Economic policy of the Russian Federation presentation. Presentation on the topic "modern economic policy of Russia". Instruments of state economic policy

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Peculiarities modern economy in Russia
social studies lesson in grade 11

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TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY - economics countries that abandoned the state-planning model in the transition to a market economy

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COUNTRY-SPECIFIC of Eastern Europe, former republics of the USSR, Russia, China.

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Character traits transition economy: the state is the initiator of market reforms and a change in the political system; the beginning of market reforms is the saturation of the consumer market; fast growth production or import consumer goods

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Peculiar logic economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and marketing, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed to the sphere of production of means; large-scale price liberalization, which leads to a drop in the living standards of the population

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The government's policy of blocking inflation, significant price increases, maintaining national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, with borrowing foreign experience.

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Characteristic features of the Russian economy: Inconsistency of reforms, half-heartedness of decisions taken Significant increase in the degree of risk entrepreneurial activity High level economic instability and shortage of investment funds, underdevelopment of the investment sphere Stable, sufficient high level inflation

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The USSR ranked 2-3rd in the world in terms of production, but in terms of GDP 25-30th place GDP per capita (1990): USSR - 4.9 thousand dollars, USA - 18.3 thousand dollars, Canada - 17.2 , Japan - 14.7 thousand dollars

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The share of Russia in the production of the world product has decreased from 8.31 to 5.2% (USA 22.47%). Russia's wealth has decreased since 1990 from 17 to 5% (more than 3 times). In industry by 54%, in agriculture by 33%, in construction by 66%, in transport by 57% Such a decline has never been seen in any country in the world!

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Over the 10 years of reforms in Russia, the volume of industrial production in the country has decreased by 53%. Russia actually lost these 10 years in the production of fixed assets. Over the past 200 years, this has not been allowed by any country that has embarked on the path industrial development

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Improvement of the investment climate, modernization of industry, integration into the world community, reduction of state interference in the affairs of economic entities - The goal of the new economic policy

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Strategic development program up to 2015: State withdrawal from direct regulation of the economy Establishing equal playing rules for all Reducing the tax burden and social programs Deficit-free budget Development of the financial instruments market

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Results so far: The economy is gradually recovering The financial position of Russia has strengthened, significantly decreased external debt, solidly increased the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves. Today, the ruble is backed by 150%. No other currency in the world has such an indicator of reliability. A modern tax regime has been created, tax burden Continues to improve the legislative framework economy.

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In September 2003, Russia entered the first most attractive for foreign investment countries.

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In 2005, Russia outstripped the members of the G8 (USA, Japan, Canada, France, England, Germany, Italy) in GDP growth, industrial production, in terms of inflation rate (10.9% - 1.6 to 3.5%).

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General objectives of the lesson

1. Get acquainted with the main cycles of economic development, get an idea of the cyclical nature of economic development. 2. Find out what is the contribution of the Russian scientist N. D. Kondratiev to economic theory.

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UE-1. Tasks

1. What is the economy of Russia? 2. What is the branch of the economy? 3. Give examples of sectors of the economy. 4: What areas is the Russian economy divided into? 5. What is the difference between the areas of production? 6. What is the structure of the economy? 7. What is the leading branch of the Russian economy? 8. Why did the proportion of people employed in industry and the non-productive sphere increase during the 20th century and decrease in agriculture? 9. Name 3 stages of development of society and economy. At what stage is the Russian economy?

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UE-2. Independent work

The study of the theory of cycles by N.D. Kondratiev

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1. Specify and write down which industries determined the development of each mode in the corresponding cycle. 2. What determines the cyclical nature of economic development? 3. What innovations will determine production complex 5th cycle? 4. Which industries during which cycles were the most developed in the USSR and which ones are clearly lacking in Russia at the present stage? 5. Having considered the cycle schemes of N.D. Kondratiev and the waves of reforms and counter-reforms, describe any cycle (of your choice) and those historical reforms and counter-reforms that are caused by the rise and fall of waves. 6. Predict the time frame of the next big cycle (the time of the beginning and end of the wave, its maximum). 7. Calculate how old you will be during the next economic depression, what segment of your life it will be, in which category labor resources will you stay? What should you do to mitigate the consequences for yourself?

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UE-3. Self-esteem

Try to evaluate the acquired knowledge and skills as follows: 1. I understood everything, I can explain the material to another. 2. I understood the material, I can explain it to another, but with some help from the teacher. 3. I understood the material partially. 4. I did not understand anything.

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UE-4. Homework

Sum the self-assessment scores for SR 1-3. Using the resulting number, determine your homework and write it down in your diary.

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Used sources

Kondratiev, Nikolai Dmitrievich: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Version 38419171, saved at 16:24 UTC on October 13, 2011 // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. - Electron. Dan. - San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2011. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=38419171 Dronov V.P. Geography of Russia. population and economy. Grade 9: textbook. for educational institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. - M. Drofa, 2001. - 384 p. Zhizina E.A. Lesson developments in geography: Population and economy of Russia: Grade 9. - M.: "VAKO", 2005, 288 p.

