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Agriculture Chuvash Republic: current state, development prospects
1. TtheoreticalAspectsAPK
1.1 The concept, essence and tasks of the agro-industrial complex
The agro-industrial complex is a set of interrelated sectors of the economy involved in the production, processing of agricultural products and bringing it to the consumer.
Feature of agriculture as an industry material production is the specificity of the factors and conditions of production.
First, land is the main means of production. distinctive feature which is that in the process of rational use, it constantly increases its fertility. Land is limited in size and cannot be moved.
Secondly, agricultural production depends on natural biological factors, which determine the characteristics of reproduction in this sector of the national economy. They concern structure and circulation. production assets. Here, along with buildings, structures, machines and mechanisms, the main production assets also include such specific funds as working and productive livestock, fruit and berry plantations, and the composition of working capital includes feed, seeds, and young fattening animals. Since they are created and used in every household, they do not always take a commodity form.
Thirdly, production here is seasonal, which affects the turnover of fixed and working capital. Many tools are used for a short time (seeders, combines, forage harvesters), but, nevertheless, in accordance with the technology and timing of the work, the farm needs a complete set of them.
Fourthly, agricultural production is dependent on weather and climatic conditions. This circumstance, as well as the relatively slow turnover of funds, require for a normal reproduction process a higher level of equipment with production assets and mandatory insurance and reserve stocks.
Agriculture can develop successfully only in close connection with industries that supply it with the necessary means of production and process its products. The sectors of the national economy involved in the creation, processing and sale of agricultural products form the agro-industrial complex (AIC).
Agro-industrial complex (AIC) - a complete production and economic system, which arose on the basis of the social division of labor and integration with industries that provide agriculture with the means of production.
In modern conditions, an intersectoral complex should be understood as a set of forms of interaction between industries various areas material production and trade, connected by common features of the processes of production and sale of finished products.
The complete scheme of the intersectoral complex is the following types commercial activities: extraction of raw materials, their processing and sale, as well as the production of means of production for all of the above processes.
In the economy of many states, as a rule, there are several intersectoral complexes, the main of which are:
fuel and energy (includes the creation and operation of generating capacities, production and processing energy resources, dispatching and supply of finished energy - electrical and thermal - to the end consumer);
timber industry (growing, harvesting, primary processing, sale of wood);
agro-industrial.
1.2 Meaning
The agro-industrial complex occupies a special place in the life of the state, as it provides the country with food and consumer goods. The development of the agro-industrial complex greatly affects the level of people's well-being, since its products account for more than 60% of trade goods. Agriculture is the most important link in the agro-industrial complex. It occupies a special place not only in the agro-industrial complex, but throughout national economy. Agriculture produces over 50% of all agricultural products, concentrates about 70% of all production fixed assets of the complex Epshtein DB Market fundamentalism in agricultural policy in Russia and accession to the WTO.
Agriculture should be considered not only as an industry that provides the country with food and industry with raw materials. No less significant is its strategic role as the main customer and consumer of industrial products, which ultimately forms profits in various sectors of the national economy. At the same time, at enterprises working for the countryside, as a rule, the level of profitability is much higher than in agriculture. In a stable state of the economy, one peasant provides work for seven or eight workers in other industries and wages much higher than in agriculture. It is the high level of development of agricultural production, its solvency, the ability and need to acquire and absorb material and technical resources (machinery, spare parts, chemicals, energy resources, etc.), which are the products of dozens of industries, that determines the sustainable development of the entire national economic complex. Agriculture, or rather its enterprises and farms, serve as a place of work for the agricultural producers themselves. The normal functioning of agriculture makes it possible to provide work for other sectors of the economy. Thus, 1 agricultural worker makes it possible to work for about 7 workers in other industries that produce means of production for him, service, process and sell products. Agriculture is the main consumer material resources countries: tractors, combines, trucks, fuels and lubricants, mineral fertilizers. Agriculture in 2011 consumed about 80% of all tractors produced in the country, 65% of grain combines, 20% of motor gasoline, almost 23% of diesel fuel produced in the country and 20% of mineral fertilizers. The share of agriculture accounts for over 13% of the value of Russia's fixed assets. Therefore, the effective development of agriculture is of great economic, economic and social importance in Russia.
Agriculture of the Chuvash Republic is of particular economic and political importance due to the densely populated region and is associated not only with the production of agricultural products, but is also an industry responsible for the preservation of the national way of rural life, environmental well-being, and the preservation of cultural heritage. About 13% of the gross regional product is created in the agro-industrial complex of the republic, more than 12% of fixed production assets are concentrated here. As of July 1, 2007, about 470 agricultural organizations, 2330 peasant farms, 193 agricultural consumer cooperatives and more than 70 food and processing enterprises are engaged in the production of agricultural products in Chuvashia.
The inclusion of agriculture in the number of priority national projects was the result of significant changes in the countryside. For the first time in the last 15 years, not only political, but also real economic support and attention to agriculture is being provided by the federal center. The revival of the village is becoming one of the most important tasks, the solution of which determines the degree of socio-economic stability, both in the country and in the republic. The policy pursued in recent years in the field of the agro-industrial complex of the Chuvash Republic fully meets the objectives of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". The experience gained during the implementation of a number of targeted republican programs in the field of agro-industrial complex made it possible to lay a solid foundation and became a good start for the implementation of this priority national project on the territory of the republic.
For the development of the agro-industrial complex in the first half of 2007, 278.8 million rubles were allocated from the republican budget of Chuvashia to support the republic's agricultural producers. From federal budget 154.3 million rubles were transferred for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region, which is 5.6 times more than in the same period last year.
On a subsidized basis interest rates on commercial loans from the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex of the Chuvash Republic as of July 1, 2007 attracted loans in the amount of 1.1 billion rubles, which amounted to 151.7% of the corresponding period last year. The amount of issued loans on the terms of reimbursement of expenses for the payment of interest from the federal budget in the first half of 2007 amounted to 0.5 billion rubles, preferential credit resources attracted within the framework of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" - 2.4 billion rubles . The task set for 2007 is to attract at least 8 billion rubles to the agro-industrial complex.
State support provided to agricultural organizations has made it possible to significantly increase the production of agricultural products. The index of the physical volume of agricultural production in all categories of farms in January-June this year. according to Chuvashstat, it amounted to 105.7% compared to the corresponding period of the last year.
Agricultural organizations of the republic are actively working on preparations for the 2007 harvest. the sown area in all categories of farms amounted to 566.6 thousand hectares (100.4% compared to 2006), 182.9 thousand hectares were sown with spring grain and leguminous crops for this year's harvest, potatoes were planted on an area of 43.9 thousand .ha
The main direction in the technical policy of the agro-industrial complex of the Chuvash Republic is the formation of an efficient fleet of machines and equipment for the transition to modern resource-saving technologies.
In the absence of financial resources for agricultural producers, the renewal of the machine and tractor fleet is mainly carried out with the support of the Government of the Chuvash Republic. Chuvashagroleasing OJSC in the first half of the year purchased and handed over agricultural machinery to the agro-industrial complex of the republic with funds from the republican budget in the amount of 169.6 million rubles (in January-June 2006 - in the amount of 150.0 million rubles. Based on resource-saving technology in the first half of the year, grain and leguminous crops were sown on an area of about 42 thousand hectares (20% of the sown area. By 2010, it is planned to increase this area to 150 thousand hectares. This technology provides a reduction in direct costs by 2-3 times and saving fuel and lubricants by 40% Economic efficiency from the introduction of resource-saving technologies amounted to more than 40.0 million rubles.
The cultivation of potatoes according to the new technology using high-performance equipment in the republic is carried out on an area of more than 3.7 thousand hectares, or 40% of the total area.
Particular attention is paid to the development of the livestock sector by the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". In the livestock sector, Chuvashia specializes in the production of milk, meat and eggs. The breeding of dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry is facilitated by a well-developed network of breeding farms that can satisfy the demand of agricultural producers of the republic for breeding products.
