Pre-project analysis
Pre-project analysis
Pre-project analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing initial data, determining safety requirements, operating conditions and a feasibility study of an object, developing a plan and determining the cost of research, design and survey, construction and commissioning for project implementation, risk assessment of the project being implemented.
The purpose of the pre-project analysis- this is an assessment of the technical feasibility of the project - the possibility of construction, commissioning and ensuring safety during the operation of the planned facility, assessment of economic feasibility, preparation of a plan, determination of the conditions and risks of the project.
The purpose of the pre-project analysis is achieved by solving the following tasks:
1. Determination of the main requirements of the customer for the project (object).
2. Analysis of the technical and economic aspects of the project - the expected characteristics of the object, the planned budget, safety requirements and the assessment of the possibility of meeting all customer requirements.
3. Development of options for proposals for the implementation of the project with the presentation of layouts and a description of the main characteristics of the object, taking into account the wishes of the customer, the size of the security zones engineering communications and possible deviations from safety requirements.
4. Analysis of technical risks for each option, comparison of project implementation options and expected risks, assessment of the acceptability of identified risks.
5. Justified choice of the most optimal variant of the planned object, feasibility study and determination of the conditions for the economic profitability of the project.
6. Development of a plan, determination of conditions and risk assessment of the project implementation.
Benefits of pre-project analysis
A pre-project analysis is carried out before a decision is made on the implementation of the project - before the implementation of research, survey, design, construction works and gives the customer an understanding of the possibility, best options and project implementation scenarios. Pre-project analysis does not require significant costs, but is the basis for the effective implementation of the project with the presentation of the main technical solutions, timing and cost.
The customer of the pre-project analysis can be an investor, developer, business owner, head of the organization, technical manager.
Pre-project analysis can be carried out before the implementation of the project, as part of:
Construction of a new facility;
Reconstruction or technical re-equipment of an existing facility.
As benefits stimulating pre-project analysis, the following can be distinguished:
Reduction of design time;
Reducing the risks of developing inefficient projects;
Reasonable determination of the adequate cost of the project;
Creation of a ready-made proven base - the basis for design;
Reducing the likelihood of creating technically unrealizable projects;
Striking a balance between economic effect and security of the facility;
The possibility of obtaining several options for the planned object, choosing the optimal one;
Quality improvement design decisions, receiving the expected object with the preliminary approval of the customer;
Initial data for pre-project analysis
Possible initial data for pre-project analysis:
Available land;
Object planned for construction;
An existing facility planned for reconstruction or technical re-equipment;
Individual requirements of the customer for the project: the size of the object, the planned technological processes, the type of materials and the manufacturer of the technological equipment, the production capacity, etc.;
Preliminary justification of the economic efficiency of the project.
Scope of work within the pre-project analysis
After determining the planned facility, goals and objectives of the project, the availability of a preliminary positive assessment of the project and the formation of a list of requirements (wishes) of the customer, the list and scope of work are specified as part of the pre-project analysis. In order to reduce contractual risks, the entire scope of work within the framework of pre-project analysis is divided into 3 stages:
Stage 1: assessment of the technical feasibility of the project, where the collection and analysis of initial data, the study of the territory ( land plot) for an object, a survey of an existing object planned for reconstruction or technical re-equipment, a study of individual parts, sections of the planned object, as well as problematic issues affecting the safety and risks of the project, a reasonable assessment of the technical feasibility of the project is given.
The cost of work at the 1st stage is within 20-30% of the cost of pre-project analysis.
Stage 2: assessment of the economic feasibility of the project where the feasibility and economic efficiency of the project implementation are assessed, a feasibility study is carried out - the expected costs (costs) are calculated at the stage of project implementation and further operation of the planned facility, planned incomes, profits are determined, profitability, payback and other economic indicators project. The cost of work at the 2nd stage is within 30-60% of the cost of pre-project analysis.
Stage 3: development of a project implementation plan where the preparation of a detailed action plan and budget, a calendar-network plan and recommendations for project management, the development of tasks and documentation for the execution and procurement of certain types of work for contracting organizations is carried out.
The cost of work at the 3rd stage is within 20-40% of the cost of pre-project analysis.
The procedure for conducting a pre-project analysis
The procedure for pre-project analysis is currently not regulated by a separate regulatory legal act, however, the provisions governing the processes of performing work within the framework of pre-project analysis are contained in the documentation included in the system of legislation on investment activity, in the field of technical regulation, urban planning, environmental protection, fire and industrial safety, sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.
In order to correctly and timely perform pre-project analysis, Engineering Business LLC has introduced its own provision on pre-project analysis, developed on the basis of accumulated experience in performing such work, Russian and foreign standards in the field of technical regulation, project management and risks. The regulation contains a general methodology for pre-project analysis, regulations for carrying out individual stages of work, software, regulatory and technical base, measuring equipment and the necessary forms of documents: applications, interaction plans, action plans, schedules, questionnaires and checklists, registers, correspondence tables, estimates, standard reports.
You can get acquainted with the content of the provision on the pre-project analysis of Engineering Business LLC by sending a request to the official email address: [email protected] website.
Pre-project analysis results
The results of the pre-project analysis include a document (report) called
"Pre-project analysis for the object: "...", in general view containing the following:
Purpose, tasks and participants of the project
Marketing research of the project (from the customer)
Chapter 1Assessment of the technical feasibility of the project
1 Initial data on the planned object
2 Requirements for the provision of security zones of existing facilities
3 Planned technological processes and operations
4 Security requirements for the planned object, processes
5 Variants of the preliminary design and justification for the choice of the planned object
6 Deviations from safety requirements, security zones
This chapter is based on a thorough study of the works of a number of prominent specialists in the field of urban planning, landscape design and landscape architecture (V. V. Vladimirova, L. S. Zaleeskaya, N. A. Ilinskaya, E. M. Mikulina, Z. A. Nikolaevskaya , L. I. Rubtsova and others).
