Each project or model is developed under specific conditions set by the Customer in terms of reference. Projects for the production of works are developed individually for each object, the amount of typical data is reduced to an optimal minimum. Some sheets were originally created in a universal form to be able to reflect the maximum information for any object. In this section, we will present you some sheets of projects we have completed so that you can evaluate the visual quality of the work. Sheets of some projects are protected from possible use in order to preserve copyright.
All projects, with a few exceptions, include a text part in the form explanatory note A4 format. We draw up our explanatory notes and drawings in accordance with GOST R 21.1101-2013"System project documentation for construction (SPDS). Basic requirements for design and working documentation».
Cover of the explanatory note - "Face" of the project
Title page explanatory note - Approval of the project by the head and chief engineer
Documentation sheet - The composition of the entire project, along with the graphic part and applications
A typical page from the PP - The text can include explanatory images and diagrams on the topic of the section
PPR approval sheet - Sheet to be filled in by the responsible persons of the General Contractor, the Customer and the contractor
Familiarization sheet with PPR - Sheet for familiarizing workers with PPR
All pages of the text part have frames in accordance with GOST indicating the project code. The text is formed by paragraphs and sections, there is a continuous numbering of paragraphs throughout the text. The explanatory note is filled with text with the same design - paragraphs and red lines do not "dance" across the document, the line spacing is 1.5 lines. It is very convenient to read such a project. Usually, an explanatory note of average size is 35 - 40 sheets of A4 format.
It should be noted that the PPR familiarization sheet and the PPR approval sheet are attached at the end of the project as part of the Annexes.
PPR for concreting monolithic structures of buildings consists of approximately 50 sheets of an explanatory note in A4 format, as well as 7-8 sheets of the graphic part in formats from A2 to A1. The pictures below show some of the sheets from the composition of this PPR.
When developing typical schemes much has been done in 3D modeling for an accurate and accessible representation (plans, sections, axonometry). This method of presenting information is the most informative. All our projects are carried out in color, in strict scale - this greatly improves appearance project as a whole and improves perception.
Installation of metal structures is one of the types of work for the production of which the most complex and rich PPR (PPRk) are being developed. Of course, the complexity of the PPR depends on the complexity of the installation of the structures themselves - the volume of the project can reach up to 8 - 10 sheets of A1 format with a very high saturation with diagrams.
As can be seen from the examples of individual sheets from the PPRk for the installation of metal structures, 3D modeling is often intensively used during the development of a project to solve the main technological issues and check the absence of collisions.
When developing a PPR (PPRk), special attention is paid to the saturation of the sheet with schemes. We try to prevent the formation of sheets where more than 30% pure white paper. Sheets saturated with color schemes look attractive and serious.
Works at airfields in most cases include the following main types of work - installation of coatings, installation of engineering networks. Typically, such projects have a fairly impressive volume - 6 - 8 sheets of A1. 3D modeling is often used to add information to drawings and diagrams in order to convey information as accessible as possible.
As can be seen from the presented sheets of the project, the methods of depicting all the main stages of work on one large diagram are often used. This allows you to convey maximum information in a minimum sheet space. The use of special color schemes improves the ergonomics of the project, making the document easier to read.
Working Stroygenplans are developed for various types of objects - business centers, shopping centers, residential buildings etc. Stroygenplans for the objects of Moscow in without fail are consistent with the OPS Mosgorgetrest.
The presented examples reflect two types of design of Construction master plans — for OPS MGGT(on the geo-based black color, highlighting only new technical solutions), as well as for agreement with the customer(geo-baseline gray color, nice colors).
Steel structures projects are developed in the following order:
The presented examples reflect various directions and types of execution of temporary metal structures. All models were developed in the order listed above.
Architectural projects are developed in two main stages: preliminary studies and coordination of the main decisions with the Customer; development of 3D models, drawings and visualization. If necessary, you can fully detail the object - from the exterior to the interior. The plans for further development are to perform interactive applications with the possibility of virtual bypass and replacement of some materials.
3D models are developed in the Compass 3D V16 CAD system in a solid state. Such models can be directly transferred to a 3D printer to obtain three-dimensional figures in reality in a strict engineering scale and the ratio of parts to each other.
All structures are developed in a CAD system in 3D format (solid model) to reduce the likelihood of errors and speed up calculations by the finite element method (FEM)
Photorealistic images give the maximum visual representation of the configuration and dimensions of the designed structures
If it is necessary to design structures according to existing buildings first, measurements are performed to minimize possible errors and deviations
PROJECT OF WORK PRODUCTION
PROJECT OF WORK PRODUCTION
FOR THE INSTALLATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PIPELINES OF THE BINDING OF TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT WITH PAINTING AND THERMAL INSULATION DEVICE KUPNK. Title 205
The project for the production of works is an organizational and technical document for production purposes, which regulates the rules for conducting construction work and the deadline for their execution, the procedure for engineering equipment and arrangement of the construction site, measures for labor protection and safety. The project for the production of works determines the technological discipline at the construction site, the quality, timing and safety of work.
This project for the production of works was developed for the installation of technological pipelines for tying technological equipment with painting and thermal insulation.
The project was developed on the basis of the following sets of drawings:
- 5747203-(367-2/08)-3022-205-TI;
- 5747203-(367-2/08)-3022-205-TI.VIT;
- 5747203-(367-2/08)-3022-205-TI.THM.
The production process is regulated by the following regulatory and guiding documents:
1. SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization of construction";
2. SNiP 3.01.03-84* "Geodetic work in construction";
________________
* SNiP 3.01.03-84 are not valid. The change is valid SP 126.13330.2012
3. SNiP 3.02.01-87* "Earth structures, foundations and foundations";
________________
* SNiP 3.02.01-87 are not valid. Instead, SP 45.13330.2012 "Earth structures, bases and foundations. Updated version of SNiP 3.02.01-87" was put into effect. - Database manufacturer's note.
4. SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures";
5. SNiP 3.04.03-85 "Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion";
6. SNiP 3.01.04-87 "Acceptance for operation of completed construction facilities. Basic provisions";
7. SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction" part 1;
8. SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction" part 2;
9. SP 12-135-2003 "Labor safety in construction. Industry standard instructions for labor protection";
10. PPB-01-03* "Rules fire safety in Russian Federation", Ministry of Emergency Situations;
________________
*
PPB-01-03 do not work. Instead, the Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation apply. - Database manufacturer's note.
11. GOST 23407-78 "Inventory fencing of construction sites and sites for the production of construction and installation works";
12. GOST 21779-82 "System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Technological tolerances";
13. GOST 7566-94 "Metal products. Acceptance, marking, packaging, transportation and storage";
14. GOST 24846-81 "Methods for measuring the deformation of the foundations of buildings and structures";
15. GOST 2246-70 "Steel welding wire. Specifications";
16. GOST 23279-85 "Reinforcing welded meshes for reinforced concrete structures and products. General specifications";
17. GOST 5781-82* "Hot-rolled steel for reinforcing reinforced concrete structures. Specifications";
________________
* GOST 23279-85 was canceled on the territory of the Russian Federation from 07/01/2013 with the entry into force of GOST 23279-2012
18. GOST 5264-80 "Manual arc welding. Welded joints. Basic types, structural elements and dimensions";
19. GOST 9467-75 "Coated metal electrodes for manual arc welding of structural and heat-resistant steels. Types";
20. GOST R 52085-2003 "Formwork";
21. GOST 21.101-97 "Basic requirements for design and working documentation";
22. GOST 24297-87* "Input control of products";
________________
* GOST 24297-87 was canceled on the territory of the Russian Federation from 01/01/2014 with the entry into force of GOST 24297-2013. - Database manufacturer's note.
23. GOST 28013-98 * "Construction mortars. General specifications";
24. GOST 7948-80 "Steel construction plumb lines. Specifications";
25. GOST 9416-83 "Construction levels. Specifications";
26. GOST 7502-98 * "Measuring metal tapes. Specifications";
27. GOST 427-75 * "Measuring metal rulers. Specifications";
28. GOST 12.3.002-75 "System of labor safety standards. Production processes. General safety requirements";
29. GOST 12.1.004-85* "System of labor safety standards. Fire safety. General requirements";
________________
* GOST 12.1.004-85 is not valid. Instead, GOST 12.1.004-91 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.
30. POT RM-007-98 * "Intersectoral rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods";
________________
* POT RM-007-98 are not valid. Instead, by order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated September 17, 2014 N 642n, the Rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods were approved. - Database manufacturer's note.
31. RD 10-40-93 "Standard instruction for engineering and technical workers on supervision of the safe operation of lifting mechanisms".
The project for the production of works contains:
General provisions, list of equipment and personnel;
- technological map for the installation of the piping of the block of columns;
- a technological map for painting the binding of a block of columns;
Technological map for the insulation of the binding of the block of columns;
- safety instructions.
Water supply - from the existing water supply.
Power supply for the construction period is provided from the switchboard at the construction site, which is powered from the existing power line.
To ensure fire safety during the construction period, use the existing fire hydrant.
The project for the production of works provides for the use of modern means of mechanizing construction processes, compliance with the requirements of labor protection and safe production of works, and the implementation of measures to protect the environment. All workers involved in the construction must be trained and have qualification certificates and must be provided with safety helmets and signal vests.
