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UDK 314 (=512.36)
Badaraev D.D. Badaraev D.D.
Internal migration processes in modern Mongolian society
Internal migration processes in modern Mongolian society
The article is devoted to the consideration of migration processes in modern Mongolian society. Based on statistical data, using the results of recent studies, the causes, factors and consequences of internal migration of the population from countryside Mongolia to the urbanized centers of the country. The problem of nomadic animal husbandry as the basis for preserving the culture and traditions of the Mongolian people is touched upon.
Keywords: Mongolian society, internal migration,
modernization, urbanization, nomadism
Article is devoted to consideration of migratory processes in modern Mongolian society. The reasons, factors and consequences of internal migration of the population of Mongolia from rural areas to the urbanized centers of the country are analyzed on the basis of data of statistics and results of researches of the last years. Also the problem of nomadic animal husbandry, as bases of preservation of culture and traditions of the mongolian people is mentioned
Key words: mongolian society, internal migration, modernization, urbanization, nomadism
Modern Mongolian society was formed as a result of socio-economic and political transformations of the last 20 years, after the transition to a relatively new, previously unknown path of development. The beginning of a radical reorientation to the path of market relations is considered to be the year 1990. broke up socialist system. The victory of the democratic revolution in Mongolia led the country to gain a de facto independent status in international relations. The transformational processes of the transition period were ambiguous for the population of the country, since for many citizens gaining freedom turned out to be a heavy burden that not every yesterday's ideologically backed Mongol could cope with. The change in the forms of ownership on the basis of the Law on privatization in the country adopted in 1992, a series of crisis phenomena in the economy, episodic impact of galloping inflation up to 325% per year had a negative impact on the broad masses of the population, on their social well-being, which led to a noticeable decrease in the level of life. The social sphere of Mongolia has undergone significant changes,
BADARAEV Damdin Dorzhievich, Candidate of Social Sciences, Researcher at the Institute of Mongolian Studies, Buddhology and Tibetology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ulan-Ude). Email: [email protected]
The work was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation-Ministry of OKN of Mongolia, 2012-2013, No. 12-23-03002a/Mon, "Return" of Russia to Mongolia: models and scenarios"
because in it there were forced phenomena and processes due to the action of market laws. At the same time, the processes of transformation of the Mongolian society opened up wide opportunities for the free movement of the population of Mongolia both within the country and abroad in search of better conditions life.
The issues of population migration in modern Mongolian society are considered in the works of V.V. Grayvoronsky, N.Galiyma, H. Gund-sambuu, Ts. Tsetsenbileg and other researchers, as well as in a number of scientific works of academic and educational institutions Mongolia. Modern processes of population migration are becoming topical issue for such a cattle-breeding country as Mongolia, implying the aggravation of social problems of society, such as unemployment, poverty, mobility labor resources, increasing the load on the infrastructure of urban areas, as well as solving issues of a civilizational nature related to changing the lifestyle and way of life of the original nomads of the Mongolian steppes.
Pastoral nomads are forced to adapt to new market conditions by applying various strategies for the development of their households. The most important foundation for the inclusion of nomads in the processes of modernization is their high adaptive potential, developed by previous generations, as well as thousands of years of experience in adapting to the conditions of the surrounding world. The ability to quickly adapt to changing environmental conditions helps representatives of the nomadic society to minimize losses. As a number of studies show, with the transition to a market economy, about 60-70% of the Mongols got or rather got the opportunity to increase their income, respectively, improve the socio-economic situation of their families. Only 30-40% say that market system negatively affected their social status. Thus, migration or movements within the country and abroad is one of the main channels for the adaptation of the nomadic Mongols to the modern processes of globalization, modernization and integration. However, unregulated migration flows of the population lead mainly to various consequences, both positive and negative, which becomes the subject of discussion when adopting socio-economic and political programs for the development of the country, including demographic ones.
