Every business is required to keep accounting records. Accounting is the responsibility of the chief accountant of the company. What is accounting, why is it needed and who has the right not to keep accounting, we will tell in this article.
Accounting is an ordered system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the property, obligations of the organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business transactions.
Any transaction must be reflected in the accounting. Buying a pencil, paying a salary, depreciating or taking out a loan are all types of business transactions that must be recorded and reflected properly.
Each transaction must be documented. Documents can be different: contracts, invoices, accounting cards, expense orders, etc.
One of the main principles of accounting is the reflection of all transactions using special accounts. Each transaction must be reflected in the debit and credit of the relevant accounting accounts.
Accounting records are maintained in accordance with the provisions of Federal Law No. 402-FZ dated 06.12.2011. The law discloses the requirements for keeping records, describes the principles of keeping records, contains a list of persons obliged to keep records, etc.
Most often, accounting is carried out in special programs. The program for accounting is selected depending on the needs of the company, its turnover and type of activity. You can keep accounting online using web services. Accounting automation greatly simplifies the work of an accountant.
The ultimate goal of accounting is the formation of reliable information about the activities of the organization, its property status, costs and revenues, debts to counterparties, etc.
All this information is recorded in accounting registers and in annual reports.
Reporting is intended for both external and internal use. Inside the company, reporting data is analyzed by the director, founders, and auditors.
Outside the company, reporting can be used by:
Accounting records must be kept constantly by all companies, with the exception of representative offices (branches) of foreign organizations. Individual entrepreneurs are also exempted from accounting.
The head of the company is responsible for organizing the accounting. He can assign the responsibility for accounting to the chief accountant or an outsourcing company. In small enterprises, the duties of the chief accountant are often performed directly by the director.
An accountant must follow certain principles when keeping records.
Let's highlight the main ones:
The main document that determines the accounting procedure is the accounting policy. It is in it that all the features of accounting are prescribed.
A working chart of accounts is attached to the accounting policy, which is also necessary for maintaining reliable accounting.
All operations are recorded in accounting on the basis of primary documents (waybills, acts, invoices, etc.).
Based on accounting data, an accountant can form various registers, balance sheets etc.
An invoice is a document that serves as the basis for issuing a payment order for paying for goods or services to a supplier. The invoice can be issued in rubles or in foreign currency. Account in foreign currency paid at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, effective on the day of payment, unless otherwise provided by the contract.
Accounting Basics
All organizations are required to keep accounting records. The type of activity does not play a role here. But some features of accounting depend on the field of activity of the company. In this article, we will consider the nuances of accounting in trade.
What is accounting, why is it needed and how is it conducted? What is an account and posting? How to distinguish an asset from a liability and what is an accounting policy
In order to competently keep records at the enterprise, draw up postings, draw up source documents, to count taxes, you need to understand how the organization of accounting takes place in the enterprise.
First of all, it should be noted that the main legislative projects that regulate the accounting process are the Federal Law “On Accounting” No. 402-FZ and the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation.
The fundamental law is No. 402-FZ, and the Regulation supplements and specifies it. The Law "On Accounting" was last amended on July 19, 2017. AT new edition many points of the law are set out in a new form, various clarifications have been made.
The above documents define the basic principles of accounting.
These basic principles of accounting are fundamental, it is on them that accounting is kept at the enterprise. By following these accounting rules, you can be sure of the competent organization of accounting in accounting.
All accounting is built on a very important principle - its continuity.
Every day, an accountant or other employee responsible for accounting records business transactions. Day after day, he reflects transactions using postings, generates documents, fills in accounting registers. It is important to understand that this process is continuous, starting from the moment the company was opened and until the end of its existence, the accountant must keep records, fill out and submit accounting and tax reports.
At the initial stage of the formation of the company, he develops a working chart of accounts; for this, the necessary accounts are selected from the Chart of Accounts approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, on which all transactions will be recorded. Depending on the size of the organization, as well as on the characteristics of its activities, the set of accounts may vary.
Also, when opening an enterprise, an accounting policy is approved, on the basis of which accounting will be kept.
Further, many operations will be performed at the enterprise every day: purchase of materials, fixed assets, sale of goods, production of products, payment for goods to the supplier and receipt of payment from the buyer, etc. For each such operation, the accountant fills in the relevant primary documents, on the basis of which he makes the posting on the accounts from the approved plan.
At the end of each month, monthly turnover and the closing balance are calculated on each account. At the beginning of the next month, all accounts are reopened, the closing balance from the previous one is transferred to the next month.
Within a month, every day all business transactions are recorded on open accounts with the help of postings, at the end of the month, the accounts are closed again, balances are calculated on them and transferred to the next month.
This process is endless, from month to month the same actions will be performed. This will be the fundamental principle of continuity in accounting.
In order to properly organize accounting in accounting, you need to be able to do three things:
In November 2011, the Plan for the Development of Accounting and Reporting of Enterprises in Russian Federation. Its goal was to achieve greater accessibility of information in the field of accounting, improve the quality of reporting and bring it to international standards. The most important step in the implementation of this plan was the adoption of Federal Law No. 402-FZ "On Accounting", which came into force on January 1, 2013.
New legal act replaced the previous Law No. 129-FZ. In general, the document introduces detailed clarifications to the rules of accounting and financial reporting, clarifications are given to many concepts, and some provisions of the old version have been completely changed. Thus, the scope of application of the Accounting Law was expanded. Now entrepreneurs, private practice lawyers and notaries (except for those who pay taxes under the simplified scheme) must keep records. Bodies of state and local self-government, various foundations and branches of international organizations are also required to keep accounting records. Another innovation is related to the definition of accounting objects. Now they are also called assets, as well as income and expenses of the enterprise.
