Introduction 3
1 Lending value 4
1.1 Essence, principles, forms of credit 4
1.2 The concept of consumer credit and its classification 7
1.3 Legislative framework consumer lending 12
1.4 Features of credit relations in modern conditions 14
2. Characteristics of OJSC Sberbank of Russia 17
2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of Sberbank 18
2.2 Economic characteristics of credit operations in OJSC 24
Sberbank of Russia
3 Organization of the lending process at Sberbank of Russia 27
3.1 Lending to individuals in Sberbank of Russia 27
3.2 Stages of the relationship between the borrower and the lender in Sberbank 30
3.3 Lending policy of Sberbank 32
4 Strategy of Sberbank of Russia 35
Conclusion 37
List of sources used 39
Applications 40
Introduction
AT last years The development of the Russian banking sector was extremely uneven. Serious crises in the country's economy led to the collapse of the largest credit institutions (for example, the 1998 crisis). An important feature of the activities of Russian banks was that the scope of this activity was traditionally in servicing large corporate clients, primarily in the oil and metallurgical sectors, as well as carrying out operations in the financial markets. Therefore, the most important functions of the country's credit institutions related to servicing individuals and small and medium enterprises were developed only at the initial level.
The economic reform being carried out in our country opened a new stage and tasks in the development of banking. And the current state of the country's economy stimulates an increase in the number of loans issued to individuals - consumer loans.
Consumer credit is one of the most common types of banking operations in most developed countries. In addition, the scope of consumer credit is much wider than just purchases of durable goods such as cars, household appliances, etc.
Consumer lending has become so widespread in developed countries primarily because, through the use of this technology for financing purchases, the market capacity is dramatically expanding across a whole range of consumer goods and real estate.
Russia is also seeing rapid growth in consumer lending. There are several reasons for this growth:
Firstly, some stabilization of the economic situation and political life in our country is gradually returning people a sense of confidence,
Secondly, there is an increase in the well-being of the population and, as a result, the emergence of a desire to buy more expensive things that are not essentials (cars, household appliances, new furniture),
Thirdly, the experience of recent years has shown the inefficiency of simply accumulating money due to inflation and fluctuations in exchange rates, and, more and more often, preference is given to investments in certain goods, services, etc.
Thus, this course work is highly relevant.
The purpose of this work is to consider the main aspects of consumer lending, to analyze what problems Russian banks face in the field of consumer lending.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: the essence of credit and its principles, the concept of consumer credit, its impact on the economy and how the economic crisis affected consumer lending, as well as bring interest rates on the most common consumer loan on the example of Baikal Sberbank.
1 Importance of lending
1.1 Essence, principles, forms of credit
In modern economic literature, there are two main interpretations of the origin of the word "credit". Some economists believe that this concept originates from the Latin word credit, which means “he believes” (or from the word credo - I believe). Others associate its appearance with the Latin term creditum, which translates as a loan (debt).
In practice, credit relations are the transfer for use of material values in cash or commodity form on terms of repayment, urgency and payment, which is carried out in the form of specific credit transactions, the forms and conditions of which are very diverse.
The essence of a loan is always stable and unchanged: a loan is an economic relationship between the lender and the borrower regarding the return movement of value in commodity or monetary form.
The subjects of credit relations are the lender and the borrower. They can be any legally independent persons and capable citizens who are able to bear material responsibility for the obligations of a credit transaction.
The lender is the subject of credit relations, transferring the value for temporary use, and the borrower is the entity receiving the loan and obliged to repay it within the prescribed period. Within the framework of credit relations, they can change roles: the lender can become a borrower, and the borrower can become a lender. For modern level The development of commodity-money relations is also characterized by the simultaneous functioning of entities as creditors and borrowers. So, for example, banks at the same time throughout their activities are both creditors and borrowers.
The object of a credit transaction is the loaned value, that is, the value in cash or commodity form, which the lender transfers for temporary use to the borrower.
The main principles of lending include urgency and repayment, target character, material security, payment.
Urgency and repayment means that the loan provided to the borrower must be repaid within the period specified in the loan agreement.
The target nature of the loan, its purpose is determined, first of all, by the borrower, however, when allocating a loan, the bank also proceeds from its purpose, from a specific lending object, from a specific project. Compliance with the principle of the targeted direction of the loan ensures its repayment within the established timeframes, since these timeframes are designed for the performance of certain business operations.
The principle of financial security of lending means that the borrower must implement the financed project, purchase those inventory items or pay the costs for which the loan was issued. However, in practice, often at the time of granting a loan, it is not opposed by specific inventory items, costs. Such loans, for example, are issued against future costs for the production of products, the development of commercial activities, entrepreneurship, etc. Here, a pledge of property, a guarantee, a surety, an insurance certificate of liability insurance for non-repayment of loans, etc. can be accepted as security for the repayment of loans.
The form of a loan characterizes the external manifestation and organization of credit relations and is determined by a number of features: the object of a credit transaction, the composition of participants, the intended purpose, etc.
Changes in production, commodity-money relations lead to a change in existing forms of credit and the creation of new ones.
Classification signs:
Forms of credit depending on the loaned value:
Commodity;
Monetary;
Commodity-money (mixed);
Participants in a loan transaction, purposes of the loan:
Bank loan;
State loan;
Mortgage;
Leasing loan;
Commercial loan;
consumer credit;
Factoring loan;
Purpose of the loan:
productive;
consumer;
Delivery methods:
indirect;
Scope of operation:
National credit;
International credit;
Commodity form of credit historically preceded monetary. In its purest form, it means the giving and return of loaned value in the form of commodity values. The predominant form is the monetary form, when the provision of a loan, its repayment and payment of interest is made in money ( Bank loan, mortgage, etc.). In modern conditions, the commodity form of credit is usually combined with the monetary form of its repayment, for example, leasing, commercial credit, sale of goods by installments, rental of things.
There are many purposes of obtaining and objects of lending, but they can be grouped in the form of a productive and consumer form of credit. The productive form of credit involves its use for the purposes of production and circulation, for productive purposes. The consumer form is used for consumer needs population.
The main form of credit, from which, in fact, all the rest flow, is a bank loan, which is a movement of loan capital provided by banks for a loan for a fee for temporary use.
State credit reflects credit relations regarding the accumulation by the state Money to finance government spending. Lenders are individuals and legal entities, the borrower is the state represented by its bodies.
A commercial loan characterizes a credit transaction between an enterprise - a seller and a buyer. A loan is provided in a commodity form in the form of a deferred payment for the sale of goods (services). In return, the buyer issues a promissory note with the obligation to make payment on time and pay interest.
