coordination of the solution of economic and social issues, alignment of the problems of employment of the population in common system macroeconomic calculations and justifications both at the federal and regional levels.
aim term paper is to consider the problems of employment of the population of the Russian Federation and recommendations for their solution.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:
1) to consider the theory of the issue of employment of the population and its qualitative content. To characterize the direction of state policy in solving the problem of employment of the population;
2) characterize the level and state of employment in the Russian Federation and the role of the state in regulating and solving employment problems.
Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the realization of the human right "to freely dispose of one's abilities for work, to choose the type of activity and profession" (clause 1, article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) .
The employment of the population is the state of its economically active part, which is characterized by the fact that people have jobs, or legitimate, i.e. not contradicting the current legislation, profitable employment. In other words, employment is the provision of people with social necessary work, bringing them earnings, labor income.
Another state of the economically active population in relation to the availability of work is unemployment.
The state of employment is directly related to the concept of "employed", which in the official Russian economic practice has an ambiguous meaning. Thus, the Law on Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation (as amended on January 10, 2003) interprets the category of employed people more broadly than it is defined in the recommendations of the International Labor Organization, which Rosstat has been following since May 1993. The content of this concept and the specifics of the approach to calculations of the number of the considered category of the population are given below.
According to the methodology of the International Labor Organization, employees are persons of both sexes aged 16 years and older, as well as persons of younger ages who, during the period under review:
1) performed work for hire for remuneration on a full or part-time basis, as well as other income-generating work independently or for individual citizens, regardless of the timing of receiving direct payment or income for their activities;
2) performed work without pay in a family business;
3) were temporarily absent from work due to illness or injury, nursing; annual leave or days off; compensatory leave or time off, compensation for overtime work or work on public holidays (weekends); work according to a special schedule; being in reserve (when working in transport); statutory leave for pregnancy, childbirth, childcare; training, retraining outside your workplace, study leave; leave without pay or with pay at the initiative of the administration; strikes; other similar reasons.
The registered unemployed who perform paid public works received through the employment service, pupils and students who perform paid agricultural work in the direction of educational institutions are not included in the composition of the employed.
According to the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, the employed are citizens:
1) working under an employment agreement (contract), including those performing work for remuneration on a full or part-time basis, as well as having other paid work (service), including seasonal, temporary work, with the exception of public works (except for citizens specified footnote);
2) registered as individual entrepreneurs;
3) employed in subsidiary crafts and selling products under contracts;
4) performing work under civil law contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, including under contracts concluded with individual entrepreneurs, copyright agreements, as well as being members of production cooperatives (artels);
5) elected, appointed or approved to a paid position;
6) performing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as service in the internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system (according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization, military personnel, employees of the internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies penitentiary system refer to hired workers);
7) taking a full-time course of study in general educational institutions, institutions of primary vocational and higher vocational education and other educational institutions, including training in the direction of Rostrud;
8) temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, suspension of production caused by a strike, conscription for military training, involvement in activities related to preparation for military service (alternative civil service), performance of other state duties or other valid reasons.
A comparison of the “employed” category in both sources shows that the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation, in contrast to the recommendations of the International Labor Organization, followed by Rosstat, in addition to various groups of workers and temporarily absent from the workplace (which, in essence, coincides in the noted documents ) classifies as employed a large group of the unemployed who participate in public works, as well as citizens who study full-time in various educational institutions.
With regard to public works, it is difficult to understand why one part of the unemployed participating in their performance is classified by the Law on Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation as employed, and the other part as unemployed. Why, for example, an unemployed person who seeks to resume labor activity after a break of more than a year and participates in public works, is classified as employed, and if the unemployed person has such a desire within a period of less than a year break (even for one day), he will be classified as unemployed. Here we can assume some opportunistic considerations, which are rather difficult to guess.
With regard to full-time students, the situation is more understandable. In fact, full-time students are busy people, as the Law on Employment in the Russian Federation considers them to be. But it should be understood that the Rosstat methodology refers to the employed as part of the economically active population, and full-time students cannot be classified in this category, since, due to the specifics of their activity - daytime education - they must be economically inactive, i.e. .e. not to work in production or in the service sector for the purpose of earning money.
Such, it would seem, discrepancy is consistent when considering the types and forms of employment. The fact is that the practical needs of accounting for the population necessitate the allocation of various types of employment. So, they distinguish between productive, socially useful, full, rational, effective, hidden employment, etc. Within these types of employment, such forms as part-time, temporary, flexible employment, etc. are distinguished.