We consider it expedient to present the statistical data of 2011 . The population of Mongolia amounted to 2811.6 thousand people, of which 2704.5 thousand people live permanently in Mongolia, 107.1 thousand people live outside the country. Economically active population is 1124.7 thousand people, of which 1037.7 thousand people are employed (employment rate - 62.5%), 87.0 thousand people. - unemployed (unemployment rate - 7.7%). Per 1000 people: the death rate was 6.9, the birth rate - 25.1, the marriage rate - 4.3, the divorce rate - 1.2. The average life expectancy in the country was 68.3 years: for men - 64.7 years, for women - 73.7 years. 1287.1 thousand people lived in the capital of the country in Ulaanbaatar. On average, for 1 sq. km. less than 2 people in the country. The trend of urbanization of the country continues. Internal migration of the population to cities, in particular in central regions and to the capital of the country continues.
Share rural population country - 33.8% (915.4 thousand people), urban - 66.2% (1789.1 thousand people). Issues of the quality of life of the population remain not fully resolved, especially in rural areas, as evidenced by the indicators of poverty and average living wage. The poverty rate in the country was 29.8%,
while in cities this figure is 26.6%, and in rural areas - 33.3%. Average the subsistence minimum in the country amounted to 117.8 thousand tugriks (the exchange rate of 1 ruble = 42 - 45 tugriks). In 2011, Mongolia ranked 155th in the world in terms of gross domestic product.
Under the conditions of modernization, one of the significant signs of a change in the social composition of the population is the processes of rural-urban migration of the population. The ratio of the urban and rural population in Mongolian society has an originality associated, on the one hand, with the processes of renomadization, and on the other hand, with urbanization. According to V.V. Graivoronsky, “for the first time since the middle of the 20th century, when an intensive process of industrialization and urbanization of the country began, in 1989-2000 the growth rate of the rural population (17.2%) outpaced the growth rate of the urban population (15.2%), which indicated a slowdown in the pace of urbanization and, moreover, about the reverse process, that is, about the outflow of part of the urban population to the countryside. At the same time, the average annual growth rate of the rural population in 1989-2000 increased to 1.6% against 1.3% in 1979-1989. It was during these years that the process of renomadization was observed, that is, the reverse transition of part of the population from a settled way of life to nomadic and semi-nomadic. This phenomenon was of a short-term nature, since it was associated with the deterioration of living conditions in the cities of Mongolia. In the future, the process of urbanization intensified, urban population began to grow faster than agriculture. Indeed, the latest facts and figures indicate that the process of urbanization will only continue in the direction of intensification. The most significant factors of internal migration in modern Mongolian society are considered to be:
The loss of livestock as the main source of livelihood, " movable property» nomad. The reasons for the decrease or loss of livestock can be: lack of fodder (dzut), depletion of pastures due to climatic conditions, mass attacks of wolves, infectious diseases of animals, cattle theft, etc. Together, these reasons contribute to the impoverishment of pastoralists and, ultimately, they cannot withstand fierce competition with the most prosperous and wealthy pastoralists and are forced to migrate to cities;
High unemployment in rural areas (up to 18-20%). Due to the limited scope of employment, the lack of income in the steppe, some pastoralists are ready to perform low-skilled, seasonal or temporary work in cities in order to provide themselves with food, satisfying at least their primary needs;
The deteriorating quality of education in many rural schools is pushing parents to give their children the opportunity to receive a better education in aimag (district) centers or cities. Some parents move with their children when they enter high school or higher education. educational establishments, and some change their place of residence to the city after the employment of children;
Limited access to social and health services. The lack of doctors of narrow specialties and the poor supply of medical equipment in the hospitals of somons and aimags causes high costs for villagers who travel to large cities for examination and treatment;
Lack of electricity, communications and transport. According to some information, 130 soums are not connected to electrical networks, 180 thousand pastoralists do not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of civilization;
Low solvency of the rural population, limited market sphere, weak infrastructure. Entrepreneurial people prefer to relocate to cities in order to conduct their business.
Intensive internal migration flows to the urbanized regions of the country entail an aggravation of the social problems of society, which have deep socio-economic roots. On the example of the capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, one can see the scale and speed of this process. In April 2007, the millionth milestone was overcome in the capital, Ulaanbaatar was inscribed 452nd in the list of world cities with a million population, and in Asia - 182nd. The population density of the capital is 222 people per 1 sq. km, almost every second inhabitant of the country lives in Ulaanbaatar. There are 4.2 people per each metropolitan family. On average, 78 people immigrate to Ulaanbaatar every day from aimags and cities, and 29 people leave back. The number of foreigners coming on official business, as well as as tourists or for temporary residence, is 1284 people.