When starting to design any object, from a summer cottage to a park, you should always remember that each landscape as a whole and its components contain not only hidden opportunities, but also limitations. It is necessary not only to identify the most significant artistic properties, but also to take into account the natural processes of landscape development. In the process of historical development of geographical landscapes, only certain, and not arbitrary, forms of relief, reservoirs, plant and animal communities arise.
The possibilities of transforming the territory, as well as the methods of forming the volumetric-spatial composition of the cultural landscape, primarily depend on natural landscape components. In particular, the climate forms the comfort of recreation conditions, determines the selection of vegetation; the relief determines the adoption of planning, engineering, architectural and artistic decisions: vegetation and soils determine the possibilities for landscaping and landscaping; hydrographic network and hydrogeological conditions - methods of land reclamation, ways of rational use of water areas.
Pre-project materials. The pre-project materials include the following.
1. Landscape analysis of the projected site and the surrounding area.
2. Geodetic plan.
3. Tree-by-tree shooting of plantings (for the most valuable sites).
4. Taxation survey (in the presence of large forests).
5. Technical conclusion about soils.
6. Technical conclusion on the regime of groundwater and hydrogeology in the regime of flooding.
Landscape analysis of the projected site and the surrounding area. The relief is the basis on which all other landscape components are based, therefore, in many cases, it is the relief that determines the nature of the created landscapes and their decorative appearance. For example, the landscape of the Monrepos park in Vyborg is made up of rocky ridges - selga, overgrown with pines and spruces, heaps of boulders of various sizes, marshy lowlands. Due to differences in the structure of the relief, a variety of both natural and cultural landscapes is formed.
It is known that the relief has an impact on the redistribution of heat and moisture even in flat areas, where there are slight differences in elevation, but it is of particular importance in hilly areas or in the mountains. The habitat conditions of vegetation on the slopes depend on their steepness, exposure and composition of parent rocks. In the upper parts of the slope, due to surface runoff, the soil is drier; in the lower parts of the relief, more moisture accumulates due to the additional inflow of surface and groundwater. In addition, the more shaded northern and eastern slopes have a more even thermal regime and high relative humidity, while the southern and southwestern slopes are more sunny, they are characterized by sharp temperature drops and moisture evaporation.
that is why a comprehensive preliminary assessment of the state and possibilities of changing the geomorphological base is a prerequisite for the correct organization of the designed landscape. Even slight differences in elevation of the relief can serve as a plot basis for designing a wide variety of landscapes.
At the preliminary stage, in the most thorough way, the relief forms of not only the projected object, but also the adjacent territory should be investigated. Only as a result of a full-scale, field survey, it is possible to determine the possibilities of using hills, slopes, rocky outcrops, river valleys, etc. to include them in interesting landscape paintings and reveal views on them.
In this regard, a detailed landscape analysis of the territory should be carried out already at the pre-project stage. It consists in a detailed examination of all elements and components of the landscape located both in the projected area and in the surrounding area. In the process of studying the territory, they make up its climatic assessment as a whole, as well as its individual sections. Vegetation growing in and around the projected area is especially carefully studied. All plantings must be assessed for their use in future construction, economic or aesthetic value. In this case, existing large trees should be used, since it will take at least several decades to form new plantings of such sizes. Finding out the state and nature of the vegetation of the surrounding landscapes will help in the selection of its assortment for the projected object, as well as in establishing unity between the cultural landscape and the vegetation of the surrounding area.
Geodetic plan. The basis of the documentation should be a geodetic plan with a coordinate grid, contour lines, indicating the boundaries of the site and drawing existing plantations, reservoirs, underground utilities and ground structures. Usually it is drawn up on a scale of 1:500 (horizontals are drawn through 0.5 m); for territories larger than 10 hectares, it is drawn up on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:1000 (horizontals through 2 m and 1 m, respectively); for especially large areas of hundreds of hectares, the plan is drawn up on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:5000.
Tree-by-tree shooting of plantings. For the most landscape-valued areas, a tree-by-tree shooting plan is drawn up (with each tree and each group of shrubs plotted on the plan at a scale of 1:500) with detailed description. A coordinate grid is applied to the plan with existing trees and shrubs shown by legend. For each tree or group of homogeneous trees and shrubs, the description should contain: plan number, species name, age, trunk diameter at a height of 1.3 m, crown diameter, tree height, sanitary condition, decorative qualities.
taxation survey, In the presence of large forests that do not require significant changes, an additional taxation shooting.
In this case, land use boundaries, clearings, a quarterly grid of plantations, and contours of allotments are applied to the geodetic plan. In landscape design, the following terms are accepted.
Section- plantation area with homogeneous indicators for the dominant species.
Age class– conditional subdivision of plantations by age into groups (conifers, oak, maple, beech, ash, elm are divided into classes of 20 years; birch, alder, aspen, linden - into classes of 10 years).
Bonitet- an indicator of the productivity of plantations and habitat conditions. It is determined by the average height of trees of a given age (I - bonitet of tall stands, V - the lowest).
completeness- the degree of crown density of stands (1 - full plantations, 0.1 - sparse).
undergrowth- the young generation growing under the canopy of the old forest.
Undergrowth- shrubs growing under the canopy of plantations.
Ground cover- the nature of the cover of the upper layer of the earth: grassy, moss, lichen, dead (fallen leaves, needles, bark and branches).
forest type- a set of plantations characterized by homogeneous conditions (mainly the same moisture conditions).
stock of timber- the volume of wood, measured in cubic meters.