Prior to the commencement of work on the construction site, the following measures must be taken:
- The work manager, together with the Customer, needs to issue a certificate of admission for the production of construction and installation works, on the territory of an operating enterprise, in accordance with clause 4.6 of SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements in the form of Appendix B;
- appoint by order of persons (from among the engineers) certified in the field of industrial safety and having a certificate corresponding to the qualification, responsible for labor protection, quality and proper implementation of construction and installation work, fire safety, responsible for the good condition and safe operation of the GPM and equipment, etc.;
- to develop measures for the safe conduct of construction, installation, commissioning and other types of work at the facilities of launch complexes in the conditions of existing production in the form of Appendix N 6 of instruction N P2-01 SP-218 I-001;
- issue an order for permission to carry out construction and installation work in places of action of dangerous or harmful factors, in accordance with clause 4.11 of SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements" in the form of Appendix D;
- all workers and specialists before starting work must be instructed in the scope of the requirements of local normative documents on safety, industrial sanitation and fire safety in accordance with clause 4.5 of instruction N P2-01 SP-218 I-001;
- arrange temporary fencing of the construction site 2 m high, in accordance with GOST 23.407-78;
- install a signal fence around the perimeter of hazardous areas during the operation of construction equipment and mechanisms;
- install an information board, as well as temporary road signs;
- to arrange a washing of wheels of the Neva-2 brand (or equivalent), in case of departure of equipment to the city;
- disconnect and dismantle network engineering falling into the building spot;
- to lay temporary networks of power supply, water supply, to arrange electric lighting;
- install administrative buildings;
- install temporary warehouses, sheds;
- deliver to the construction site the structures and materials located in the storage areas in the required quantity;
- deliver and prepare for operation mechanisms, equipment and assembly equipment;
- create a geodetic center base;
- equip a specially designated place with primary fire extinguishing means;
- provide workers with the necessary tools, inventory, protective equipment;
- to train and instruct personnel on safety measures.
Strapping elements should be delivered to the construction site using the MMC FUSO manipulator.
Preparation of metal structures for transportation must comply with GOST 26653. Metal structures with cross-sectional dimensions up to 50 mm inclusive are tied into bundles, skeins or bundles of skeins, and over 50 mm they are tied into bundles at the request of the consumer. Bent profiles are tied into packs.
The cross section of bundles of metal structures, depending on the size and shape of the cross section, should approach a circle, rectangle or hexagon. By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, a different cross-section of the packs is allowed.
When packing metal structures of a specific length, the ends of the pack must be aligned on one side, the protruding ends on the other side must not exceed the maximum deviations in length established in the regulatory documentation (RD) for specific types of rolled products. By agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, packaging without end alignment is allowed.
During loading and unloading operations, transportation and storage, metal structures must be protected from mechanical damage, for which they should be laid in a stable position on wooden linings and secured (during transportation) using inventory fasteners, such as clamps, clamps, turnstiles, cassettes, etc. .P. Deformed structures should be rejected and replaced with new ones. Do not drop structures from vehicles or drag them over any surface. During loading, slings made of soft material should be used.
The mass of a bundle of metal structures, as well as unpacked rolled products, should not exceed:
- for manual loading and unloading - 80 kg (up to 25 kg per worker);
- for mechanized loading and unloading - up to 1.6 tons.
The passage of vehicles with metal structures, as well as unloading, must be under the strict control of the person responsible for the safe movement of cargo.
Mineral wool boards and sheet metal are also delivered to the construction site using the MMC FUSO manipulator. Elements of materials received at the construction site are placed in the area of action of the assembly crane. All materials must be stored in a position corresponding to the transport, sorted by standard sizes. It is necessary to store materials under a canopy in conditions that exclude their damage.
Workplaces must be illuminated in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.046-85, table 1:
Table 1
Workplace illumination standards
|
Sites of construction sites and works |
Minimum illumination, lx |
The plane in which the illumination is normalized |
The level of the surface on which the illumination is normalized |
|
1. Loading, installation, lifting, unloading of equipment, building structures, parts and materials cranes |
Horizontal |
At the sites for receiving and supplying equipment, structures of parts and materials |
|
|
vertical |
On the hooks of the crane in all its positions from the side of the driver |
||
|
2. Non-mechanized unloading and loading of structures, parts, materials and tilting |
Horizontal |
At the sites of reception and delivery of goods |
|
|
3. Installation of structures |
Horizontal |
Over the entire height of the assembly |
|
|
vertical |
|||
|
4. Enlarged assembly of strapping elements (docking, welding) |
Horizontal |
At ground level or work surface |
|
|
vertical |
Over the entire height of production work |
||
|
5. Approaches to workplaces |
Horizontal |
On formwork, platforms and approaches |
|
|
6. Room for storage of small technological equipment and installation materials |
Horizontal |
At floor level |
The concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, as well as the levels of noise and vibration in the workplace should not exceed the established sanitary and hygienic standards.
Microclimate parameters must comply with sanitary rules and standards for hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.
Machines and units that create noise during operation should be operated in such a way that sound levels at workplaces, in areas and on the territory of the construction site do not exceed the permissible values \u200b\u200bspecified in sanitary standards.
When operating machines, as well as when organizing workplaces, to eliminate the harmful effects on workers, increased noise levels, the following should be applied:
- technical means (reducing the noise of machines at the source of its formation; the use of technological processes in which the sound levels in the workplace do not exceed the permissible, etc.);
- remote control;
- individual protection means;
- organizational measures (choosing a rational mode of work and rest, reducing the time of exposure to noise factors in the working area, treatment and prophylactic and other activities).
Zones with sound levels above 80 dBA are marked with danger signs. Work in these areas without the use of personal hearing protection is not allowed. Workers are not allowed to stay in areas with sound levels above 135 dBA.
Production equipment that generates vibration must comply with the requirements of sanitary standards.
In the course of work, their geodetic control is carried out. Control consists in verifying compliance with the basic design requirements. Geodetic control should be carried out directly in the process of performing work, after completion of work at the facility or site, when accepting work from contractors.
Stakeout work begins with reference to the reference geodetic base, in the process of construction, the work must ensure the removal to nature from the points of the geodetic stakeout base with a given accuracy of axes and marks.
The geodetic staking basis for construction should be created taking into account:
- design and existing placement of buildings (structures) and engineering networks at the construction site;
- ensuring the safety and stability of the signs that fix the points of the marking base;
- geological, temperature, dynamic processes and other impacts in the construction area, which may adversely affect the quality of the construction of the layout;
- use of the created geodetic staking base during the operation of the constructed object, its expansion and reconstruction.
The accuracy of construction of the layout network of the construction site should be taken in accordance with the data given in SNiP 3.01.03-84*.
________________
* SNiP 3.01.03-84 is not valid. Instead, SP 126.13330.2012 "Geodetic work in construction. Updated version of SNiP 3.01.03-84" was put into effect. - Database manufacturer's note.
During the operating period, check:
- preservation and invariance of the position of the planned-altitude base;
- conformity of carrying out in nature of constructive elements, centering axes;
- accuracy of transfer of the main axes of structures;
- correct execution of the planned-altitude position of all structural elements.
In the process of acceptance control at the completion of construction, the following is controlled:
- compliance of all geometric parameters of the earthwork with the requirements of the project and regulatory documents;
- timely and reliable execution executive filming during the construction of the strapping of the block of columns and at its end.
The result of these works is executive geodetic documentation.
Signs of the geodetic base during the construction process should be under supervision. Their safety and stability are constantly checked.
All geodetic work during the construction period must be recorded in the work log, which is maintained in parallel with the general work log by the head directly involved in the construction of this facility.
All as-built geodetic documentation is signed by the executive surveyor, chief engineer or person responsible for the execution of works. Acceptance as-built documentation includes:
- Executive surveys of the mounted elements of the piping of the block of columns.
All diagrams indicate the design and actual dimensions or deviations from the design dimensions in height and in plan. The system of coordinates and heights is local. For the relative mark of 0.000, the mark of 276.150 was taken.
Signed as-built surveys are handed over to the Customer along with acts for covert work to confirm the scope of work performed.
The general management of geodetic control is assigned to the chief engineer.
The results of control observations are recorded in journals.
Table 3
List of equipment, tools for geodetic works
|
Name of equipment, tools |
Note |
||
|
total station |
|||
|
Level |
|||
|
Leveling rail |
|||
|
Geodesic pole |
StandardIf the payment procedure on the site payment system not completed, cash An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, cash from your account |
Here you can find examples of work projects
The installation and safe operation of three tower cranes during the construction of a series of monolithic residential buildings. Due to cramped conditions, cranes operate with a limited service area.
Jaso J110N and Jaso J140N stationary tower cranes lift the structures of a 19-storey building from 0.000 to el. +63.000. Cranes are mounted on foundation supports with a plate mark of -2.200, with an anchor fastening of the tower.
The maximum load lifted by cranes at an outreach of 2.5-15m is 5 tons, at an outreach of 15-40m - 2.5 tons.
Tower cranes are used at all stages of the construction of the underground and aboveground parts of the building, namely:
Scope of the project: Explanatory note A4 - 35 sheets, drawings A1 - 5 sheets
This is an example of a PPR for excavation of a pit under the protection of a sheet piling. The excavation is carried out in 3 stages.