The federal law "on accounting" consists of four main sections. Let's take a quick look at each, and also highlight the main changes compared to the old edition.
Here it is determined that the main purpose of the Law is to establish uniform requirements for accounting. The definition of accounting is given as a system for generating information about economic objects, taking into account the requirements and the creation financial reporting based on this information. Article 2 describes the scope of this Federal Law. As already mentioned, it has been expanded, and now everyone to whom the Federal Law on Accounting applies is not called "organizations", but "economic entities".
2. General requirements to accounting.
This chapter describes in detail the procedure and rules for accounting. The duty of the head of the enterprise to properly organize this work is noted. An important innovation is the ban on the head of the enterprise to personally conduct accounting. This provision does not apply to small and medium-sized businesses. In all other enterprises, there must be a staff unit of the chief accountant or there must be an agreement for the provision of relevant services. At the same time, minimum requirements to the applicant for this position.
Article 8 emphasizes that each economic entity can choose its own accounting policy.
Article 9 regulates the execution of primary documents. Instead of the previously used unified forms, primary forms are introduced, approved by the head of the enterprise. This is a mandatory list of items. This article also talks about the possibility of creating documents in digital form, certified by an electronic digital signature.
Article 10 deals with the maintenance of accounting registers. It also expanded the powers of the head in terms of approving the forms of documents. In addition, these documents no longer constitute a trade secret.
Articles 13-18 regulate the creation of financial statements as a source of reliable data on the position of the subject, the result of his work, the movement financial assets per reporting period. Here, a requirement appeared to submit one copy of the financial statements to the statistical authorities within a period of not more than three months from the end of the period. Reporting documents are also prohibited from being given the status of a trade secret. The 402nd federal law on accounting, unlike the previous one, does not regulate the methods for providing financial statements to users.
3. Accounting regulation.
This chapter talks about regulatory documents in the field of accounting, bodies authorized to carry out regulation and their functions. Law No. 402-FZ introduces a number of fundamentally new provisions in this part.
A requirement is being introduced for compliance of financial statements with federal and industry standards, as well as compliance with accepted international requirements. Such standards establish the classification of accounting objects, the content and form of the information provided, and other provisions. The standards will be developed by the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, as well as the subjects non-state regulation: unions of entrepreneurs, auditors and other interested organizations.
Articles 26-28 deal with the procedure for creating accounting standards. At the same time, the great importance of publishing drafts of such documents in print media and the Internet for the purpose of their public discussion is pointed out.
4. Conclusion.
The final chapter deals with the procedure for storing accounting documents and the specifics of the application of the Law. Storage of accounting documents should take place in accordance with the rules of archiving. In this case, the storage period cannot be less than five years.
Summing up, we can say that Federal Law No. 402-FZ, making accounting more open and democratic, requires compliance with uniform standards in this work.
All business transactions that occur daily at the enterprise must be documented. Purchase of materials, goods, fixed assets, sale and shipment of goods to the buyer, all movements Money, the production process, the payment of wages and the transfer of taxes - all these and many other operations are displayed in the primary accounting documents.
The paper in question is a written evidence of the business processes that have taken place, which has legally approved force and does not require any further clarifications and amendments.
Uniform forms
Primary accounting documents can have a standard form, for which the State Statistics Committee develops and approves unified forms of primary documents, which are contained in albums of unified forms of production documentation.
In accordance with the affixing of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 835 of 07/08/1997, all powers of design development and approval of albums of unified forms and their digital versions were transferred to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. At the same time, all details of the content and regulatory composition of the albums are necessarily coordinated by a special committee with the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation.
If type form Since primary accounting documents have not been developed, the organization independently prepares for itself the necessary forms that it will use in its activities. At the same time, self-developed forms must contain mandatory details. primary documentation.
The list of required details in the primary accounting documents:
Upon receipt of the accounting document, it is necessary to check its correct execution, the presence of all required details. All required lines must be filled in, the information must be readable, the signatures of responsible persons must be signed, if necessary, a seal is put. When processing accounting papers, you need to pay attention to the seal, the information on it should be clearly readable, you can see the name, details, etc.
After the document is checked for correct execution, it must be registered in the book intended for this, the journal. For example, travel certificates are registered in the journal of travel certificates, cash orders in the journal of registration of incoming and outgoing cash orders KO-3.
Storage and destruction
The terms of storage of primary accounting documentation and the procedure for their destruction are fully specified in List No. 41.
Nobody is immune from mistakes. What to do if errors are made in primary documents? If errors are detected at the design stage, then everything is simple, you can just take a new form and fill it out again. And how to correct an error in the document if it is revealed later?
In general, there are three ways to correct errors in primary accounting documents:
In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the director of the organization and the chief accountant can sign primary accounting papers. Also, primary accounting documents have the right to sign the deputy chief accountant, but in this case, all responsibility for the agreement being drawn up passes to him. The right to sign by another employee, except for the head and chief accountant, must be formalized using a power of attorney for the right to sign.
Summarizing the above, we can say that primary documents are one of the important constituent parts proper organization of accounting in the enterprise. Moreover, only if they are available, it is possible to keep accounting, it is on the basis of documents that accounting entries. Therefore, it is very important to correctly fill out the forms and forms, check the correctness of the execution when receiving them from counterparties.