Classic economic functions state stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; redistribution of income; regulation of relations between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.

New functions of the state They are associated with the formation of a post-industrial society: - support for fundamental science, - participation in the decision global problems humanity, – overcoming the ecological crisis and its consequences, – eliminating the economic backlog.

The most common economic goals of the state Ensuring economic growth (development!); creating conditions economic freedom(the right to choose the type, shape and scope economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Security economic security and economic efficiency;

Stabilization includes mainly budgetary-tax (fiscal) and credit and monetary(monetary) policy. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the entire economy of the country, the production of public goods, privatization, the promotion of competition and the restriction of monopolies, etc. If the stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then the structural one is aimed at maintaining it. balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.

What is open economic policy state-Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons

Monetary policy has an impact on aggregate demand. The object of regulation is the money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, the change in the money supply occurs not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).

The second instrument of monetary policy is the regulation of the discount rate of interest (refinancing rate). The discount rate of interest is the interest rate at which the Central Bank lends to the CB. CBs resort to loans from the Central Bank if they suddenly need to urgently replenish their reserves or to get out of a difficult financial situation.

The third instrument of monetary policy is open market operations. Open market operations are the buying and selling of government securities. valuable papers in the secondary securities markets. The object of operations on the open market are mainly: 1) short-term government bonds and 2) treasury bills.

Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: - stimulating - restraining. Stimulative monetary policy is carried out during a recession with the aim of "invigorating" the economy, increasing business activity in order to combat unemployment. A contractionary monetary policy is carried out during a boom period and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to fight inflation.

Benefits of monetary policy No internal lag (time between the moment of awareness economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. The stimulating monetary policy (an increase in the money supply) causes a decrease in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulating investment. Multiplier effect.

Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Stimulating monetary policy, i.e. an increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short run. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the mechanism of monetary transmission. The external lag is the period of time from the moment the measures are taken to the moment the result of their impact on the economy appears.

What is an open economic policy of the state -Economic goals of the state. -The main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy -Goals -Tools -Types -Pros and cons

Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of revenues or expenditures of the state budget. Fiscal policy is the action to regulate aggregate demand. Regulation of the economy occurs through the impact on the amount of total costs. A number of fiscal policy instruments can also be used to influence aggregate supply.

Objectives of fiscal policy: 1) stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem cyclical unemployment); 3) a stable price level. Fiscal policy instruments - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: 1) public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers. Same as monetary policy

Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contracting policies are applied. The stimulating fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its instruments are: an increase in government purchases, a reduction in taxes and an increase in transfers. A contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its instruments are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.

Impact of fiscal policy instruments on aggregate demand Government purchases are a component of aggregate demand, so their change has a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Growth in government purchases increases aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand as personal income households An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.

Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of an external lag (an external lag is the period of time between a decision and the appearance of the first results. The presence of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need undertake special measures to stabilize the economy.

Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change the policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget spending during the downturn to total income that the demand for money and the rate of interest on money market. Rise in the cost of loans to private investment, i.e. to "crowding out" part of the investment costs of firms.

Uncertainty. Uncertainty concerns: - the identification of the economic situation, - the magnitude of the impact in any given economic situation. Budget deficit. Increase in purchases and transfers, i.e. budget expenditures, and tax cuts, i.e. budget revenues, leading to an increase in the budget deficit.

About the definition Industrial policy is not an alternative to construction policy market economy but only as a specific tool for solving structural problems. In the West, this term rather corresponds to the term "sectoral" or "sectoral" policy (as measures of the state to support or develop specific sectors of the economy. Examples - post-war France, Sweden in the 80s, South Korea, India, Japan, US agricultural policy .

Peculiarities of Russian Understanding In the early 1990s, the term industrial policy was adopted. There was a shift in emphasis, and industrial policy was interpreted as "state policy in the field of industry" or, in fact, as "state support for industry." As a rule, high-tech and knowledge-intensive branches of the military-industrial complex (MIC) were meant.

Peculiarities of the Russian Understanding Since industrial policy results in a change in the sectoral structure of production, in Russian practice the term "structural policy" is often used as an analogue or a synonym for industrial policy. In the West, "structural policy" (or, more commonly, "structural reforms") means institutional changes such as privatization, monopoly reform, land reform, support for small businesses, and so on.

Peculiarities of the Russian Understanding Industrial policy is a set of government actions aimed at purposefully changing the structure of the economy by creating more favorable conditions for the development of priority sectors and industries. Essentially equivalent is the definition of industrial policy as discrimination by the state of some sectors in comparison with others. In both cases, we are talking about creating unequal conditions for functioning.