Consumer credit reflects the economic relationship between the lender and the borrower regarding end-use lending. Credit is issued to the population to meet its consumer needs.
A leasing loan is a relationship between legally independent persons regarding the leasing of fixed assets of production or other property for long-term use, as well as financing the acquisition of movable and immovable leased property.
Mortgage - special type economic relations regarding the provision of long-term loans secured by real estate.
Factoring is an operation associated with the assignment by a supplier (creditor) to another person (factor) of debt claims payable by the payer (debtor) (i.e. payment documents for goods, works, services) and the transfer to the factor of the right to receive payment on them.
1.2 The concept of consumer credit and its classification
What is a consumer loan? In Russia, consumer loans include any type of loans provided to the population. Basically, it's a sale. trade enterprises consumer goods with deferred payment or loans provided by banks for the purchase of consumer goods, as well as for the payment of various kinds of personal expenses (tuition fees, medical care, etc.). Unlike other loans, the object of a consumer loan can be both goods and money. The population acts as a borrower, and banks provide the bulk of consumer credit. When obtaining a consumer loan, as a rule, there is still an intermediary - a trading company that sells goods on credit. The subjects of the loan, on the one hand, are lenders, in this case, these are commercial banks, special consumer credit institutions, shops, savings banks and other enterprises, and on the other hand, borrowers - people. But since the latter receive the funds they need to a greater extent at the expense of bank loans, in fact, 9/10 of the total amount of consumer credit is provided by banks. A consumer loan is repaid in a one-time order or from a settlement payment. One-time loan. This includes current accounts opened by the buyer for a period of 1-1.5 months in department stores and other retail outlets; within the limits of the credits provided, they buy goods and, after the expiration of the established period, repay their debt in a lump sum. A consumer loan with a single repayment also includes loans in the form of deferred payment (for the services of utilities, doctors and medical institutions). Through various forms of consumer credit, an ever-increasing share of retail turnover is serviced. In terms of the scale of development of consumer credit in Russia, it still lags far behind developed countries. However, in recent years it has received a fairly dynamic development.
Consumer credit is provided for the purchase of durable goods, housing construction and the purchase of apartments. In cash - for construction, repairs, etc. A loan for current needs, as a rule, is short-term (up to two years), and for investment goals- long term.
The rapid development of consumer credit resulted in an increased number of overdue debts of citizens to banks. Under the influence of this process, the formation of a civilized market of services for the return of debts of individuals began.
Classification consumer loans borrowers and lending facilities can be carried out on a number of grounds, including the type of borrower, types of collateral, maturities, repayment methods, intended use, lending facilities, volume, etc.
According to the directions of use (objects of lending) in Russia, consumer credit is divided into loans:
For urgent needs; secured by securities;
Construction and purchase of housing;
Overhaul of individual residential buildings, their gasification and connection to water supply and sewerage networks.
Citizens living in rural areas are also given loans for the construction of surface structures for keeping livestock and poultry and the purchase of small-scale mechanization equipment for performing work in their personal subsidiary plots. Members of horticultural cooperatives and partnerships are provided with long-term loans for the purchase or construction of garden houses and for the improvement of garden plots.
According to the subjects of a credit transaction (according to the appearance of the lender and the borrower), there are:
Bank consumer loans;
Loans provided to the population by trade organizations;
Consumer loans from non-bank credit institutions (pawnshops, rental offices, mutual aid funds, credit cooperatives, building societies, pension funds etc.);
Personal or private consumer loans provided by individuals;
Consumer loans provided to borrowers directly at the enterprises and organizations in which they work.
According to the terms of lending, consumer loans are divided into:
Short-term (from 1 day to 1 year);
Medium-term (from 1 year to 3-5 years);
Long-term (over 3-5 years).
At present, in Russia, due to the general economic instability the division of consumer credit by terms is conditional. Banks, providing a loan, usually divide them into short-term (up to 1 year) and long-term (over 1 year). Short term loan can be issued for a certain period (within a year) or on demand. A demand loan does not have a fixed term and the bank can demand its repayment at any time. When providing a demand loan, it is often assumed that the borrower is relatively liquid and the assets in which the borrowed funds are invested can be turned into cash in the shortest possible time.
According to the method of provision, consumer credit is divided into targeted and non-targeted.
By security, loans are distinguished unsecured (blank) and secured (collateral, guarantees, guarantees, insurance). The main reason why the bank requires collateral is the risk of incurring losses if the borrower is unwilling or unable to repay the term in full, which was the beginning economic crisis. The collateral does not guarantee repayment of the loan, but reduces the risk, since in the event of liquidation, the bank has an advantage over other creditors in relation to any type of assets that serve as collateral for the bank loan.
According to the method of repayment, there are loans, repayment at a time and loans with installment payment.
Loans without installment payments have an important feature: for such loans, repayment of debt and interest is carried out at a time. An example of such loans is the so-called bridging loans, which are issued for the purchase of a new house by an individual in the amount of the difference in the cost of the new and old house of the owner.
Installment loans include: loans with even periodic repayment of the loan (monthly, quarterly, etc.); loans with uneven periodic repayment (the amount of the payment to repay the loan varies (increases or decreases) depending on certain factors). When issuing a loan with installment payment, the principle applies, according to which the loan amount is written off in installments over the period of the agreement.
According to the method of charging interest, the loan is classified as follows: loans with deduction of interest at the time of its provision; loans with payment of interest at the time of repayment; loans with interest paid in equal installments over the entire period of use.
In our country, there is currently no such statistics, but it is well known that in recent years lending to the population through trade organizations has been actively developing. Buyers often purchase expensive goods with installment payment.
Direct and indirect form of installment payment of bank lending for consumer needs of the population have their advantages and disadvantages. The first thing that distinguishes direct bank lending from indirect, it is the simplicity of organizing the credit process, which allows you to accurately assess the object of lending, find out the economic feasibility of issuing loans and organize effective control over its use and repayment. All this, undoubtedly, has a positive effect on the organization of credit relations between the bank and the borrower.
On the other hand, from the point of view of the bank, the negative factors associated with direct bank lending usually include a slightly higher level of risk than with indirect bank lending.
First, in Russia, the current practice of lending to individual borrowers has a number of difficulties:
a) the analysis of the creditworthiness of individual customers at the stage preceding the issuance of a loan is carried out by far not all commercial banks;
b) creditworthiness analysis methods do not always meet the requirements of practice;
c) the presence of security on loans is often of a formal nature.