In accounting, there are special concepts of "assets" and "liabilities". Both are an important part balance sheet and represent the most convenient option summarizing information about the activities and financial position of the organization.
Everything that an enterprise has is divided into profitable assets and liabilities involved in the formation of the former. It is important to learn to distinguish between them, to understand what this or that object of the enterprise is.
The concepts under consideration are the main components of the balance sheet - the main report, which is drawn up in the accounting process at the enterprise. The balance sheet is shown as a table with assets on the left and liabilities on the right. The sum of all positions on the left side is equal to the sum of all positions on the right side. That is, the left side of the balance is always equal to its right side.
The balance of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet is important rule, which must be executed at any time.
If, when compiling the balance sheet, equality is not met, it means that an error has been made in accounting that needs to be found.
In order to correctly draw up a balance sheet, you need to understand what relates to assets and what to liabilities.
These are the resources of the organization that it uses in the process economic activity, the use of which in the future implies a profit.
Assets always display the value of all tangible, intangible and monetary values companies, as well as property powers, their maintenance, placement and investment.
Examples of enterprise assets:
All this property that the enterprise will use in the course of its functioning in order to obtain economic profit.
According to the form of the functional composition, they are divided into material, intangible and financial.
By the nature of participation in production activities enterprises, assets are divided into current (current) and non-current.
According to the type of capital used, assets are:
According to the right of ownership of assets, they are divided into leased and own.
They are also classified by liquidity, that is, the speed of their transformation into a financial equivalent. In accordance with such a system, among the resources are:
Long-term assets include land, different types transport, technical equipment, inventory of economic and industrial type, and other accessories of the company. Assets of this type are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation or, in the case of land plots and buildings, at a price determined by a professional expert.
Under the liabilities of the enterprise, we mean the obligations that the company has assumed, and its sources of financing (include own and borrowed capital, as well as funds attracted to the organization for some reason).
Own capital of an enterprise in any form of ownership, except for the state, contains in its structure the authorized capital, shares, shares in various business companies and partnerships, proceeds from the sale of company shares (primary and additional), accumulated reserves, public finance In the organisation.
For state-owned enterprises, the structure includes state financial resources and deferred revenue charges.
Borrowed capital
The structure of funds taken under a loan consists of capitals for which this or that property is pledged, regardless of whether a mortgage is issued or not, loans received from banking institutions, bills of various types.
Summarize.
What are the assets of the company:
What are the liabilities of the company:
The difference is their different functions; each of these elements of the balance sheet illuminates its side of office work. However, they are closely interconnected.
With an increase in the asset, the liability necessarily increases by the same amount, that is, the promissory note enterprises. The same principle also applies to liabilities.
For example, if a new loan agreement is concluded with a bank, assets automatically increase, as new finances enter the organization, along with this, the enterprise has a liability - a debt to the bank. At the moment when the organization repays this loan, there will be a decrease in assets, since the amount of money in the company's account will decrease, along with this, the liability will also decrease, since the debt to the bank will disappear.
It is from this principle that the equality of liabilities and assets of the enterprise follows. Any change in the former entails a change in the latter by the same amount and vice versa.
What are accounting accounts? In accounting, this concept comes up all the time. And this is not surprising, because this is the basic concept of accounting, it is on the accounts that all business transactions occurring at the enterprise are recorded.
An account is displayed as a two-sided table, the left side is called debit, the right side is called credit. Each separate account is used to account for certain business transactions, which are grouped according to homogeneous characteristics. For example, accounting for materials takes place on the account. 10 "Materials", accounting of fixed assets - 01 "Fixed assets", accrual and payment of wages to employees - 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages".
In total there are 99 accounts, their list is given in a special book called the Chart of Accounts. An organization may not use all of them. In the process of forming an accounting policy, it is determined which accounts will be needed to account for transactions occurring at this enterprise. Further, they are selected from the standard Plan, their list is approved in the order on accounting policy. Thus, the organization forms its own working chart of accounts - that is, a list that will be used in accounting, taking into account the specifics of the organization's activities.
Each enterprise develops its own work plan, fixing it in the accounting policy.
This is a list of all available accounting accounts. This document developed by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
All accounts in a single Plan are divided into sections. For each, sub-accounts are indicated for it and brief information about what it is intended for, what operations are taken into account on it.
Each account in the standard Plan is assigned a two-digit code and name. For example, accounting for cash is kept on the account. 50 Cashier.
In addition, the standard Plan also contains the so-called off-balance accounts, which are designed to account for property that does not belong to this enterprise. They are assigned three-digit code designations. For example, accounting for fixed assets leased is kept on an off-balance sheet account. 001 "Leased fixed assets".
Structure of the Plan
In total, there are 8 sections in a single Plan. The first 5 sections are accounts on which property, finished products, goods, materials, and the production process are recorded. For example:
Section 6 provides accounting accounts that keep records of the obligations of the enterprise.
In sections 7 and 8 - on which capital and financial results are kept.
Accounting information is presented in monetary terms.
When any operation is performed, a primary accounting document is necessarily drawn up, on the basis of which this operation is recorded on the accounts.
This entry is carried out according to the principle of double entry and is called an accounting entry. In short, when performing any operation, the amount of the operation is simultaneously recorded on the debit of one account and on the credit of another, this will be the posting.
For example, the cashier of the enterprise received money from the buyer. The accountant must issue a primary receipt document cash warrant, which indicates the amount of cash receipts at the cash desk. Based on this order, a posting will be made to the account. 50 "Cashier" and 62 "Settlements with buyers" - the amount received must be simultaneously recorded on debit 50 and credit 62.