At the last stage, the berm soil is excavated under the installed sheet piling jibs of the excavation using a mini excavator.
Scope of the project: Explanatory note A4 - 28 sheets, drawings A1 - 5 sheets
Laying a water pipe in a case constructed by the closed method of auger driving. The excavation of a working pit is also being considered. rectangular shape and a receiving round shaft.
Works on laying pipes by auger driving are carried out in several stages:
Scope of the project: Explanatory note A4 - 25 sheets, drawings A1 - 4 sheets
An example of a PPR for the installation of a sheet piling of a pit in the security zone of a power transmission line (power lines). Execution of bored piles: drilling a well with augers, installation of the pile reinforcement frame with a drilling rig, filling the pile with a concrete mixture using the bottom-up method.
Drilling of bored piles Ø620 mm is carried out by a drilling rig based on Hitachi
The drilling of each well should begin after an instrumental check of the marks of the planned surface of the earth and the position of the axes of the contour on the site.
Pile concreting is carried out by supplying the concrete mixture into the well through hollow augers.
As concrete is fed into the well, the auger sections are lifted and dismantled, and the level of concrete in the well must be at least 1 m higher than the bottom of the auger. The distance between the bottom of the well and the lower end of the auger at the start of concreting should not exceed 30 cm.
Scope of the project: Explanatory note A4 - 20 sheets, drawings A1 - 6 sheets
An example of a WEP for the installation of scaffolding on the facade of a building under construction
Clamp rack-mounted scaffolding is a spatial frame-tiered system assembled from tubular elements: racks, crossbars, longitudinal and diagonal ties, which are interconnected using nodal connections - clamps.
The scaffolding is fixed to the wall with the help of anchors laid in holes punched in the walls with a diameter of 14 mm.
Scaffolding must be attached to the wall of the building under construction. Fastening is carried out through at least one tier for fastening racks, through two spans for the upper tier and one fastening for every 50 sq.m of the projection of the scaffolding surface onto the facade of the building.
Scope of the project: Explanatory note A4 - 38 sheets, drawings A1 - 4 sheets
Why are you required to have a PPR? List of normative documents.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
INTRODUCTION
1. REGULATORY AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
2. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
2.1 The need for construction in the means of mechanization, technological equipment, tools and fixtures
2.2 The need for construction staff
3. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORKS
3.1 General preparatory work
3.2 Production of the main works
4. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS
4.1 General
4.2 Quality control of layout works for laying pipelines
4.3 Quality requirements earthworks for the development of trenches
4.4 Quality requirements for reinforcement work
4.5 Quality requirements for formwork
4.6 Concrete placement requirements
4.7 Requirements for the quality and acceptance of concrete work
5. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY
5.1 General requirements for labor protection and industrial safety
5.2 Requirements for operating personnel
5.3 Safety requirements when working with lifting mechanisms (cranes)
5.4 Safety requirements during the work of the slinger
5.5 Safety requirements for excavator operation
5.6 Safety requirements for earthworks
5.7 Loading and unloading
5.8 Welding
5.9 Safety requirements when working with pneumatic and power tools
5.10 Safety requirements for hot work
5.11 Electrical safety at the construction site
6. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
7. INDUSTRIAL SANITATION
8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
APPS
INTRODUCTION
This project for the production of works applies to work on the re-laying of the pipeline that enters the zone of construction site No. 6.2 in the section from the Tereshkovo station to the Novoperedelkino station.
Place of work: construction site №6.2
This WEP includes the following works:
1. Preparatory work;
2. Breakdown of the route of the projected pipeline;
3. Installation of sheet piling (759m2);
4. Development of trenches, wells and chambers for laying the pipeline (987.05 m3); construction pipeline personnel
5. Refinement of the soil manually (51.95 m3);
6. Arrangement of wells and chambers (3 pcs - AVK Sh300-24 valves; AVK fire hydrant - 3 pcs);
7. Laying and installation of the pipeline (working hchshg Sh300 - 164m; steel case Sh600 -15m);
8. Backfilling of trenches (831.2m3);
The basis for the development of the PPR is:
Subcontract
Initial data for development:
Design documentation - set of drawings 13-4010-P-6E-V
Technical task.
By the contractor performing work on the relocation of the external water supply at the facility: Development of sites for the construction of metro facilities (removal of utilities). Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya line station "Ramenki" station "Novoperedelkino". Construction site No. 6.2 is Progress LLC, with the involvement, if necessary, of specialized organizations to perform non-core work.
The approval of the subcontractor is carried out by written agreement with the management of the plant.
Lay the projected external water supply pipeline in a trench at a depth in accordance with the longitudinal profile.
The trenches are developed without slopes (with vertical walls) with sheet piling of the walls. Sloped trenches are developed, if necessary, in areas determined locally.
Work must be carried out with a permit.
During earthworks for the development of trenches and pits, the following hazardous and harmful production factors may affect workers:
Moving machines and mechanisms; moving parts of production equipment; moving products, blanks, materials;
Sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surfaces of workpieces, tools and equipment;
Increased dust and gas content in the air of the working area;
Increased noise level in the workplace;
The location of the workplace at a considerable height relative to the surface of the earth (floor).
LLC "Progress" has the appropriate licenses for the right to perform the work specified in this project.
1. NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
PPR was carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents, existing laws of the Russian Federation, norms and rules, under which, the safe performance of work at this facility is ensured.
This PPR complies with the initial data for development, specifications and requirements for design and construction.
List of normative and technical documents used in the development of WEP
|
SP 48.13330.2011 |
Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization construction". |
|
|
SNiP 12-03-2001 |
Part 1. General requirements. |
|
|
SNiP 12-04-2002 |
Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production. |
|
|
SNiP 3.04.01-87 |
Insulating and finishing coatings |
|
|
SP 12-136-2002 |
Solutions for labor protection and industrial safety in construction organization projects and projects production of works. |
|
|
Decree No. 390 |
"About the fire regime". Fire regulations regime in the Russian Federation. |
|
|
MDS 12-81.2007 |
construction organization project and production project |
|
|
GOST 23407-78 |
Inventory fences for construction sites and plots production of construction and installation works. Technical |
|
|
GOST 25573-82 |
Slings cargo rope for construction. Specifications. |
|
|
GOST R 12.4.026-2001 SSBT |
Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and rules of application. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods. |
|
|
GOST 12.3.009-76 SSBT |
Loading and unloading works. General requirements Security. |
|
|
SO 153-34.03.204. (RD |
Safety rules for working with the tool and Devices. |
|
|
VPPB 01-02-95 (RD |
Fire safety rules for energy enterprises. |
|
|
SO 153-34.03.305-2003 |
Instructions on fire safety measures during hot work at power plants. |
|
|
POT R M-007-98 |
Intersectoral rules on labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods. |
|
|
Safety rules for hazardous production facilities, for which are used lifting facilities |
||
|
Cargo slings of general purpose. Device requirements and safe operation (with Changes No. 1) |
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Typical instructions for slingers on safe production of works by lifting machines. |
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production of works by lifting machines and technological maps of loading and unloading operations. |
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Technical regulations for operational quality control construction and installation and special works during the construction buildings and structures. Production of earthworks. |
||
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SP 2.2.1.1312-03 |
Hygienic requirements for the design of newly built and reconstructed industrial enterprises |
|
|
SP 2.2.2.1327-03 |
Hygienic requirements for the organization of technological processes, production equipment and workers instrument. |
|
|
SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03 |
Hygienic requirements for the organization of construction production and construction works. |
|
|
SNiP 3.01.03-84 (SP 126.13330.2012) |
Geodetic works in construction. |
|
|
POTRM-016-2001 (RD 153- |
Intersectoral rules on labor protection (safety rules) for the operation of electrical installations. |
|
|
PUE ed. 7 |
Rules for the installation of electrical installations |
|
|
Rules for the certification of welders and welding specialists production; |
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|
Standard instruction for engineering and technical workers on supervision of the safe operation of lifting machines. |
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Occupational Safety and Health. Organizational and methodological documents. |
||
|
GOST 12.3.003-86* |
Electrical works. Safety requirements. |
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Rules for working with personnel in organizations power industry of the Russian Federation, approved. Ministry of Energy of Russia, Order dated February 19, 2000 No. 49 |
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Decree No. 113 |
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 113 dated February 17, 2014 “On amendments to the Fire Regulations |
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SP 8.13130.2009 |
Fire protection systems. Sources of outdoor fire water supply. fire department requirements security. |
2 . MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES
2 .1 The need for construction in the means of mechanization, technologicalequipment, tools and fixtures
Table 1 - List of machines and mechanisms
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Name |
Designation (type, brand) |
Qty |
Note |
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dump truck |
KAMAZ-55111 |
Allowed usage another excavator with similar characteristics |
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Crawler excavator |
bucket - 1.5 m3 |
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Backhoe loader |
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Crane car manipulator |
with a crane manipulator |
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concrete mixer truck |
Kamaz 581470 |
Table 2 - List of main equipment and accessories *
|
Name |
Designation (type, brand, GOST) |
Unit rev. |
Qty |
Application |
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Vibrorammer |
Atlas Copco LT5004 |
Excavation |
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hydraulic hammer |
Disassembly asphalt coatings |
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For slinging |
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Hemp rope d=13mm |
GOST 30055-93 |
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Welding rectifier |
Welding |
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Ballast rheostat |
Welding |
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Welding cable |
Welding |
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Sling USK1-1,0/3800 |
For slinging |
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Bulgarian Shdisk-180 mm |
Installation work |
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Bulgarian Shdisk-230 mm |
Installation work |
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Centralizer |
Welding |
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Centralizer |
Welding |
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Funnel for receiving concrete |
OGT 95-402.45 |
Concrete works |
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Vibrator |
For sealing Concrete mix |
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Beam steel I-beam No. 30 |
GOST 8239-89 |
sheet piling fencing |
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Pipe Ш219х8 |
GOST 8732-78 |
sheet piling fencing |
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Metal corner. 50x50x5 |
GOST 8509-93 |
sheet piling fencing |
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Mounted excavator vibrator |
sheet piling fencing |
* The quantity and type of materials, equipment and tooling is specified during the direct work.