The given data demonstrate the trend of accelerating migration and urbanization of the population in the capital of Mongolia. Both positive and negative changes in the social sphere of Ulaanbaatar are associated with these processes. The positive consequences of migration to cities include: improved competition in the labor market, an increase in the share of citizens of the working population, market expansion, an increase in the purchasing power of the population, the provision of social services, access to education, and medical services for migrants from rural areas.
The negative factors of internal migration to cities, including the capital, are more associated with the emergence a large number migrants from rural areas in the suburbs, in the so-called "yurt neighborhoods". This phenomenon entails a deepening of inequality, an increase in the level of poverty, unemployment, an aggravation of social tension, an increase in the level of crime, antisocial and deviant forms of behavior, and alcoholization of the population. The expansion of yurt microdistricts becomes a big problem in solving the problems of urban planning, the entire strategy of socio-economic development of the country's capital. The low level of infrastructure development, the underdevelopment of the network of social institutions, schools, clinics, kindergartens in such territories puts the leadership of the capital in a difficult position, as the scale of problems is constantly expanding. One fifth of the residents of the capital are not provided with the most necessary things, they live in conditions of limited access to education and medical services. Due to their low solvency, 79.4% of rural migrants are not provided with electricity, 25.5% do not have permits for the land they occupy. In addition, the problem of environmental safety of overpopulated territories is aggravated. Air pollution in the capital exceeds the permissible limits by 28 times, which is mainly due to the use of coal in yurts, as well as an increase in the number of vehicles in the capital. The load on the soil cover is increasing, which exceeds the standards by 10-16 times. The ubiquitous appearance of unauthorized toilets, rubbish and dumps does not have the best effect on the general condition of these territories, demonstrating high level pollution. The negative consequences of internal migration of the population to the capital of the country are a complex of interrelated social problems of urbanism. The solution of such problems requires coordinated action on the part of the authorities.
government, public organizations, as well as international financial institutions actively supporting Mongolia in solving the problems of poverty, unemployment, social sphere, medicine and agriculture.
The state of the migration issue in the rural areas of Mongolia demonstrates rather negative consequences than positive ones. The decrease in the number of young people in rural areas and the migration of families to cities destabilize the sustainable development of rural areas; declining productive force in the agro-industrial sector, since 74% of migrants are aged 15-64 and 26% are 0-14; with a decrease in the rural population, the development of production is limited and the volume of the rural market decreases, the already low density of the rural population decreases, "desertification" of vast territories occurs, pastoralists leave their previously settled nomadic pastures. However, there is another, but very interesting, trend characteristic of rural areas: a change in the ratio of the urban and rural population in favor of the former does not lead to a decrease in the number of livestock in the country. 154.9 thousand families or 311.2 thousand cattle breeders with a total number of 36335.8 thousand heads of cattle are involved in the traditional sector of the economy - cattle breeding. The internal policy of the state, aimed at the further development of cattle breeding, helps to maintain the livestock population at a certain level, despite the strongest dzut (lack of fodder) in 2010, when, according to various estimates, more than 8 million head of livestock died in the country (in 2009, the livestock population was 44023, 9 thousand head.). Agriculture occupies in the structure country's GDP third place with an indicator of 13%, after the mining industry - 21.7% and wholesale and retail trade - 18.9%. The growth of Mongolia's economic development in 2011 by 14.1% demonstrates, in our opinion, the prospects for further economic growth, with possible positive consequences in the social sphere.
Thus, for last years internal migration to the cities and aimag centers of Mongolia began to gradually gain momentum, there is a tendency to increase the share of the urban population. In this regard, consideration and solution of the issues of internal migration, its causes, factors and consequences is the most urgent social problem in Mongolian society. The current situation requires further evidence-based study, monitoring studies, the results of which must be used to develop optimal solutions for the socio-economic development of overpopulated territories and the rational use of the country's labor resources in various sectors of the economy. The most important task is the development of extractive and processing industries, the establishment of private property in rural areas while maintaining the traditional nomadic animal husbandry, which has absorbed the millennial experience of life, traditions and culture of the Mongolian ethnic group.