Each business transaction is subject to mandatory fixation on the accounts of accounting, on the debit of one and on the credit of the other.
For a month, every day, the accountant takes into account all transactions using postings.
At the end of the month, the debit turnover and the credit turnover are calculated for each account.
The initial debit balance, if any, is added to the debit turnover for the month (SND). The amount of credit turnover for the month and the opening balance of the loan, if any, are subtracted from the obtained value (Snk)).
Formula for calculation:
Sk \u003d (Snd + Od) - (Snk + Ok)
If the resulting balance is positive, then we have a debit ending balance of the account; if negative, we have a credit.
At the beginning of the next month, each account is reopened, the closing balance from the previous month is transferred to the current one, the debit end balance is transferred to debit, and the credit end balance is transferred to credit. It will be the opening balance.
This process is continuous, this is the main principle of the organization of accounting in the enterprise - the continuity of accounting.
Thus, accounting accounts are the main tool used in the accounting process.
Let's take c. 10 "Materials". At the beginning of the month (February), the enterprise has materials in the amount of 100,000 rubles in its warehouses. During February, the company purchased more materials in the amount of 20,000 and 30,000. In February, materials in the amount of 70,000 were released into production. ten?
sch. 10 - active, which means that it takes into account the assets of the enterprise (materials). All receipts are reflected in the debit, disposals (release to production) - in the credit.
February:
February is over, close account 10:
Od \u003d 20000 + 30000 \u003d 50000
OK = 70000
Sk \u003d Snd + Od - Ok \u003d 100000 + 50000 - 70000 \u003d 80000.
March:
April:
The process continues ad infinitum.
Let's take a look at the types of accounts. Let's get acquainted with active, passive and active-passive accounts, as well as synthetic and analytical.
According to the type of relationship with the economic balance, accounting accounts are divided into active and passive, as well as active-passive. Let's consider these types in more detail, since they are the main elements in the classification of the financial balance.
Required to display all processes directly related to the presence and use of the company's property values. This implies the reflection of not only property in material form, but also not material values companies (trademarks, patents, etc.). In this case, the active account number can tell with approximate accuracy what kind of property is in the possession of the owner of the organization - the owner of the financial balance.
Speaking more plain language, then the assets of the enterprise are kept on active accounts. In order to understand whether an account is active or not, you need to know their distinguishing features:
Examples:
Active accounts include - 50 "Cashier", 10 "Materials", 01 "Fixed assets", 04 "Intangible assets", etc.
Take, for example, c. 10 "Materials", for it all three features indicated above are fulfilled. It keeps records of assets - materials. Upon receipt of materials (increase in asset), a debit entry is made, upon disposal (decrease in asset), a credit entry is made. The balance is always debit, because it is not possible to release more materials into production than are in stock. This means that the debit will always be greater than the credit. That is, c. 10 - active in all respects.
Aimed at accounting and control of information about all sources of financing of the enterprise, which are divided into own and borrowed (borrowed). The company's equity capital contains in its structure all the profit that the organization received without financial assistance from the side. Sources attracted consist of all loans and credits involved in the business of the company, which the company has issued.
Thus, passive accounts keep records of the company's liabilities. Passives are characterized by:
Examples passive accounts:
80 "Authorized capital", 83 "Additional capital", 66 "Settlements for short-term loans and loans”, 67 “Settlements on long-term credits and loans”, etc.
Take, for example, c. 67, it is designed to account for loans issued to an enterprise for a period of more than 1 year, that is, it keeps records of liabilities.
The appearance of a loan (increase in liability) is reflected in the loan account 67, its payment (decrease in liability) - in debit. The balance will be in credit until the loan is repaid and the account is closed.
Usually you can immediately identify by the names of accounting documentation. As a rule, with this type of accounting accounts, the name of the document begins with the word "calculation" (for example, "calculations with personnel", "calculations with the budget", etc.). They also serve to display all calculations with different types counterparties (active and passive), to report information on receivables and payables, to control the results of the company's office work, its profit or loss.
That is, active-passive accounts take into account both assets and liabilities of the enterprise. They are characterized by features of both active and passive accounts of accounting.
Examples active-passive:
60 “Settlements with suppliers”, 62 “Settlements with buyers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, 90 “Sales”, 91 “Other income and expenses”, 99 “Profit and losses”, etc.
When the goods are sold to the buyer, the buyer's receivables arise before the organization, which is an asset, we reflect its appearance on the debit of account 62, when the buyer repays the debt, we will credit the repayment amount to account 62. We see that the appearance of an asset is reflected in the debit, and its decrease in the loan, it turns out that for the account. 62, the signs of active accounts are fulfilled.
Let's take another situation, the buyer transfers the advance payment to the organization until the organization ships the goods against this payment, it will be credited accounts payable in front of the buyer. The appearance of this debt (that is, the receipt of an advance) we will reflect on the loan account. 62. At the time of shipment to the buyer of the goods, the accounts payable will decrease, while a debit entry will be made 62. That is, we will reflect the appearance of a liability (debt) on a loan, and its decrease on a debit. It turns out that account 62 obeys the rules characteristic of passive accounts.
Based on this, we can conclude that account 62 is active-passive, since it is characterized by the features of both active and passive accounts, it keeps records of both assets and liabilities.
According to the degree to which all accounting information is detailed, they are divided into synthetic and analytical.