*It is possible to use equipment of other brands and models with similar characteristics.
Table 3 - List of tools, inventory and fixtures
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Name |
Designation (type, brand, GOST) |
Qty |
Application |
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bayonet shovel |
GOST 19596-87 |
earthen |
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Shovel shovel |
GOST 19596-87 |
earthen |
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Level with staff |
GOST 10528-90 |
Geodetic |
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Theodolite |
GOST 10529-96 |
Geodetic |
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Construction plumb line with cord |
Geodetic |
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Landmark (visor) geodetic |
Geodetic |
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Mounting ladder |
for descent and rise in |
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Assembly crowbar |
Mounting |
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Mounting |
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Mounting |
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Trolley (stretcher, wheelbarrow) |
earthen |
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Roulette 10 m |
Control- measuring |
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Red injection tank |
Shield Lubrication formwork |
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paint sprayer manual pneumatic |
Shield Lubrication formwork |
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spinner |
Reinforcing |
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Drill universal |
drilling holes |
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Electrode holder |
GOST 14651-78 |
Welding |
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Scrap assembly LM-24 |
GOST 1405-83 |
Straightening elements |
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Bench chisel |
GOST 1211-86*E |
Cleaning places |
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Bench hammer |
GOST 2310-77*E |
Cleaning places |
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steel hammer building |
tapping |
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Design Bureau GOST 9533-81 |
Leveling solution |
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Blacksmith's sledgehammer blunt-nosed |
GOST 11406-90 |
fold reinforcing rods |
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Mortar spatula |
LR GOST 19596-87 |
Solution supply |
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Metal brush |
TU 494-01-04-76 |
Reinforcement cleaning from rust |
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Metal scraper |
Formwork cleaning from concrete |
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wrenches |
GOST 2838-80E |
Formwork |
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Cutting scissors fittings |
GOST 7210-75E |
Reinforcing |
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Pliers combined |
R-200 GOST 5547- |
Reinforcing |
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End cutters |
GOST 28037-89E |
Reinforcing |
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File A-400 |
GOST 1465-80 |
Reinforcing |
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Building level US1-300 |
GOST 941 6-83 |
Control- measuring |
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Roulette 80 m (laser rangefinder) |
Control- measuring |
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Set of labor protection signs |
GOST R 12.4.026- |
Occupational Safety and Health |
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Fire extinguisher |
fire department safety |
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Waste container 1 m3 |
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portable building (inventory) fencing |
Temporary zone fencing construction and installation work |
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Protective signal tape |
Temporary zone fencing construction and installation work |
Table 4 - List of PPE *
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Name of PPE |
Mark, GOST |
Quantity |
Purpose |
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Goggles |
ZP2-84 GOST R 12.4.230.1-2007 |
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Construction helmet with chin strap |
GOST 12.4.087-84 |
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Gloves |
GOST 12.4.252-2013 SSBT |
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safety shoes |
GOST 12.4.162-85 |
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Cotton suit |
GOST 27575-87 |
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Welder suit |
GOST R ISO 11611-2011 SSBT |
* The number of PPE is specified based on the needs of working personnel and engineers.
2 .2 Construction needs for personnel
The need for construction workers is determined based on the labor intensity standards for the construction of the facility and the volume of construction and installation works, taking into account the output per worker, including workers in service farms. The categories of workers are taken according to the ratio given in the calculation.
Table 5 - Calculation of the need for construction in the categories of workers
Table 6 - Human resource requirements
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№ p/p |
Job titleprofession |
Unitrev. |
Qty |
Note |
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Slinger |
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Electric and gas welder |
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digger |
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Installer |
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concrete worker |
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Surveyor |
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Truck crane driver |
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dump truck driver |
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Excavator driver |
3. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORKS
3.1 General preparatory work
During the preparatory period, registration and receipt of all the documentation necessary for the upcoming construction work on the territory of the construction site is carried out.
Before starting a set of works on the transfer of external water supply:
The contracting organization, together with the head of the power plant division, draws up a work permit in 2 copies according to the form of Appendix D of SNiP 12-03-2001. The work permit indicates the place, performers and time of work: organizational and technical measures for the safe conduct of work, for the preparation of the workplace, determines the responsibility of the contractor's and customer's personnel for the implementation of specific safety measures during admission to work and their subsequent performance;
The contracting organization, together with the work permit, provides the head of the unit and then the head of the power plant for approval of the WEP;
The contracting organization, together with the work permit, provides the head of the power plant with a letter with lists of employees who have the right to issue orders, be work supervisors (responsible managers), work foremen (responsible executors), members of the brigade indicating the names and initials, position, ranks and group of employees. electrical safety, as well as provide a copy of the administrative document on the appointment of persons responsible for the timely transmission of information about accidents with employees of the contractor;
The contracting organization provides the head of the power plant with lists of certified slingers and persons responsible for the safe performance of work at the substation, indicating the number of the certificate;
The occupational safety specialist conducts an introductory briefing on labor safety, the head of the department conducts an initial briefing at the workplace for the contractor’s production personnel included in the list and having __ qualification certificates, knowledge test certificates confirming training and admission to work in this profession, timely passing exams for PUE, PTE, labor protection and safety;
The contractor's staff undergoes an introductory fire safety briefing.
The person who issued the work permit is obliged to exercise control over the implementation of the measures provided for in it to ensure the safety of the work.
Preparatory work is carried out in order to ensure appropriate conditions for conducting production operations for the installation of the pipeline, ensuring technological process necessary equipment, energy resources and
materials.
Prior to the start of the main period of work, the following activities must be completed:
In accordance with the established procedure, conduct a targeted briefing of the personnel involved in the production of work before starting work;
Issued work permits for the performance of high-risk work;
Familiarization of the working personnel and engineering and technical personnel of the organization with working drawings, PPR against signature;
Necessary building materials were delivered and input control of building materials and equipment was carried out;
Completed and delivered to the facility the necessary equipment and mechanisms, fixtures, equipment and hand tools in a complete set;
Waste disposal and disposal sites agreed;
Places of storage and placement of imported materials, equipment and machinery, locations of fire posts, fire equipment, electric welding equipment for welding, smoking areas, etc. have been agreed with the relevant services of the station;
The place of work should be marked with appropriate safety signs;
Dangerous zones are marked (post posters, safety signs);
The serviceability of the tools and devices used was checked;
Temporary fencing of work sites was installed;
Storage areas for materials and structures are equipped;
Signal tape fences and safety signs of work sites are exposed in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026-2001 SSBT, GOST 23407-78;
At night, signal lighting (red marker lights, road signs) should be lit on the fence.
Discharge of surface and underground waters is ensured with the help of temporary or permanent devices;
The territory was cleared (uprooting, leveling, pitting, demolition or transfer of structures and communications that impede the work);
Construction of temporary roads and access roads to the construction site;
Before starting the construction and installation works, it is necessary to clear the territory of the work. Clearing the site for construction and installation work involves clearing debris, snow, ice and planning the territory. Places of installation work, in order to prevent access by unauthorized persons, must be fenced. The design of the fences must meet the requirements of GOST 23407-78. Install signal lamps on the fence (voltage not more than 42V). In this PPR, inventory sectional fencing PO-1 is used for fencing.
Install fire shields with fire extinguishing equipment, boxes with sand on the site.
Perform temporary power supply of the construction site. The point of connection of electrical equipment is indicated and agreed upon by the relevant service of the station. Electrical safety at the construction site must comply with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001.
Delivery of building materials, structures, products and technological equipment is provided for by access roads. Construction and installation work must be carried out by working personnel who have undergone special training, who have studied the safety regulations and who have undergone appropriate briefing before starting work.
Before starting construction and installation works, the manager and foremen of the work must check the implementation of the safety measures specified in the work permit together with the representatives of the station. After finishing preparatory work draw up a certificate of readiness of the construction site for construction and obtain a production permit from the customer construction and assembly works in accordance with the requirement of SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction".
3 .2 Production of main works
When installing an external water supply system, work should be carried out in the following technological sequence:
Preparatory work
Breakdown of the route of the planned pipelines on the ground:
The layout of the route is carried out in compliance with the following requirements:
Temporary benchmarks should be installed along the route, connected by leveling moves with permanent benchmarks;
The intersection of the route with existing underground structures should be marked on the surface of the earth with special marks;
The breakdown of the route must be drawn up by an act with the application of a list of benchmarks, angles of turns and bindings.