Secondly, the macroeconomic situation in the country also had a negative impact on the organization and lending to private clients of the bank.
Indirect bank lending to the consumer needs of the population allows the bank to reduce the impact of risks (credit, interest, currency, market, etc.), since loans make it possible to determine the creditworthiness of the borrower with a greater degree of reliability and reality, the ability to repay the loan on time, organize effective control, including at the stage of loan repayment.
1.3 Legislative framework for consumer lending
Legal regulation of relations arising between the lender and the borrower in connection with the provision of a consumer loan to the latter is carried out in accordance with paragraph 2 of Chapter 42 of the second part of the Civil Code Russian Federation and some other regulations. According to Art. 819 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the basis for the emergence of such relations and at the same time the basis for the provision of a loan and its subsequent use is a loan agreement, the content and form of which must meet certain requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements will result in invalidity loan agreement.
From a legal point of view, it is fundamentally important to include in the content of the loan agreement information about the subject of the agreement, the parties to the agreement and their mutual obligations. The subject of the loan agreement is the actual consumer loan, and the parties to the loan agreement are a bank or other credit institution and an individual (citizen). The content of the loan agreement is based on provisions establishing the mutual obligations of the parties. In accordance with the agreement, the lender undertakes to provide the borrower with funds in the amount and on the terms determined by the agreement, and the borrower, for its part, undertakes to fully return the funds provided by the latter to the lender by a specific date and, in addition, pay interest for using the loan.
According to Art. 820 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the loan agreement must be made in writing, and the size of the loan does not matter. The loan agreement is drawn up in duplicate and in the general case (unless otherwise provided by the agreement) comes into force from the date of its signing by both parties. It is necessary to draw the attention of dear readers to the fact that in addition to the loan agreement, the lender and the borrower may also sign some other documents, in particular, an agreement on the procedure for repaying the loan (in the form of a payment schedule). Such documents are usually drawn up in the form of attachments to the loan agreement and are further considered as its integral part.
From a legal point of view, the possibility of refusing to provide a consumer loan is also important. According to Art. 821 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, such a right is granted to the lender in the event of circumstances that clearly indicate that the loan provided to the borrower will not be returned (repaid) on time, as well as in the event that the borrower violates the obligation of the intended use of the loan provided for by the loan agreement (for example, intended for the purchase car, receiving paid services in the field of medicine, etc.).
For its part, the borrower also has the right to refuse to receive a consumer loan (in whole or in part), but only after notifying the lender about this, made before the term for its provision established by the agreement, unless otherwise provided by law, other legal acts or loan agreement.
In order to specify the procedure for granting consumer loans to individuals, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, banks (other credit institutions) develop their own regulations - regulations, conditions, rules, etc.
1.4 Features of credit relations in modern conditions
The causes of the Russian financial crisis of 2008-2009 lie far beyond the country's borders. The economic situation did not worsen overnight, it was preceded by a number of other processes, the consequences of which gradually accumulated and simply could not but lead to what we have now.
For the first time, the financial crisis was talked about loudly and a lot in September 2008, when funds mass media began covering the failure of one US bank after another. It is this major power that economists today consider the culprit of all troubles. According to experts, the reason lies in the mortgage crisis that arose in the United States as a result of the unrestrained desire of banks to issue as many housing loans as possible and thereby make huge profits. The desire is absolutely natural, but at the same time, mortgage agreements were often concluded with people whose financial income not allowed to make regular payments on loans. As a result, more and more apartments became the property of banks, and there were fewer and fewer buyers for them. The result of this was a mortgage crisis and the bankruptcy of credit institutions, which ended up with billions of dollars of illiquid real estate. In all of 2008, when the financial crisis hit, 25 banks in the US collapsed, including giants such as Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns, causing panic in global markets.
The global financial crisis has forced banks to rebuild relationships with retail customers. Last autumn, Russians rushed to withdraw funds from bank accounts for fear of collapse banking system. Then, realizing that the banks would hold out, they began to convert rubles into foreign currency, trying to save funds from devaluation.
As for the lending market, it is still far from the pre-crisis levels of last year. Mortgage and car loans have especially strongly “sunk”.
The beginning of the crisis was marked by an outflow of almost 500 billion rubles of deposits from banks. Then the funds again began to flow into deposits, but the growth rate slowed down noticeably. The demand for deposits in foreign currency (euro, dollar) has increased, the ratio of currencies in the volume of attracted funds from individuals has changed: before the crisis, 90% - rubles, since the fall of 2008 more than 50% - deposits in foreign currency.
At the moment, deposits are the most stable tool for saving, and even increasing, which is important, savings. Interest rates are high enough to stimulate demand for this product, plus the significant uncertainty of further developments creates an airbag for a rainy day. This trend will continue until the end of the year.
Despite the decrease in demand, the number of new depositors in the bank increased in the first half of the year, while the average deposit amount increased, mainly due to the segment of wealthy clients, which ensured the growth of the passive portfolio in the total amount, he said. According to the results of the first half of the year, Promsvyazbank was among the leaders in raising funds for deposits according to the Deposit Insurance Agency.
Now banks really need reliable depositors, so a real battle is unfolding for them. Here, rather, we can talk about the increased demand from banks.
With the onset of the crisis, many banks reduced lending volumes, and some products stopped offering altogether. Mortgages and car loans were the most affected.
If we compare the first half of 2009 with the same period of 2008, the volume of car loans issued has decreased by about 80%. The main reasons for this fall were the active devaluation of the ruble, as well as the actual suspension of car loans by many banks, through the introduction of so-called protective interest rates and tightening requirements for borrowers. Also, some car loan products, such as "0% down payment" simply disappeared from the market as the most risky ones. All this has had a serious impact on the overall decline in car sales this year.
Mortgages are not in demand, since the situation on the real estate market, and the price and other conditions of banks do not favor this. Volume mortgage loans issued by Russian banks in the first half of 2009 decreased by 6 times compared to the same period in 2008. The share of ruble loans exceeded 90%, overdue debt in rubles increased 6 times, and in foreign currency - almost 15 times. Bankers admit that NPLs will continue to grow, although the pace of this growth will slow down somewhat.
Consumer lending (lending to individuals minus mortgages and car loans) makes up the largest part of the retail lending market. persons - 69.2% in terms of the volume of loans issued and 50% in terms of the volume of debt in 2008.
In 2008, the dynamics of the consumer lending market slowed down: the volume of the consumer loan portfolio grew by 17%, reaching as of January 1, 2009 2 trillion. rubles, and the volume of consumer loans issued in 2008 increased by only 13% to 2.81 trillion. rub. From the 1st to the 3rd quarter of 2008, there was an increase in debt on consumer loans, during the 4th quarter - a reduction.