Synthetic accounting accounts imply a generalized description of the data, in which all information is presented concisely and without clarification. To add any additional information sub-accounts are used. A sub-account is a component of a synthetic account. The account is kept in monetary terms.
For the most high level detail use analytical accounts in which the required data is displayed in detail, including all the necessary elements and nuances. On analytical accounts, accounting can be kept in other equivalents: in kilograms, meters, liters, pieces, etc., as it is convenient for an accountant.
For example, an organization has 41, which takes into account goods (various types of cereals) in a generalized form in rubles. To synthetic SC. 41 analytical accounts “Millet groats”, “Semolina groats”, etc., are opened for convenience, on which records are kept in kilograms.
In accordance with the economic content, they are divided into accounts of assets, sources of formation of assets and business transactions. They display all kinds active funds, as well as those capitals that are intended for subsequent sale. Accounts showing sources of asset formation, contain information about all the ways funds come from, including own income and borrowed capital. Business transactions accounts include in their structure all data on the financial profit of the enterprise, as well as information on the expenses of the enterprise for various purposes.
According to the sequence of indications in the accounts, the accounts are divided into nominal and off-balance sheet.
According to their purpose and structure, they can be basic, regulatory, budgetary and distributive, operational, financially effective, etc.
Often, in the process of work, enterprises have to perform operations to record the movement and storage of property that does not belong to them. In addition, it is necessary to keep records of transactions related to the fulfillment of requirements and obligations to partners. For these purposes, off-balance (off-balance) accounts are used.
Off-balance accounts are designed to record and enter information about material values that do not belong to an economic entity and are temporarily at its disposal. Also, off-balance accounts are used to control certain types of financial transactions. Their name emphasizes that they are out of balance and are not taken into account in it.
The need for separate accounting of values that do not belong to an economic entity is explained by the fact that only own funds and the sources that form them should be taken into account in the main balance sheet. If the company's balance sheet also reflects values that do not belong to it, then it turns out that they are taken into account twice: with the owner and with the temporary owner. This will be contrary to the law and distort the real financial situation of enterprises.
The off-balance sheet account has a traditional, albeit slightly simplified, structure. It reflects the opening balance, the receipt and write-off of material assets during the month, the final balance.
In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of October 31, 2000 N 94n (as amended on November 08, 2010), several main types of off-balance accounts are used for organizations and enterprises of the Russian Federation, which are listed below.
Off-balance accounts include:
001 "Leased fixed assets". Required to enter information about leased fixed assets. Such funds are accounted for in accordance with the valuation adopted in existing lease agreements.
002 "Commodity and material assets accepted for safekeeping". This off-balance account is used to enter information about material assets for which, for one reason or another, payment has not been made, or temporarily accepted on the balance sheet.
003 "Materials accepted for processing". It is intended to display the availability and movement of raw materials or materials taken for processing and not paid by the manufacturer. The accounting is kept in the prices reflected in the relevant contracts.
004 "Goods accepted for commission". It is used by organizations that accept goods for commission in accordance with the contract. Accounting is kept in prices determined by acceptance certificates.
005 "Equipment accepted for installation". The off-balance account is used by contractors to reflect information about all types of installation equipment that was provided by the customer.
006 "Forms of strict reporting". Displays available and issued under the report forms for certificates, diplomas, subscriptions, tickets, receipts and other similar reporting forms. The account is kept in conditional prices. Each form type is counted separately.
007 "Debt written off at a loss of insolvent debtors." Here you can find information about the written-off debts. Such accounts are maintained five years after the debts have been written off, in order to control the possibility of recovery when the solvency of borrowers changes.
008 "Securities for obligations and payments received". Contains information on the availability and movement of funds received as guarantees for securing obligations, as well as guarantees that were received for goods transferred to other organizations. The amount of the guarantee for accounting is determined by the terms of the contract.
009 "Securities for obligations and payments issued". Reflects funds issued as guarantees to secure obligations.
010 "Depreciation of fixed assets". This off-balance account is intended to summarize data on the movement of amounts reflecting the depreciation of housing stock, landscaping, road facilities and the like, as well as fixed assets (in the case of non-profit organizations). Depreciation is charged at the end of the year at the rate of depreciation.
011 "Fixed assets leased out". Serves to display data on objects classified as fixed assets and leased. It is used in cases where, under the terms of the contract, the property must be reflected on the balance sheet of the tenant. Accounting is carried out in the prices appearing in the lease agreement.
In addition to those listed, the list of off-balance accounts can be supplemented by the organization itself, in accordance with the specifics of its activities. This should be reflected in the accounting policy.
For some types of economic entities, slightly different off-balance sheet accounts are used. So, the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 157n defines the chart of accounts for state and local authorities, off-budget funds, institutions of science and education, public institutions. This plan specifies twenty-six types of off-balance sheet accounts that can be used by these organizations as needed.
In each enterprise, in the process of activity, there are many business transactions that must be taken into account in accounting. For their accounting there are accounting accounts. Accounting for transactions in accounting accounts occurs using posting. What is this - wiring? How to make accounting entries? What is the principle of double entry in accounting?
The essence of double entry
At the time of any operation, there is a change in the funds and sources of the enterprise, the accounting of which takes place in the accounting accounts. Each transaction affects two accounts, the amount of the transaction is simultaneously reflected in the debit of one and the credit of the other. This is the double entry method.
Example:
Explain the principle of double entry simple example. Take any operation, for example, the receipt of cash from the buyer to the cashier. In this case, there is a simultaneous increase in cash on hand and a decrease in the buyer's debt. Accounting for cash is kept on the account. 50 "Cashier", all settlements with buyers are reflected in the account. 62.