Literature
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Transliteration according to GOST 7.79-2000 System B
1. Badaraev D.D. Sotsial "no-stratifikatsionnaya struktura naseleniya Mongolii i Respubliki Buryatiya v izmenyayushhemsya obshhestve nachala XXI v. (sravnitel" nye aspekty) / otv.red. YU.B. Randalov. Ulan-Udeh: Izd-vo Buryatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2011. 172 s.
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| Demographics of Mongolia | |
|---|---|
|
Demographics of Mongolia, FAO data, year 2015 |
|
| Population | 2754685 (2010 census); 3,000,000 (est. 2015-01-22); 3,057,800 as of December 31, 2015 (2015 Midterm Census) |
| density | 1.76 / km 2 |
| growth rate | 1.46% (2010 census) |
| Birth rate | 20.7 births/1000 population (2012 est.) |
| Mortality | 6.01 deaths/1000 population (2012 est.) |
| life expectancy | 68.63 years old (2012 est.) |
| the male | 66.16 years old (2012 est.) |
| female | 71.23 years old (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate | 2.19 (2012 est.) |
| infant mortality rate | 36 deaths / 1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Age structure | |
| 0-14 years old | 27.1% (2012 est.) |
| 15-64 years old | 68.9% (2012 est.) |
| 65 years and older | 4% (2012 est.) |
| sex ratio | |
| Total | |
| At birth | 1.05 male(s)/female (2012 est.) |
| Under 15 | 1.04 male(s)/female (2012 est.) |
| 15-64 years old | 1 male(s)/female (2012 est.) |
| 65 years and older | 0.77 male(s)/female (2012 est.) |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Mongolian |
| Main ethnic | Mongol |
| Minor ethnic | Kazakh |
| language | |
| official | Mongolian |
| colloquial | Mongolian, Kazakh |
Ethnic Mongols make up about 97% of the population and are made up of Khalkh and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the Mongolian ethnic population. The remaining 14% includes Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic differences between Mongolian subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.
Significant ethnic Turkic-speaker Kazakhs make up 3.9% of Mongolia's population. Khotons and Chantuu are a Mongolized people with Turkic origin who speak the Mongolian language.
Around 1860, a section of mid-zhuz Kazakhs who were seeking refuge from the Qing massacre in Xinjiang came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle in Bayan-Ulgii. There are smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia since 1990.
English is the most widely used foreign language followed by Russian. Recently, Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.
| ethnic groups | Ethno-linguistic family | 1956 | 1963 | 1969 | 1979 | 1989 | 2000 | 2010 |
| Khalkh | Mongolic | 639141 | 775376 | 911079 | 1235806 | 1610424 | 1934674 | 2168141 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | 36729 | 47735 | 62812 | 84305 | 120506 | 102983 | 101526 |
| Dorbet | Mongolic | 25667 | 31339 | 34725 | 45053 | 55208 | 66706 | 72403 |
| bayid | Mongolic | 15874 | 19891 | 25479 | 31053 | 39233 | 50824 | 56573 |
| Buryat | Mongolic | 24625 | 28523 | 29772 | 29802 | 35444 | 40620 | 45087 |
| zahchinas | Mongolic | 15772 | 14399 | 15662 | 18957 | 23478 | 25183 | 32845 |
| Dariganga | Mongolic | 16852 | 18587 | 20603 | 24564 | 29040 | 31909 | 27412 |
| Altai Uriankhians | Turkic | 10833 | 13140 | 15057 | 19475 | 22998 | 29766 | 26654 |
| Darkhats | Mongolic | 8826 | 10174 | 10716 | 14757 | 19019 | 21558 | |
| hotogoyty | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 7237 | 15460 |
| Torguud | Mongolic | 4729 | 6028 | 7119 | 8617 | 10050 | 12628 | 14176 |
| hotons | Mongolic | 2603 | 2874 | 4056 | 4380 | 6076 | 9014 | 11304 |
| Myangad | Mongolic | 2518 | 2712 | 3222 | 4173 | 4760 | 6028 | 6592 |
| Tuvan | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 4778 | 5169 |
| Barga | Mongolic | 2458 | 2343 | 2305 | +1999 | 2130 | 2506 | 2989 |
| Uzemchin | Mongolic | 2046 | 2070 | 2127 | +2030 | 2086 | 2386 | 2577 |
| Eljigin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 151 | 1340 |
| sartulae | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | +1540 | 1286 |
| Hamnigans of Tungus origin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 565 | 537 |
| Tsaatani | Turkic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 282 |
| Chantuu | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 380 | 260 |
| Kharchin | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 266 | 152 |
| Chahar | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 123 | 132 |
| (Huuchid) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Baarin) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Khorchin) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| (Included) | Mongolic | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Russian citizens | 13444 | 8905 | 1433 | 196 | 140 | +2020 | 2474 | |
| Chinese citizens | 16157 | 21981 | 725 | 344 | 247 | 3374 | 8688 | |
| Korean citizens | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 338 | 1522 | |
| American citizens | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 303 | 656 | |
| other | 11125 | 6819 | 35045 | 8653 | 1509 | ... | ... | |
| Mongolia | 845481 | 1017162 | 1188271 | 1538980 | 1987274 | 2365269 | 2754685 | |
The literacy rate is the percentage of people over the age of 15 who can read and write.