Within each quarter, a detailed description of plantings is provided for the plots according to indicators: the area of the plot, the composition of plantations, their age (by species), undergrowth, undergrowth, layering, aboveground cover, and the dominant species. According to the prevailing species, the following are additionally indicated: age class, average height of trees, average trunk diameter, bonitet, forest type, density, timber stock, growth characteristics, origin, degree of damage to the forest by pests and diseases. The basis of the forestry survey is the taxation characteristic of plantations according to the last forest management.
Soil technical opinion should contain a brief description of the natural historical conditions and factors of soil formation, as well as information on the chemical properties and mechanical composition of soils. The conclusion for large objects is accompanied by a soil map on a geodetic plan on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:5000.
Technical Conclusion on the Groundwater Regime and Hydrogeology under Flooding Conditions is compiled for objects on the territory of which there are already reservoirs or their construction is envisaged, as well as for objects in need of melioration, saline or subject to flooding. This conclusion should contain detailed data on the geological structure of the territory (geological sections, description of soils, depth of layers, etc.), groundwater regime (the level of groundwater is especially important during the period of greatest moisture), hydrological characteristics of rivers and other water bodies, detailed information about climatic conditions (temperature regime of the air, duration of the frost-free period, average annual and average monthly precipitation, air humidity, wind strength and direction, amount of solar radiation, cloudiness, snow cover depth, etc.).
Before you start designing, you must also have:
copying from the master plan of the city (with the application of the existing and projected seeding of the areas adjacent to the object, underground city networks of engineering communications, to which the corresponding networks of the projected object can be connected);
Technical design conditions engineering networks(water supply, sewerage, electricity and heat supply, etc.) issued correspond to them and services;
architectural and planning task, in accordance with which the project is carried out. The task provides information about the intended purpose of the object, indicates its size and boundaries, a list of necessary structures, the sequence of development of the territory, data on the nature and prospects for the development of the adjacent territory, General requirements to architectural planning.
Design materials. After the pre-project stage of studying the planned materials and field surveys, a technical project is drawn up. It consists of graphics and explanatory text. It establishes the technical possibilities and the most economical methods of future construction, and also reflects the planning basis and engineering training the territory of the object.
The structure of the technical project includes the following components.
1. General plan.
2. Dendrological project.
3. Project of vertical planning.
4. Project of utility networks.
6. Explanatory note.
General plan forms the basis of a technical project, on a scale of 1:500 (or 1:1000 for large objects), with the drawing of structures, paths, platforms, reservoirs, open spaces (including lawns, flower beds, etc.), plantations of trees and shrubs, as well as with the application of the zoning scheme of the territory and the sequence of its development.
Dendrological project determines the entire compositional and artistic appearance of the designed landscape. The dendrological project shows three-dimensional compositions of the projected landscape paintings, the placement and outlines of arrays of tree and shrub vegetation, open spaces, groves, groups and individual trees. The attached detailed explication (description) contains the range of vegetation used, indicating the species and varieties (and, if necessary, the possibility of replacing them with other species), as well as the number of plants in pieces.
Vertical layout project compiled separately, performed in red contour lines showing a network of drains. It may also include a cartogram earthworks indicating the places for cutting and adding soil and a plan pavement with a description of the structures of paths and platforms, drawn up taking into account the relevant sanitary and technical requirements.
Engineering networks project and engineering preparation of the territory are reduced mainly to the drafting of networks for water consumption, drainage, sewerage, electricity, heat supply, low-voltage devices (radio, telephone, etc.). Attention should be paid to the calculation of the need for heat, as well as water consumption, which, as a rule, consists of drinking, fire-fighting, irrigation water consumption, as well as the supply of fountains (if they are designed) and the irrigation of the cultural landscape.
estimates are an integral part of the technical project. They are drawn up for the performance of certain types of work, for the construction of structures (with the application of the relevant projects of buildings and structures), and are also carried out summary estimate throughout the facility.
Explanatory note includes detailed list conducted survey work, project documentation, existing facilities and communications. It also necessarily includes a description of natural and environmental conditions, the balance of the territory for the planned improvement facilities with comprehensive data on the justification of all types of work, with a reduction in their physical volumes. The explanatory note includes recommendations for improving the mechanical and chemical composition of soils, groundwater regime, justifies the required amount of fertilizers, etc.
Working drawings. The main decisions of the technical project at a later stage are developed in more detail in the working drawings. They include the following.
1. General plan as amended after the approval of the technical project.
2. Working draft of the vertical planning of the territory and the road network.
3. Drawings of engineering communications.
4. Working drawings of buildings and structures.
5. Layout drawings of the layout (performed on a scale of 1:500, and areas with difficult terrain or with the use of stairs and retaining walls - on a scale of 1:200).
6. Landing drawings for the placement of the designed vegetation (compiled on the basis of layout drawings).
Staged design. For objects that are not too technically complex, one stage of landscape design is enough. In this case, a technical work project is used. It includes the following.
2. General plan.
3. Dendrological project.
4. Explanatory note.
5. Working drawings.
When designing large, especially complex and important objects in terms of urban planning, the number of stages increases. After pre-project studies, a draft design is additionally developed. Its basis is general plan(at a scale of 1:500 for small objects, at a scale of 1:1000 or 1:2000 for large objects). In cases of complex objects, the master plan is supplemented with illustrative materials in the form of layouts, drawings, perspectives, etc. In addition, the draft design includes a diagram of the engineering equipment of the territory, an estimate of the estimated cost of construction, determined by aggregated indicators, as well as a brief explanatory note. And only after this stage is the technical project carried out. So, in this case, this scheme is as follows.