According to the principle of double entry, we must reflect this event on two accounts: 50 “Cashier” and 62 “Settlements with buyers”. The amount of cash received must be reflected in the debit of one and the credit of the other.
Cash is an asset of the enterprise, the increase in the asset is reflected in the debit of the account, that is, the amount received must be reflected in the debit of the account. fifty.
The buyer's debt is also an asset, the decrease in debt is reflected in the credit account. 62.
That is, a business transaction - the receipt of cash from the buyer in the accounting department is reflected using a simultaneous double entry on debit 50 and credit 62. The entry is made for the same amount in the amount of cash received.
A double entry in accounting is a posting, or rather an indication of the accounts, on the debit and credit of which an entry was made for the amount of the operation.
Take the example above, we made a simultaneous entry for debit 50 and credit 62, a record of the form Debit 50 Credit 62 will be a posting. For convenience, it is reduced to the form D50 K62.
Two accounts that participate in the accounting entry are called offsetting. And the very relationship between these accounts is called the correspondence accounts of accounting.
Examples:
Here are some more examples of accounting entries:
D10 K60 - materials from the supplier are accepted for accounting.
D70 K50 - paid wage employee.
D71 K50 - cash was issued against the report to the employee.
D20 K10 - materials released into production.
Every day, the company performs a lot of business operations, for each of which the relevant primary documents are drawn up. Based on these documents, the posting will already be made. In order to correctly account for the amount of the operation, you need to be able to correctly draw up transactions.
For a novice accountant, compiling accounting entries often causes a lot of difficulties and in vain. Compiling wiring is quite simple, how to do the wiring correctly?
You need to follow three simple steps:
Let's look at these steps with an example.
So, some event happened at the enterprise, let's say, goods arrived from the buyer. How to wire?
We analyze the operation - the goods arrived from the buyer, which means that there are more goods in the warehouses, while the organization began to accrue a debt to the supplier. Moreover, the amount of the debt is equal to the value of the delivered goods.
Organizations, enterprises and other economic entities differ in the form of ownership, asset structure, number of employees and other characteristics. In such a situation, it is impossible to apply strict uniform standards for the organization of accounting to all participants in economic activity. Therefore, it became necessary to differentiate the methods of conducting accounting activities for different types of enterprises. Hence the concept of the accounting policy of an economic entity appeared.
Accounting policy is a set of ways to organize accounting economic entity. In other words, federal standards allow various types of forms of accounting documents and organization of accounting, from which each entity chooses the most suitable methods for its activities. These methods include various options for grouping and evaluating the activities of an enterprise, paying off the value of its assets, ensuring the circulation of documents, conducting an inventory, using accounts, accounting registers, and others.
The accounting policy is approved by order of the head, which can be drawn up according to the following model:
Accounting policy enterprises are regulated by Federal Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011 (Article 8), as amended on July 18, 2017, and the Accounting Regulations "Accounting Policy of the Organization" (PBU 1/2008). In accordance with these regulations, the accounting policy must be developed by the chief accountant (or other person authorized to keep accounting records) and approved by its head.
Law No. 402-FZ cancels the previously used standard forms of primary documentation, now such documentation is also approved by the head of the enterprise. Here is a list of required items. Article 8, paragraph 4, clarifies that, in the absence of accepted federal standards methods of accounting for a particular type of object, the latter can independently develop such methods, in accordance with the requirements of the law and existing standards.
Regulation PBU 1/2008 explains the organization of accounting policies in more detail. Thus, paragraph 5 introduces the implied assumptions:
Paragraph 6 of the PBU specifies general principles accounting policy, which should provide:
Clause 4 of the Regulation introduces the main sections of the accounting policy that make up the structure of accounting activities. The head of the organization must approve:
The third section of the Regulations PBU 1/2008 is devoted to change in accounting policy. It is valid in three cases:
The introduction of a new accounting policy must be carried out, mainly from the beginning of the reporting period. Mandatory approval of the new accounting structure by the relevant orders of the head of the enterprise. The possible financial consequences of such a change should be reflected in the financial statements.
The leaders of many organizations underestimate the importance of the relationship of accounting policies with the results of the enterprise. The correct accounting policy has a positive impact on the cost of products, gross profit, other indicators of the financial position of the organization. In the absence of an effective accounting policy, it is impossible to make a comparative analysis of the activities of an enterprise in different periods, as well as to compare the results obtained with those of other similar enterprises.
Accounting policy for 2017 sample free download for OSNO - link.
Organizations and individual entrepreneurs can be classified as small businesses if they meet the criteria established by Article 4 of Federal Law No. 209-FZ of July 24, 2007. In this article, first of all, it is said that commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms and consumer cooperatives can be classified as small enterprises if they meet the criteria established by this article.
On June 30, 2015, Federal Law No. 156-FZ of June 29, 2015 came into force, which introduced some changes to the criteria for determining a small business entity. The current criteria, as well as the changes introduced by the new law, will be discussed below.
Small businesses can maintain simplified accounting, submit simplified financial statements, apply a simplified procedure for cash discipline.
Enterprises does not exceed 15 people, then the enterprise belongs to micro-enterprises (a kind of small business entities).
If the average number of employees does not exceed 100 people, then the organization or individual entrepreneur can be attributed to small enterprises.
If the average number of employees over 100, but not more than 250 people, then the enterprise belongs to medium-sized enterprises.
The average number is taken over the past calendar year.