Zooveterinary specialists of the republic achieve notable success in the production of livestock products. Gross milk yield in January-June in farms of all categories amounted to 260.7 thousand tons, or 11.8% more than the same level last year. In most farms, the installation of milking machines with high-performance milk coolers has been completed, which directly affected the quality of the products. The average milk yield per cow in agricultural enterprises in the first half of the year increased by 111.0% and amounted to 2004 kilograms. In connection with the upcoming entry of Russia into the WTO and the introduction of a new GOST for milk, the requirements for the quality of produced and sold milk are being tightened. Compared to last year's level specific gravity premium milk increased from 6.3% to 10.1%.
The introduction of energy-saving technologies and the adoption by the Government of the republic of the subprogram "Development of pig breeding in the Chuvash Republic (2005-2010)" of the republican target program "Development of the agro-industrial complex of the Chuvash Republic for 2004-2010" made it possible to significantly increase the number of pigs. As of July 1, 2007, the total number of pigs in all categories of farms increased by 23.4% compared to the corresponding period in 2006.
Farms of all categories of meat produced 40.3 thousand tons or 106.2% of the 2006 level. Livestock breeders of Chuvashia have seen in practice that the transition to new technologies for raising pigs contributes to a significant reduction in the cost of production.
As a result of the implementation of the republican subprogram for the development of poultry farming, the volume of poultry production is increasing. In January-June this year. egg production in poultry organizations increased by 15.1% and amounted to 135.7 million pieces. Egg laying of laying hens for 6 months amounted to 158 pieces, against 148 in the corresponding period of last year.
Stimulating the development of small forms of management in the agro-industrial complex within the framework of the national project, expanded the availability of credit resources for personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) households and created agricultural consumer cooperatives. Already today we can talk about some achievements in this direction.
The Chuvash peasant has become less conservative and is no longer afraid to take loans. Many owners of household plots do not even need to be convinced of something. At one time, for the development of personal farmsteads, people took a loan even at high bank (15-17%) interest. It is impossible not to take advantage of the support provided by the state on super favorable terms within the framework of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".
Since the announcement of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" as of July 1 of this year. more than 20 thousand citizens took an active part in its implementation. Small businesses issued loans for a total of 3.0 billion rubles. Work on attracting loans to the small-scale sector continues.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture Russian Federation Chuvashia occupies a leading position, both in obtaining soft loans for personal farmsteads, and in creating agricultural consumer cooperatives. In total, since the implementation of the project, 126 agricultural consumer cooperatives have been created in the republic, including 24 credit cooperatives, 62 supply and marketing cooperatives, and 40 processing cooperatives. Work in this direction continues. But this is not enough. In order to create conditions for the sale of products produced in the small-scale sector, the President of the Chuvash Republic set the task of creating in each rural settlement at least one agricultural consumer cooperative.
The third direction of the national project - Providing affordable housing for young professionals (or their families) in the countryside, no less significant. There will be housing - there will be someone to live and work in the countryside. Solution housing problems in Chuvashia is the most important direction of state policy. Together with local self-government bodies, an analysis of the provision of housing was carried out and the need for housing for the category of citizens provided for by the national project was determined. Housing is provided on the basis of co-financing under the federal target program “Social Development of the Village until 2010”, which has been in force since 2003.
It was hardly possible to achieve high results in the development of production without paying attention to personnel and social infrastructure. One of the priority tasks of the state policy of the Chuvash Republic is also to assist the village in providing leadership personnel. To attract highly qualified managers to production in countryside In 2005, the President of the Chuvash Republic made a decision to invest in a person. Managers who successfully passed the competition are provided with state support: paid lump sum for the initial arrangement in the amount of 100 thousand rubles, subsidies for the construction (purchase) of housing in the amount of 70% of the cost of housing, but not more than 1.0 million rubles, as well as subsidies for the payment of interest on attracted loans for the purchase of a personal car, expenses for professional retraining, advanced training or internship within the Russian Federation and abroad are reimbursed. Not only residents of the republic can take part in the competition, but also people from Chuvashia who wish to return to their homeland, as well as representatives of other regions of the Russian Federation and countries of near and far abroad. As of July 1, 2007 government commission 26 managers were selected for the selection of management personnel for work in rural areas. Most of the leaders who successfully passed the competition are already achieving significant success in increasing agricultural production today.
The next incentive for the more active development of agricultural production was the decision taken last year to provide them with a significant state support. Managers who have worked in this position and organization continuously for more than 10 years, while ensuring efficient agricultural production and decent wages, are allocated subsidies from the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic for the construction (purchase) of housing in the amount of 1 million rubles, and subsidizing interest rates is also provided. on mortgage loans. The commission selected 10 leaders, three of whom have already received state support.
The competitiveness of the village today directly depends on the skillful organization and adoption of the right management decisions by the management of the economy, the timely use of modern technologies and high-performance equipment.
1.3 Problems of development of agro-industrialCR complex
The main problems of the development of the agro-industrial complex of the republic are:
1. Lack of own funds for the formation of working capital and the renewal of fixed assets for agroindustrial organizations, peasant (farm) enterprises.
2. Uncertainty and lack of duly registered ownership or use of agricultural land plots.
3. A high degree of depreciation of the material, technical and technological base of many organizations in the food and processing industry.
4. Not fully exploiting the potential of basic species economic activity in agriculture - livestock breeding and seed production - to ensure a synergistic effect in the agro-industrial complex of the republic.
5. Lack of mechanisms and necessary means to support the sustainable development of rural areas.
6. Insufficiently high level of competitiveness of agricultural products, raw materials and food in terms of price parameters in comparison with subsidized imported products, as well as with products manufactured in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - donors, which have more opportunities to subsidize agricultural production from the regional budget.
7. Stay in the predicament of such prospective long term branches of agriculture of the Chuvash Republic, such as hop growing, production of industrial crops, cattle breeding.
8. Underdevelopment of the land market
Land is one of the most important resources for socio-economic and urban development. The lack of free purchase and sale of land has a negative impact on the formation of an effective land user, the expansion of economic areas, and the attraction of investors, including in the agro-industrial complex.
The land market in the Chuvash Republic is at the initial stage of formation. The most promising tool effective use land is a mortgage land plots.
At the moment, the legislative framework has been developed only for the first part of the mortgage scheme - providing a loan secured land plot. For the second part, related to the transfer of land into liquid assets, there are relations that are not regulated by law, which are serious obstacles.
One of the unresolved problems is the presence of unused arable land on agricultural land. At present, the size of such arable land is 75.2 thousand hectares, or 9.9% of the total area.
According to the Department of Rosnedvizhimost for the Chuvash Republic, as of January 1, 2007, in state property there were 1208.6 thousand hectares of land (65.88% of the land fund of the republic), in municipal ownership - 0.3 thousand hectares of land (0.02% of the land fund), in the ownership of legal entities - 2.3 thousand hectares of land (0.1% of the land fund), in the ownership of citizens - 623.1 thousand hectares (33.9% of the land fund).
For the formation of the land market and the development of land mortgages, it is first necessary to complete the processes of delineation and registration of land ownership rights. The delimitation of land according to ownership levels is necessary to combine the property and the land plot under it in order to form a single object of taxation, which will increase the revenue side of the consolidated budget of the Chuvash Republic.
The need to complete as soon as possible in the framework of the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Chuvash Republic of October 3, 2006 No. 80 "On additional measures to complete the state cadastral registration land plots and state accounting real estate objects in the Chuvash Republic” works on monitoring and cadastral valuation of land in order to create an information database on their condition and prospects for use is the basis for the effective functioning of the land market.
The development of land and market relations, the consolidation of land ownership, the activation of the processes of buying and selling and pledging land plots will increase the interest in investing in land and real estate, thereby increasing the investment attractiveness of the Chuvash Republic.
The further functioning of the agricultural sector in the absence of program measures will lead to the curtailment of the raw material base of the food and processing industry, which, developing more dynamically than the agricultural sector, will be forced to switch largely to imported raw materials.
The main strategic goals for the further development of the agro-industrial complex are the formation of an effective high-tech and competitive agricultural industrial production to improve the food supply of the population, with the active promotion of goods and agricultural raw materials produced in the republic to local, interregional and foreign markets.
One of the main aspects of transformations in the agro-industrial complex should be the participation of the state in this process. More effective state regulation is needed, primarily through direct investment in the agro-industrial complex. The solution of the problems of the agro-industrial complex will be facilitated by the unification of the efforts of the central government and the regions. Specifically, this should be expressed in the creation of a fund for the development of the agro-industrial complex at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as deductions of funds from business structures from profits in the amount determined by the administration of the region.