At the end of the first half of 2009, the portfolio of consumer loans decreased by 9.7% compared to the beginning of the year, amounting to 1,803 billion rubles. as of July 1, 2009
At the beginning of 2008, a ruble loan for urgent needs on average cost the borrower 18% per annum in rubles and 15% in foreign currency. At the beginning of 2009, the cost of ruble loans rose to an average of 25% per annum.
The share of overdue debt on loans to individuals increased in 2008 from 3.2% to 3.7%. The leader in terms of the share of overdue consumer loans as of April 1, 2009 was Renaissance Capital (28.7%).
Almost half (47.4%) of all consumer loans issued during the first half of 2009 in Russia fell on the Siberian federal district, almost a quarter (23.7%) - to the Central Federal District, 9.6% - to the Volga Federal District.
The Union of Consumers of Russia does not recommend that the population of the country take new loans during the crisis, since in Russia there is no law protecting individuals from bankruptcy who have taken a loan and lost their job or health. For legal entities such a law exists and is often used. Therefore, even if an individual has lost his job or cannot pay the loan for health reasons, he will do this until he pays the bank.
From the beginning of the crisis, banks began to raise rates on loans already issued, trying to minimize their losses due to the increased cost of attracting financial resources. The illegality of raising rates by banks on loans already issued has been confirmed at the federal level - the Prosecutor General's Office supported the position of its regional divisions, which insisted on the illegality of including appropriate conditions in loan agreements between banks and individuals. Now banks are afraid of an increase in the number of prosecutorial checks and promise to increase the cost of loans for the population. Experts point out that there will be no significant increase in interest rates on loans, but borrowers will be able to plan the cost of servicing loans.
Today, the state does its best to support the banking services sector, realizing its great importance for the country, but still some minor regional banks collapse cannot be avoided.
2 Feature OJSC "Sberbank of Russia
2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of OJSC Sberbank of Russia
The history of Sberbank of Russia begins with the personal decree of Tsar Nicholas of 1841 on the establishment of savings banks, the first of which opened in St. Petersburg in 1842 ... A century and a half later - in 1987 - a specialized Bank for labor savings and lending was created on the basis of state labor savings banks population - Sberbank of the USSR, which also served legal entities. The structure of the Savings Bank of the USSR included 15 republican banks, including the Russian Republican Bank.
In July 1990, by a resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Russian Republican Bank of the Sberbank of the USSR was declared the property of the RSFSR. In December 1990, it was transformed into a joint-stock commercial bank, legally established at the general meeting of shareholders on March 22, 1991. In 1991, Sberbank became the property of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and was registered as "Joint Stock Commercial Savings Bank of the Russian Federation (Sberbank of Russia)".
Sberbank of Russia is the largest bank in the Russian Federation and the CIS. Its assets make up a quarter of the country's banking system, and its share in banking capital is at the level of 30%. According to The Banker magazine (July 1, 2009), Sberbank ranked 38th in terms of core capital (Tier 1 capital) among the largest banks in the world.
Founded in 1841 Sberbank of Russia today - modern universal bank, which meets the needs of various customer groups in a wide range of banking services. Sberbank occupies the largest share in the deposit market and is the main lender Russian economy. As of June 1, 2009, the share of Sberbank of Russia in the market of private deposits was 50.5%, and its loan portfolio corresponded to more than 30% of all loans issued in the country.
Sberbank of Russia has a unique branch network, which currently includes 17 regional banks and more than 19,490 branches throughout the country. Subsidiary banks of Sberbank of Russia operate in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine. It is also planned to create a subsidiary structure on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. Sberbank aims to take a 5% share in the banking services market of these countries. In accordance with the new strategy, Sberbank of Russia plans to expand its international presence by entering the markets of China and India. In general, it is planned to increase the share net profit received outside of Russia, up to 5% by 2014.
Sberbank is the leader not only in terms of assets, but also in terms of the number of current accounts of legal entities. Sberbank controls 53.4% of the private deposit market (the bulk of the deposits of "physicists" falls on the so-called pension deposits in rubles). It should be noted that at the beginning of 2002 its share was 71.4%. The further decline in the market share occupied by Sberbank is largely facilitated by the deposit insurance system and the increase in insurance compensation.
The historically developed territorial network also contributes to the bank's success in the retail lending market. The volume of loans to individuals is more than 740 billion rubles (35% of the market, almost 5 times the share of the next Russian Standard). Through Sberbank, 11 million people receive their salaries, 12 million people receive pensions. The bank employs 250 thousand people ( the average size wages - 25 thousand rubles, 1 employee accounts for almost 17 million rubles of assets).
The assets of Sberbank are almost 4 times the size of the assets of VTB and Gazprombank following it - more than 4 trillion rubles. The bank is included in the TOP-200 largest banks in the world in terms of assets and capital. Market capitalization - 85 billion dollars (grew more than 40 times over the past 5 years and is now comparable to the capitalization of the French banking group Societe Generale and the Swiss Credit Suisse).
Considering the international vector as the most important component of its development strategy, Sberbank of Russia carries out treasury operations on international market and operations trade finance, maintains correspondent relations with more than 220 leading banks of the world and participates in the activities of a number of reputable international organizations representing the interests of the global banking community. An active position and international prestige allow Sberbank of Russia to fully meet the foreign economic needs of its clients, attract resources on favorable terms from global financial markets and comply with the best practices adopted in the international banking community.
The shares of Sberbank of Russia have been listed on the Russian stock exchanges MICEX and RTS since 1996. In March 2007, the Bank placed an additional issue of ordinary shares, as a result of which the authorized capital increased by 12% and 230.2 billion rubles were raised. The average daily volume of trading in Sberbank shares is 40% of the trading volume on the MICEX.
The reliability and impeccable reputation of Sberbank of Russia are confirmed by the high ratings of leading rating agencies. Sberbank of Russia has been assigned a long-term default rating by Fitch Ratings foreign currency"BBB" by Moody's Investors Service - long-term foreign currency deposit rating "Baa1". In addition, Moody's assigned the Bank the highest rating on the national scale.
Since October 2007, Sberbank has been headed by former Minister of Economic Development German Gref, who, in particular, is going to make bank loans more accessible to the population.
The management of Sberbank of Russia is based on the corporate principle in accordance with the Corporate Governance Code approved by the annual General Meeting of the Bank's Shareholders in June 2002.