1. Pre-project studies and documentation.
2. Draft design (general plan, visual material, engineering network diagram, indicative estimate, brief explanatory note).
3. Technical project (in full).
4. Working drawings.
In its simplest form, the development of the project is as follows.
According to the general scheme of landscaping or the general plan of the park, a site for the construction of the park and its purpose are determined. Perform geo-substance, hydro-geological surveys and soil analysis. A landscape analysis of the territory is carried out to determine the system of spaces, identify valuable vegetation, potential and existing viewpoints and panoramas, the possibility of organizing water bodies and the need for clearing. They plan preliminary functional zoning with the definition of plots suitable for development, the gravity of the population of adjacent areas, and the organization of entrances.
The next step can be considered the formation of a planning frame. To do this, a system of axial compositions is organized through the main and secondary alleys, the entrances and objects of the system of internal spaces and compositional nodes are combined with opening to viewpoints and panoramas. Walking routes are traced, groups and arrays are formed.
How the system is worked out with floral design, parterres, meadows with flower beds are planned, mixborders are placed, borders with reinforcement in accented places. Sculptures, fountains, vases are placed in the nodes.
Zoning is carried out in such a way as to form three main ecological zones in the park:
I - the middle core or distant peripheral territories where quiet rest is provided, the most valuable protected areas are preserved, shaft plantings are arranged, - areas for nesting birds, anthropogenic pressure on the landscape remains minimal here;
II - an active recreation area, where the bulk of visitors are concentrated, while the nature of the improvement must withstand increased anthropogenic loads;
III - buffer zone, this is a narrow strip of the park on the border with urban development. It serves to protect the main territory from dust, noise, gas and is used as boulevards, sidewalks for transit pedestrian flows, belongs to both the park and the street.
The selected territorial units are subject to further evaluation. This work is carried out in order to identify the merits of each site and the territory as a whole, as well as to select the best solution for its use, in order to determine on this basis the planning and compositional decisions and types of work to implement the project in kind. In the process of assessment, some change in the boundaries of the selected areas is possible.
Objects of landscape art are formed by the interaction and interrelation of the following factors: aesthetic, sanitary and hygienic, functional, environmental and technological. Each of these factors reflects the advantages of the territory from its own standpoint. Aesthetic characterizes the beauty of the site, sanitary and hygienic - its comfort for a person, functional - compliance with the designed purpose of the object, the possibility of organizing certain types of recreation, transport and structural relationship with the surrounding territories, the environmental factor is determined by the resistance of sites to anthropogenic impact. In urban conditions, this is, first of all, the resistance of plantations to atmospheric air pollution (gas contamination and dust content), and in recreational forests (forest parks, recreation areas, national parks) - the resistance of natural complexes to recreational loads. The technological factor characterizes the possibilities of developing the territory - landscaping, conducting communications, forming landscapes. From the standpoint of the considered factors, the assessment of the territory should be carried out. Each of the factors has its own set of evaluation criteria and evaluation indicators.
Evaluation of an object by aesthetic factor is one of the most difficult, as it is strongly associated with emotional perception. However, the similarity of opinions of various people in assessing the beauty of certain phenomena made it possible to reveal the commonality of reactions to the beauty of natural and park landscapes, landscape paintings, individual trees and their groups, herbaceous and flower plants and their compositions. Their value is largely determined by the patterns of perception of color and spatial relationships, outlined in the chapter "Means of landscape composition." In general, it can be said that in landscape art it is not so much individual objects (plants, landforms, stones, reservoirs, etc.) that are evaluated, but the harmony of their interconnection and spatial relationships. However, it is impossible to evaluate this harmony without evaluating the objects themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to first evaluate the decorativeness of plants, their groups, etc. Thus, the decorative merits of individual trees and shrubs depend on how each specimen expresses character traits of its kind. Best of all, they manifest themselves in adulthood in favorable conditions. These instances are considered standards against which the others are compared. The aesthetic merits of territorial units are determined by the types of landscapes; this means that each type of landscape (forest, open spaces, water bodies, etc.) has its own set of evaluation criteria. For each of them, an evaluation scale is developed. If there is no such scale, then the designer independently determines the list of criteria by which the assessment is carried out. Thus, for the assessment of forest landscapes, the main criteria are: the age of the plantations, the type of spatial structure, the composition of the rocks, the presence of decorative undergrowth and cover, the harmony of the elements that form the appearance of the landscape. These criteria, with the exception of the last one, simultaneously reflect the taxation characteristics of the site. The harmony of the constituent elements is determined intuitively, but here we can recall that it is most clearly expressed in forest types.
The assessment of open spaces is carried out according to the following criteria: shape (geometric, free), the nature of the surface (determined by the slopes of the relief - a horizontal plane, a gentle slope, the degree of disturbance - the presence of bumps, holes, ditches, mounds, etc.), the quality of the grass cover (meadow, weedy, absent), the quality of the edge of the surrounding plantations (the type of edge, the composition of tree species, the characteristics of their decorative effect), the quality of vegetation on the site (trees, shrubs, thickets of young growth, etc.), the presence of formed internal species.
Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams are evaluated by the aesthetic qualities of the water mirror - its shape and purity, by the quality of the surrounding plantations, structures, landforms, open spaces, the presence of internal views.
Landforms are ranked by their importance to each given feature.
When assessed by sanitary factor take into account microclimatic and telluric conditions.
Microclimatic conditions are estimated according to temperature, air humidity and wind conditions, as well as solar radiation. Together, these data should provide favorable conditions for a person to stay.