Peculiarities of the Russian Understanding Industrial policy presupposes the existence of clear state priorities. Industrial policy is always an attempt to change the "natural course of events". Industrial policy means improving the position of some sectors of the economy at the expense of a relative deterioration in the conditions for the functioning of its other sectors. An industrial policy can be considered successful if the gain for the country as a whole (including both direct and indirect benefits) from the development of priority sectors is greater than the damage from slowing down the development of all others.

Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: 1. export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), 2. internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) 3. strategic industrial policy aimed at on restrictions on the use of their own natural and non-reproducible resources (oil, timber, ecology, etc.).

Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other "tigers" of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India in the 60s - 80s, France in the 50s - 70s, Japan, China, the USA (in terms of agricultural policy), the USSR and, to a certain extent, Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.

Industrial policy: pro et contra Liberal economic theory considers industrial policy as unlawful state intervention in the economy, distorting the operation of market mechanisms and preventing the optimal allocation of resources. According to the prevailing views, the state is not able to determine the true points of growth.

The main arguments "for" Market mechanisms effectively remove structural imbalances only with relatively small deviations from the optimum. The elimination of "global" imbalances requires non-market measures. Decision time horizons market entities"shorter" than may be necessary to make optimal decisions. Social and political costs of market self-regulation without the use of special measures may be higher than the strength of the socio-political system allows.

Main Arguments Against Industrial policy generates more significant imbalances than those it is intended to offset. Industrial policy assumes "unequal rules of the game", creates opportunities for lobbying and corruption. Industrial policy presupposes the choice of "champions" by the state (official), which inevitably leads, even in the absence of corruption, to errors and large-scale costs.

Economic policy -

Economic policy is a set of ideological and theoretical foundations, methods and
state measures to influence economic processes in
country as a whole, aimed at meeting certain
interests and achievement of goals;
the general line of action and the set of measures carried out
by the government on behalf of the state in the field of production,
distribution, exchange, consumption, accumulation, export, import
economic product in the country;
system of purposeful measures of the state in the field of management
economy;
is a set of measures taken by the state to influence
economic processes for the implementation of socially significant
goals.

Principles of economic policy of the state

production efficiency principle
- supply of citizens of the state
state to socially effective
development strategy (sustainable growth
final product, full employment,
no inflation, fair
income distribution)
the largest number of products
a given amount of costs (with
minimum cost)
principle of justice
income distribution - aspiration
smooth income inequality of citizens
countries and an increase in the income of each
its contribution to the growth of efficiency
production
Full implementation of the principles is the way out
Violation of the implementation of the principles -
exit of the state to the corporate
selfish strategy
ruling stratum (corporations) at the expense of
lowering the standard of living of everyone else.
A signal to the authorities about the threat
state security

Reasons for state regulation

the state provides certainty and integrity
territorial space of management, as well as international
communications, protects the position of its subjects in the world market.
the state determines the long-term interests of the population as a whole
the state maintains a balance economic interests in the country that
makes society a stable, balanced and developing system.
expansion of social reproduction.
creation and maintenance of developed infrastructure (in the broad sense
words) only the state can do.
only within the framework of a particular state is it possible to improve
institutional environment (legal framework, institutions of law, systems
information, control and management apparatus).

The criterion for the effective organization of the economy
the level of the smallest transactional
costs.
State regulation of the economy in
market economy - a system of standard measures
legislative, executive and supervisory
nature, carried out by competent
government agencies and public
organizations in order to stabilize and adapt
existing socio-economic system to
changing conditions.

Problems that the market mechanism does not solve - externalities

Problems it doesn't solve market mechanism externalities
Externalities (externalities) costs or benefits from market transactions,
not reflected in prices:
- Negative externalities - costs

the activity of another.
- Positive externalities - benefits
one economic agent caused by
the activity of another.

Negative externalities

Subjects of execution of economic policy

State regulation of the economy pursues the following goals:

sustainable growth of the national
production;
maintaining an effective size
employment;
stabilization of the price level;
maintenance of foreign trade balance.

"Pyramid of goals"

1. Goals, not
amenable
operational
decision,
causing
orientation
national
noah policy
2. Achievable goals
operational
decision,
defining
orientation
economic
politicians

MAIN INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Instruments of state economic policy

State economic policy includes:

institutional policy;
structural policy,
financial policy,
monetary policy,
investment policy,
foreign economic policy,
social policy,
innovation policy,
Competitive policy.

Institutional Policy

measures taken by the state
formation of new, elimination of old or
transformation of existing proprietary,
labor, financial, social and other
economic institutions;
change in the organization of the economy - the creation
new, elimination of old economic,
social and financial institutions, change
their functions and connections.

Institutional transformations

Institutional transformations for 2012-2014 were
aimed at ensuring sustainable social economic development Russian Federation.
In doing so, special attention was paid to:
- carrying out administrative reform,
- support for the development of small and medium-sized businesses,
- improvement of legislation in order to attract
investment in the economy,
- provision effective use state
property,
- development human capital.

Structural policy

a system of measures aimed at the formation
necessary national,
intra-industry and inter-industry and
regional proportions;
change policy
macroeconomic proportions between
final consumption and gross capital formation,
government revenues and expenditures, exports and
import, industry and regional
structural economies.