Productive employment is the employment of the population in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, established by Rosstat in accordance with the methodology for accounting for employment of the International Labor Organization.
Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, military service, alternative civilian service, service in the internal affairs bodies, but also full-time students (at working age), employed in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Law on Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation (with the exception of those employed in household caring for children and sick relatives who are not considered employed by this Law).
Full employment is economic condition a society where everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical unemployment, but at the same time, its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from full employment of workers, which, in contrast to their part-time or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence of permanent work with normal working hours.
Rational employment is determined by the ratio of productive employment to socially useful employment. The level of rational employment is a hypothetical value that requires scientific justification and, as it can be assumed, has a certain optimal value for each stage of the country's economic development, above and below which the degree of rationality decreases.
Efficient employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with this concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the unemployed working time fund of the employed to their nominal working time fund. If rational employment is to be optimized, then efficient employment is to be maximized.
Hidden employment is the employment of people outside the scope of registration of official bodies in unregistered economic structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes the shadow economy or its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction works, the sphere of personal services (repair of apartments, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), hand trade, etc.
Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal duration of the working week, established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, as well as workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous conditions labor. Reduced working hours are set federal laws for certain categories of workers (pedagogical, medical, etc.). In all other cases, the shortened compared to the normal duration of the employee's workload gives grounds to classify him as part-time.
Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a time strictly limited by an employment contract, which can range from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period (for the duration of illness, maternity leave, vocational training etc.), to perform one-time, random and non-prestigious work, work to eliminate failures in production, to eliminate accidents, seasonal work, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for work that requires highly qualified personnel, for example, for a one-time adjustment of complex equipment. Widespread use of the form of temporary employment softens the situation with unemployment.
Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions of employment and work. These conditions include:
1) non-standard working hours, in which the duration of working hours is less than established by state regulations. These include part-time work, shortened working week, seasonal work;
2) non-standard organizational forms of hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for random work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, an entrepreneur and a temporary worker;
3) non-standard ways of working and jobs, for example, home work (performance of a production task at home), work with home phone, work on own vehicles, etc.;
4) self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without registration by them of formal labor relations, at their own expense, by independently or with the help of members of their family, performing work, selling products, etc.
Sometimes flexible forms of employment include flexible working hours (flexible working shift, flexible working week and month, when the start and end times of work can be adjusted by the workers themselves), which is not accurate enough. If the flexibility of the working time regime is carried out in the conditions of compliance with the standard total working time worked out by each employee at a standard workplace, then such regimes have nothing to do with flexible employment. It will be a regular form of employment, but with a flexible work schedule.
In statistics foreign countries one can come across the concept of alternative types of employment, which is understood as a variety of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment agreed with trade unions of working people. These types of employment include: reduced working hours; workplace occupied by several employees; call work; weekend work; home work and other flexible forms of employment.
Flexible forms of employment consist in adapting the duration of work and the place of work to the opportunities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, the disabled, pensioners, and young people studying. Such forms of employment contribute to the growth of production efficiency and the satisfaction of the material interests of those categories of citizens who, for various reasons, cannot be employed in standard working conditions. However, flexible employment also has negative aspects due to the lack of collective forms of social protection for workers.
In the economic literature, there is the concept of excess employment, which is interpreted as a feature of the "Russian path" in the field of employment, manifested in the fact that adaptation to the ongoing changes in the economy was carried out not so much by reducing the number of employees, but by flexibility in wages, its duration. and intensity. The forms of this specific flexibility were low level wages, delays in their payment, high wage differentiation, widespread use of administrative leave, part-time work, development of secondary employment, etc. This was the price paid by Russian economy to maintain a relatively low level of open unemployment.
The relevance of the work is due to the fact that in modern Russia the issue of employment of the population is exacerbated due to the crisis recent years and high unemployment.
Maintaining a certain level of employment at all times is a difficult problem for any country, including those with centuries-old market traditions. Therefore, in all market-oriented countries, a policy of regulating employment is being pursued on the basis of the use of permanent, flexible in forms and means of measures to influence the employment sector. Ensuring fuller and more efficient employment of the population is one of the most important tasks of any democratic society. The state policy in the field of employment should address two main issues: firstly, meeting the need for a functioning investing capital in the labor force. Vigorously and profitably functioning capital is the best evidence effective use work force; secondly, the provision of jobs for the able-bodied population as a condition for the normal existence of people. Caring for the welfare of the population is a traditional function of the state.
The purpose of the work is to study theoretical aspects employment as an element of socio-economic policy.