The microclimate conditions within the territory of the facility change during the day and season of the year. So, for open spaces in the cold season, the most favorable indicators are high temperatures with a minimum of wind, therefore, the slopes of southern exposures, protected from northern winds and receiving the largest number solar heat. These areas become less comfortable in the heat. In the mountainous conditions of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea, the watershed parts of the ridges are unfavorable in winter due to their exposure to cold winds, and in summer they are quite comfortable due to the aeration regime. The indicators of comfort also change in glades: on hot days, the edge of the northern exposure is the most comfortable, and on cool days - the southern one.
Telluric conditions characterized by features of the air composition that affect the body primarily through the respiratory tract. This includes turpentine vapor, phytoncides, aromatic substances, air ionization. Here the main role is played by the species composition of plantations, as well as the direction and frequency of prevailing winds. Depending on the season of the year and the weather, telluric indicators change significantly, they are most pronounced on hot summer days.
Functional factor score determines the suitability of the object for organizing recreation. It is characterized by existing and prospective types of recreation, as well as qualitative and quantitative indicators. Qualitative indicators are the types and forms of recreation that exist at the time of assessment or are possible in the future. They are determined by the number of vacationers that the property being assessed accepts or will accept. These data are obtained on the basis of in-kind accounting of existing attendance, analysis of preferred types of recreation, needs for recreation in the future. Based on these data, a forecast for the development of recreation is compiled, and the projected territory is evaluated according to the following criteria: the number of types of recreation that can be organized on a particular site, the convenience of approaches to the site (transport and pedestrian accessibility), the availability of roads and the level of their improvement. Other criteria are also possible that increase or decrease the value of the site in terms of the possibility of organizing recreation (the presence of reservoirs and springs, impenetrable thickets, swamps, etc.).
Environmental factor assessment considers mainly the level of stability of the territory to recreational loads. First of all, areas of plantations, different types of which have different levels of stability, are subject to assessment (coniferous plantations are less stable than broad-leaved plantations, etc.). This assessment should guide designers in a certain way when creating the planning structure of forest parks and large parks in order to preserve existing plantings using appropriate biological and planning techniques.
In the organization of parks and forest parks, the environmental factor has importance, it determines and regulates the calculated recreational capacity, influences the organization of types and forms of recreation and its scale (i.e., the functional use of the object), determines measures for the conservation of natural complexes. Of these, the most dangerous in terms of environmental protection are picnics and campfires on unequipped sites, as well as gathering, in which valuable ornamental plants are destroyed, the soil structure is disturbed, leading to the decay of plantations. The least dangerous forms of recreation are regulated road walks, sports on equipped grounds, as well as climate therapy (air and sunbathing in glades).
When assessing, it is necessary to take into account those types of impact that are the most dangerous - trampling, destruction and damage to plants, fires, garbage.
Assessment of the resistance of natural complexes to trampling based on research data on the stages of digression. Obviously, it will be expressed either in the form of a ranked series of these complexes (first of all, forest types), or in the form of individual components (dominant species or grass cover) as the main indicators of sustainability. The assessment of the danger of destruction and damage to plants is determined by the degree of their presence and the environmental significance of the sites themselves. The degree of fire hazard is determined by the presence of conifers in the composition, and the degree of clogging is determined by the possible types of recreation identified in the process of assessing the functional factor.
Assessment by technological factor about determined by the volume and cost of work on the development of the facility; this factor has its own specifics: it is the final one in the overall set of assessments. Therefore, it is possible to determine the technical and economic indicators of the development of a particular site or object as a whole only after its value is revealed in terms of other factors and an optimal solution for its development is found, i.e., upon completion of the project.
Thus, each of the considered factors is characterized by certain features and has its own set of evaluation criteria. The recreational value of park facilities is determined by the significance of all these factors.
The identified factors are in a certain relationship, which determines the role of each in relation to the others. So, the factors that determine the actual recreational value of the massif are aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic. They are in a certain relationship, where the aesthetic factor exists both independently and as part of the sanitary and hygienic, entering the group of psychotherapeutic conditions. This relationship is characterized not only by direct dependencies. So, if in some cases areas with high aesthetic indicators are also favorable in sanitary and hygienic terms (for example, picturesque glades, well insolated and ventilated), then in other cases this may not be the case (for example, picturesque wetlands). And vice versa, sanitary and hygienic areas may have a high aesthetic value (for example, park-type oak forests), or they may not (pine young forests). Each of these factors affects the functional use of the territory in its own way. As a result, in addition to purely physical suitability for recreation, areas of high aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic merit acquire the greatest value.
Functional factor occupies a special position in the grading system. On the one hand, it is directly influenced by aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic factors, which determine the types and forms of recreation, the flow of visitors, and hence the main direction of the functional use of the territory. On the other hand, it is inversely affected by the recreational stability of biogeocenoses, i.e., the environmental factor, as well as the degree of technological complexity of the development of the territory. This relationship is especially pronounced when organizing recreation in recreational forests. If there the functional factor determines the desired or physically possible level of accessibility of certain types of recreation, then the environmental factor limits it in the form of their environmental permissibility, determining the permissible loads and hence the estimated capacity of forest parks. Determining the limits of the recreational use of the territory, the environmental factor acts as a limiter to its active exploitation, dictating the types and forms of recreation and their size. However, in practice, one constantly has to deal with the overload of certain areas, due to a complex of natural features, transport accessibility established holiday traditions. Although in such areas the recreational loads are higher than those allowed by the environmental factor, they must be accepted due to the prevailing circumstances. As a result, the designers allocate areas that require appropriate measures to adapt the natural complex to such recreational conditions. The interaction of these factors can be represented as follows:
functional→environmental→technological.