Total population: 98,3%
After declining enrollment rates during the transition to a market economy in the 1990s, school attendance is now once again almost universal: attendance elementary school are estimated at 97%, and for adults, literacy is at the level of 98%.
Young Mongolian boy
Various forms of shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic peoples in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and is still practiced.
Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism has been the predominant religion. However, it was not suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one storefront of the monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, when liberalization began, Buddhism has experienced a resurgence.
Life in sparsely populated Mongolia is becoming increasingly urbanized. Almost half of the population lives in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, as well as in other regional centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. The population growth rate of Mongolia is estimated at 1.54% (2000 census). About two-thirds of the total population is aged 30, 36% of whom are under 14 years of age.
Key: For population growth 1979 - 2008
| Rank | title | Mongolian | Inhabitants (1979 est.) |
Inhabitants (1989 est.) |
residents (2000 census) |
Inhabitants (est. 2008) |
Change since 1979 | Growth percentage / year | Administrative block |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Bator* | Ulaanbaatar | 396300 | 540600 | 711900 | 1008738 | 612438 | + 5,2% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 2. | Erdenet | Erdenet | 29100 | - | 68310 | 86866 | 57766 | + 6,6% | Orkhon |
| 3. | Darkhan | Darkhan | 49100 | - | 65791 | 74300 | 25200 | + 1,7% | Darkhan-Uul |
| 4. | Choibalsan | Choibalsan | 28500 | 37300 | 40123 | 38150 | 9650 | + 1,1% | Dornod |
| 5. | Jerk | Moron | 16500 | 21300 | 28903 | 36082 | 19582 | + 4,0% | Khubsugul |
| 6. | Nalaih | Nalaih | - | - | 23600 | 29115 | 5515 | + 3,0% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 7. | Khovd | Khovd | 17500 | 24100 | 25765 | 28601 | 11101 | + 2,1% | Khovd |
| 8. | Ulgiy | Olgiy | 18700 | 27200 | 25791 | 27855 | 9155 | + 1,6% | Bayan-Ulgiy |
| 9. | Bayankhongor | Bayankhongor | 16300 | 21200 | 22066 | 26252 | 9952 | + 2,0% | Bayankhongor |
| 10. | Baganuur | Baganuur | - | - | 21100 | 25877 | 4777 | + 1,8% | Ulaanbaatar |
| 11. | Arvaikheer | Baganuur | 12300 | 16900 | 19058 | 25622 | 13322 | + 3,6% | Övörkhangai |
| 12. | Ulaangom | Ulaang | 17900 | 22900 | 25993 | 21406 | 3506 | + 0,67% | Uvs |
| 13. | Suhe | Sukhbaatar | 14300 | 19600 | 22374 | 19626 | 5326 | + 1,2% | Selenga |
| 14. | Sainshanda | Sainshand | 11100 | 10300 | 18290 | 25210 | 14110 | + 4,2% | South Gobi aimag |
| 15. | Dalanzadgad | Dalanzadgad | 10000 | 14300 | 14050 | 16856 | 6856 | + 2,3% | smarten up |
| 16. | Tsetserleg | Tsetserleg | 14700 | 20300 | 18519 | 16300 | 1600 | + 0,37% | Arkhangai |
| 17. | Uliastai | Uliastai | 15400 | 20300 | 18154 | 16240 | 840 | + 0,17% | Zavkhan |
| 18. | Altai | Altai | 13700 | 18800 | 15741 | 15800 | +2100 | + 0,5% | Gobi-Altai |
| 19. | Zuuneharaa | Zunkharaa | 11400 | - | 15 000 (2004) | - | 3600 | + 1,1% | Selenga |
| 20. | Underhaan | Andorkhaan | 11100 | 14400 | 18003 | 14800 | +3700 | + 1,1% | Khentii |
| 21. | Zuunmod | Zuunmod | +9800 | 15800 | 14837 | 14568 | 4768 | + 1,6% | Tova |
| 22. | Baruun-Yurt | Baruun-Urt | 11600 | 16100 | 15133 | 12994 | +1394 | + 0,4% |
Mongolia is a country that is located in East Asia, borders on Russia, China and has no access to the sea. Vast territories of the country, some of which are not very suitable for life, are unevenly populated. At the same time, Mongolia boasts a rapid pace of economic development and a fairly high standard of living for the population. Mongolia has observer status in most international organizations.