In general, agricultural policy should be aimed at developing a strategy, creating an effective management system that would protect the country and regions from crisis phenomena. Such a system can be created subject to state planning of the main parameters of the development of the agro-industrial complex in order to harmoniously combine public and private interests through the development and implementation federal program restoration and development of agro-industrial production. In accordance with the methodology of program-target planning and management, the program should contain an adjustment to the legislative framework, the definition of a hierarchy of goals and resources, a plan for the consistent implementation of tasks for the modernization of production, indicating the timing of activities and performers.
AT last years in the Chuvash Republic, the agrarian policy was aimed at maintaining all measures of state support, developing new areas focused on obtaining final results, and regulating the agricultural market. However, this did not radically solve the problem of low profitability of agricultural production.
Specified economic problems, in turn, led to the withdrawal of agricultural land from circulation and the departure of qualified specialists and workers from the village, a decrease in the technical and resource potential of agriculture.
The low profitability of crop and livestock production does not allow efficient use of the main means of production of the industry - land. The land in the Chuvash Republic is the most eroded compared to the lands of other regions of the Russian Federation. More than 80 percent of arable land is subject to water erosion, which requires the implementation of special measures with long-term state support measures.
The disparity of intersectoral relations has led to a sharp decline in the technical equipment of agricultural producers. Thus, the volume of agricultural products that an agricultural organization had to sell to purchase a tractor increased compared to the level of 2002 by 1.5 times - when selling wheat and 1.3 times - when selling milk. The gap in prices between the main types of agricultural products and purchased fuels and lubricants is increasing. In 2006, for the purchase of 1 ton of diesel fuel, it was required to sell 1.8 times more milk than in 2002.
Market prices for agricultural products do not provide sufficient profit to conduct expanded reproduction. In order to regulate the market of agricultural products, participate in the creation and operation of wholesale food markets, a state-owned unitary enterprise of the Chuvash Republic "Food Fund of the Chuvash Republic" was created.
One of the main and relevant ways to protect property interests agricultural producers at the present stage of development of the agricultural sector of the economy is insurance, primarily crops.
Given the need to use insurance protection in the agro-industrial complex, a mechanism is currently being used to stimulate agricultural producers to insure crops through subsidizing insurance payments. However, due to lack financial resources not all agricultural producers are full-fledged participants in the insurance services market.
The implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" contributed to a partial solution of the problem, but it is necessary to expand and extend the timing of the implementation of state support measures in order to provide a comprehensive impact on production, economic and social processes in the industry.
2. Moderne state of agriculture
Chuvashia is a small, but dynamically developing and investment-attractive region. The basis for long-term investment and successful business is the authority of the authorities, interethnic harmony, profitable geographical position, favorable natural and climatic conditions, developed engineering, telecommunications and transport infrastructures, legal and economic guarantees for investments, significant potential labor resources. The Chuvash Republic does not have reserves of strategic raw materials, so the main priority is an innovative way of economic development.
The functioning of the economy of the Chuvash Republic in the long term will be determined by external and internal conditions and factors.
Among the external conditions, the most important for Chuvashia will be the dynamics of the world economy, the use of the achievements of Russian and foreign companies in science-intensive high-tech sectors of the economy, Russia's entry into the World Trade Organization, socio-political and socio-economic stability in the Russian Federation, demographic situation.
The internal conditions affecting the pace of economic development and requiring maximum state influence include the following factors:
activation investment activity, implementation of large investment projects;
increasing the share of innovative competitive products in the manufacturing sector and developing new sales markets;
improving the quality of infrastructure as part of the implementation of priority national projects;
stimulation of diversification and technological development;
the state of production assets, the degree of their deterioration;
development of the public service sector;
limiting the increase in prices (tariffs) for housing and communal services;
implementation of budget policy to form an effective system budget spending and their optimization.
At present, the Chuvash Republic is characterized by positive trends in the growth of production in the leading sectors of the economy and significant changes in the social sphere.
Agro-industrial complex. The Chuvash Republic is located in the zone of risky agriculture. Agricultural organizations create about 13% of the gross regional product. The main branches of agriculture are grain production, potato growing, hop growing, meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming and beekeeping. In 2006, the volume of crop production decreased by 1.4% compared to 2005, the volume of livestock production increased by 7.1%, and in general, the volume of agricultural production increased by 3.2%.
The main producers of agricultural products are agricultural organizations and private farms. The share of production of private farms in 2006 amounted to 66.0% of the total volume of production, agricultural organizations - 31.9%, peasant (farm) farms - 2.1%.
Conducted in July 2006, the All-Russian Agricultural Census in the Chuvash Republic covered 1097 agricultural organizations, 2062 peasant (farm) enterprises and individual entrepreneur, 733 non-profit associations of citizens and 246.3 thousand private farms, based on the data of which federal informational resources on the main characteristics and structure of agriculture, including in the context of municipalities.
The implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" made it possible in 2006 to attract investments in the agro-industrial complex in the amount of 5.1 billion rubles (2.3 times more than in 2005), to increase the production of livestock and poultry in live weight for slaughter in all categories farms by 4.1%, milk - by 6.3%. In 2006, small forms of management attracted 1.8 billion rubles within the framework of the priority national project, as a result, the production of agricultural products in personal subsidiary plots increased by 1.2%, and their business activity increased. In order to sell the products of personal subsidiary farms, a network of agricultural consumer cooperatives (credit, marketing, servicing, supplying, processing) is being developed in the republic;
implementation of financial rehabilitation of individual agricultural organizations;
conformity economic situation and the existing specialization of agriculture in Chuvashia to the existing natural and climatic conditions;
development of a network of breeding farms (7 breeding plants and 36 breeding reproducers);
technical re-equipment of enterprises for the production of food products and the development of new types of products, including in the field of pharmacy and cosmetology;
participation of organizations of the agro-industrial complex in interregional associations and their entry into new markets;
increase in incomes of the population, including those living in rural areas;
implementation of a special staffing program, in accordance with which events are carried out and retraining of personnel is organized, including in foreign countries. As part of the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Chuvash Republic dated February 17, 2005 No. 15 “On additional state assistance to the village in providing management personnel in the production sector”, the number of qualified specialists in rural areas is increasing, relevant agreements are being concluded with farm managers. As a result, in 2006 the area under crops in Chuvashia increased by 36.0%, the proceeds from the sale of products - by 1.5 times, and the average monthly wage of employees - by 1.3 times.
In Chuvashia, the organizational and legal status of 57 collective farms has been preserved. The share of state-owned enterprises is 4.5%. In addition, there are 1286 peasant (farmer) households. The private sector produces 77% potatoes, 64.3% vegetables, 63.6% meat, 66.5% milk, 41.8% eggs and 97.5% wool. 1040.3 thousand hectares of agricultural land are assigned to farms of all categories, of which: arable land - 819.4 thousand hectares, perennial plantings - 20.3 thousand hectares, forage land - 200.6 thousand hectares. The area under crops of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories is 299408 hectares. The republic has historically been dominated by the production of grain, potatoes, vegetables, hops, meat, milk and eggs. In animal husbandry, Chuvashia specializes in the production of meat and milk. Cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, including geese and ducks are bred here. There is a breeding plant for growing horses.
The crisis in agriculture and the decline in its production immediately deal a heavy blow to the entire economy, as it leads to the loss of a huge amount of
Ways to improve
Project directions:
accelerated development of animal husbandry, stimulating the development of small businesses in the agro-industrial complex, providing affordable and comfortable housing for young professionals in the countryside as part of the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex";
attracting preferential long-term credit resources in accordance with the areas of state support provided for federal law dated December 29, 2006 No. 264-FZ "On the development of agriculture", in order to increase the efficiency of agricultural production;
increase in output by enterprises of the food and processing industry, improvement of product quality, transition to international standards the quality of agricultural raw materials, an increase in the production of food products with increased nutritional and biological value;
increase in production volumes of agricultural crops traditional for the Chuvash Republic;
preservation and development of the genetic potential of existing species of livestock and poultry using world achievements in breeding and reproduction, development of meat and dairy farming;
attracting investments to upgrade machinery and technological equipment in order to overcome technical backwardness in agriculture;
introduction of innovative resource- and energy-saving technologies in crop production and animal husbandry;
increase in labor productivity, which affects the increase wages agricultural workers;
optimization of the number of agricultural organizations based on their specialization;
improving the relationship of agricultural producers with processing, servicing and other partner enterprises on the basis of cooperative relations and integration processes.