The main direction of the structural
state policy is
increasing competitive
advantages of the country's economy through
achieving four interconnected
goals:

–
–
–
–
Promoting Competitiveness
domestic producers of goods and services in the domestic
and global markets and ensuring structural maneuver in
towards an increase in the share of industries producing products
With a high degree processing, and service industries.
Correction of accumulated structural deformations, restructuring of the unprofitable sector of the economy,
artificially supported by the system of budgetary
subsidies unclaimed tax arrears and non-payments
natural monopolies, problem solving
single-industry cities.
Completion of the transformation of existing
ineffective institutions of the economy of the “transitional type”
(structures state property, commodity and
financial markets, innovative mechanisms, systems
state regulation and a number of others) to institutions,
meeting the requirements of a modern market economy.
Accelerated development and restructuring of the economic system,
enterprises and markets in the global
economic transformation taking place on the basis of new
information technology, strengthening global and
regional integration processes.

Structural policy objectives

increasing innovative activity and advancing development
high-tech sector of the economy;
stimulating economic growth and improving efficiency
production at the micro level through support for emerging
import substitution chains, export contracts and
use of other indirect instruments;
reduction of transaction costs of enterprises for
through the development of institutions for the markets of goods, services, labor and capital,
formation of an infrastructure for ensuring entrepreneurial
activities;
termination of direct and indirect subsidies for inefficient
enterprises, effective selection of efficient enterprises,
increasing the effectiveness of the institution of bankruptcy, restructuring
inefficient sector of the economy, problem solving
monoprofile cities;

stimulation of restructuring processes and
reforming enterprises, increasing their
efficiency, including through market development
consulting services, assistance to processes
integration and formation of large efficient and
competitive companies with all possible
promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses;
final removal of the burden from enterprises
content of non-commercial links;
reduction and optimization of the public sector
with an increase in management efficiency
state property;

efficiency improvement natural monopolies through
greater information transparency and
tightening control over their costs; organizational
separation of natural monopoly and non-monopoly
segments; formation of a competitive environment in non-monopoly
segments ensuring equal access to networks; ensure
monitoring the maintenance of the required level of investment;
implementation of targeted infrastructure development programs
transport, communication and telecommunications, formation
competitive environment, creation of equal and predictable conditions
economic activity in Russia, both on the scale of the entire
economy, and on specific industry markets.

Structural policy should be implemented based on the application of the following basic principles

competitive market as the main controller
economic development;
minimization and optimization
government intervention in
economy;
openness of the economy;
economic liberalization
activities at the micro level.

financial policy

set of targeted
actions using
financial relations;
set of public
activities for the use
financial relations for
fulfillment by the state of its
functions;
government measures to
mobilization financial resources, them
distribution and use in
basis of financial legislation
countries.
As the most important components
financial policy at the level
states are:
budget policy
Tax policy
Customs policy
Money-credit policy
Investment policy.

Fiscal policy

set of state
impact on taxation and
regulation of the structure of state
spending (fiscal policy) and in
areas of budget regulation
(budget policy).

Fiscal (tax) policy

system of legal norms and organizational and economic measures of the regulatory
nature adopted and implemented by public authorities (at the federal and
regional levels) and local governments in the field of tax relations with
organizations and individuals
AT tax code Russian Federation formulated the basic principles for building the tax system
Russian Federation, which should regulate taxation throughout Russia
Laffer curve

Tax classification

Tax
depending
from the object
taxation
-Direct
-Indirect
on use
-General
-Special
by level
collection
-Federal
-Regional
-Local

"The main directions of the tax policy of the Russian Federation for 2013 and for the planned period of 2014 and 2015"

The tax policy of the state in
coming years will be held in
conditions of the federal budget deficit.
In this regard, the most important task
The government of the Russian Federation is the creation
efficient and stable tax
system that provides budgetary
sustainability in the medium and
long term.

Specific measures include the following:

1. Tax incentives innovation activities and
development of human capital.
In particular, it is planned to further reduce insurance rates
contributions, improvement of depreciation policy,
provision of tax preferences in the implementation
socially significant expenses.
2. Monitoring the effectiveness of tax incentives.
It seems necessary to conduct regular analysis
the demand for established tax mechanisms
incentives and tax incentives.
It is planned to clarify the list of income exempted from
taxation of personal income tax, as well as the elimination of existing inaccuracies and
contradictions leading to ambiguous interpretation of the norms.

3. Excise taxation.
In the planned period, periodic indexation of rates will be carried out
excise tax, taking into account the actual economic situation,
at the same time, an increase in excise taxes on alcoholic, alcohol-containing and
tobacco products will be produced at a faster pace
compared to the rate of inflation.
4. Improving taxation in transactions with valuable
papers and financial instruments term transactions,
financial transactions.
It is planned to take a number of decisions aimed at improving
taxation when making transactions with Eurobonds
Russian issuers, depositary receipts, as well as
receipt and payment of dividends.
5. Corporate income tax.
It is proposed, in particular, to clarify the procedure for recognizing income from
sale of property, the rights to which are subject to state registration.