The first attempts to establish the Mongolian state were made by disunited tribes that settled the territory of modern Mongolia 850 thousand years ago, in the 4th century BC. The Huns then united to fight the Chinese tribes and ruled over the Mongolian steppe until 93 BC. Later, the Hunnic Empire was replaced by several Kirghiz, Turkic and Mongol khanates. None of them managed to gain a foothold in the Mongolian lands for a long time: a nomadic lifestyle, militancy and insufficiently authoritative power - all this caused disunity.
A more stable union of tribes went down in history under the name Khamag Mongol and became the basis of the future Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. But already from the end of the 13th century, cultural differences, the death of the strongest ruler, the endless redistribution of power and the heterogeneity of the population of the state caused the beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
For the next few centuries, the Mongolian steppes were occupied by various rulers, empires and nationalities: the Yuan Empire, the Northern Yuan dynasty, the Chinese Qing Empire, ruled by the Manchu dynasty, until 1911. When the Xinhai Revolution thundered in China, which put an end to the empire, and a national revolution arose in Mongolia itself, statehood as such did not exist on the territory of modern Mongolia.
New Mongolia in 1915 was recognized as an autonomous part of the Republic of China, and nine years later, the independence of the state was proclaimed again (for the first time in 1911). However, until the end of World War II, the independence of Mongolia was recognized only by the USSR.
The Mongolian People's Republic was characterized by some features of Soviet power: repression, collectivization, destruction of monasteries, and later perestroika. The aggression of Japan was reflected by the joint actions of the USSR and Mongolia. The modern history of Mongolia began with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1992 and a change in political course.
Mongolia is a parliamentary republic with a diverse population. The head of state is the president, the executive power is represented by the government, the legislative power is represented by the parliament, which is called the State Great Khural. In the localities, power remains in the hands of local governments, which are elected for a term of four years.
In 2008, a domestic political crisis occurred in Mongolia, which provoked riots in the capital of the state (Ulaanbaatar) and caused a change of government and presidential re-elections. The current president of the state is Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, and the ruling party is the Mongolian People's Party (MNP).
In terms of territory, the state occupies the nineteenth place in the world, being quite large. The area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 km², which is commensurate, for example, with half of Yakutia. Most of the country (in terms of geographical features) is occupied by a plain with several towering ridges and mountain ranges. The Gobi Desert is located in the southern part of Mongolia.
All sources of fresh water originate in the mountains and are fed by several large tributaries. There are a large number of lakes in Mongolia, many of which are temporary, that is, they form during the rainy season and disappear during the drought.
The area of Mongolia and the location of the state make the climate sharply continental. The average temperature in the winter season ranges from -25 to -35 degrees, in summer it is within the same values with a plus sign. Precipitation decreases from northwest to south.
Mongolia, whose population is unevenly distributed over the territory of the state, is divided into 21 aimaks, with a total of 329 somons, and the capital Ulaanbaatar. The largest city is expectedly the capital, with one and a half million permanent residents. The administrative center is followed in terms of population by the aimag Khuvsgel (114 thousand people), Dornogovi (109 thousand people) and Uverkhangay (100 thousand people).