The governing bodies of the Bank are:
The General Meeting of Shareholders is the supreme governing body of Sberbank of Russia. At the General Meeting of Shareholders, decisions are made on the main issues of the Bank's activities.
Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board of the Bank consists of 17 directors, including 11 representatives of the Bank of Russia, 2 representatives of the Savings Bank of Russia and 4 independent directors. To ensure the efficiency of the Bank's Supervisory Board, Sberbank of Russia has established a number of committees subordinate to the Supervisory Board. Currently, the Bank has:
Audit Committee
Human Resources and Remuneration Committee
Strategic Planning Committee
Bank Board. The Board of the Bank consists of 14 members. The Bank's Management Board is headed by the President, Chairman of the Bank's Management Board.
All management bodies of the Bank are formed on the basis of the Charter of the Savings Bank of Russia and in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
OJSC "Sberbank of Russia - largest bank in Russia, Central and Eastern Europe. Its authorized capital is 67.76 billion rubles. and consists of 21586948 thousand ordinary shares with a par value of 3 rubles. and 1 billion preferred shares with a par value of 3 rubles. The Bank of Russia owns 57.6% of the authorized capital of Sberbank (60.3% of voting shares). There are no other shareholders with a participation share of at least 5% of the authorized capital. The number of the bank's shareholders is about 230 thousand, of which institutional investors own 35.7% of the authorized capital, non-institutional investors - 1.5% of the authorized capital, private investors - 5.2% of the authorized capital. Sberbank ranks first in the rating of banks in the Russian Federation (Appendix 2).
The founder and main shareholder of the Bank is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia). As of May 8, 2009, he owns 60.25% of the voting shares and 57.58% of the Bank's authorized capital. The remaining shareholders of Sberbank of Russia are more than 273 thousand legal entities and individuals. The high share of foreign investors in the capital structure of Sberbank of Russia (more than 24%) testifies to its investment attractiveness.
The net profit of Sberbank of Russia for 8 months of 2009 according to RAS amounted to 7.4 billion rubles. against 92.7 billion rubles. for 8 months of 2008.
Profit before taxes from profit amounted to 9.9 billion rubles. against 121.3 billion rubles. for 8 months of 2008.
The bank's balance for 8 months of 2009 decreased by 0.9% to 6.66 trillion rubles. The decrease in liabilities was mainly due to a reduction in the volume short term resources attracted from the Bank of Russia, as well as the outflow of funds from the accounts of corporate clients. The decrease in assets affected mainly the bank's cash, funds in non-resident banks and retail loans.
Over 8 months, Russian enterprises were issued loans in the amount of about 2.55 trillion rubles. (without taking into account the restructuring of loans carried out in the first half of 2009, when, in order to reduce the currency risks of clients, the bank closed foreign currency loans borrowers and gave them new loans in rubles, concluding a new loan agreement). For 8 months of the current year loan portfolio legal entities increased by 9.2% to 4.347 trillion rubles. (according to the internal methodology of Sberbank, since August 1, 2009, loan assignment agreements have been included in the loan portfolio of legal entities. In order to actively develop lending operations in June-July 2009, the bank lowered interest rates on loans in all currencies and introduced differentiation of minimum lending rates in In August, the corporate loan portfolio increased by 1.8%, with growth shown in almost all regions of the country. However, the process of stabilization of the retail loan portfolio has begun: in August, the retail loan portfolio in 6 regional banks of Sberbank of Russia increased, and the overall decrease in the retail portfolio of Sberbank amounted to an insignificant amount (-0.1%).
The share of overdue debts in the loan portfolio of clients, including assignment agreements, as of September 1, 2009 is 3.56%. The share of overdue debts in the customer loan portfolio, which does not include assignment agreements, is 3.6%.
The bank's securities portfolio increased by 32.7% to RUB 650.4 bn, mainly due to the acquisition of corporate bonds Russian issuers, which is one of the forms of financing the national economy. The volume of the bank's investments in corporate bonds increased over 8 months by 132 billion rubles, including in August - by 49 billion rubles. Active purchases of corporate bonds are gradually changing the structure of the bank's securities portfolio: since the beginning of the year, the share of corporate bonds has increased from 17% to 33%, the share of government securities and sub-federal bonds has decreased from 80% to 61%.
In August, the growth of attracted funds from individuals continued. As a result, for 8 months of 2009 their volume increased by 275 billion rubles. up to 3.399 trillion rubles. At the same time, the outflow of funds of legal entities, the balance of which decreased over 8 months of 2009 by 152 billion rubles, was fully compensated. up to 1.648 trillion rubles.
The bank's own funds (capital) calculated in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 215-P increased by 0.05% in August 2009 and as of September 1, 2009 amounted to 1.337 trillion rubles. Since the beginning of 2009, the bank's capital has increased by 15.6%. Capital adequacy as of September 1, 2009 is at the level of 22.8%.
The net profit of the Sberbank of Russia group under IFRS for 2008 amounted to 97.7 billion rubles, which is 8.3% less than in 2007. Sberbank's net profit under IFRS for the first half of the year fell 11 times to 6 billion rubles. Net profit of Sberbank for 7 months of 2009 according to RAS fell 12 times to 6.8 billion rubles.
2.2 Economic characteristics of credit operations in Sberbank
Sberbank of Russia is a universal commercial bank that meets the needs of various client groups in a wide range of high-quality banking services throughout Russia. Acting in the interests of depositors, clients and shareholders, the Bank seeks to effectively invest attracted funds from private and corporate clients in the real sector of the economy, lends to citizens, contributes to the stable functioning of the Russian banking system and saving household deposits.
The main activities of the Bank:
Lending to Russian enterprises;
Lending to private clients;
Investment in government securities and bonds of the Bank of Russia;
Carrying out transactions on a commission basis.
Funds for the implementation of these activities are attracted by the Bank from the following sources:
Shareholder funds;
Deposits of private clients;
Funds of legal entities;
Other sources, including borrowing in international financial markets.
In terms of its functions and ongoing operations, Sberbank of Russia is a universal bank that provides a wide range of banking products and services. The Bank is the undisputed leader in working with individuals, providing a wide range of deposits and loans. So, as of February 1, the share of Sberbank deposits in the segment of private deposits exceeded 50%, and the volume of loans issued - 30% of all loans in the Russian Federation
Sberbank is lifting restrictions on the retail lending sector that were introduced at the height of the crisis in autumn 2008. Sberbank is ready to reduce down payment levels, increase the size and terms of lending. Significantly liberalizing the requirements for borrowers, the bank expects to restore the pre-crisis volume of retail lending. Other banks do not yet consider it possible to soften the terms of lending to individuals.