Along with this, there are areas that require protection regime and regulation of recreation or complete exclusion from recreational use. Thus, in cases of possible regulation of recreational loads by introducing additional areas or organizing the outflow of vacationers in another way, the leading factor is the environmental factor that affects the functional one. In cases where it is impossible to remove high recreational loads, the functional factor proper, which regulates environmental requirements with the help of technology, remains the leading one. When organizing parks that constantly have high loads, the following interactions are typical:
functional → technological → aesthetic;
aesthetic→functional→technological.
The environmental factor becomes the leading one in cases of identifying especially valuable natural objects (for the purpose of their conservation) - nesting places for birds, plant communities, primarily flowering ground cover plants, unique trees, geological outcrops, caves, springs, etc.
Preserving the figurative integrity of plant groups, grass cover, as well as entire forests, the environmental factor is closely related to the aesthetic one.
The practical implementation of the requirements of all factors is determined by the technological one, which also receives its final expression in the functional one.
The considered factors according to their role in the formation of park facilities can be grouped as follows:
Factors stimulating the formation of parks are aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic;
The factors limiting this process are environmental and technological;
The factor regulating the interaction of the first two groups is functional.
On this basis, it is possible to build a model of the logical relationship of factors (Fig.).
The nature of the relationship is due to the semantic meaning of each factor and its role in relation to the others. The significance of the factors themselves and their interaction are due to the interrelations of social and natural conditions object.
The study and evaluation of each of the factors requires taking into account its connection, first of all, with the functional one, and only then with the rest, which have their own significance in each specific case.
The presented system, with all the stability of the interrelations of factors, is quite mobile and depends on specific conditions.
Landscape analysis of the territory
A universal approach to determining the prospective value of territories can be carried out using landscape analysis. In this case, it is the final stage of the assessment. If all factors are expressed, landscape analysis is used to compare them, as a result of which the significance of each of them is determined and the dominant factor or their combination is identified. This is a complex creative process of understanding both each section and the object as a whole, the results of which form the basis for further design. It is typical for objects that are large in area and diverse in terms of functional use. On small objects, aesthetic and functional factors become the main ones. However, landscape analysis is not just a mechanical comparison of the merits of various sites by factors, it is the identification of the integral appearance of the object as a whole. Therefore, all valuable areas or their individual elements are taken into account at the site - picturesque relief, plantings, unique specimens of trees, stones, springs, etc. Species points occupy a special place. They are fixed on the plan and described. The description includes the following data: the location of the view, the direction of the view to the cardinal points, the viewing angle, the type of landscape painting, its scheme, and further - a verbal description indicating the plot, the center of the picture, its foreground, scenes, and other features. The description ends with an assessment and recommended actions.
All valuable sites, their elements and features form the image of the future park, and the more carefully it is studied, the more successful the solution of artistic problems in the formation of the park. At the same time, low-value areas are fixed in order to improve and rationally use them in the overall structure of the facility. The result of the work is a landscape analysis plan, which reflects all the data and an explanatory note.
The design of park facilities is envisaged as a multi-level process of consistent solution of planning and compositional tasks. Initially (the first level) - from the general to the particular, i.e. from identifying the general merits and potential capabilities of an object - to studying its natural properties, inventorying plantings and identifying territorial units. Further - from the particular to the general (second level), i.e. from the evaluation of the allocated sites by factors - to the generalization of assessments - landscape analysis of the territory and on this basis - to the definition of the idea of the object, the solution of its planning structure and composition as a whole: functional zoning , placement of nodes, the direction of the main views, the road network. Then again - from the general to the particular (third level), on the basis of the accepted structure - a specific solution of functional areas and planning nodes, based on road lines - determining the direction of the species rays and in their alignment - compositions of landscape paintings, as well as points and segments of the perception of paintings on the route. At the same time, it is possible to change the line of the road for a more successful display of landscapes in accordance with the author's intention (i.e., again, a way out of private tasks - the composition of landscape paintings, to general ones - tracing roads). In the above scheme of actions, it is important to note the following: do not rush to design roads on the plan (as is often done), but, having studied the territory in detail, identify the most advantageous points of perception of landscapes and the most convenient and necessary routes for the movement of people, as well as take into account a number of other features of the object .
Pre-project analysis of the territory of the park PARK is a landscaped and landscaped public area intended for everyday or periodic recreation in combination with cultural events, sports and recreational activities,
Hierarchical levels (urban planning) PARKS residential areas Planning (urban) districts of City-wide significance District significance (settlement systems for groups of cities) Regional significance State and federal significance Pre-design analysis of the park territory Hierarchical levels of parks according to A. P. Vergunov [Architectural composition of gardens and parks, p. 27]
Small - up to 30 ha Medium - 30 -100 ha Large - 100 -300 ha Largest - over 300 ha
On the basis of the forest - forest parks On the basis of the use of meadow, steppe territories - meadow parks On the basis of mountain landscapes - upland, alpine parks On the shores of lakes, seas, river floodplains, islands, etc. - hydroparks Gardens and parks on artificial grounds - "hanging » , covered, etc. Pre-project analysis of the park territory Landscape genetic feature PARKS Systematization of parks according to landscape genetic feature
Functional specialization of parks: By demographics For all ages Children's Youth Pre-project analysis of the park territory Functional specialization of parks by demographics
Sports and physical culture and recreation Walking and quiet recreation Natural Exhibition (zoological, botanical, ethnographic, etc.) Historical parks-museums Memorial Amateur (by interests) Amusement (amusement) parks Pre-project analysis of the park territory Polyfunctional By type of activity Functional specialization of parks: Functional specialization of parks by type of activity
General use Departmental (at enterprises, institutions) Pre-project analysis of the park territory By ownership Functional specialization of parks by ownership
Pre-project analysis of the park territory Pre-project analysis of the PARK territory includes: - analysis of the urban situation and location, - historical significance and thematic orientation or purpose of the park, - relief analysis, - climate analysis and - analysis of existing green spaces.