6. Taxation of natural resources.
In order to equalize the level tax burden on the
gas and oil industry in the planning period
work will continue to establish additional
fiscal burden on the gas industry by
differentiation of the severance tax rate. It is also expected
Minerals rate adjustment, share
whose exports exceed 50 percent, depending on
from world prices for the corresponding useful
fossils.
7. Improving taxation within the framework
special tax regimes.

8. Introduction of real estate tax.
Indicates the need to speed up the preparation of the introduction of the tax
for real estate. It is envisaged to develop a system
allowing to charge this tax based on the market
the value of taxable property with a non-taxable minimum
for low income families.
9. Tax administration.
It is proposed to introduce tools that counteract
tax evasion. In addition, in particular,
planning period, it is planned to work out issues
collecting taxes from electronic money, settle
procedure for collecting taxes from currency accounts and accounts
in precious metals in banks.

budget policy

purposeful activity of the state on
definition of the main tasks and quantitative
parameters for generating income and expenses
budget, public debt management
“The budget is a form of education and spending
fund Money intended for
financial support for the tasks and functions of the state
and local self-government” Budget Code 1998
(Art. 6)
functions of the state budget:
- ensuring the strategy and tactics of economic development
(policy of economic growth, stabilization
politics)
- ensuring the production of public goods (defense,
medicine, health care, scientific research and
etc.)
- provision individual income some
categories of citizens (public administration,
institutions public sector, pensions, allowances)

budget deficit

A budget deficit is an excess
expenditure side of the budget over revenue.
Reasons for the budget deficit:
reduction in the revenue side of the budget,
increase in government spending
inconsistent financial and economic policy of the state.
Types of budget deficit:
structural, cyclic, actual,
primary.
Deficit Coverage Methods: Release
government loans, tightening
taxation, money production "seigniorage".

State debt

is the amount accumulated over a certain period of time budget deficits minus those available in the same
time of budget surpluses.
Economic consequences public debt:
- a significant reduction in consumption opportunities for the population of a given country;
- crowding out private capital, which may limit further economic growth;
- increasing taxes to pay for the growing public debt acts as a disincentive to the economic
activity;
- redistribution of income in favor of holders of government bonds
- psychological effect - with the growth of public debt, the uncertainty of the country's population in the future increases
day.

Public debt management

Ways of managing the state
debt:
Redemption of public debt reducing the size of public
debt by paying money to owners

maturity.
Refinancing of public debt 0payment by the government to owners
government securities with
the maturity of the money,
received from the sale of new securities
securities, or exchange of redeemed securities
papers for new ones.
Conversion is a change in the original
loan terms relating to yield
valuable papers
Consolidation - change of initial
terms of the loan relating to its terms

Money-credit policy

is a government policy that affects the amount of money in circulation with the aim of
ensuring price stability, full employment and real growth
production;
change in the supply of money in circulation in order to achieve a non-inflationary
production of the total product under the condition of full employment; means
influence of the state on the process of reproduction.
The main goal is to regulate the economic situation, in particular the pace
economic growth, mitigation of cyclical fluctuations in commodity markets,
capital and labor force, curbing inflation, achieving a balance
balance of payments by influencing the state of credit and monetary
appeals.
Types of PrEP
credit expansion
Credit restriction

The structure of the monetary system

Monetary Policy Instruments

Dynamics of the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on January 1, 1992 – June 1, 2010

Publications and reports on PrEP

"The main directions of the unified state monetary
policy for 2013 and the period of 2014 and 2015" contains:
- principles of monetary policy for the medium term
- - assessment of the development of the Russian economy (inflation and economic
growth, balance of payments, exchange rate, monetary policy implementation)
- macroeconomic development scenarios and payment forecast
balance
- - goals and tools monetary policy(quantitative
landmarks, politics exchange rate, tools and their
usage)
- - a list of measures taken by the Bank of Russia (to improve
banking system, financial markets, payment system
banking supervision)
Strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2013
Financial Stability Review 2014

Money supply and monetary aggregates

money supply- the totality of cash and non-cash funds held in
treatment that physical, legal entities and state
Monetary aggregates are a hierarchical system:
M0 - cash in circulation
M1 - M0 + checks, demand deposits
M2 - M1 + funds on settlement, term deposits
М3 - М2 + savings deposits
Dynamics of monetary aggregates in Russia

The velocity of money is an indicator of the intensification of the movement of money when they function as a means of circulation and a means of payment.

Velocity of money
- an indicator of the intensification of the movement of money during the functioning
them as a medium of exchange and means of payment.
The change in the velocity of money circulation depends on:
- General economic factors (cyclical development of the economy, rates
economic growth, price movements)
- monetary (structures of payment turnover, development credit operations and
mutual settlements, level interest rates in the money market, etc.)