On October 1, 2009, Sberbank announced the abolition of anti-crisis restrictions on loans to individuals. Due to the fact that it is faced with the task of enhancing retail lending, Sberbank is ready to lift the restrictions that were introduced in connection with the crisis, a number of measures have already been canceled today, the rest of the changes will occur before the end of the current, maximum at the beginning of next year. Of the changes already introduced, this is a reduction in the down payment on mortgage and car loans (from 30 to 15-20%), an increase in the maximum amounts and terms of loans, and the abolition of guarantees for a number of programs for borrowers-clients of the bank. Earlier, Sberbank announced a reduction in rates on all retail loans by 0.5-1% and the resumption of lending in foreign currency.
At the end of this year - beginning of next year, the bank's retail line will undergo major changes. Banking products will become more transparent and understandable for customers, and the cost of loans will vary depending on the level of risk for each borrower. Either a discount or a premium to the base rate of the bank will be provided. The appraisal will be carried out using the Credit Factory, an automatic borrower appraisal program launched by Sberbank about a year ago. For loans issued within the framework of the "Credit Factory", the delay does not exceed 0.1%, while the level of delay in the bank's retail portfolio is 2.9%, which is a good result confirming the effectiveness of this program.
In early October last year, the management of Sberbank actually abandoned its announced plans to increase the loan portfolio, and in November the bank significantly tightened the requirements for individual borrowers by raising loan rates, requirements for collateral, down payment, and loan terms.
As a result, since the beginning of the crisis, Sberbank's retail loan portfolio has decreased by 6.4%, from 1.25 trillion to 1.17 trillion rubles. The main reason for the portfolio reduction was a significant tightening of requirements for borrowers. At the same time, Sberbank was far from the first bank to tighten its requirements for customers in connection with the crisis. Commercial banks began to take similar measures in September.
As another confirmation that the bottom of the crisis has been passed, Sberbank intends to launch a program to refinance loans from other banks. At first, this proposal will concern only mortgages, in the future - other types of loans. First of all, this program is for good borrowers who do not have delinquency, which will allow them to get more profitable terms on an existing mortgage loan in another bank. Today, Sberbank's mortgage rates are among the lowest on the market - about 14%.
For decades, the deposits of Sberbank of Russia have remained the most popular among the population of the Russian Federation. The global financial crisis had a significant and beneficial impact on the policy of banks to raise funds from the population in bank deposits. Even the Sberbank of Russia, which occupies a leading position in attracting household funds to deposits, could not restrain the outflow of savings without taking effective measures, which determined the revision of the conditions for term deposits. Deposits of Sberbank of the Russian Federation in 2009 were updated again, new types of deposits appeared, such as: Deposit "Give life", Deposit "Trust of Sberbank of Russia", Deposit "Multi-currency of Sberbank of Russia". It is also noteworthy that the conditions for deposits in 2009 of the Savings Bank of Russia have become more flexible and attractive.
3 Organization of the lending process at Sberbank of Russia
3.1 Lending to individuals in Sberbank of Russia
From year to year, Sberbank of Russia improves and simplifies lending to individuals. Loans are becoming more affordable, easier to arrange, and interest rates are gradually falling. April 8, 2008 Sberbank of Russia approved 11 types of lending, including 2 types - related loans. Related loans are loans for goods and cars purchased in a network of companies and car dealerships that have entered into a cooperation agreement with Sberbank. Individual Sberbank loans are issued in foreign currency (five types).
Table 1-Types and interest rates for loans to individuals
| Loan types | Interest rate (annual) / linked to the maximum term | Maximum term | |
| In rubles | in currency | ||
| Credit - urgent needs | Up to 1.5 years from 1.5 to 3 years, 3 to 5 years |
||
HOUSING LOANS: 1. Real estate loan 2. Mortgage loan 3. Loan “Mortgage +” |
from 12.5% to 13.75% - Interest varies depending on the region, the amount of the down payment, the term and the program | From 10% to 13.5% - Interest varies depending on the region, the amount of the down payment, the term and the program | 5 to 10 years from 10 to 20 years old, from 20 to 30 years old. |
| 2 programs - car loans (Linked program and Standard program) | 1. 10.5%, 10%, 9.5%, 11.5%, 11%, 10.5% - The percentage depends on the size of the down payment | 1. 9%, | up to 3 years |
| Continuation of table 2 | |||
2. 2.5%, 12%, 11.5%, 13.5%, 13%, 12.5% - The percentage depends on the size of the down payment |
over 3 years up to 5 years |
||
| Under the mortgage of securities | 15% | - | Up to 6 months |
| Educational loan | 12% | - | 11 years |
| Loan "Young family" | on the terms of a housing loan | Up to 30 years old | |
| “Corporate loan” | up to 1.5 years, over 1.5 years up to 3 years over 3 to 5 years |
||
| Loan pos pledge of measured bullion of precious metals (for consumer purposes) | 15% | - | 3 years and 1 month |
Confidential |
18% | - | Up to 6 months |
| Credit for owners of personal subsidiary plots | 14% | - | From 2 to 5 years |
| pension | - | Up to 1.5 years from 1.5 to 3 years, 3 to 5 years |
|
To get a loan from Sberbank of Russia, you must meet the following requirements:
Permanently reside in the territory served by Sberbank (permanent registration).
Have a place of work in the territory serviced by Sberbank. A certificate from the place of work on the average salary is submitted. Sometimes the information on the submitted certificate is checked for the reliability of the information and the existence of the enterprise.
Have continuous experience at the last place of work within the term, installed by programs lending.
Have no arrears on previously received loans. Sberbank loans are issued subject to verification of this information.
Be solvent. By individual programs lending may take into account the income of the whole family.
Be between the ages of 18 and 60. And especially for pensioners, Sberbank of Russia has developed and offers the “Pension Credit of Sberbank of Russia”.
Usually, Sberbank loans cannot be issued to people who do not have a permanent income (not working), who are under investigation, or who have an outstanding criminal record.
Loan security consists of a surety and a pledge. Sberbank can issue loans without collateral, up to 45,000 rubles. The interest rate on these loans is the highest of all types of loans and is 19% per annum. The guarantee of repayment on these Sberbank loans is the income of the borrower. Such a loan is issued even to pensioners.