Work tasks:
Employment is the activity of the able-bodied population associated with the production of material and spiritual goods in order to meet personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and brings them earnings, labor income.
The economically active population is the part of the population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the employed and the unemployed (in relation to the surveyed period).
Quantitatively, employment is characterized by the level of employment, i.e., the ratio of the number of employed to the number of economically active population (in percent).
Citizens are considered employed:
Consider the characteristics of employment.
Employment can be: full, productive, socially useful, rational, effective.
With full employment, all willing able-bodied citizens have an objective opportunity to have a paid job, while the unemployment rate is equal to the natural one.
Rational employment is a kind of full employment that implies a qualitative match between workers and the jobs they occupy.
With productive employment, the population is employed in social production, this is the employed part of the economically active population, which corresponds to the methodology of the International Labor Organization.
Socially useful employment is characterized by the activities of people who work in social production, serve in the armed forces and internal troops (in internal affairs bodies), study full-time forms of education (at working age), are engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives .
Efficient employment is the use of labor resources, which achieves the maximum material result and social effect with minimal labor costs (including working time), with minimal social costs.
The employment of the population is a necessary condition for its reproduction, since the standard of living of people, the costs of society for the selection, training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, for their employment, for material support for people who have lost their jobs depend on it.
The modern Russian economy has embarked on the path of reforms, the transition to market relations. Of course, there are costs along this path, but the general direction of reforms towards development, followed by the civilized countries of the world, is progressive.
The problems of the labor market and employment in Russia are complex and contradictory. Here they manifest themselves as general patterns that take place in different countries of the world, as well as processes and phenomena specific to our state.
Among the concepts of a market economy, the central place is occupied by the definition of the essence and content of the market as such and its varieties.
This is, first of all, a system of social relations associated with the hiring and supply of labor, that is, with its purchase and sale; it is also an economic space - the sphere of employment, in which buyers and sellers of a specific product - labor interact; finally, it is a mechanism that ensures the harmonization of prices and working conditions between the employer and employees. This satisfies the need of the first for labor, and the second for wages.
The labor market is the aggregate supply and demand of the labor force, which, due to the interaction of these two components, ensures the placement of the economically active population in relation to jobs in areas economic activity in sectoral, territorial, demographic and professional-qualification sections.
Before considering the labor market, one should find out the role and place of a person in social reproduction in general, because without finding this out, we will not be able to understand why for one person economic (material) incentives to work are a priority, while for another these motivations missing; why the distribution of income in society is unequal; why social conflicts occur and much more.
Until recently economics considered man as only one of the elements productive forces society, that is, it proceeded from the principle - “man for production”. All victorious reports were based on the amount of coal given out “on the mountain”, steel smelting, the number of apartments built, the absence of unemployment, etc. The result of such justifications is an economy that works not for a person, but against him: poor housing, low-quality products, high-cost production, etc.
The most important indicator of the state of the labor market is the unemployment rate, which is defined as specific gravity unemployed in the total number of economically active population.
The unemployment rate is one of the key macroeconomic indicators, and its correct definition is necessary for understanding and predicting the results of socio-economic policy.
At the same time, the modern market is characterized by constant dynamic changes, overflows of labor from one state of employment to another. An assessment of dynamic flows in the labor market makes it possible to identify the factor that determines changes in the structure of unemployment to the greatest extent.
Thus, its high level in any socio-economic group of the population can be associated not only with a high probability of losing a job, but also with frequent job changes, low socio-economic mobility and insufficient activity in job search, a long period of unemployment, low the probability of retaining the received job, etc. For the purposes of macroeconomic policy it is important not only to correctly assess the level of unemployment in a particular group of the population, but also to establish which of the labor flows in the labor market lead to such a level of unemployment.
The employment structure is a set of proportions in the use of the labor force of a society (economically active population), which are determined by the relationship between:
Thus, employment is a general category of social production, covering the totality of relations on the participation of people in socially useful labor. The employed population includes: employees for wages; self-employed; employed in the household; military personnel; entrepreneurs, farmers engaged in home-based work, part-time, etc.
In order to implement an effective state policy for ensuring employment of the population in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to clearly define the concept of employment, as well as the categories of citizens recognized as employed. This work just reveals the concept of employment and considers various classifications employment. Some types of employment identified in the legislation are still a topic of controversy in Russia.
Employment is the most important economic characteristic labor market.
In society, the idea of employment as a socio-economic process based on the social division of labor of applying the labor of different groups of the population in areas of socially useful activity (at school, in social production and individual farming) is more common.