Inflation is the depreciation of money, accompanied by an increase in prices and a fall in the standard of living of the population.

There are several types of inflation:

Anti-inflationary policy - a system of measures to prevent and overcome inflation.

Investment policy

a system of measures aimed at establishing the structure and
scale of investments, directions of their use and
sources of receipt in the spheres and sectors of the economy.
scoping system
investments, their sources and directions of use
the federal law"About investment activity in
Russian Federation carried out in the form
capital investments" dated February 25, 1999 N 39-FZ
(as amended on 07/24/2007)

State regulation of investment activity

Creation of favorable conditions:
- tax and depreciation mechanism
- protecting the interests of investors
- development of financial leasing
- revaluation of fixed assets in
according to the rate of inflation
Direct participation of the state:
- development and financing of investment
projects funded from the federal budget
- presentation on a competitive basis of guarantees
for investment projects
- placement on a competitive basis of funds
budget for investment projects on the
age basis
- examination of investment
projects
- development and approval of standards of norms and
rules

Foreign economic policy

state policy in the field of export and import, customs duties,
tariffs, restrictions, attraction of foreign capital and export of capital for
border, foreign loans, providing economic assistance to other countries,
implementation of joint economic projects.
The main goal is to form an effective system for the protection of national
foreign economic interests of the Russian Federation, support for its economic entities
activities in the world markets for goods and services, intellectual property rights
property and information technology.
Objectives of foreign economic policy:
- ensuring the priority of national economic interests in the process of participation
countries in the globalizing world economy;
- formation of a favorable legal climate for correct activity
national economic entities;
- economic stimulation of foreign trade operations;
- ensuring effective foreign economic activity for everyone
economic entity, and for the purposes of national development;
- regulation of the country's balance of payments.

Types of foreign economic policy

Types
Protectionism
domestic
manufacturers from foreign
competitors.
free trading
free trade policy,
based on the principle of comparative
Benefits and Aimed at
enabling global
economy to achieve more
efficient allocation of resources
and higher level
material well-being.

Protectionist measures to restrict world trade

Payment balance

is a systematic record of the results of all economic transactions between
residents of a given country (households, firms and governments) and
the rest of the world within a certain period of time (usually a year).
Methods of state regulation of the balance of payments

The main trading partners of Russia among the countries
foreign countries in January-August 2012
60
(billion US dollars)
33,5 3,9
24,5
50
Export
Turkey
Italy
Germany
Netherlands
China
0
9,4
9,2
7,3
8,9
13,3 9,0
7,0
France
19,6 18,2
9,8 4,7
Republic
Korea
24,2
10,7
Poland
10
24,3
4,3
USA
20
8,4
51,7
30
Japan
40
Import

Commodity structure of Russian exports
Federations to far-abroad countries

Food 1.5
2,7
products
Fuel and energy
products
Chemical products
5,7
industry, rubber
5,5
Wood and pulp2.1
1,8
paper products
Metals and products from
9,0
them
9,1
Machinery, equipment
3,4
3,4
and vehicles
Other goods
4,9
4,4
January-August 2011
January-August 2012
73,4
73,1

Commodity structure of Russian imports
Federations from far-abroad countries
(according to customs statistics, in %)
Food
products
M ineral products
Chemical products
industry, rubber
Textile, textile
products and footwear
Metals and products from
them
Machinery, equipment
and vehicles
Other goods
14,4
12,7
1,1
1,1
16,4
16,0
5,9
5,7
6,0
5,7
6,5
6,5
January-August 2011
January-August 2012
49,7
52,3

Commodity structure of exports
Russian Federation to CIS countries
(according to customs statistics, in %)
Food
5,1
products
4,8
55,1
Fuel and energy
products
Chemical products
57,5
9,9
8,9
industry, rubber
Wood and pulp3,4
2,9
paper products
Metals and products from
10,2
9,2
them
Machinery, equipment
12,1
12,2
and vehicles
4,2
Other goods
4,5
January-August 2011
January-August 2012

The main directions of the foreign economic policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (ONVEP)

Intergovernmental commissions for trade, economic and scientific and technical cooperation
(IPC) are one of the main implementation tools
foreign economic policy in bilateral relations
continued work on coordinating the participation of federal
authorities in the economic activities of the Forum
"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"
(APEC).
the process of agreeing on the draft roadmap continued
trade, economic and investment cooperation
Russia - Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN),

The Ministry of Economic Development of Russia continues to work on increasing
economic cooperation in the format of East Asian
summits (EAC).
the study of issues related to the development of trade, economic and investment cooperation in the framework of
informal association "Brazil-Russia-India-China and
South Africa” (BRICS), in particular, provided
content of the Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (India) on March 29, 2012
Within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
work continued on the implementation of the Action Plan for
implementation of the Multilateral Trade and Economic
cooperation between the SCO member states until 2020 and the Joint
initiatives to revitalize the multilateral economic
cooperation to overcome the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis

In this way,

The main directions officially enshrined those principles and
direction of foreign economic policy, which Russia
has been consistently leading since 2000, and about which the leaders of the country
periodically inform in their speeches:
- reducing the dependence of the economy on the export of raw materials and support
high-tech export;
- rationalization of import policy, primarily by stimulating
import of high-tech equipment while simultaneously
maintaining the competitiveness of domestic production;
- priority will be further integration into the Customs Union
within the framework of the EurAsEC and the development of trade relations with the CIS countries, the EU,
China and India;
Most of the document is not intended for official publication

Social politics

a system of activities carried out by the government through local and
regional authorities aimed at improving the quality and level
life of large social groups financed from the state budget and
corresponding either to the ideological attitudes of the state at the given
moment, or the value orientations of society for a long-term
perspective.
a set of measures of state influence aimed at
regulation of the whole complex of social processes and relations between
people.
policy aimed at changing the level and quality life of the population, on the
mitigation of contradictions between market economy participants and
prevention of social conflicts on economic grounds.
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a social state,
whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life
and free development of man.

The main directions of the social policy of the state

Main directions of social policy
-regulation of income, employment, social protection of citizens,
-housing policy.

An indicator of the effectiveness of social policy

Standard of living
population - totality
indicators characterizing
level of material consumption
population, such as consumption
products per capita,
availability of these products
per family or per 100
families, consumption structure.
(consumer basket)
Quality of life of the population
- a set of predominantly
quality features,
reflecting the material
social, physical and
cultural well-being of the population.

Consumer basket

On March 31, 2006, Federal Law No. 44-FZ “On
consumer basket in the whole of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the consumer basket

Human Development Index

is an integral (integral) indicator calculated
periodically for cross-country comparison and measurement of poverty,
literacy, education and longevity as the main phenomena,
defining human potential (human development)
the area under study.

HDI 2013

Provisions defining the possibilities of the state in the social sphere:

1) the amount of social payments should be
aligned with financial possibilities
state, its budget:
2) tax rates should not undermine
economic incentives for production;
3) when determining the scope and timing of social
benefits need to take into account the negative effects
that can distort the labor market and
the market mechanism as a whole (for example, pension
system, unemployment benefits, when and how much
to pay).

Innovation policy

a set of forms, methods and directions of state influence
to production in order to stimulate the release of new products and
technologies, expanding on this basis the sales markets of domestic
goods and increase their competitiveness.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 N 832 "On the Concept
innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998 - 2000"
Science and technology policy -component socio-economic
policy, which: - expresses the state's attitude to scientific and scientific and technical activities; - defines goals, directions, forms
activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of science, technology and
implementation of the achievements of science and technology.

Officially at present in the Russian state
documents, the concept of “innovation” is presented as follows:
- innovation (innovation, innovative product) - result
innovative activity, embodied in the form
a new product, service and technology and / or a new organizational and economic form, which has clear qualitative
benefits in use.
It can be seen from the above that the concept of “innovation” has different
content - from activity (process) to a new product,
the use of which is aimed at improving the efficiency
economy through its implementation.
innovation is the final materialized result
creative labor received from investing in science,
new equipment or technology, into new forms of labor organization,
maintenance and management, including forms of control, accounting,
methods of planning, analysis, etc., the use of which
aimed at improving the efficiency of the economy.

Among the characteristic features
innovations, the measure (criteria) of their presence will be
be: novelty (point 1); readiness for implementation
(point 2); socio-economic importance
(point 6).
The combination of these criteria can be
used at all levels of management, both for
determining the presence of innovations, and for their
industry-wide or individual use
taken enterprise.

For example, among the technical type (type) of innovations
there may be such types of innovations as: experienced or
industrial samples of equipment, laboratory analytical installations of a new generation, etc.;
among the technological type of innovations such types,
as: techniques, individual methods of operations, recipes,
ways and so on; among regulatory
innovation types such as: laws, regulations,
regulations, standards, instructions, etc.

Functions of the state to create an innovation sphere

system-wide
specific
- general economic (inflation,
refinancing rate, taxes,
budget)
- general administrative (quality
public services, protection of rights
ownership, organizational
forms of management)
- economic (lack of funds
business, economic risks)
- social (quality of staff,
management quality)

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899 "On approval of priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899
"On the approval of priority areas for the development of science,
technologies and equipment in the Russian Federation and the list
critical technologies of the Russian Federation"
In order to modernize and technologically develop the Russian
economy and increase its competitiveness
1. Security and counter-terrorism.
2. Industry of nanosystems.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life sciences.
5. Promising types of weapons, military and special
technology.
6. Rational nature management.
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear power.