During earthworks, it is necessary to ensure the safety of all marking and geodetic signs.
Drilling:
Perform drilling to determine the intersection with existing communications. Pit holes should have a length of 1 m along the axis of the future trench. The depth of the pits, if the searched cable lines are not detected, should exceed the depth of the trench by 0.2 m. Drilling should be carried out in the presence of a representative of the organization operating this cable network.
When crossing trenches with existing underground utilities, mechanized excavation is allowed at a distance of at least 2 m from the side wall and at least 1 m above the top of the pipe, cable, etc.
In case of detection of existing underground utilities and other structures, not indicated in the available design documentation, excavation work is necessary suspend, call to the place representatives of organizations operating these structures, at the same time to protect the indicated places and take other necessary measures to prevent damage to the discovered underground devices.
Sheet piling device:
For fixing the slopes of pits and trenches, arrange sheet piling. The walls of the pit are fastened with frame fastening. The walls of the trenches are fastened by auger fastening with steel pipes Ш219х8, fastened with a belt of I-beams for welding. Install wooden boards between clogged pipes. Upon completion of the laying and installation of the pipeline, dismantle the sheet piling of pits and trenches.
Dismantling of asphalt and concrete pavements:
When pipelines pass under existing roads with a hard asphalt concrete surface, it is necessary to temporarily dismantle it. Destruction (destructuring) and dismantling of the road concrete and asphalt pavement of driveways 250 mm thick is carried out by a JCB 3CX excavator using a replaceable
hydraulic hammer JCB HM165Q. The roadbed is divided into fragments of at least 50 cm in size within the boundaries of the developed trench. Pieces of the dismantled coating are loaded into a KAMAZ-55111 dump truck and taken out for further processing or disposal.
When carrying out earthworks for the development of pits, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of SNiP 3.02.01-87. Upon completion of excavation work, it is necessary to conduct their survey.
The open base is subject to acceptance under the act of hidden works with the participation of the Customer's supervision.
The certificate of examination and acceptance of the pit is drawn up indicating its dimensions in terms of plan, profile and absolute marks of the bottom and the application of the executive scheme and laboratory conclusion.
During earthworks, set up temporary and signal tape fencing, as well as safety signs along the perimeter in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026-2001 SSBT, GOST 23407-78.
Trench development: Prior to the commencement of trench development, preparatory work must be completed:
Temporary benchmarks were installed along the route, connected by leveling moves with permanent benchmarks;
A breakdown of the axes of the trenches and its walls, the boundaries of the spoil heap was made;
The existing communications crossing the trench or passing in the immediate vicinity are marked on the ground;
The alignment axes and angles of rotation of the route are fixed and tied to permanent objects on the ground (buildings, structures, trees);
opened road surfaces(if necessary);
The breakdown of the trench was documented with the application of the sheets of benchmarks and bindings;
Obtained permission to carry out earthworks;
Obtained work permit for work in existing electrical installations;
Familiarization of the personnel with working drawings and PPR;
The necessary mechanisms, fixtures and equipment were completed and delivered to the facility.
The development of trenches for laying the planned pipelines is carried out by a Hitachi ZX230 single-bucket caterpillar excavator with backhoe attachments with a bucket capacity of 1.5 m3, as well as a JCB 3CX backhoe loader (intersections with existing high-voltage cable lines produced by the auger driving method). A part of the developed soil (determined separately) is loaded by an excavator into the side of the KAMAZ-55111 dump truck and taken to the landfill for further disposal (transportation routes are indicated by the station's responsible employees and agreed with the customer's management).
Requires "Manual" development of soil in the trench at the intersection of existing communications. The development of soil (only by hand) at the intersection with existing networks should be carried out in 2 stages. First, develop to mark the laying of the network. Existing electrical and communication cables crossing the pit should be encased in pre-prepared wooden boxes and suspended from I-beams using tie rods Ø 6-16 mm. Boxes should be made from boards interconnected by bars every 1.5 m. Knock down the lower part of the box (pallet) and, with extreme caution, bring it under the cables. Install the upper part of the box (removable) on the side bars of the pallet and fasten it with wire every 1.5 m (it is forbidden to hammer the box with nails on the cables). Only after the suspension of the existing network, it is possible to proceed with the final development of the trench to the design mark. The soil remaining after backfilling the trenches on the territory is taken out on wheelbarrows, followed by loading into a dump truck by a JCB excavator. Arrangement of transition bridges with a width of at least 0.6 m with a railing 1.1 m high across the trench, installation of ladders for descending into the trench, refining the soil and cleaning the bottom of the trench manually with an artificial base in accordance with the requirements of the project with the ejection of soil into the dump along the edge trenches with subsequent loading into the side of the KAMAZ-55111 truck.
When crossing trenches with existing underground utilities, mechanized excavation is allowed at a distance of at least 2 m from the side wall and at least 1 m above the top of the pipe, cable, etc. Work, in the immediate vicinity of the Switching Chamber building, must be carried out only manually.
When performing work in trenches, set up temporary and signal tape fencing, as well as safety signs along the perimeter of the trench (along the edge) in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026-2001 SSBT, GOST 23407-78.
The bottom of the trench when excavated by an excavator is undercut by a thickness of 100 mm. Cleaning the bottom of the trench (shortage) is carried out "manually" by working diggers using bayonet and shovel shovels. Cleaning the bottom of the pits is carried out by cutting the shortfall manually and throwing the soil onto the upper edge of the pit. The thickness of the cutting of the shortage of soil is determined by the running sight and the sights on the edge of the trench. The bottom of the trench after digging must be planned. By the time the pipes are laid, the bottom of the trench must be cleared of stones, construction debris and leveled in accordance with the project. If ice has formed in the trench or it has been covered with snow, the trench must be cleared before laying pipes and trays. See the drawing for the development of trenches - Progress.02.2015.01.6.2-B PPR. Depending on the depth of the trench, types of soil, soil conditions, trenches are arranged either with natural slopes or one or another method of their fastening is used. In view of the possibility of soil freezing to the full (design) depth of trench development in winter, the bearing capacity of the soil increases significantly, which makes it possible to develop trenches for projected pipelines without slopes and without the use of fasteners. The trenches are developed without slopes (with vertical walls) with the installation, if necessary, of inventory wooden fastenings of the trench walls. After laying and installation of the pipeline, the trench is finally covered with sandy soil in layers, followed by tamping. At the intersection of trenches with existing roads, concrete pavements, it is necessary to backfill the trenches to their entire height up to the restored concrete pavement of the road with sand rammed in layers to prevent “settlement” pavement from concrete. When backfilling trenches, it is necessary to ensure the safety of the laid pipes and to exclude movement.
During the performance of work, measures to preserve existing structures and communications, and the conditions prescribed by operating organizations, must be strictly observed.
Installation of prefabricated chambers and wells from reinforced concrete slabs in a trench is carried out using a crane-manipulator. Slinging is carried out (corresponding to the load capacity) for the existing loops.
Installation of chambers and wells is carried out using the “from wheels” method. Separate storage areas are not provided (it is allowed to carry out storage by laying out along the edge of the trench).
Camera device:
Device for concrete preparation h=100mm made of B7.5 concrete. As a formwork for the concrete preparation device, use a 25mm board. The preparation should protrude beyond the edge of the sole by 100mm.
Reinforcement, installation of embedded parts to be carried out according to the project: - 13-4010-P-6E-V. For rods W 16mm, overlapping reinforcement connections according to SP 52-101-2003 are accepted.
Harvesting and processing of reinforcement must be carried out in specially designated and suitably equipped places.
When performing work on the preparation of reinforcement, it is necessary:
fence workplace when processing reinforcing bars;
Fold the prepared reinforcement in specially designated places;
Close the end parts of the reinforcement bars with shields in places of passages with a width of less than 1 m.
Reinforcing steel (bar, wire) and rolled products, reinforcing products and embedded elements must comply with the project and the requirements of the relevant standards.
The manufacture of spatial large-sized reinforcing products should be carried out in assembly jigs.
Preparation (cutting, welding, formation of anchor devices), installation and tension of prestressing reinforcement should be carried out according to the project in accordance with SNiP 3.09.01-85.
Non-welding connections of rods should be made:
Cruciform - viscous annealed wire. It is allowed to use special connecting elements (plastic and wire clamps).
Cross-shaped welded joints should be made according to the project in accordance with GOST 14098-85.
Reinforcement of the foundations is performed by a link of three people.
The joining of individual rods is carried out with an overlap using twists or clamps (developed by TsNIIOMTP), and partially by welding according to the project.
Reinforcing work is carried out in the following order:
Install the lower grids on the clamps, providing a protective layer of concrete according to the project;
Reinforced frames are laid;
Install the upper grids on the frames;
Lay individual reinforcing bars;
Install longitudinal reinforcement, tie at the intersection with knitting wire according to GOST 3282-74, put the clamp locks apart.
Prior to the installation of the formwork, it is necessary to accept the installed reinforcement, draw up an inspection certificate for hidden work.