Expected results:
Achieving high growth rates of agricultural production on the basis of increasing the efficiency and rational use of the existing competitive advantages of the Chuvash Republic;
introduction of an innovative model for the development of the agro-industrial complex;
increase in investments for the development of specialized organizations for the production of crop, livestock, and poultry products;
meeting the effective demand of the population of the Chuvash Republic for environmentally friendly agricultural products and products of its processing in full.
Bibliography
1. Modernization of the economy. - Cheboksary: Chuvash Publishing House. un-ta, 2010. - 234 p.
2. Republican target program "Innovative development - the basis of the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex of the Chuvash Republic for 2010-2015. and for the period up to 2020”: Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Czech Republic dated 04.06.2010 No. 167.
3. Shutkov A. Agrarian policy: socio-economic problems. // APK: economics, management. - 2011. - No. 5. - S. 3-10.
agro-industrial state incentives solvency
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Russia is a multinational state consisting of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, an autonomous region and autonomous districts, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation.
The allocation of administrative-territorial formations as part of the subjects of the Federation is due to the fact that the management of all spheres of public life from a single center is inefficient, since in this case the efficiency of management is lost, irrationally formed Information Support: on the one hand, information about a given territory can be oversaturated, including data of no significant importance, and on the other hand, incomplete, not containing special, specific characteristics.
Introduction………………………………………………………………………..3
1. Features of the problems of the regions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Regional problems on the example of the Czech Republic…………………………………..8
3. Ways to solve regional problems of the Chechen Republic………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..14
List of used literature………………………………………..16
2) "efficiency", which requires the rational use of the production potential of each region for the purpose of national welfare. Both of these goals can be both compatible and conflicting. As a rule, during the period of economic growth, the first goal prevails, during the period of crises, the second. It is not necessary that any one goal dominates in the policy of state bodies of different levels of the territorial hierarchy. However, there must be some consistency in regional policies pursued by federal, regional and local authorities, otherwise spatial inequalities will grow. In individual countries, there are different principles for the division of functions in the field of regional policy by central and regional authorities, specific schemes for combining macro- and micro-instruments. We understand the levers of monetary, fiscal and trade policies as a macro-instrument, and the levers of direct influence on workers (labor) and entrepreneurs (capital) as a micro-instrument. The choice of a specific instrument of micropolitics depends on the tasks and specific conditions for their solution that have developed at the (currently in the subjects of the Federation). With all the variety of tasks and the difference in conditions in the regions, there are some general patterns in the definition of measures (means) for solving problems. In the general case, possible directions of micropolitics are formed by choosing the object of influence: labor force (labor) or jobs (capital) - and choosing the direction of influence: internal or external restructuring of the conditions of activity (work and entrepreneurship).
2. Regional problems on the example of Chuvashia.
Comprehensive analysis of social economic development The Chuvash Republic revealed the following main problems.
I. Economic structural and investment problems of Chuvashia
1. Low innovative activity of enterprises with insufficient development of science-intensive and high-tech industries. Innovations are currently being introduced mainly at large enterprises of the republic that have their own research base. The Chuvash Republic ranks 6th among 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in terms of the share of organizations involved in innovation activities in the total number of surveyed organizations. Innovative development is hampered by the irrational use of the scientific potential of the Chuvash Republic, the use of inefficient mechanisms for involving domestic technological and intellectual resources in the economic turnover, and the underdevelopment of the innovation infrastructure.
2. Non-competitiveness of manufactured products and services. One of the conditions for inclusion in the international trade turnover is the introduction of international quality standards in the organizations of the republic. Currently, the number of organizations certified according to ISO 9000 is only 0.6% of the total number of organizations in the real sector of the economy. Only 4 enterprises have certificates of compliance with international standards ISO 14000: joint-stock companies "Promtractor", "Cheboksary Electric Apparatus Plant", "Percarbonate" and LLC "Elpri". Practically not involved in the process of implementing international quality standards are small businesses, organizations in the service sector, education, healthcare, the construction complex, and culture.
3. Decreased profitability, a high degree of depreciation of the material and technical base of agricultural producers. The land in the Chuvash Republic is the most eroded compared to the lands of other regions of the Russian Federation. The coefficient of dissection of the territory is 1.25, there are more than 3.7 thousand ravines and gullies with a length of over 22 thousand km. More than 80% of arable land is subject to water erosion. The decrease in the profitability and profitability of agricultural production deprived agricultural producers of the opportunity to conduct normal reproduction, and also led to a deterioration in the financial condition of agricultural organizations with the withdrawal of agricultural land from circulation and the departure of skilled labor from the village due to low incomes.
4. Underdevelopment of the land market. Land is one of the most important resources for socio-economic and urban development. The lack of free purchase and sale of land has a negative impact on the formation of an effective land user, the expansion of economic areas, and the attraction of investors, including in the agro-industrial complex. The land market in the Chuvash Republic is at the initial stage of formation. The most promising tool for the efficient use of land is the mortgage of land. At the moment, the legislative framework has been developed only for the first part of the mortgage scheme - the provision of a loan secured by a land plot. For the second part, related to the transfer of land into liquid assets, there are relations that are not regulated by law, which are serious obstacles. One of the unresolved problems is the presence of unused arable land on agricultural land. For the formation of the land market and the development of land mortgages, it is first necessary to complete the processes of delineation and registration of land ownership rights. The delimitation of land according to ownership levels is necessary to combine the property and the land plot under it in order to form a single object of taxation, which will increase the revenue side of the consolidated budget of the Chuvash Republic. The development of land and market relations, the consolidation of land ownership, the activation of the processes of buying and selling and pledging land plots will increase the interest in investing in land and real estate, thereby increasing the investment attractiveness of the Chuvash Republic.
5. Insufficient level of development of transport infrastructure, safety and quality of transport services. The Chuvash Republic is at the level of countries with developed market economy, but is significantly inferior to them in terms of the technical condition of the roadway, which does not meet regulatory requirements. The main part of the roads has the parameters of low categories, 77% of the total length of public roads of IV, V categories and non-category roads. To connect them with the public road network, it is necessary to build more than 1.0 thousand km of local roads. This will contribute to the integrated development of territories adjacent to cities and regional centers, in which the main production potential of the Chuvash Republic is concentrated, to increase the mobility of rural residents and to involve the recreational zones of the Chuvash Republic in the process of organizing recreation for residents and guests of the republic. The lack of permanent air communication with major cities and the possibility of receiving and releasing class 1 and 2 aircraft reduces the attractiveness of Chuvashia, especially for large investors. The level of development of the infrastructure of the river ports of the republic does not allow the full use of the existing potential of the region due to the insufficient depth of the navigation channel of one of the main transport arteries of Russia - the river. Volga. So far, the strategically important task of creating a single deep-sea route with a guaranteed depth of navigation along the international transport corridor "North - South" has not been implemented due to the lack of a decision by the Government of the Russian Federation to raise the level of the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level of 68 meters.
6. Unsatisfactory use of the tourist and recreational potential of the Chuvash Republic. In the Chuvash Republic, there is a positive dynamics of growth in volumes tourism services rendered in sanatorium, hotel, tourist organizations. However, the number of tourists visiting Chuvashia remains low.
7. Underdevelopment of the service market. Share of industries producing services in gross regional product in the Chuvash Republic is 40.3%, on average in the Russian Federation - 49% (in GDP), in the Volga Federal District - 41.3%, while the share of services in GDP in developed countries ranges from 60 to 80%. The market of services in Chuvashia is characterized by an insufficient level of their quality, the presence of disproportions in the development of certain types, mainly focused on consumers with low incomes. The largest share in the total volume paid services occupied mainly by household services, including housing and communal, transport and communication services, while the costs of intangible services are negligible. The traditions of production and consumption of non-material services, which form the stereotypes of the activities of market entities (consumers and producers), are not sufficiently developed.