Pre-project analysis of the park territory To carry out the landscape organization of the territory, the architect must have a topographic survey (base plan) of the planned park on a scale indicating its boundaries, red building lines to determine planning restrictions.
Pre-project analysis of the territory of the park To determine the slope of the territory, it is necessary to build a relief profile of the projected area. Knowledge of the height difference helps to choose options for the formation of relief in the form of terraces, ramps, slopes, and when arranging stairs, to determine the number of steps and platforms.
Pre-project analysis of the park territory Orientation of the territory to the cardinal points helps to distribute the main zones at the stage of functional zoning of the territory (functional, children's, recreation, walking area, etc.). At the stage of analysis of natural and climatic conditions, the insolation features of the design site are evaluated and the wind rose is determined. Data on sunny and shaded areas of the square determine the functional zoning and placement of individual sites. Building a wind rose allows you to identify the degree of "ventilation" of the territory. The data is required at the stage of functional zoning of the park and determines the placement of playgrounds and recreation areas in the most comfortable places.
Pre-project analysis of the territory of the park photographs, fixing the state of the park before the start design work. Photographs should, if possible, capture all existing objects. In the future, according to the photograph, it is determined which objects are to be preserved and which are planned for demolition. The photograph clearly shows the relief of the territory and the opening prospects. The elements of paving and landscaping are fixed, while the condition of trees and shrubs is reflected, allowing a decision to be made on the possibility of their inclusion in the project proposal of the general plan of landscaping. Photos can be used as a background for building future view frames, which will help to assess how newly designed elements
According to World Bank the cost of pre-investment studies is from 1.5 to 6.0% of the cost. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Recently, pre-investment studies have become an independent, dynamically developing field of knowledge. It is more profitable for the customer to spend money on studying the question “to be or not to be a project” and, in case of a negative decision, to abandon the idea than to engage in a hopeless business.
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation consists in studying: Industry forecasts Urban planning programs Schemes for district planning of administrative-territorial entities Master plans for the functional zone of the city planned for the construction Territorial integrated schemes for nature protection and nature management in the development zone, including measures to prevent and protect against hazardous natural man-made processes Projects of detailed planning of sites
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Pre-investment studies are carried out by the customer or a group of specialists, which includes marketers, designers, financiers, lawyers, etc.
Preliminary approval of the location of the object Initial permit documentation Complex of engineering, technical and economic surveys (passport for the construction site) Assignment for the development of project documentation Business plan Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Declaration (petition) of intent to invest in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures
Based on the materials of the study, a “Declaration of Intentions” is being prepared and a “Rationale for Investments” is being developed, which discloses the goals and objectives of the project, assesses its competitiveness, forecasts of interest in this project, project management structure, project team, evaluation of its effectiveness and other indicators. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Declaration (petition) of intent
The regulations for carrying out these works are contained in the "Standard Regulations for the development and composition of the Declaration (petition) of intent to invest in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures", recommended by the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Declaration (petition) of intent
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Declaration (petition) of intent The approximate composition of the "Declaration of Intent" includes: Exact name and address of the customer Location of the site of the proposed development General data on the development object Justification of the socio-economic necessity of the proposed construction Approximate number of workers and employees and indication of sources meeting the need for labor force
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Declaration (petition) of intent. . . The need for raw materials, materials, energy resources, water (in appropriate units) The possible impact of construction on the environment (types of impact on the components of the natural environment, indicating pollutant ingredients, the possibility of accidents, types, volumes, toxicity and methods of disposal of production waste, etc. ) Sources of funding Possible ways to implement the finished
The regulations and composition of this document are developed in accordance with the “Recommendations on the organization and performance of work related to the provision and fixing of land plots for construction”, approved by the Ministry of Construction location of the object (the so-called act of site selection).
Sketch No. 1 defines the approximate boundaries of the land plot, its location and overall dimensions, the boundaries of landscaping and compensatory landscaping. Reflects the existing and prospective development, proposals for the demolition of buildings. The sketch must be approved by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, the fire service, the Committee for Environmental Protection, and the Civil Defense Inspectorate. Emergency Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Initial permit documentation
Sketch No. 2 reflects the engineering loads required for the object, schemes for connecting to city communications. Clarified preconditions connections of urban engineering networks and specific connection points are indicated. The conclusion of the ecological expertise and the conclusion on the operating conditions are also given here. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Initial permit documentation
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Complex of engineering, technical and economic surveys (passport for the construction site) Natural and climatic conditions include information about the relief and climate, soil and vegetation cover, soils and soil hydrology, flooding, the presence of ravines, landslides, erosion shores. Topographic and geodetic surveys provide data for the preparation of site plans, maps of construction areas and a topographic construction plan ...
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation A complex of engineering, technical and ... economic surveys (a passport for Geological surveys is provided by the construction site) the necessary data on the alternation of layered soils, their bearing capacity, physical and mechanical properties, level, regime and aggressiveness of groundwater Seismic surveys allow assessing the strength and the level of possible effects of seismic phenomena on the projected object. At the same time, in addition to natural seismic, the proximity to railway tracks or industrial equipment is taken into account.