Table 2 - Loans issued by Sberbank without collateral
In other cases, collateral is required. The main emphasis of Sberbank of Russia is on the guarantee. The larger the Sberbank loans in amount, the greater the number of guarantors. So,
Loans up to 45,000 rubles - without guarantee and collateral
Loans from 45,000 to 300,000 rubles. – 1 guarantor and without collateral,
Loans from 300,000 to 700,000 rubles. – 2 guarantors and without collateral,
Loans for 700,000 rubles. and above - 3 guarantors and a pledge.
Naturally, the income of the borrower and the income of the guarantors must satisfy the bank. It is beneficial for Sberbank to issue a loan against a guarantee, but for the guarantor himself this is a very responsible and risky obligation.
3.2 Stages of the relationship between the borrower and the lender in Sberbank
Sberbank is the oldest bank in our country, the principles of which have evolved over the years. At the moment, for borrowers (especially individuals) - this is the most profitable lender, because. the interest rates offered by him on loans are much lower than those of the rest. In this regard, Sberbank imposes increased requirements on potential borrowers, which in turn affects the work credit department.
Each major branch of any SB branch has its own lending unit. The work of the department can be conditionally divided into three stages related to the process of issuing a loan:
Stage 1 of the loan application.
2 Stage of considering the application and making a decision on it.
3 Stage of signing a loan agreement and issuing a loan.
Responsible employees are responsible for each stage.
1 At the stage of processing and submitting an application for a loan, loan consultants are the first to work. As a rule, they meet potential borrowers in the operating room, but they can also be located directly in the department. They help you decide on a loan program, choose best option, correctly fill in the necessary documents, i.e. make the application process as comfortable and fast as possible for both parties. Further, credit inspectors are taken to work, who can process both certain types of loans and different ones. The inspector checks the package of documents provided by the borrower; calculates the amount and term of the loan; determines the need for security and verifies the availability of supporting documents. The task of determining the solvency of the borrower on the basis of the information provided by him also falls on the shoulders of the inspector. In addition, with the consent of the borrower, a request is made to the bureau credit histories in order to establish its credibility.
2 Consideration of a loan application can take quite a long time (compared to other banks), up to 10 business days. It begins with the registration of the borrower's credit file, which is then transferred to the security service. In this department, the documents and data provided by the client are carefully checked for authenticity and validity. In addition, the "criminal past" of the borrower or his relatives is checked. All collected information remains in the file and is returned to the hands of the loan officer. After the complete registration of the client's dossier, it is submitted for verification to the head of the credit department, and then to the secretary of the credit committee for inclusion in the register of cases for consideration.
The credit committee of the bank includes representatives (heads or their deputies) and other departments: economic, legal, security, accounting as well as the branch manager. In the branch of the branch, where there is a credit department, but there are no representatives of the relevant services, its own decision-making procedure is established, but the credit business still goes through all the established authorities before this. At the committee, each inspector represents the cases of his clients.
3 After acceptance credit committee positive decision, the inspector notifies the borrower about this, sets the date for issuing the loan and proceeds to prepare the necessary documents (loan agreement, pledge agreement or guarantee, and others). The forms of all agreements are agreed with the bank's lawyers and signed by the management.
On the day the loan is issued, the contract is signed. In this case, both the borrower and the guarantors must appear in person. After reviewing, concluding and distributing all copies of the agreement, the borrower is escorted to the bank's cash desk, where he actually receives the long-awaited loan. After that, all that remains for him is to regularly repay it. But the work of a loan officer does not end there. He passes information about the borrower to the credit bureaus, and then begins to monitor the timeliness of repayment of the loan by his clients until the expiration of the contract. In large branches, these functions may be assigned to employees of the loan agreement support department.
The work of the credit department is distinguished by increased responsibility, attentiveness, exactingness to borrowers, but at the same time, it is necessary to make sure that this remains unnoticed by the client, and the process of obtaining a loan is associated only with positive emotions. Therefore, the work of loan officers is not only professionalism, but also a kind of art.
3.3 Credit policy of Sberbank
Sberbank of Russia, despite difficult conditions and a significantly increased load on the Bank, its employees and infrastructure, continues its activities in full, providing all types of services to regular and new customers, individuals and legal entities, large, small and medium-sized businesses operating in all sectors of the economy.
Challenging economic conditions call for change credit policy Jar. These conditions are characterized by the following factors:
Lack of liquidity in the economy, both for banks and enterprises;
Crisis of confidence in economic relations (companies, banks, individuals);
Low availability of loans and their increased cost due to increased risks (“credit squeeze”);
Decreased effective demand from both individuals and legal entities;
A significant drop in prices for both goods, raw materials and assets, and assets (real estate, securities, enterprises);
Increased fluctuations in the rates of all currencies.
According to experts of Sberbank of Russia, this period will last up to one and a half to two years.
Under these conditions, Sberbank of Russia will adhere to the following priorities in lending to legal entities:
1) support for the following industries and sectors of the economy:
Industries that guarantee the satisfaction of the daily and most necessary vital needs of the population (retail chains, pharmacies, etc.);
Industries that perform life-supporting functions (electricity and water supply, transport, etc.);
Defense-industrial complex;
Small business;
Agriculture;
2) support for existing customers of Sberbank of Russia and fulfillment by the Bank of its legal obligations for lending under concluded agreements, support for the Bank's borrowers, the continuity of which is critical for other borrowers of Sberbank of Russia;
3) lending to working capital and current business needs of clients.
Realizing the special responsibility to shareholders and depositors at this difficult time, Sberbank of Russia is introducing additional measures to effectively manage risks:
1) changing the criteria for the sustainability of the clients' business in relation to activities in difficult conditions;
2) strengthening the security of loans:
Sufficient and timely cash flows from the operating activities of the borrower;
operating profitability of the business;
Pledges of liquid assets;
Guarantees / guarantees of the state or business owners;
3) increasing the level and quality of control by Sberbank of Russia over the responsible behavior of owners and management by introducing additional conditions and restrictions on the borrower's activities, including:
Reduction of the maximum debt load limit;
The introduction of additional restrictions on the change of control over the business;
Expansion of the list of events that lead to early debt collection by the Bank;
Clearer definition of cross-default criteria for a client's obligations to other creditors.
To do this, Sberbank of Russia is paying more attention to:
To the sources of repayment and their reliability;
To the level of current liquidity of the client;
To the level of debt load;
To the quality and liquidity of the collateral;
To adequacy financial plans and actions of borrowers in response to abruptly changed external conditions;
Conservative approaches to customer solvency forecasts;
To monitor loan debt for early diagnosis of potential problems with borrowers.