II. Social problems of Chuvashia 8. Relatively low level income of the population. Despite the positive dynamics of real monetary incomes of the population of Chuvashia in recent years, they still lag behind similar average Russian indicators. A significant part of the population (20.3%) has an income level below the subsistence level (in Russia - 16.0%). There are significant disproportions in the level of wages in various sectors of the republic's economy.
9. Difficult demographic situation, the need to improve the health status of the population. The Chuvash Republic, as well as Russia as a whole, is characterized by the process of depopulation, which is based on a natural population decline due to a high mortality rate that exceeds the birth rate. In Chuvashia, there is a slight migration outflow, including the most active, young citizens - the potential of the future. The high mortality rate of the working-age population increases the risks of investing in the human capital of Chuvashia. The solution of problems in the field of demography and health should contribute to the reduction of direct and indirect socio-economic losses of society from manageable causes of death of the able-bodied population. All this will ultimately increase the investment attractiveness of the region and its residents.
10. Insufficient level of provision of citizens with comfortable and affordable housing. Despite the fact that the commissioning of housing per 1,000 people in the Chuvash Republic is significantly ahead of the average for the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation, the problem of providing housing for citizens in need remains acute. The level of depreciation of utility infrastructure facilities is on average 60%. The consequence of this is technological backwardness and low consumer quality of public services provided.
III. Environmental problems of Chuvashia
11. Incomplete construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex and the deterioration of the ecological state of the Cheboksary reservoir. For 25 years, the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex has been operated at a temporary intermediate level of 63.0 meters. The reservoir of the Cheboksary HPP has no useful capacity and does not regulate the spillway, which does not provide self-purification of water. Specific areas of shallow waters (31.5%) significantly exceed the permissible sanitary standards (15 - 20%).
12. Environmental pollution on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The growth in consumption, high population density (70.3 people per 1 sq. km) and the development of production lead to an increase in accumulated waste (by 43% over 5 years). The service life of many waste disposal facilities in the regions and cities of the Chuvash Republic is coming to an end. In Cheboksary, the capacity of the existing landfill has been exhausted. Specific gravity of contaminated Wastewater, discharged into surface water bodies, is 89.3% of the total wastewater discharge. In connection with the growth of motorization, the problem of air pollution in large cities is exacerbating.
3. Ways to solve regional problems.
The strategic development of Chuvashia in the long term is determined taking into account the priorities of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation, global trends in world development associated with the transition to a post-industrial society, the use of the latest technologies, the formation of a "knowledge economy" and the strengthening of integration economic processes in society. In the current conditions, Chuvashia needs to implement a set of measures to strengthen its competitive position in the Russian and world markets, create a high-tech, innovatively receptive and dynamically developing economy based on its own potential, comparative advantages of the republic, targeted investment policy and active attraction of investment capital in all spheres of life, creating multiplier effect and forming accelerated socio-economic growth. The spatial development of the territory of the Chuvash Republic is based on the fullest possible use of the potential of investment zones, determined in accordance with the Territorial Integrated Urban Planning Scheme. Depending on the natural resource, labor, industrial, infrastructure, agricultural and investment potential municipal areas Chuvashia are grouped into four characteristic zones. Northern zone - Yadrinsky, Morgaushsky, Cheboksary, Mariinsky-Posadsky, Tsivilsky, Alikovsky, Krasnoarmeisky and Kozlovsky districts. 68% of the population of Chuvashia lives in this zone, the share of the urban population is 88.6%. The competitive territorial advantage of this zone is its proximity to the developed industrial complex of the city. Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk. The main energy capacities of the Chuvash Republic are concentrated here (Cheboksary HPP, thermal power plants), the largest industrial enterprises (OJSC Promtractor, OJSC Khimprom, OJSC Cheboksary Aggregate Plant, etc.). Agriculture has a suburban specialization. The infrastructure is developed, there are recreational areas and forests. All this makes the northern zone the most economically active and investment attractive, including for the urbanization of territories and the introduction of new technologies in construction. Central zone - Urmarsky, Kanashsky, Yantikovsky, Ibresinsky and Vurnarsky districts. Agricultural zone with favorable conditions for the organization of reproduction and processing of agricultural products. The zone is rich natural resources (brick clay, limestone, forest, medicinal herbs, berries, mushrooms, etc.). There are enterprises for their processing. The most important transport center of this zone is the city of Kanash with enterprises of mechanical engineering and metalworking; the innovative center for the development and implementation of new technologies in the field of agrochemistry - OJSC "Vurnary plant of mixed preparations" in the town of Vurnary. All this contributes to the placement of new production facilities on the territory of the zone and the development of a logistics and transport service center. South-Eastern zone - Komsomolsky, Yalchiksky, Batyrevsky and Shemurshinsky districts. Agricultural zone with the highest level of land fertility in Chuvashia. Farmland is used most effectively in the territory of the Batyrevsky district. The volumes of agricultural products produced significantly exceed the volumes of its processing. Horse breeding is cultivated. The entire population of the South-Eastern zone lives in rural areas. This territory is attractive for organizing the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products and collecting forest gifts. Southwestern zone - Krasnochetaisky, Shumerlinsky, Poretsky and Alatyrsky districts. In addition, the city of Alatyr is located in the southwest, which is the center of Russian Orthodox culture, which makes it possible for the development of a tourist and recreational cluster with the involvement of the main resources - the river. Sura and woodlands. In the city of Alatyr there are organizations specializing in the production of electrical products (JSC Elektroavtomat, JSC Plant Electropribor), panels, metal structures, refrigerators (JSC Alatyr Plant of Low-Temperature Refrigerators), products for railway transport (Alatyr Mechanical Plant - branch of JSC "Russian Railways"), automatic seat belts (LLC "SKM"). The city is located in the production of structures for prefabricated low-rise housing using modern technologies. It is planned to build a mining and processing plant. Forestry and wood processing are developed in this zone, its 65% of the territory is covered with forest About 47.5% of the population lives in rural areas The Strategy considers the rational use of human capital and intellectual potential as the most important resource for the dynamic socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic. necessary infrastructure conditions to ensure qualitative structural changes in all sectors of the economy and the social sphere, all this will ultimately lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the population. In accordance with the chosen strategic goals and objectives, the actions of the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic will be focused on the implementation of priority areas of development.
CHEBOKSAR BRANCH FGBOU HPE "RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"
Department of Social and Legal Disciplines
abstract
in Regional Economics and Management
on the topic:
"PECULIARITIES OF REGIONAL PROBLEMS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC"
Speciality: state
and municipal government
Performed: student
groups 08-Г-11
Semenova Anita Grigorievna
Scientific adviser:
Ph.D. Danilov S.B.
Cheboksary 2011
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3
1. Features of the problems of the regions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Regional problems on the example of the Czech Republic…………………………………..8
3. Ways to solve regional problems of the Chechen Republic………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………..14
List of used literature………………………………………..16
Introduction
Russia is a multinational state consisting of republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, an autonomous region and autonomous districts, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation.
The separation of administrative-territorial formations within the constituent entities of the Federation is due to the fact that the management of all spheres of public life from a single center is inefficient, since in this case management efficiency is lost, information support is irrationally formed: on the one hand, information about a given territory can be oversaturated, including data that are not essential, and on the other hand, incomplete, not containing special, specific characteristics.
Administrative-territorial division is one of the forms of economic zoning, which allows the subjects of the Federation to carry out purposeful management of the development of their territory, having a constant impact on the course of economic and social processes, taking into account the specifics of various regions of their territory.
Regional policy is a very important component of almost any policy, both at the federal and local levels. Although it is wrong to speak of regional policy only as a part of any other policy. Regional policy is an independent and necessary part of the political and legal basis of society and the entire state.
The future of Russia is largely determined by the current regional policy in our country. Only with a reasonable, holistic regional policy that takes into account the interests of the state, regions and population, can we generally talk about this future of Russia as a unified and prosperous country. Unfortunately, the modern regional policy of the Russian Federation rarely meets even one of these criteria.
Therefore, there is a need to carry out not only various economic and socio-economic reforms in our country, but also a single and comprehensive ""regional"" reform. In the future, this reform should be aimed at maintaining a single state in both social, economic and political aspects, leveling the levels of development of regions, raising the standard of living of the population, further developing regional and national economies, turning Russia into a developed legal democratic federal state.