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation A complex of engineering and ... economic surveys (passport for Corrosion surveys determine the construction site) the presence of sources of stray currents, the boundaries of their distribution, the degree of danger of these sources for the underground part of objects Economic studies and surveys are necessary primarily for selection construction site and its organization: the availability of sources of raw materials and industrial base, fuel, sources of water supply, energy and other resources, possible types of transport links, opportunities
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Assignment for the development of design documentation The design assignment includes the following documentation: Grounds for design, initial regulatory and permitting documents Information about the site and planning decisions Start and end dates of project development Sources of construction financing Complexity category of the object Design stage
… Urban planning solutions (general plan), landscaping Architectural planning and spatial solutions Constructive decisions, products and materials of load-bearing and enclosing structures, Internal engineering systems and equipment External engineering communications (indicating the need to re-lay urban networks at the expense of the projected Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Assignment for the development of project documentation
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Assignment for the development of design documentation In the conditions of large cities, the documentation assignment includes a number of additional requirements: Implementation of design solutions for the decorative design of buildings, structures, urban "interiors" Implementation of the project in several versions Conducting preliminary research and experimental work Development of protective structures according to the conclusion of the civil
In addition, the task includes drawings: Situation plan (M 1: 2000) with building explication General plan scheme (M 1: 500) based on the geo-base Scheme of plans for non-repeating floors (M 1: 100, 1: 50) Facades (M 1: 50) 200, 1: 100, 1: 50) Sections in the most characteristic places (M 1: 200, 1: 100). Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Assignment for the development of project documentation
At the stage of preparing the initial permit documentation, the designer (with the participation of the customer) draws up a business plan that makes it possible to determine the viability of the project in a competitive environment; it provides a benchmark for the development of the project and serves as an important tool for obtaining financial support from external investors. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Business plan
Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation The business plan is intended for: Managers - the creators of the business plan in order to obtain a clear picture of the situation in which the project is to be implemented; Customers - interested in drawing up a business plan from the point of view of the prospects of the project after its construction, during operation; Lenders - usually banks, for which the business plan is binding document, confirming the commercial attractiveness
The structure of the business plan: Introductory part Analysis of the state of affairs in this industry The essence of the proposed project Analysis of the consumer market for this type of building Marketing plan Production plan Organizational plan and personnel management plan Degree of risk Financial plan Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation Business plan
By definition, each owner has a document of title to the land. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation In order to obtain a building permit, a private developer must submit three documents to the architecture department: 1. title document for the land, 2. town planning plan and 3. layout of the construction object (master plan of the site).
However, for the preparation of a town-planning plan, a cadastral plan of the site is required. This document is ordered from Federal Service state registration, cadastre and cartography. Pre-investment studies and preparation of pre-project documentation The general plan of the site and the town-planning plan are developed in the design organization.
test questions by discipline 1. Find similarities and differences between pre-project analyzes of the territories of a personal plot, square and park. 2. Name the types of parks according to the landscape-genetic feature. 3. Name the types of parks according to the functional specialization of the types of activities. 4. Describe the content of the pre-investment research. 5. Who performs due diligence? 6. Describe the approximate composition of the "Declaration of Intentions". 7. What document fixes the preliminary agreement on the location of the object? 8. What studies are included in the complex of engineering, technical and economic surveys that form a passport for the construction site?
Control questions on the discipline 9. What information does the description of natural and climatic conditions include? 10. What kind of data is provided by topographic and geodetic surveys? 11. What factors do economic studies study and why? 12. Search for what data is provided geological surveys? 13. What can be assessed by seismic surveys? 14. For which construction participants and for what purposes is a business plan developed? 15. What documents must a private developer submit to the Department of Architecture in order to obtain a building permit? 16. Which organization issues the cadastral plan of the site?
In order to make a high-quality landscape project for the future garden, it is necessary to study the existing conditions in which your garden will grow and develop. This is the very first step towards creating the garden of your dreams. What activities and research may be needed for a landscape design project?
topographic survey site territory. Based on the results of the topographic survey, a detailed plan is drawn up with drawing the boundaries of the site, the natural terrain, the presence and nature of natural reservoirs and existing green spaces.
Situational plan based on topography. It lists all existing buildings, buildings and structures, access roads both on the site itself and on the adjacent territory.
Engineering communications plan. All construction and engineering work on the site are carried out taking into account existing communications: water, sewer, electrical and cable networks. The presence of underground utilities and their characteristics should also be taken into account when placing green spaces and building small architectural forms.
Insolation plan. It is a study of the natural level of illumination of the site. When planning a site, data on its illumination are used to correctly select the assortment of plants, construct artificial reservoirs, create recreation areas, play and sports grounds. A well-designed landscape design should look aesthetically pleasing in any light, and the insolation plan allows you to take into account the levels of illumination already at the design stage of the future garden ().
Inventory of existing green spaces. On the basis of this study, a list of trees and shrubs is being prepared, indicating the species, ornamentality, approximate age, size and condition of green spaces. Based on the results of the study, a decision is made to preserve or replace the existing vegetation.
Agrochemical soil analysis. Allows you to get a characteristic of the soils existing on the site, analyze the fertility of the soil, its mechanical composition, and the level of pollution. In accordance with the results obtained, a set of measures is being developed to minimize or eliminate negative factors and create optimal conditions for planted plants. According to the results of the soil analysis, the assortment list of plants suitable for the existing soil conditions can be adjusted.
Hydrological analysis recommended in the presence of natural reservoirs on the site, as well as to study the level and condition of groundwater. All drainage work on the site is carried out on the basis of a hydrological analysis, taking into account the identified level of groundwater occurrence, flow direction, and quantitative fluctuations of groundwater depending on the season. This analysis, together with the analysis of the soil, allows us to draw conclusions about the feasibility and scale of the construction of an automatic irrigation system for the site.
Thus, upon completion of the pre-project work on the site and receipt of the relevant conclusions, you should have all the necessary information at your disposal to draw up a competent landscape project. The data obtained in the course of pre-project work can significantly reduce the cost of landscape work, minimize the loss of plants during planting and obtain a landscape design that maximizes all the advantages and hides the shortcomings of your site.