2015 change: according to the new law, an enterprise can be classified as a small business if this condition is met for three years in a row (previously it was enough for 2 years). An organization or individual entrepreneur will cease to be small if the average number exceeds 100 people for 3 years in a row.
Exists limit value revenue from the sale of goods and services, which distinguishes between small and medium-sized enterprises.
If the revenue for the calendar year, excluding value added tax does not exceed 60 million rubles., an enterprise is considered a micro-enterprise.
If the revenue does not exceed 400 million rubles. per year, then it is a small business.
If revenue does not exceed 1 billion rubles., then the company is considered medium.
The revenue limits are set by the Government of the Russian Federation.
2015 change: to classify an organization or individual entrepreneur as a small enterprise, it is necessary that this criterion be met for at least three consecutive years (previously it was 2 years). An organization or individual entrepreneur will be able to lose the status of a small enterprise only if the revenue exceeds the limit value for three consecutive years.
An organization or an individual entrepreneur can be classified as a small business if the authorized capital of the organization:
Based on materials: buhs0.ru
The tasks of accounting (reflection in the accounting of economic activity) are solved by using various methods and techniques, the totality of which is called the accounting method, which includes the following main elements:
To solve the main tasks and conduct accounting, an accountant needs to draw up a balance sheet and financial statements. Now that we have covered the terms accounting and accounting, let's take a closer look at the concepts of balance and reporting.
The balance sheet is a way of grouping the assets and liabilities of an organization in monetary terms, designed to characterize its financial position on a certain date, an element of financial statements. Understanding the definition of the balance sheet, we have discovered new terms for us: assets and liabilities.
Asset - part of the balance sheet (left side), reflecting the composition and value of the organization's property on a certain date. Aggregate property rights: material values, cash, debt claims, etc., belonging to a legal entity.
Liabilities (from Latin - inactive) - the opposite part of the balance sheet asset (right side), - the totality of all obligations (sources of funds) of the enterprise.
The balance sheet has the form of a two-sided table: one side is assets, that is, claims and investments, the second is liabilities, that is, liabilities and capital.
The main property of the report is that total assets are always equal to total liabilities. This is due to the fact that when reflecting transactions on accounts in the balance sheet, the principle of double entry is observed.
Accounting statements are a unified system of data on the property and financial position of an organization and on the results of its economic activity, compiled on the basis of accounting data in accordance with established forms.
AT different countries accepted different systems accounting reporting. In Russian federation financial statements governed by the Accounting Act and the Regulations on Accounting accounting(RPBU), which are developed by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as separate articles tax code.
So, we have identified and dealt with the concepts of interest to us and brought some clarity to the understanding of the tasks and responsibilities of an accountant. This is quite enough to understand the importance and necessity of specialists and professionals in this profession. The performance of this work requires professionalism and certain experience. In order to master the profession of an accountant, it is necessary to know the theory of accounting - the theoretical, methodological and practical foundations of its organization. Of greater importance is the understanding of the functions of accounting - control, information and analytical. To be successful in the profession of an accountant, you also need to master the methods of accounting.
The City Center for Continuing Professional Education conducts training courses accountants. Our training center provides training and education for both beginner accountants and chief accountants, accountants of enterprises Catering as well as continuing education courses for accountants and training professional accountants.
The GCCPO Training Center conducts accounting courses to study the main duties and tasks for an accountant discussed in this article. These are accounting and tax courses. You will learn how to conduct accounting, draw up a balance sheet and financial statements, as well as keep tax records and carry out registration tax returns. Our training center provides graduates of these courses with assistance and assistance in finding employment as an assistant accountant and an accountant in a small business.
Also, our training center conducts accounting courses in trade, which will allow students to learn the rules and features of accounting in a trade organization. Students will consider trade as an object of accounting, learn how to use cash registers and get acquainted with the features of export and import operations.
Accounting courses are taught by professional teachers, acting accountants with extensive experience. The Training Center of the State Center for Fine Arts and Education constantly recruits students for accounting courses in groups of morning, afternoon, evening training, as well as in groups of the day off and in intensive training groups. You can choose a time convenient for you.
Accounting is the formation of documented systematized information about in accordance with established requirements and the preparation of accounting (financial) statements on its basis. Such a definition of accounting is given in Part 2 of Art. 1 of the Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ "On Accounting" . We will tell you about the essence, purposes and content of accounting, about who and how it is conducted in our consultation.
The essence of accounting is largely revealed in the definition of accounting. After all, what is accounting in your own words? In short, accounting is the process of reflecting all business facts in accounting registers and subsequent reporting.
On the goals and objectives of accounting financial accounting we told in and said that accounting is, among other things, a mechanism aimed at preventing negative results of the organization's activities and identifying internal reserves that would allow it to provide financial stability.
The concept of accounting given above shows the significance of . The concept of accounting confirms the need not only for the primary registration of the facts of economic activity, but also for their systematization. in the theory of accounting are in close and inextricable relationship.
In resolving issues of setting up accounting and practical accounting work, it is necessary to be guided by a 4-level one. Moreover, in cases where a particular accounting issue is not regulated at the regulatory level, the accounting instruction for the organization will be her. An accounting policy for an organization is not a general “theorized” document, it reveals the essence and main tasks of accounting in it or gives general characteristics accounting is not required. It is rather a guide to action in specific business conditions, a set of practical guidelines.
When conducting accounting, the facts of economic life are reflected in interrelated synthetic accounts using. The list of synthetic accounts was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 No. 94n. A working accounting plan for accounting, taking into account the peculiarities of conducting activities in a particular organization, must be attached to an approved by such an organization.