The state regional policy is designed to ensure the viability of regional policy on the ground. The object of regional policy is the interrelationships and relations between regions. The main regional interest of Russia at the present time should be understood as minimizing the negative manifestations of territorial disintegration at the level of the subjects of the Federation, as support for local transformations, as the creation of all-Russian conditions for each subject of the Federation to make the most of its internal potential and to lesser extent lay claim to meager opportunities for government assistance.
The relevance is explained by the fact that in the Russian Federation, as in other countries, there are socio-economic, environmental, political and other problems associated with the socio-economic situation of the country, the type of government, internal problems, the goals of political parties in power, etc. territorial division divides the Russian Federation into subjects, thus each subject takes full responsibility for the causes of problems, for their undesirable spread and their prompt solution.
The purpose of this work is to study the features of regional problems in the whole of the Russian Federation and in the Chuvash Republic separately and to identify ways to solve the main problems.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: - to consider the peculiarities of the problems of the regions; - study the main problems in the Chuvash Republic; - to characterize the ways of solving regional problems.
2. Regional problems on the example of Chuvashia.
A comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic made it possible to identify the following main problems.
I. Economic structural and investment problems of Chuvashia
1. Low innovative activity of enterprises with insufficient development of science-intensive and high-tech industries. Innovations are currently being introduced mainly at large enterprises of the republic that have their own research base. The Chuvash Republic ranks 6th among 14 regions of the Volga Federal District in terms of the share of organizations involved in innovation activities in the total number of surveyed organizations. Innovative development is hampered by the irrational use of the scientific potential of the Chuvash Republic, the use of inefficient mechanisms for involving domestic technological and intellectual resources in the economic turnover, and the underdevelopment of the innovation infrastructure.
2. Non-competitiveness of manufactured products and services. One of the conditions for inclusion in the international trade turnover is the introduction of international quality standards in the organizations of the republic. Currently, the number of organizations certified according to ISO 9000 is only 0.6% of the total number of organizations in the real sector of the economy. Only 4 enterprises have certificates of compliance with international standards ISO 14000: joint-stock companies "Promtractor", "Cheboksary Electric Apparatus Plant", "Percarbonate" and LLC "Elpri". Practically not involved in the process of implementing international quality standards are small businesses, organizations in the service sector, education, healthcare, the construction complex, and culture.
3. Decreased profitability, a high degree of depreciation of the material and technical base of agricultural producers. The land in the Chuvash Republic is the most eroded compared to the lands of other regions of the Russian Federation. The coefficient of dissection of the territory is 1.25, there are more than 3.7 thousand ravines and gullies with a length of over 22 thousand km. More than 80% of arable land is subject to water erosion. The decrease in the profitability and profitability of agricultural production deprived agricultural producers of the opportunity to conduct normal reproduction, and also led to a deterioration in the financial condition of agricultural organizations with the withdrawal of agricultural land from circulation and the departure of skilled labor from the village due to low incomes.
4. Underdevelopment of the land market. Land is one of the most important resources for socio-economic and urban development. The lack of free purchase and sale of land has a negative impact on the formation of an effective land user, the expansion of economic areas, and the attraction of investors, including in the agro-industrial complex. The land market in the Chuvash Republic is at the initial stage of formation. The most promising tool for the efficient use of land is the mortgage of land. At the moment, the legislative framework has been developed only for the first part of the mortgage scheme - the provision of a loan secured by a land plot. For the second part, related to the transfer of land into liquid assets, there are relations that are not regulated by law, which are serious obstacles. One of the unresolved problems is the presence of unused arable land on agricultural land. For the formation of the land market and the development of land mortgages, it is first necessary to complete the processes of delineation and registration of land ownership rights. The delimitation of land according to ownership levels is necessary to combine the property and the land plot under it in order to form a single object of taxation, which will increase the revenue side of the consolidated budget of the Chuvash Republic. The development of land and market relations, the consolidation of land ownership, the activation of the processes of buying and selling and pledging land plots will increase the interest in investing in land and real estate, thereby increasing the investment attractiveness of the Chuvash Republic.
5. Insufficient level of development of transport infrastructure, safety and quality of transport services. The Chuvash Republic in terms of the density of roads (258.7 km of paved roads per 1,000 sq. km of territory) is at the level of countries with a developed market economy, but is significantly inferior to them in terms of the technical condition of the roadway, which does not meet regulatory requirements. The main part of the roads has the parameters of low categories, 77% of the total length of public roads of IV, V categories and non-category roads. To connect them with the public road network, it is necessary to build more than 1.0 thousand km of local roads. This will contribute to the integrated development of territories adjacent to cities and regional centers, in which the main production potential of the Chuvash Republic is concentrated, to increase the mobility of rural residents and to involve the recreational zones of the Chuvash Republic in the process of organizing recreation for residents and guests of the republic. The lack of permanent air communication with major cities and the possibility of receiving and releasing class 1 and 2 aircraft reduces the attractiveness of Chuvashia, especially for large investors. The level of development of the infrastructure of the river ports of the republic does not allow the full use of the existing potential of the region due to the insufficient depth of the navigation channel of one of the main transport arteries of Russia - the river. Volga. So far, the strategically important task of creating a single deep-sea route with a guaranteed depth of navigation along the international transport corridor "North - South" has not been implemented due to the lack of a decision by the Government of the Russian Federation to raise the level of the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level of 68 meters.
6. Unsatisfactory use of the tourist and recreational potential of the Chuvash Republic. In the Chuvash Republic, there is a positive dynamics of growth in the volume of tourist services provided in sanatorium-resort, hotel, tourist organizations. However, the number of tourists visiting Chuvashia remains low.
7. Underdevelopment of the service market. The share of industries producing services in the gross regional product in the Chuvash Republic is 40.3%, on average in the Russian Federation - 49% (in GDP), in the Volga Federal District - 41.3%, while the share of services in GDP in developed countries is from 60 to 80%. The market of services in Chuvashia is characterized by an insufficient level of their quality, the presence of disproportions in the development of certain types, mainly focused on consumers with low incomes. The largest share in the total volume of paid services is occupied mainly by household services, including housing and communal, transport and communication services, while the costs of intangible services are insignificant. The traditions of production and consumption of non-material services, which form the stereotypes of the activities of market entities (consumers and producers), are not sufficiently developed.
II. Social problems of Chuvashia 8. Relatively low income level of the population. Despite the positive dynamics of real monetary incomes of the population of Chuvashia in recent years, they still lag behind similar average Russian indicators. A significant part of the population (20.3%) has an income level below the subsistence level (in Russia - 16.0%). There are significant disproportions in the level of wages in various sectors of the republic's economy.
9. Difficult demographic situation, the need to improve the health status of the population. The Chuvash Republic, as well as Russia as a whole, is characterized by the process of depopulation, which is based on a natural population decline due to a high mortality rate that exceeds the birth rate. In Chuvashia, there is a slight migration outflow, including the most active, young citizens - the potential of the future. The high mortality rate of the working-age population increases the risks of investing in the human capital of Chuvashia. The solution of problems in the field of demography and health should contribute to the reduction of direct and indirect socio-economic losses of society from manageable causes of death of the able-bodied population. All this will ultimately increase the investment attractiveness of the region and its residents.
10. Insufficient level of provision of citizens with comfortable and affordable housing. Despite the fact that the commissioning of housing per 1,000 people in the Chuvash Republic is significantly ahead of the average for the Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation, the problem of providing housing for citizens in need remains acute. The level of depreciation of utility infrastructure facilities is on average 60%. The consequence of this is technological backwardness and low consumer quality of public services provided.
III. Environmental problems of Chuvashia
11. Incomplete construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex and the deterioration of the ecological state of the Cheboksary reservoir. For 25 years, the Cheboksary hydroelectric complex has been operated at a temporary intermediate level of 63.0 meters. The reservoir of the Cheboksary HPP has no useful capacity and does not regulate the spillway, which does not provide self-purification of water. Specific areas of shallow waters (31.5%) significantly exceed the permissible sanitary standards (15 - 20%).