Areas of state support and stimulation of innovation

Traditional - budget financing (targeted
priorities, programs and megaprojects)
tax incentives(on income taxes, UST, VAT)
Creation of organizational structures (state
corporations in the aviation industry, shipbuilding, etc.)
Formation of market development institutions (venture
company, Development Bank, free economic zones,
technology park complex)

Ministry of Economic Development Department of Innovative Development

As part of the promotion of modernization:
Territory brand promotion tools
Implementation cluster policy
Innovative development programs for companies with
state participation
Formation of technological platforms
(Technology platform is a tool and
communication platform for the introduction of innovative
projects of technological development of the country. It is aimed at
combining the efforts of the state, science and business in the development and
production of unique products as part of the modernization
Russian economy.)

Chemical cluster of the Novgorod region

Forest cluster of the Novgorod region

At the heart of the concept of purposeful formation of clusters
is the creation at the regional level of business associations in
within each of the identified priority clusters in
region.
Initiation is needed in the Novgorod region
executive authorities of the region
creation of such business associations as Forest Cluster
Novgorod region", "Chemical cluster of the Novgorod
region", "Cluster of food products of the Novgorod region",
"Cluster of metallurgical production and production of finished
metal products.
In this connection, the following cluster scheme can be proposed.
business associations to form cluster policy in
Novgorod region

Scheme of a cluster business association

Innovation infrastructure

Interrelated areas of innovation

Implementation of the Innovation Policy of Russian Railways

Strategy 2020 on innovation policy

presented two polar options for the development of the situation:
inertial and "progressive".
The latter involves a radical modernization
educational programs, a radical reform of the corporate
legislation, the real independence of the courts, the introduction
case law, an open program of fundamental
research, focus on the support of the best specialists and
etc.
Russia by level budget financing science is
at the level of Great Britain and France, nevertheless
the productivity of scientific research is declining from year to year.
The "progressive" option also implies support
sectors of the new technological wave and access to growing
markets, as well as support for low-tech sectors
Russian economy.

Competition policy

a set of successive measures,
carried out to ensure
conditions for competition
business entities, increase
efficiency and competitiveness
Russian economy, modernization
enterprises and creating conditions for
cost-effective
way of the needs of the population in
goods and services.

Competition policy is a tool
implementation of the following areas of the Concept
long-term socio-economic development
Russian Federation:
firstly, the formation of the institutional environment
innovative development,
Secondly, lower inflation,
thirdly, creating conditions for improving the quality and
standard of living of the population,
fourthly, the development of national
competitiveness.

The task of developing competition requires
improvements and directions
use of all tools
economic regulation and policy
for the development of competition.

Goals and values of competition policy

Presentation style
information in the newsletter
allowed to combine
one site
co-executors for
development program
competition,
regional bodies
authorities (responsible for
development of regional
development programs
competition)
representatives
entrepreneurial
associations and experts.

Instruments for the development of competition

Customs-tariff and non-tariff
regulation
Tax policy
State programs development
infrastructure and individual industries
State procurements
Regulation of natural monopolies
Development of small and medium
entrepreneurship

Economic policy of the Russian Federation presentation. Presentation on the topic "modern economic policy of Russia". Instruments of state economic policy

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General objectives of the lesson

UE-1. Tasks

UE-2. Independent work

UE-3. Self-esteem

UE-4. Homework

Used sources

Economic policy -

Principles of economic policy of the state

Reasons for state regulation

Problems that the market mechanism does not solve - externalities

Negative externalities

Subjects of execution of economic policy

State regulation of the economy pursues the following goals:

"Pyramid of goals"

MAIN INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Instruments of state economic policy

State economic policy includes:

Institutional Policy

Institutional transformations

Structural policy

Structural policy objectives

Structural policy should be implemented based on the application of the following basic principles

financial policy

Fiscal policy

Fiscal (tax) policy

Tax classification

"The main directions of the tax policy of the Russian Federation for 2013 and for the planned period of 2014 and 2015"

Specific measures include the following:

budget policy

budget deficit

State debt

Public debt management

Money-credit policy

The structure of the monetary system

Monetary Policy Instruments

Dynamics of the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on January 1, 1992 – June 1, 2010

Publications and reports on PrEP

Money supply and monetary aggregates

The velocity of money is an indicator of the intensification of the movement of money when they function as a means of circulation and a means of payment.

Inflation is the depreciation of money, accompanied by an increase in prices and a fall in the standard of living of the population.

Anti-inflationary policy - a system of measures to prevent and overcome inflation.

Investment policy

State regulation of investment activity

Foreign economic policy

Types of foreign economic policy

Protectionist measures to restrict world trade

Payment balance

The main directions of the foreign economic policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (ONVEP)

In this way,

Social politics

The main directions of the social policy of the state

An indicator of the effectiveness of social policy

Consumer basket

The structure of the consumer basket

The structure of the consumer basket

Human Development Index

Provisions defining the possibilities of the state in the social sphere:

Innovation policy

Functions of the state to create an innovation sphere

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899 "On approval of priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation

Areas of state support and stimulation of innovation

Ministry of Economic Development Department of Innovative Development

Scheme of a cluster business association

Goals and values of competition policy