Non-welding wire connecting elements in the manufacture of reinforcing products are made of wire with a diameter of 1.6-1.8 mm and are designed for one- and two-sided connection of reinforcement intersections with a diameter of 5 to 32 mm.
Wire elements provide connection of reinforcement intersections due to their springy part.
The assembly of spatial supporting frames is carried out using arc welding in accordance with GOST 5264-80, with electrodes in accordance with GOST 9467-75. Manual electric arc welding is used for lap connection of reinforcing bars of steel of classes A-I, A-II, A-III with flat rolled elements, it is used if contact welding cannot be used.
Welded spatial reinforcing cages are made by assembly by connecting arc or spot welding of flat reinforcing cages.
Techniques for tying wire at the intersections of reinforcing bars
a - knitting with wire in bundles without pulling up, b - knitting corner knots; c- two-row knot; g-cross knot; d-dead node; e- fastening of the rods with a connecting element; 1,3-rods; 2-connecting element; I-view front, II - rear view.
Reinforcement installation requirements:
Transportation and storage of reinforcing steel should be carried out in accordance with GOST 7566-94 *;
Reinforcing bars must be transported tied up in packs, embedded parts - in boxes. Reinforcing cages should be fastened to vehicles with the help of surface twists or stretch marks;
Reinforcing bars received at the construction site should be laid on storage sites, sorted by brands, diameters, lengths. Frames should lie on pads and pads in stacks in the area of the crane. The height of the stack should not exceed 1.5 m;
Spatial frames weighing up to 50 kg must be delivered to the installation site by a crane in packs and installed manually. Feed individual rods to the installation site in bundles.
For wall structures, the use of reinforcement of classes A-240, A-400 according to GOST 5781-82 is provided.
Reinforcement is provided by separate rods. Reinforcement joints up to Ш16 should be “lapped” (without welding).
Knit the intersections of the reinforcement with knitting wire.
Install embedded parts.
Formwork installation
Mounting of the formwork is carried out under the control of the geodetic service. At the end of the installation, draw up an executive scheme of the formwork. Fastening of formwork panels on tie rods with alignment of the verticality of the panels with inventory struts.
Formwork installation instructions
The formwork to the construction site must be delivered complete, suitable for installation and operation, without completions and corrections;
The formwork elements received at the construction site are placed in the work area. All formwork elements must be stored in a position corresponding to the transport, sorted by brands and sizes; __
The installation of the formwork should begin from the inside. At the same time, the shields are fixed with inventory struts and hinged consoles are installed on them.
The condition of the installed formwork must be continuously monitored during the concreting process. In case of unforeseen deformations of individual formwork elements or inadmissible opening of cracks, additional fasteners should be installed and deformed places should be corrected;
Dismantling of the formwork is allowed only after the concrete reaches the strength required in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" and with the permission of the construction laboratory. For horizontal structures, formwork elements that take up the mass of concrete are stripped when the concrete reaches 70% of the design strength;
Cover the stripped surfaces with burlap;
After removing the formwork, it is necessary to: conduct a visual inspection of the formwork elements; clean all formwork elements from adhering concrete; lubricate the surface of the decks, check and apply lubricant to the screw connections;
Sort formwork elements by brand.
Laying concrete along the chute from a concrete mixer truck.
Laying of concrete is carried out using a chute supplied from a concrete mixer truck.
The laying and compaction of concrete must be supervised by engineers at all times.
Before concreting, the concrete surfaces of the working joints must be cleaned of debris, dirt, oils, cement film, etc. The method of cleaning the concrete surface of the joints should be used depending on the strength of the concrete surfaces according to Table 2 of SNiP 3.03.01-87. Immediately before laying the concrete mixture, the cleaned surfaces must be rinsed with water and dried with a jet of air. After the concrete has been placed, the exposed surfaces of the concrete structures must be protected with a polymer film. At an ambient temperature of 5 ° C and below, do not moisten the concrete.
The movement of people on concreted structures and the installation of formwork of overlying structures are allowed after the concrete reaches a strength of at least 15 kg/cm2.
Concreting instructions:
Acceptance of concrete mix
The composition of the concrete mixture, preparation, acceptance rules, control methods and transportation must comply with GOST 7473-94.
Supply and placement of concrete mix
Concreting of structures is allowed after the control acceptance of the reinforcement, all embedded parts, penetrations and holes, checking the correct installation and fixing of the formwork and drawing up an act of hidden work. In the initial period of hardening, concrete must be protected from atmospheric precipitation or moisture loss, for which its surface must be covered with plastic wrap.
Demoulding of concrete, movement of people on concreted structures is allowed after the concrete reaches a strength of at least 1.5 MPa. During the hardening period, concrete must be maintained in accordance with building codes and rules.
When installing formwork elements in several tiers, each subsequent tier should be installed only after fixing the lower tier. Placement on the formwork of equipment and materials not provided for by the project, as well as the stay of people who are not directly involved in the production of work on the formwork flooring, is not allowed.
The movement of people on concreted structures and the installation of formwork of overlying structures are allowed after the concrete reaches a strength of at least 1.5 MPa.
The formwork panels are dismantled after the concrete reaches 50% of the design strength.
Concrete compaction:
Compaction of the concrete mixture should be carried out by vibrating with vibrators. The step of permutation of vibrators should not exceed 1.5 of their radius of action. The greatest thickness of the layer to be laid should not exceed 600 mm (1.25 the length of the working part of the vibrator), and when the vibrator is located at an angle of up to 35°, the thickness of the layer must be equal to the vertical projection of its working part. The depth of immersion of the vibrator in the concrete mixture should ensure its deepening into the previously laid layer by 5-10 cm.
In places where reinforcement, embedded products or formwork prevent proper compaction of the concrete mixture with vibrators, it should be additionally compacted with a bayonet.
When compacting the concrete mixture, care must be taken to ensure that the vibrators do not come into contact with the reinforcement. It is not allowed to rest the vibrators on reinforcement, embedded products, strands and other formwork fastening elements. The degree of vibration compaction is determined visually. The main signs of sufficient vibrocompaction are: the cessation of settling of the concrete mixture, the appearance of cement laitance on its surface and the cessation of the release of air bubbles.
To obtain high-quality concrete, it is especially necessary to carry out vibration compaction of the concrete mixture in the corners of the formwork, in places of densely located reinforcement, in places where penetrations and mortgages are installed. In the process of concreting, it is necessary to monitor the formwork. In the event of shifting or any faults in the fixing, work should be stopped and the formwork fixing adjusted.
Curing:
During the hardening period, concrete must be protected from moisture loss. Subsequently, maintain a temperature and humidity regime with the creation of conditions that ensure an increase in its strength.
Cover freshly laid concrete with geotextiles, polyethylene film and Penoplex s = 20mm slabs. Lay the slabs on top of the wetted geotextile. Measures for the care of concrete, their duration and frequency are noted in the journal of concrete work.
Formwork dismantling
Dismantling of the formwork is allowed only after the concrete reaches the strength required in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures" and with the permission of the construction laboratory. For horizontal structures, formwork elements that take up the mass of concrete are stripped when the concrete reaches 70% of the design strength.
Cover the stripped surfaces with burlap.
After removing the formwork, it is necessary to: conduct a visual inspection of the formwork elements; clean all formwork elements from adhering concrete; lubricate the surface of the decks, check and apply lubricant to the screw connections;
Sort formwork elements by brand.
Welding and installation works
The implementation of welding and installation work on the track is preceded by a set of organizational and technical measures and preparatory work:
Checking the availability of approved operational technological maps;
Appointment of persons responsible for the quality and safe production of welding and installation works (foreman or foreman, quality control inspector, foreman, non-destructive testing specialist);
Briefing the members of the brigade on labor protection and safety with an entry in the relevant journals;
Certification of welders and certification of the applied welding technology;
Device along the highway passage;
Preparation of mounting strip for assembly and welding of pipe sections;
Placement in the work area of the necessary machines, mechanisms, equipment and inventory. Provide connection points for lighting devices and power tools (from existing points, organize acceptance and laying of imported pipes (Dn=273, Dn=530) along the pipeline route (in the installation area). Pipes should be unloaded by a crane-manipulator installed in parking lots provided for production installation work.
Characteristics of three-layer sandwich panels. Organization and technology of work performance. The need for mechanization, tools, inventory and fixtures. Safety and labor protection. Calendar schedule for the production of works.
practical work, added 09/17/2012
Analysis of defects in buildings and structures. Forms of construction quality control. State building supervision. Technical supervision of the customer and contractor, architectural supervision. Construction quality control scheme. Construction quality requirements.
presentation, added 08/26/2013
a brief description of construction organization. Establishment of business relations with construction organization. Budgeting methodology. Ensuring the quality of construction and installation works. Documentation on the organization of construction and production of works.
practice report, added 11/06/2011
The main types of quality control in construction during earthworks: input control of project documentation and materials used; operational and acceptance control, state technical supervision. Documentation used in the quality control system.
abstract, added 05/22/2010
Stages of organizing the production of preparatory work for the construction of main pipelines. Work performed outside the construction strip. Engineering preparation of the territory for development. trench development. Quality control of earthworks.
term paper, added 12/05/2012
Rules for the construction of new and reconstruction of existing main pipelines and branches. Transportation of pipes and pipe sections. Assembly, welding and quality control of welded joints of pipelines. Their electrochemical protection against corrosion.
training manual, added 05/05/2009
Development of technological documentation for the construction of a large-capacity reservoir. Basic information about technological equipment and production technology. Organization, planning and management in construction. Standardization and quality control.
thesis, added 07/07/2009
The main requirements for hydrostatic head in the drinking water supply system. Scheme of connecting the input to the external water supply network in the well. Methodology for determining pressure losses in the calculated sections of pipelines.
abstract, added 06/03/2017
Need in building materials, structures, parts, products and semi-finished products. Production of construction and installation works. Organizational and technical preparation for construction. Activities for the production of construction work in the winter.
thesis, added 07/09/2009
Regulatory requirements for a set of works on the installation of metal air ducts internal systems ventilation. Installation procedure, slinging methods. The need for machines, tools and fixtures. Calculation of the number of workers and labor costs.