12. Environmental pollution on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The growth in consumption, high population density (70.3 people per 1 sq. km) and the development of production lead to an increase in accumulated waste (by 43% over 5 years). The service life of many waste disposal facilities in the regions and cities of the Chuvash Republic is coming to an end. In Cheboksary, the capacity of the existing landfill has been exhausted. The share of polluted wastewater discharged into surface water bodies is 89.3% of the total volume of wastewater discharge. In connection with the growth of motorization, the problem of air pollution in large cities is exacerbating.
3. Ways to solve regional problems.
The strategic development of Chuvashia in the long term is determined taking into account the priorities of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Federation, global trends in world development associated with the transition to a post-industrial society, the use of new technologies, the formation of a "knowledge economy" and the strengthening of integration economic processes in society. In the current conditions, Chuvashia needs to implement a set of measures to strengthen its competitive position in the Russian and world markets, create a high-tech, innovatively receptive and dynamically developing economy based on its own potential, comparative advantages of the republic, targeted investment policy and active attraction of investment capital in all spheres of life, creating multiplier effect and forming accelerated socio-economic growth. The spatial development of the territory of the Chuvash Republic is based on the fullest possible use of the potential of investment zones, determined in accordance with the Territorial Integrated Urban Planning Scheme. Depending on the natural resource, labor, industrial, infrastructure, agricultural and investment potential, the municipal districts of Chuvashia are grouped into four characteristic zones. Northern zone - Yadrinsky, Morgaushsky, Cheboksary, Mariinsky-Posadsky, Tsivilsky, Alikovsky, Krasnoarmeisky and Kozlovsky districts. 68% of the population of Chuvashia lives in this zone, the share of the urban population is 88.6%. The competitive territorial advantage of this zone is its proximity to the developed industrial complex of the city. Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk. The main energy capacities of the Chuvash Republic are concentrated here (Cheboksary HPP, thermal power plants), the largest industrial enterprises (OJSC Promtractor, OJSC Khimprom, OJSC Cheboksary Aggregate Plant, etc.). Agriculture has a suburban specialization. The infrastructure is developed, there are recreational areas and forests. All this makes the northern zone the most economically active and investment attractive, including for the urbanization of territories and the introduction of new technologies in construction. Central zone - Urmarsky, Kanashsky, Yantikovsky, Ibresinsky and Vurnarsky districts. Agricultural zone with favorable conditions for the organization of reproduction and processing of agricultural products. The zone is rich in natural resources (brick clay, limestone, forest, medicinal herbs, berries, mushrooms, etc. ). There are enterprises for their processing. The most important transport center of this zone is the city of Kanash with enterprises of mechanical engineering and metalworking; the innovative center for the development and implementation of new technologies in the field of agrochemistry - OJSC "Vurnary plant of mixed preparations" in the town of Vurnary. All this contributes to the placement of new production facilities on the territory of the zone and the development of a logistics and transport service center. South-Eastern zone - Komsomolsky, Yalchiksky, Batyrevsky and Shemurshinsky districts. Agricultural zone with the highest level of land fertility in Chuvashia. Farmland is used most effectively in the territory of the Batyrevsky district. The volumes of agricultural products produced significantly exceed the volumes of its processing. Horse breeding is cultivated. The entire population of the South-Eastern zone lives in rural areas. This territory is attractive for organizing the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products and collecting forest gifts. Southwestern zone - Krasnochetaisky, Shumerlinsky, Poretsky and Alatyrsky districts. In addition, the city of Alatyr is located in the southwest, which is the center of Russian Orthodox culture, which makes it possible for the development of a tourist and recreational cluster with the involvement of the main resources - the river. Sura and woodlands. In the city of Alatyr there are organizations specializing in the production of electrical products (JSC Elektroavtomat, JSC Plant Electropribor), panels, metal structures, refrigerators (JSC Alatyr Plant of Low-Temperature Refrigerators), products for railway transport (Alatyr Mechanical Plant - branch of JSC "Russian Railways"), automatic seat belts (LLC "SKM"). The city is located in the production of structures for prefabricated low-rise housing using modern technologies. It is planned to build a mining and processing plant. Forestry and wood processing are developed in this zone, its 65% of the territory is covered with forest About 47.5% of the population lives in rural areas The Strategy considers the rational use of human capital and intellectual potential as the most important resource for the dynamic socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic. necessary infrastructure conditions to ensure qualitative structural changes in all sectors of the economy and the social sphere, all this will ultimately lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the population. In accordance with the chosen strategic goals and objectives, the actions of the state authorities of the Chuvash Republic will be focused on the implementation of priority areas of development.
UDK 338(470.344)
HE. ANANIEVA
MODERN PROBLEMS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC
Keywords: economic system of the region, factors of regional development, resources of regional development, socio-economic development of the region, strategic development of the region, regional development program, economic potential, budgetary regulation, innovative development.
The problems of the socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic are considered, an assessment of its economic potential is carried out, on the basis of which the main strategic directions for the development of the republic in modern conditions are proposed - changes in macroeconomic parameters national economy as an external environment for regional development.
MODERN PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC
Key words: economic system of region, factors of regional development, resources of regional development, social and economic development of region, strategic development of region, the program of development of region, economic potential, budgetary regulation, innovative development.
In article problems of social and economic development of the Chuvash republic are considered, the estimation of its economic potential is spent. On which basis the basic strategic directions of development of the republic in modern conditions - of change of macroeconomic parameters of national economy, as environment for regional development are offered
Under the functioning and development of the regional economy, it is necessary to understand the way of improving the socio-economic processes in the region, carried out within the framework of the strategic development in order to increase the economic potential, which ensures the expanded reproduction of the living conditions of the population in the region as the highest value of society and a strategic resource for economic growth.
Two types of functioning and strategic development of the region's economy can be distinguished - situational and regulatory. The situational functioning and development of the region's economy is based on typical and specific situations (reaction to the external and internal environment, etc.). The regulatory functioning and development of the region's economy consists in establishing rules that are mandatory for implementation and determine the content and procedure for economic activity in the region, when the main emphasis is on the mandatory development of standards and standardization of functioning and development processes. The successful solution of social and economic problems by the regions requires the active involvement of the organizational factor - the improvement of the structures that regulate the processes of functioning and development of the region's economy. the main task structures of regional development is to determine the priorities for further development, as well as a thorough study of integrated programs and individual major events, which requires the promotion of principles and the application of methods of justification and the creation of an appropriate mechanism for implementing the adopted strategy.
Administrative changes are a reflection of the global trend in the strategic development of the region's economy in Italy, Australia and the United States. In Italy, the methodology used by the EU for strategic territorial planning and the development of resources for the economy of problem areas is gradually taking root, based on the principle of networking of local organizations.
organizations and business units. In turn, Australia's experience in implementing measures to develop the economy of the country's regions is relevant for Russia in terms of developing regional projects aimed at finding ways for balanced economic relations and interactions in the region.
American practice involves the construction of social structures that can contribute to the development of the regional economy through: improving infrastructure; resolving land ownership issues; planning prerogative for permitting and regulation; construction and operation of public facilities; receiving preferential terms for business; marketing, endogenous and exogenous business development; support and financing of entrepreneurship; improvement of the real estate market in the region.
The development of the economy of the Chuvash Republic requires significant external investments necessary to increase the pace of development of traditional industries, improve transport accessibility, development of resort and recreational areas and centers, production of environmentally friendly agricultural products. At present, the republic's economy is developing well, but the available resources are not used rationally and not completely, which increases the socio-economic risks in the region. To overcome them, it is necessary to apply a new approach to the formation and use of the economic potential of the Chuvash Republic. The optimal solution of these problems will allow the republic to become one of the most important subjects in the Russian economy.
At the same time, the economic potential of the region is understood as a set of opportunities, the rational combination and use of which make it possible to achieve the main goal of socio-economic development - improving the quality of life of the population of the region and the quality of its environment. Achieving the goals of developing the region's economy largely depends on the size and degree of use of its economic potential. Among the key components of the economic potential of the Chuvash Republic, the following can be distinguished: resource and production, labor, investment, innovation and foreign economic. At the same time, ensuring the sustainable development of the republic is possible only by increasing the economic potential of the region by changing the structure and quality economic resources republics.