A characteristic feature of Mongolia is the presence of temporary settlements, in connection with which an address system different from the standard is used. So, in Mongolia there are no usual names of cities, streets, numbers of houses and apartments, and addresses are replaced by digital codes that allow you to locate an object on the ground with an accuracy of one meter. Moreover, the longer the code, the more accurately you can determine the location of the object. The system is suitable for use on a global scale, and is actively used in digital cartography and navigation systems.
The economy of Mongolia is developing extremely dynamically, and the state itself is the largest sales market in the entire Asia-Pacific region. According to the latest forecasts, the state's economy will grow at least 15% per year in the short term.
The main industries of Mongolia are represented by:
Considering the employment of the population, it can be noted that most of the able-bodied citizens are employed in agriculture (41%), slightly less in the service sector.(29%) and trade (14%).
Mongolia sends oil products, equipment (both industrial and industrial) and consumer goods for import (the population is provided with everything necessary). The main partners in international trade are Russia, China, Japan and South Korea.
The Central Bank has the same functions as similar institutions in other states. The currency of Mongolia is the Mongolian tugrik, which was put into circulation in 1925. To date, the average exchange rate is: 2405 tugriks = 1 US dollar. Despite the fact that there is a national currency of Mongolia, the American dollar is also in circulation (it is used in almost all areas, except for paying for public services) and the Russian ruble or euro, which are accepted in small shops (mainly in the capital) and markets.
By the way, prices in Mongolia pleasantly surprise tourists. You can buy memorable souvenirs, products made of natural wool and leather, carpets in the capital at a lower cost than in Russia. Food prices are moderate. So, lunch will cost an average of 6-7 dollars.
The population of Mongolia is characterized by mono-ethnicity, the predominant number of urban population (even despite the large employment in agriculture), positive natural growth, a large number of dialects in the language of the population and a diverse religious composition.
The population of Mongolia according to the data for 2015 is 3 million 57 thousand people. The inhabitants of the capital account for one third of the total number of citizens. The nature of the resettlement of citizens across the territory of the state will be discussed in more detail below.
The natural increase of the population is 28 persons per 1000 citizens per year. This fact allowed the population of Mongolia to quadruple between 1950 and 2007. Back in 1918, the population of Mongolia was only 647 thousand people, and by 1969 it was already twice as many. Any correct data on the number of inhabitants until 1918 was not preserved due to the difficult history of the formation of statehood, when the territories of Mongolia were part of other countries, and the indigenous population was oppressed.
The average population density in Mongolia is almost 2 people per square kilometer. This indicator was the reason for placing the state in last place (195th line) in the list of world population density. The most densely populated (5-6 people per square kilometer) in Mongolia are the valley of the Orkhon River and the mountainous regions of Khangai - the most livable areas to the west of the capital.
Vast territories (40%) of the state are unsuitable for a comfortable life due to natural features. The population density is a record one person per 10-15 square kilometers, part of the territories remains completely uninhabited.
Mongolia (the population is predominantly representatives of the Mongolian group) is a mono-ethnic state. The dominant ethnic group is divided into several clans of Turkic origin, sub-ethnic groups and close ethnographic groups.
In addition to the indigenous population, which makes up just over 82% in total, Turks, Russians and Chinese live in the country. There are only 1,500 Russians in Mongolia, while as many as 20,000 lived in the late 1980s. Mostly Old Believers fled to the neighboring state, fleeing religious persecution in their homeland. There are currently several hundred Chinese living in Mongolia, while in the 60s the number of immigrants from China in Mongolia reached 25 thousand people.
The diversity of closely related ethnic groups predetermines minor, but still pronounced linguistic differences. The state (Mongolian) includes several dialects:
Turkic dialects are also widespread:
Teaching in the capital of the state is also conducted in Kazakh.
In 1945, the Mongolian language was translated into Cyrillic with the addition of two more distinct letters. Old Mongolian is not used today, although attempts to restore the language have been repeatedly made. To this day, Tibetan is widely used in religious practices, in which works of art, religious and scientific treatises were written in past centuries.