Employment should be considered from two perspectives:
1. as an economic category
2. as a socio-economic category.
The practical needs of accounting for the population necessitate the allocation of various types of employment.
To begin with, we define such a concept as employment.
Employment is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (hereinafter referred to as earnings).1
All issues related to employment of the population are disclosed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation".
Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of the population according to professions and specialties, according to the spheres of labor application. There are several types of employment in society.
The following features characterize structural views employment:
Professionally - qualification sign:
Work experience;
The level of education;
The degree of labor automation.
Nature of activity:
Personal subsidiary plot;
Individual labor activity;
Work at plants and factories and public organizations;
Military service;
Work abroad.
Class type and social layer:
Entrepreneurs;
workers;
Management staff;
Engineering and technical workers and employees.
Property type.
Territorial sign.
The level of urbanization (this is the ratio between the number of labor resources of the city and the village).
Gender sign.
Form of labor organization.
Each of the above features of the types of employment is implemented with the help of organizational and legal methods and conditions for the use of labor force, characterizing the forms of employment. O.V. Romashov "Sociology of Labor" p. 48.
Types of employed citizens according to the all-Russian classifier of information about the population: All-Russian classifier population information.
1 Full-time worker
2 Temporary worker
3 Seasonal worker
4 Working on a fixed-term employment contract
5 Non-working
6 Unemployed
7 Unemployed, registered with the employment service
The form of organization of working time affects full-time (assuming full-time), part-time and home-based employment.
The sign of stability affects the permanent and temporary employment of K.G. Kazimov "Labor market and employment" p.56..
Full employment is a state in the labor market when the need of citizens for work is fully satisfied.
Underemployment is defined as part-time work, or at the employee's own request, or when economically justified, due to reduced working hours.
One of the forms of part-time employment in Russia is leave without pay at the initiative of the administration.
Partial unemployment is a frequent and necessary phenomenon for a market economy. The reason for part-time employment is that the employee due to a change of residence, work, etc. goes out of production for a while.
Also, a certain level of unemployment has a positive effect on competition in the labor market, stimulates the development of labor resources.
Underemployment is characterized as employment in which the natural rate of unemployment remains high V.A. Pavlenkov "Labor market. Employment. Unemployment" p.124. .
The problems of part-time employment have been repeatedly covered within the framework of the International Labor Organization and are subject to legal regulation by almost all civilized countries. At the same time, the assessment of part-time employment by different states occurs in different ways due to the dual assessment of this social phenomenon Borodin I.I., Minaeva L.A. Employment, unions and illegal layoffs p.61..
Competition in the labor market is growing due to the fact that there is an increase in the scale of part-time employment. Therefore, the discontent of many people is growing. But there are those who, on the contrary, support part-time employment. Because it gives them a chance to combine work with family responsibilities and study.
In many countries, the promotion of part-time employment is seen by government authorities as an effective means of combating unemployment. At the same time, part-time citizens in a number of cases are entitled to state assistance in ensuring full employment, as well as to material support in the form of unemployment benefits. In most countries, unemployment benefits are paid to all workers who lose their jobs, but part-time workers receive lower benefits than full-time workers. In a number of states (Belgium, New Zealand), part-time workers with a certain level of income can be paid the same benefits as full-time employees. In Norway, part-time workers are entitled to benefits if their total income for three years is equal to the annual income of full-time employees. .
The most pressing problem for Russian market labor remains inefficient employment. It determines the extent to which Russia lags behind developed countries in labor productivity, unemployment hidden from official observation - when the actually unemployed are classified as economically active population, as well as the discrepancy between the decline in production and the size of employment (surplus labor).
One of the open manifestations of inefficient employment remains part-time employment. The number of employees of organizations (with the exception of small businesses) who worked part-time during the year at the initiative of the administration, as well as those who were on forced leave, in 2002 amounted to about 3 million people, having decreased almost 4 times in 1998-2001 Government of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.03 No. 568-r "On the Concept of actions in the labor market for 2003-2005".
There is also such a classification of employment: productive (effective), full, freely chosen, incomplete, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc.
Productive (effective) employment is employment that brings workers income that provides decent living conditions.
Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that the unemployed, pensioners are engaged in trade or the provision of various services to the population (repair, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed.
Seasonal employment is a periodic (during certain seasons) involvement of the able-bodied population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic conditions.
Pendulum employment is a special type of employment that is permanent in nature and at the same time is associated with periodic return movements during labor activity.
Periodic employment is a type of employment that involves the alternation of periods of work with uniform periods of rest (work on a rotational basis).