PROJECT OF WORK PRODUCTION
INTERIOR FINISHING
INTRODUCTION
I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. The project for the production of works is a document that defines the technology, organization, parameters and conditions for the safety of the production of works, the safety of performers, the environment and the population.
1.2. The project for the production of works was developed for the implementation of a set of works provided for by the Construction Organization Project for ___________________________, based on the working documentation and in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation:
- SP 48.13330.2011 Organization of construction. Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004;
- SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements";
- SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production";
- SNiP 3.04.01-87 Insulating and finishing coatings;
- NPB 244-97 Construction materials. Decorative finishing and facing materials. Floor covering materials. Roofing, waterproofing and heat-insulating materials. Fire safety indicators;
- GOST 9980.1-86 Paintwork materials. Acceptance rules;
- GOST 9980.5-2009 Paint and varnish materials. Transportation and storage;
- ENiR Collection E8 Finishing coatings of building structures. Issue 1. Finishing work;
- GESN 81-02-OP-2001 State estimated standards. State elemental estimated norms for construction and special construction works. General provisions. Calculation of the volume of work.
1.3. The entire range of works provided for by the Construction Organization Project is carried out by a construction organization.
The technical solutions adopted in the working drawings comply with the requirements of environmental, sanitary and hygienic, fire-fighting and building codes and regulations in force on the territory of the Russian Federation, and ensure the operation of the facility that is safe for human life and health, subject to the measures provided for by the working drawings.
Chief Project Engineer _____________________
2.1. Administratively, the construction site is located on the territory of _________ region.
2.2. The territory allotted for the construction of a residential building is located in a temperate continental climate zone with cold winters and moderately warm summers. By geographic location the area is under the influence of the air masses of the Atlantic, the Arctic basin, as well as masses formed over the territory of Europe. In winter, winds with a southerly component prevail. The average temperature in January is about minus 20.0 °C.
Stroygenplan
Fig.1. Stroygenplan for the construction of the above-ground part of a brick building
1 - closed warehouse; 2 - economic platform; 3 - parking means of mechanization; 4 - scaffolding PPU-4; 5 - crane tracks, 6 - tower crane; 7 - building under construction; 8 - face brick; 9 - brick; 10 - truck crane; 11 - precast concrete elements; 12 - car; 13 - unit for receiving and mixing the solution; 14 - foreman's office; 15 - household premises; 16 - fire fighting equipment
3.1. Prior to the start of work at the facility in question, measures and work must be carried out to prepare construction production in the amount that ensures the implementation of work at the established pace, including general organizational and technical preparation of the construction organization for the production of construction work in accordance with the requirements of SP 48.13330.2011 Construction organization. Updated edition of SNiP 12-01-2004.
3.2. The work of the preparatory period is divided into three stages:
- organizational;
- mobilization;
- preparatory and technological.
3.3. During the organizational period of engineering preparation for construction, a complex of such measures is carried out as:
- determination of sources of supply of materials;
- coordination with the local administration of the issues of providing the residential town with energy resources from existing sources;
- Appointment of persons responsible for the organization of work;
- resolving issues on the procedure for using local building materials (an agreement with suppliers is drawn up by the customer);
- organization of dispatching service and communication;
- certification of workers and engineers involved in construction work.
3.4. During the mobilization period of engineering preparation for construction, a set of such measures is carried out as:
- acceptance of the object from the customer in kind;
- development of PPR.
3.5. In the preparatory-technological period, preparatory work is carried out to ensure that the main work is carried out at a given pace, and a set of measures such as:
- delivery and placement of mobile (inventory) buildings and structures for administrative, household, industrial and storage purposes.
All works of the preparatory period must be fully completed by the beginning of the main complex of construction and installation works.
3.6. For the operational management of production processes, a construction site has been organized, the headquarters of which is located directly at the facility. On the production base, services are organized for the workers of the site (50 people), these are: food and the creation of living conditions. To do this, arrange:
- canteen, household and storage rooms;
- bases for storage and technical equipment and tools.
4.1. Finishing work is allowed to begin after the completion of general construction and installation work, including testing of water supply, sewerage, heating, electricity and communication networks with permanent heating systems in operation. If necessary, it is allowed to use heat-ventilation installations and heaters to maintain the required temperature and humidity in the finished room. Building readiness for production finishing works is checked by the control and acceptance commission appointed by the head of the construction organization.
4.2. The sequence of finishing works is recommended as follows:
acceptance of the building or its part for finishing, plastering of joints between prefabricated elements; plastering of installation sites for heating devices; plastering surfaces; facing walls and partitions with tiles, installation of screeds under the floors; arrangement of bases for parquet floors; finishing surfaces with gypsum sheets of dry plaster; tiling surfaces; installation of floors from ceramic tiles; preparation of surfaces for painting; installation of plank, tiled and parquet floors; ceiling painting; wall papering; painting of wall surfaces; floor painting; installation of sound-absorbing linings; installation of floors from rolled materials; fixing skirting boards; varnished floors.
4.3. Prior to the start of finishing work, the following work must be done:
- protection of the finished premises from atmospheric precipitation is carried out;
- waterproofing, heat and sound insulation and leveling floor screeds were installed;
- seams between blocks and panels are sealed;
- sealed and isolated junctions of window, door and balcony blocks;
- glazed light openings;
- embedded products were installed, heat supply and heating systems were tested.
Before finishing the facades, the following work must be additionally performed:
- external waterproofing and roofing with parts and connections;
- arrangement of all floor structures on balconies;
- installation and fixing of all metal pictures of the edging of architectural details on the facade;
- installation of all fasteners for downpipes (according to the project).
4.4. Plastering and cladding (according to the project) of surfaces at the installation sites of embedded parts of sanitary systems must be completed before the installation of these systems.
4.4.1. The surfaces to be plastered are checked by hanging in the vertical and horizontal planes with the installation of inventory removable marks according to Figures 1 and 2. It is most convenient to hang the walls with a plumb line, the hanging scheme of which is shown in Figure 1. A nail is driven into the corner of the wall at a distance of 300-400 mm from the ceiling 1 for the thickness of the plaster. A plumb line is lowered from the head of this nail to the floor and nail 2 is driven in below so that its head almost touches the cord, after which intermediate nail 3 is driven in. Similarly, the opposite corner of the wall is hung, driving nails 4, 5 and 6 alternately. Then they check the evenness of the wall plane . To do this, the cord is pulled from the 1st to the 6th nail and from the 2nd to the 4th nail. The cord should not touch the wall, otherwise the bulge of the wall is cut down. If it is impossible to cut down the bulge, nails 1, 2, 3 or 4, 5, 6 of one of the vertical rows are pulled out and set so that the normal thickness of the plaster remains in the convex places. Then, intermediate nails 7 and 8 of the upper horizontal row are hammered along the cord between nails 1 and 4, then nails 9, 10 and 11, 12 are hammered between nails 3 and 6 and 2 and 5.
1-12 - nails
Figure 1* - Hanging the walls with a plumb line
_________________
* The numbering of the figures corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.
1 - nails; 2 - rule; 3 - level
Figure 2 - Hanging walls with a level with a rule
4.4.2. Plastering with the use of chlorinated solutions inside the building is prohibited.
Dosage of individual components of mortar mixtures, as well as quality control of both monolithic and their dry mortar mixtures, is carried out by construction laboratories.
For internal plaster in public buildings, a mortar is usually used in the ratio 1:1:6, 1:1:9, 1:1:11, 1:2:8, 1:3:12, 1:3:15 (cement:lime dough: sand). The quality of ready-made mortars must meet the requirements of SP 82-101-98 "Code of rules for the preparation and use of building mortars".
The choice and application of solutions should be made depending on the conditions in which the building will be located during operation.
4.4.3. The strength of the base to be plastered must be at least the strength of the plaster coating in accordance with SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings".
4.4.4. Sand that meets the requirements of GOST 8736-93 "Sand for construction work. Specifications" is used as a filler for mortars used for spraying, soil and covering. The maximum allowable grain size of sand solutions for spraying and soil should not exceed 2.5 mm, for covering - 1.2 mm.
The sand size for all solutions pumped through hoses should be within 0.30.8 mm.
4.4.5. Water for the preparation of mortars must meet the requirements of GOST 23732-79 * "Water for concrete and mortars. Specifications".