In the current situation, the main indicators of the development of the region's economy are: economic and financial indicators, living standards and an integral indicator. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the need to apply, when assessing the economic potential of the region, a point analysis of the socio-economic state of the region in specific areas: political microclimate, employment, budgetary security, business activity, investment attractiveness of specific projects, prospects for city-forming enterprises, and the possibility of systemic changes. The result of the assessment of the economic potential of the region should be the concept of its long-term development, which should provide for the maximum use of the economic potential in the region, resources and relations with other regions to form the competitiveness of this region.
The process of state participation in raising the economic potential of the region, its forms and methods are determined, on the one hand, by the national economic policy and, on the other hand, regional policy, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the region's economy. Modern structures for managing socio-economic processes in the region are undergoing a stage of reorganization, which is associated with the decentralization of the management system,
the development of market relations, the restructuring of the economy, the formation of regional infrastructures, i.e. changing the nature of the state's participation in increasing the economic potential of the region.
New economic conditions require the state to create network management structures of a coordination type in regional bodies, which will allow them to quickly adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions, while concentrating all types of economic resources. Changing the nature of the state's participation in increasing the economic potential of the region is possible through the creation of network structures through the formation and provision of conditions for the functioning of the regional agency for economic development.
The basis for constructing a system of indicators for assessing the economic potential of the region should be indicators economic activity major players in the region's economy. At the same time, the most appropriate when constructing a system of indicators for assessing the economic potential of a region is the principle of implementing the concept of an aggregate regional economic process, when four groups of indicators are distinguished: indicators of the main and auxiliary economic processes, indicators of life support processes and indicators of processes hindering the development of the region's economy.
As for the Chuvash Republic, the main forms and methods for the effective development of its economic potential are: observance of social rights and guarantees of the population of the region, attraction of investments from the federal budget, revision of development priorities, optimization of budget expenditures at all levels, use of program-targeted planning, financial and economic impact on the main economic agents of the republic, improvement of work in the field of providing tax incentives and etc.
At the same time, active attention should be paid to increasing the efficiency of using the economic potential of the region through the developed Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic until 2020. The main scenarios for the effective use of the economic potential of the republic can be: inertial, stabilization, innovative. In this case, the investment strategy of the republic is a tool for the effective use of the economic potential of the region.
The main interconnected blocks of the mechanism for improving the organizational and economic characteristics of the implementation of the long-term development of the Chuvash Republic are: the reform of public administration and local self-government; reforming the budget process and effective management of state property in the region; creation of conditions for the innovative development of the republic; staffing for the implementation of the region's development strategy.
A special place in the system being created to support the reform of public administration and local self-government in the medium term should be occupied by the Municipal Development Fund Chuvash Republic, which will be the main channel of republican financial support for municipal investment projects, as well as a system of territorial and municipal government providing a high degree manageability promising development region and focused on the maximum possible satisfaction of the needs of the population of the republic in the current economic conditions.
At the same time, one of the main goals of forming a mechanism for improving the characteristics of the development strategy as part of the reform of the budget
process and effective management of state property in the Chuvash Republic, is to increase the satisfaction of citizens with the received budgetary services, creating optimal conditions for intensifying economic development, creating full-fledged incentives for government bodies to improve the quality of the results of the work of republican authorities, increasing the efficiency of local governments, improving procedures for the formation and execution of the budget. In this case, the management of state property should be focused on optimizing objects and subjects of state property, determining priority areas for the effective use of land and other real estate, involving them in circulation and stimulating investment activity in the real estate market in the interests of society and citizens.
Literature
1. Olivanova T.N. Formation of a regional innovation system as the basis for sustainable socio-economic development of the region (on the example of the Chuvash Republic) / T.N. Olivanova // Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2009. No. 1. S. 472-476.
2. Smirnov V.V. Analysis of the effectiveness of socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic / V.V. Smirnov // Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2006. No. 3. S. 184-189.
3. Smirnov V.V. The main priorities in ensuring effective socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic / V.V. Smirnov // Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2006. No. 1. S. 156-165.
4. Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic until 2020. Cheboksary, 2008.
5. Economy of the Chuvash Republic / ed. L.P. Kurakov. 2nd ed. Cheboksary: Chuvash Publishing House. un-ta, 2007. 576 p.
ANANIEVA OLIMPIADA NIKOLAEVNA - applicant for the degree of candidate economic sciences, Chuvash State University; Deputy Governor of JSC VTB Bank (in Cheboksary), Russia, Cheboksary ( [email protected]).
ANANEVA OLIMPIADA NiKOLAeVnA - competitor of scientific degree of Candidate of Economical Sciences, Chuvash State University; assistant to the managing director of Open Society" Bank VTB"(to Cheboksary), Russia, Cheboksary.
Analyzing almost all aspects of youth policy in society, V.V. Pavlovsky singles out the problems of "politicization of the rising generations in the sociological aspect". The politicization of new generations is understood by him as the involvement of young people in politics, in powerful state relations, in the processes of managing society.
During the decade of reforms in the Chuvash Republic, the first generation of post-Soviet youth, mostly apolitical, has grown up, showing a complete break with political attitudes. Young people justify the fact that everyone cannot be interested in politics and managers who want the development of the republic, country, their region, city, and, most importantly, know what the generation of modern youth should be like, enter the arena of political life.
Only politically active youth can defend their rights.
In the 90s. many researchers assumed an unusual rise in the political activity of young people, which should have been the basis for many changes in the life of society. However, this did not happen. The politicization of the youth turned out to be imaginary.
But the emerging new political institutions in society served as a channel of influence and information on progressive youth, actively participating in politicized youth public associations, organizations and movements.
Youth should be seen as a multi-dimensional socio-demographic group that needs an individualized and flexible approach, taking into account political needs. The social strata of youth should be adequately reflected in the legislative activities of the state and in the conduct of adopted laws in life.
The majority of respondents of the youth environment do not have a clear knowledge and understanding of the structures and functions of the institutions of legislative, executive and judicial power, the mechanisms of interaction between the branches of government, social and political institutions.
Young people who are active in politics study and analyze youth problems and are able to solve them, while entering the representative and executive authorities in small numbers. Young people are convinced that the criterion for the effectiveness of any policy is the growth of the well-being of everyone, which ultimately ensures the wealth, glory and power of the state.
Young people are more debating about participation in political activities than taking part in it. The political consciousness of today's youth is fragmented, ideologically poorly differentiated.
Mechanism for youth participation in public policy, unfortunately, it is still difficult to call it effectively functioning. For a long time, young people were mainly observers of political processes. Even today, the percentage of young citizens in the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and representative bodies of local self-government is still extremely insignificant.
This is due to both objective reasons, including the lack of managerial experience and relevant education among potential candidates, and certain bureaucratic obstacles in the form of additional channels of personnel excorporation.
Let's outline the main problems:
1) The gap between the aspirations of young people and the political attitudes of the modern Russian Federation;
2) Lack of politicization of youth;
3) Apolitical youth;
4) Fragmentation of the political consciousness of the youth;
5) Weak differentiation of the political consciousness of young people;
6) Lack of managerial experience and relevant education of potential candidates.
It is recommended to conduct training seminars with the involvement of specialists from election commissions. Training of young personnel from among youth parliamentary structures in order to provide them with the opportunity to conduct training seminars and educational work with young citizens who are not members of youth parliamentary structures living in the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation and municipalities.
Providing an opportunity for members of youth parliamentary structures to undergo internships in election commissions, assisting young parliamentarians in finding employment.
Youth should become one of the main driving forces in building a civilized civil society.
Consider the expected results:
1) increasing the electoral activity of young people;
2) the formation of a positive and trusting attitude of young citizens to the authorities,
3) realization of the potential of youth parliamentary structures in order to increase the political and electoral activity of young citizens;
4) improving the forms and methods of informing the population about ongoing election campaigns;
5) development and implementation of innovative forms of legal education of young people;
6) ensuring the succession of personnel in election commissions.
Having studied the problem of youth parliamentarism in the Chuvash Republic, I came to the conclusion that youth parliamentarians are not always put into practice in local governments: the system for forming the youth parliamentary structure of the Chuvash Republic is not always based on the principles of election (often this is delegation, competition). It is also important that the number of young people in representative bodies is currently insufficient.