The main religion in Mongolia is modified Buddhism (53%). At the same time, in the capital, the majority of Christian, not Buddhist temples (197 versus 63). Most of the population are atheists (38%). Religious diversity is also represented by Islam, shamanism, Christianity and some other religions.
Mongolia, whose standard of living in most sources remains beyond the scope of the narrative, is a fairly developed state with a stable economy. Until now, people leading a nomadic lifestyle have remained in the country, but their existence is facilitated by the numerous benefits of civilization. The capital is similar to most modern cities. So, today Mongolia is confidently opening a “window to the big world” for itself.
The essence of urbanization is to increase the role of cities in the life of the population, the development of urban relations. As a result, there are fewer rural residents, and the urban industry receives the necessary workers. This is happening in different parts of the world, for example, the urbanization of overseas Asia has become commonplace.
In the 20th century, Asia's population quadrupled in a relatively short period of time. This does not apply to the more distant regions of the east. And in the west and in the central regions, the population increased by 12 times.
Moreover, at the beginning of the century, the number of inhabitants grew gradually and insignificantly. In the second half of the century there was a population boom. It was associated with both the rapid pace of urbanization and the development of industry.
| State | 1950 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| China | 580 | 830 | 980 | 1143 | 1283 | 1316 |
| India | 338 | 556 | 688 | 839 | 1021 | 1103 |
| Indonesia | 77 | 124 | 149 | 179 | 209 | 223 |
| Pakistan | 35 | 65 | 83 | 110 | 143 | 158 |
| Bangladesh | 42 | 69 | 87 | 109 | 129 | 142 |
| Japan | 83 | 104 | 117 | 122 | 127 | 128 |
| Vietnam | 27 | 43 | 54 | 66 | 79 | 84 |
| Philippines | 21 | 39 | 49 | 61 | 76 | 83 |
| Turkey | 21 | 35 | 45 | 57 | 68 | 73 |
| Iran | 17 | 29 | 38 | 52 | 66 | 70 |
| Thailand | 24 | 39 | 47 | 56 | 61 | 64 |
| Myanmar | 19 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 48 | 51 |
| Korea | 25 | 34 | 38 | 43 | 47 | 48 |
Industrialization contributed to the influx of rural residents into larger settlements. The rural population as a class has practically ceased to exist in such states as Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. About 20 years ago, the People's Republic of China joined them.
But in countries that were colonies, there was an increase in both urban and rural residents. True, the increase in the population of cities took place much more intensively.
In the 1950s and 1970s, the number of workers in rural areas fell by 68%, while in industrial regions it increased by 12%. At the same time, more than 100 million workers, or a quarter of the total increase in rural residents, came to the agricultural sector.
Three Pillars of Urbanization
The difference between the urbanization of the West and Asia is that in Western countries the peasants changed their place of residence, due to which there was an increase in the urban population. In the eastern countries, there was an increase in urban residents.
However, with the countries of Asia, the population explosion played a cruel joke. High growth has created more poor and destitute.
Therefore, in the early 70s, bills were passed to limit the birth rate. This affected such states: China, North Korea, Singapore, Iran, Vietnam.
In the late 40s of the last century, 1/5 of the population of Asia was urban. By the 1980s - if you do not take into account the countries that have seriously succeeded in the agricultural industry: China, Indonesia and others - people living in cities made up 44%.
Countries where cities and city dwellers play a key role
The beginning of the 21st century was the impetus for the urbanization of Iran (62% of city dwellers), Malaysia (57%) and the Philippines (59%). Already most Asian countries had 42% of the townspeople. But the rural population, despite urbanization, still prevails in this part of the world.
Most rural residents live in five countries: India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh. There are many peasants among the population of Thailand, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Myanmar and Nepal.
The largest increase in the population of cities was recorded in the 50s. This was facilitated by the industrialization of large cities. Many additional jobs were organized, which led to an influx of rural residents.
Cultural centers and educational institutions were opened. There was such a phenomenon as metropolisation: the suburbs of large cities became their full-fledged parts.
At the same time, large-scale industry did not occupy a leading place in. Many remained to work in the services and small industries. This did not allow people to have high earnings.
Of course, each country has its own economic level of development. But the technical progress of large countries is increasingly absorbing small industries.
Several factors can be distinguished: economic, social, migration and demographic, administrative and external.