________________
* GOST 23732-79 was canceled on the territory of the Russian Federation from 01.10.2012 with the entry into force of GOST 23732-2011. - Database manufacturer's note.
4.4.6. Plaster mortars, depending on the method of their application and purpose, must have mobility determined by the immersion of a standard cone according to GOST. The recommended mobility of strained solutions for spraying, grounding and covering at the time of their application is given in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 - Indicators of the mobility of the solution
|
Purpose of the solution |
Immersion of a standard cone, cm |
|
|
for manual application |
for mechanized application |
|
|
Spray solution |
||
|
Soil solution |
||
|
Coating solution: |
||
|
with plaster |
||
|
without plaster |
||
4.4.7. The quality of ready-made mortars must meet the requirements of SP 82-101-98 "Code of rules for the preparation and use of building mortars".
4.4.8. Surface plastering is carried out by applying plaster compositions in the following sequence:
- with simple plaster:
b) applying a layer of soil from conventional solutions, followed by its leveling and grouting.
- with improved plaster:
a) spraying with conventional solutions;
b) applying a layer of soil from conventional solutions, followed by its leveling and alignment;
- with high-quality plaster:
a) spraying with conventional solutions;
b) applying a layer of soil from conventional solutions (in two layers), followed by its leveling and alignment;
c) cutting corners, husks, cuts;
d) cutting of ceiling rusts;
e) application of a covering layer with subsequent grouting.
4.4.9. When plastering surfaces up to 3.5 meters high indoors with simple plastering, work is carried out in the following sequence. Having prepared the surface of the walls, pre-arrange the husks. To do this, mortar marks are applied at the corners of the walls according to Figure 3 on the thickness of the future plaster. A rule is attached to the marks and a solution is thrown into the space between it and the wall. Having arranged the mark on one side of the wall at the very corner, they proceed to the device of the second mark of the same corner. Thus, two marks form an exact husk. This is done at all corners of the walls.
Figure 3 - Arrangement of mortar marks and beacons on the walls
Plastering is performed in this sequence. On one side of the wall, a strip of mortar 1 m wide is applied, called an excuse. Spray and primer excuses are leveled by the rule. The same excuse is made on the opposite side of the wall. In the future, these excuses will play the role of beacons. A spray is applied to the rest of the wall between the excuses according to Figure 4, the soil is leveled on it, which is leveled with a long trowel or a rule, as shown in Figure 5. These tools move with their ends along the excuses, cutting off the mortar at the level of these excuses, after which the plaster layer is grouted, as shown in figures 6 and 7.
Figure 4 - Sequential application of layers of spray, soil
Figure 5 - Leveling the solution with a trowel
Figure 6 - Grouting plaster:
A - round, b - overclocking
Figure 7 - Mechanized grouting of the surface
The soil solution is often smeared with a falcon, leveled with a falcon or a trowel. For greater accuracy, the soil solution is additionally cut with a rule 2 m long.
4.4.10. Manual plastering work is carried out in accordance with the workplace organization scheme shown in Figure 8, using the necessary mechanization tools and tools and preparing the solution at the workplace.
1 - wall; 2 - spray from a cement-sand mortar; 3 - a layer of soil from a cement-sand mortar; 4 - water hose; 5 - baking sheets; 6 - receiving box; 7 - mortar mixer; 8 - box for cement
Figure 8 - Scheme of the organization of the workplace when plastering the surface manually
The work is carried out by a team of plasterers in the following composition:
- plasterers of the 4th category (1 person) and 3rd category (1 person) prepare the surface for plastering and hang the surface with the installation of beacons;
- Plasterers of the 4th category (1 person), 3rd category (1 person) and 2nd category (1 person) apply the spray;
- plasterers of the 4th category (2 people) apply a layer of soil;
- Plasterer of the 4th category (1 person) levels the soil and grouts it.
4.4.11 The scheme of organization of mechanized plastering works is shown in Figure 9.
1 - wall; 2 - spray from a cement-sand mortar; 3 - a layer of soil from a cement-sand mortar; 4 - solution pipeline; 5 - a box for collecting the solution after applying the spray and soil
Figure 9 - Scheme of the organization of the workplace for mechanized plastering
4.5. Finishing work, with the exception of facade finishing, must be carried out at a positive ambient temperature and finishing surfaces not lower than 10 ° C and air humidity not more than 60%. Such a temperature in the room must be maintained around the clock, but not less than 2 days before the start and 12 days after the end of the work, and for wallpaper work - before the object is put into operation.
4.6. The objects of finishing works are: internal and external surfaces of walls, partitions, floors, ceilings, windows, doors.
When installing floor coverings from linoleum in rolls, the following technological operations are performed:
- ground preparation;
- rolling of rolls with an overlap in the places where the edges are joined and cutting it along the contour of the room;
- maintaining linoleum sheets until the waviness disappears;
- gluing linoleum on the base with water-dispersed glue with rolling, trimming joined panels;
- cutting and gluing of linoleum in the places where the edges join in the doorways;
- installation of skirting boards.
4.6.1 The surface of the base under the linoleum must be flat, without bumps and depressions, free from dust. The weight moisture content of the screed and leveling layer should not exceed 5%.
4.6.2 Rolls of linoleum stored in an unheated warehouse are brought into a room with a temperature of at least +15 ° C for warming up for at least a day, and in winter up to 2-3 days, after which the heated rolls are unpacked and transferred to a room for extracts, where 4-5 days before laying they are rolled out in a spacious and warm room and laid with panels on top of each other so that the linoleum straightens out and residual stress disappears in it. Then the linoleum is rolled out on the prepared base, cut into panels, laid with an overlap in the places where the edges are joined by 20-30 mm, so that when joining the edges, it is possible to carefully cut them with a special knife with interchangeable blades and get an almost imperceptible joint, and cut along the contour of the room with a knife, leaving a gap between the edges of the panels and the walls of 4-5 mm, as seen in Figure 10. In this position, the linoleum is kept until the waviness disappears so that their underside fits snugly against the base.
Figure 10 - Cutting linoleum panels along the contour of the room
The transverse joints of adjacent panels must be spaced apart.
4.6.3. Linoleum panels are glued over the entire area, with the exception of longitudinal edges 80 ... 100 mm wide.
The panels are tightly and evenly rolled into a roll with the front side inward to the middle of the room. The cladder pours the glue from the bucket onto the base in small portions, and the other cladder spreads the glue with a toothed comb, as shown in Figures 11 and 12, forming a layer 0.6-0.7 mm thick, while leaving non-smeared strips 80 wide at the longitudinal joints of the panels. -100 mm, except for the side adjacent to the wall.
Figure 11 - Pouring glue out of the bucket
Figure 12 - Leveling the adhesive with a comb
4.6.4. After that, the tilers roll the folded part of the linoleum panel onto the mastic layer, as shown in Figure 13, and press it tightly against the base smeared with glue. The edges of the panel 8-10 cm wide remain unglued. When rolling, it is recommended to rock the roll back and forth several times, so that the panel adjoins the mastic better.
Figure 13 - Rolling out the folded part of the linoleum panel
After that, the panels are rolled with a hand roller weighing 40 ... 50 kg, 500 ... 700 mm wide or with a foot roller, as shown in Figure 14. It is allowed to smooth the panels with burlap from the middle to the edges to remove possible air bubbles and better stick the linoleum to the base .
Figure 14 - Rolling linoleum with a foot roller
The second half of the panel is glued after the first, repeating all the operations.
4.6.5. Cutting joints is performed 48-72 hours after stabilization of the dimensions of the glued panels. Cutting is done as follows: a rail (lining) is placed under the junction of two linoleum panels and both panels are cut simultaneously with a sharply sharpened knife along the ruler, as shown in Figure 15. Uncut places found in the lower position are cut. After cutting, the cut strips are removed, and the edges are turned away, the base and the underside of the linoleum edge are coated with the same glue as the panel, and glued using the same technology. First, glue the edge of one panel, carefully roll it, then glue the edge of the other and carefully roll it, avoiding possible air ingress under the coating. Excess glue is removed with a rag.
1 - knife for cutting and trimming linoleum; 2 - steel ruler; 3 - linoleum cloth; 4 - steel ruler or plywood strip - lining under the cutting joint; 5 - glue; 6 - leveling layer of polymer cement; 7 - cement-sand screed; 8 - roofing material layer; 9 - fiberboard; 10 - sand; 11 - multi-hollow reinforced concrete floor slab
Figure 15 - Scheme for cutting the edges of linoleum panels
4.6.6. The edges of adjacent sheets of PVC linoleum are recommended to be welded together. The tensile strength of the linoleum weld must be at least 2.5 MPa (25 kgf / cm).
When sticking linoleum on planes located at an angle, the radius of its bend must be at least 50 mm; in these places, under the linoleum, it is necessary to lay a rail or plinth of the corresponding profile.
4.7. When used to cover linoleum welded into carpets, it must meet the requirements of GOST 27023-86 *.
4.7.1. Carpets are welded from linoleum panels of one batch, one tone and pattern. In this case, the seams should be straight and inconspicuous. The size of the carpet should match the size of the room; dimensional deviations should not exceed 10 mm; minus deviations are not allowed. The tensile strength of welds must be at least 3 MPa (30 kgf/cm). In this case, you can repeat the purchase of the document using the button on the right.
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