We cited typical accounting entries for various sections of accounting in ours.
The following accounting issues, among others, were also disclosed.
Greetings, dear friends! Money loves an account, doesn't it? Do you know that if you lead family budget so you can save some money? Accounting is simply indispensable in order to keep everything under control both in the family circle, as well as in the organization . If you've been looking for a bookkeeping book for dummies to read in simple words about the complex concept of accounting, then welcome! This article is just that.
Of course, with the most ancient profession, a little inflection. However, did you know that back in the 15th century, the Italians, namely the monks, invented one of the main principles of accounting? Yes, yes, so everyone hated the method of double recording was first described by the Italian monk Luca Pacioli. The principle of double entry has not changed in the last 500+ years. Accounting is a generalization of all available financial information whether it's a family or a whole huge enterprise. If we consider accounting specifically at the enterprise, then it is conducted either by the director himself or by the chief accountant. If the company is small and does not require a chief accountant, then they use the services of third-party companies, i.e. receive outsourced services. By the way, do you know what it is? I advise you to learn more. Outsourcing is something that can also save you a lot of money.
What is the subject of accounting? First of all, this is all the property of the company and even its obligations. Thus, the debts of the enterprise, as well as the expected receipts from counterparties, will also be included in the balance sheet.
Why do you need to keep accounts? Accounting is one of the most important divisions in a company, and if you can do without a marketing department, then no self-respecting entrepreneur has gone far without an accountant. Even in the family circle, it is customary to count money, what can we say about the place that is your second home? How, you haven't moved to work yet? Urgently deprive you of the award!
Accounting tasks include:
Accounting at the enterprise is carried out using the notorious program 1C: Accounting. Moreover, the accountant must understand document management, as well as be able to use Internet banking. In general, all accounting problems can be solved as follows:
Standing apart is such a moment in accounting as a chart of accounts. The chart of accounts is a whole system according to which operations are recorded and grouped in accounting. In addition to the listed components of accounting, it is worth noting that it is based on several principles. So, the principle of periodicity is considered the main principle, i.e. reporting for the month, quarter, half year and year. This allows you to compare indicators for different periods and see the development or, vice versa, the decline in the company's activities in dynamics.
Confidentiality is the second accounting principle. The vast majority of companies adhere to the principle that the balance sheet data of the organization is strictly confidential and it is forbidden to disclose it. The exception is a certain part of non-profit organizations.
We have already touched on the third principle - this is the monetary dimension, i.e. any business transaction in the company must have a value expression.
Separately, I would like to highlight a special nuance in accounting, namely the maintenance of documentation.
Documents are the basis of doing business, and it is with the help of them that all transactions are recorded.
A document is evidence, and evidence loves order. Any accountant pays special attention to maintaining archives, both in print and in in electronic format and also knows which documents are legally binding and which are not.
Only the documentation on which all the details are correctly placed has legal force. For example, if there is no signature on any primary documentation, then it will be impossible to take it into account.
You don't even have to look at Books From Scratch textbooks to determine if you need one or not. So, depending on the form of organization, a company can maintain full or simplified accounting. Of course, the choice of work as an individual entrepreneur, LLC or even JSC depends not only on the future form of accounting, however, it would be nice to get acquainted with the difference, which we will now do. IP is a form of organization entrepreneurial activity, which does not create entity. An individual entrepreneur is primarily an individual who conducts activities for profit. An individual entrepreneur cannot have a separate individual property and, consequently, if he becomes bankrupt, then everyone will have to pay, down to the last thread.
LLCs and JSCs are organizations and they bear responsibility with their capital, and not with the property of the founders. The difference also lies in how many people can directly participate in the management. Moreover, organizing an AO is somewhat more difficult.
Full-fledged accounting is maintained only in LLCs and JSCs, which implies the presence of both a balance sheet and profit and loss indicators, as well as full-fledged archiving. Sole proprietors, according to federal law No. 402-FZ have the right not to maintain full accounting records. However, do not confuse accounting with its tax colleague, since the IP must still submit reports to the Federal Tax Service.
The deadlines for filing reports are determined by the chosen taxation system. Most often individual entrepreneurs choose a simplified taxation system, however, you can choose both UTII, UAT and even a patent. Typically, in order to tax accounting An individual entrepreneur is required to hire an accountant, unless, of course, he is able to keep records on his own.
The first and main point that needs to be urgently addressed is the hiring of workers. Are you ready to become an employer and be responsible for your wards? It is very difficult to be responsible for officially arranged people in your IP.
The accounting department of individual entrepreneurs after hiring employees is completely changing. So, for a given period of time, for 1 reporting year you will have to submit as many as 7 reports, including Pension Fund, Foundation social insurance and, of course, the tax office. And believe me, filing the average number of employees is the most innocuous thing you have to do.
That individual entrepreneurs and LLCs must comply with the reporting deadlines, otherwise there is a risk of running into fines (do you need this?). Penalties, arrears, blocking of the current account ... What kind of frills is not served on our accounting table by the generous tax inspectorate. 
Whether you will keep accounting on your own or with the help of an accountant, I advise you to take this as seriously as possible. Use special software (1C, for example), and also save all the documents that you had to work with.
Hope you enjoyed the article. Maybe you are already an experienced accountant and you have something to add to my modest review? Waiting for your comments. Until we meet again!
P.S. Watch the video about accounting, they explain well and clearly.
Sincerely, Technical Experts.