With regard to individuals, Sberbank of Russia will follow the following priorities:
Increasing the availability of loans, various methods of their repayment - equal monthly (annuity) or differentiated payments, with the obligatory explanation to customers of all the possibilities and limitations of a particular type of payment;
Help clients avoid becoming over-indebted by increasing attention to individual solvency when issuing new loans;
Ensuring the improvement of financial literacy of the population, consultations and explanations on all products and services of the Bank;
Strengthening work to maintain and improve the quality of the loan portfolio, a thorough assessment of the financial capabilities of borrowers and the proposed collateral.
Sberbank of Russia operates exclusively in accordance with applicable law. It intensifies the fight against corruption and other illegal pressure on its employees and is implacable towards dishonesty in its ranks. To do this, the Bank opens a 24-hour telephone line to receive information that will help ensure full compliance with the transparent and fair rules for granting loans to customers of Sberbank of Russia.
4 Strategy of OJSC Sberbank of Russia
Sberbank's new development strategy, approved by its Supervisory Board in October 2008, calls for over the next five years to more than triple the bank's profit, to RUB 400 billion, and more than quadruple its assets, to $800 billion. enter the top ten largest world banks in terms of capitalization. However, the achievement of such ambitious results will be accompanied by the reduction of every fourth employee of Sberbank.
The documents propose two scenarios for the development of the bank in the next five years - inertial or modernization. The management of Sberbank, according to the strategy, intends to implement the latter. "Sberbank is the undisputed leader of the Russian market, but faces several very serious challenges," the documents say. At the same time, the bank intends to build a new organizational management model, in which the business will be divided into two blocks - corporate and retail. The main responsibility for financial results for each block will be assigned to territorial banks.
Sberbank's strategy was being prepared during the crisis. At least the head of the bank, German Gref, said in early October that in crisis conditions, the bank, which is the main creditor of the Russian economy, stops increasing its loan portfolio and is preparing to tighten the conditions for issuing new loans. The crisis has already affected the activities of the bank. In September, the net inflow of household deposits in Sberbank reached 13 billion rubles, follows from the bank's statements. This is less than in previous months: in August, the increase in funds in the accounts of individuals amounted to 41.6 billion rubles, in July - 30.9 billion rubles. How the crisis affected the bank's profit will be seen from its annual report.
As a result of the implementation of the strategy, Sberbank of Russia will become more competitive, more loyal to customers, will have the most developed operating system, while at least three-quarters of customers will be able to receive banking services without entering the office. Sberbank is ready to implement a new strategy, the main goal of which is to speed up the service process and create the most comfortable conditions for both legal entities and individuals, while also changing the design of offices, reducing queues, and increasing self-service zones.
Conclusion
Thus, the issuance of consumer loans to the population is one of the main activities of banks. Consumer credit as a source additional income bank, is also one of the most reliable and secured, as it acts as a loan secured, or secured by a guarantee.
At present, consumer credit at a very rapid pace has gained confidence and has become widespread in our country. Already, the lending market in the RF population is developing at an accelerated pace. Gradually, consumer lending is becoming one of the most dynamic areas for the development of the banking sector, which is primarily due to the need of banks for new profitable loan products. Many banks, including those with 100% foreign participation, now intend to master this type of activity. Today it is a very promising market, and it is expected to boom. Recently, the retail banking market has become the main hobby of Russian banks. But along with tempting prospects, there is a large number of problems associated with consumer lending.
Many banks began to actively offer consumer lending services, but more than 60% of all loans issued to the population still fall on Sberbank of Russia. Of course, more and more efforts have recently been required to maintain the won positions due to growing competition, but Sberbank is an experienced "player" in the consumer lending market, has the most extensive branch network and the widest range of credit products for the population, offers fairly low interest rates , long lending terms, therefore, in general, the conditions of Sberbank of Russia are among the most favorable for the client. All this makes it possible to be self-confident and not be afraid of competition.
In order to better secure the credit policy and in connection with the work to improve lending processes, in August 2008 Sberbank of Russia entered into agreements with OJSC National Credit Bureau, Equifax Credit Services LLC (recently renamed credit bureau LLC Global Payments Credit Services) ) and CJSC Bureau of Credit Histories Expirian-Interfax.
In accordance with the agreements signed, Sberbank of Russia gets access to information on more than 40 million credit histories, which will optimize decision-making procedures for loan products, make consumer loans more accessible to Sberbank customers, and improve the quality of the bank's loan portfolio.
The impact of the economic crisis always hurts the pockets of ordinary consumers. Unfortunately, it will be more difficult and expensive for the consumer to take out a loan - this is due to liquidity problems with banks. In addition, the requirements for the borrower will be tightened in order to reduce the potential risks of growth in overdue debt. I believe that the growth rate of loans will decrease significantly in the whole country.
List of sources used
I Legal documents
1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Parts One, Two and Three) , November 26, 2001, March 21, 2002.
II Scientific and methodological literature
2 Banks and banking 2nd ed., textbook for universities Balabanov - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007 - 448 p.
3 Money, credit, banks / Ed. ed. prof. G.I. Kravtsova. - Minsk: Misanta, 2006 - 482 s
4 Demin Yu. All about loans. Clear and simple.–St. Petersburg: Piter, 2007.–208 p.
5 Zhukov E.F. Money. Credit. Banks: a textbook for students. universities / Ed. coll.: E.F. Zhukov, N.M. Zelenkova, L.T. Litvinenko and others - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2005.
6 Lavrushin O.I. Money, credit, banks: a textbook for students. universities / Ed. O.I. Lavrushin; Fin. acad. under the Government of the Russian Federation. – M.: KNORUS, 2006.
7 Finance, money circulation and credit / ed. VC. Senchasov,
A.I. Arkhipova. - M: "Prospect", 2004
III Newspaper article
8 Kommersant newspaper No. 188 (4243) dated 09.10.2009
9 Journal "Banking" №3,4,12 (2007)
IV Electronic resource
10 Official website of the Bank of Russia. http://www.cbr.ru
Applications
Table 1. Structure of the Savings Bank of Russia
BANK COUNCIL
bank board
Credit Committee Audit Committee
Department of Planning and Development of Banking Operations
Department for Organization of Commercial Activities of the Bank and Banking Liquidity Management
Department of Economic Analysis and Study of Clients' Creditworthiness
Department for the development of the foundations and plans for commercial activities of the bank
Marketing and customer relations department
Department of Deposit Operations
Department of Deposit Operations
stock department
Credit Operations Department
Short-term and long-term customer lending department
Department of lending to the population
Department of non-traditional banking operations related to lending
Directorate of Brokerage and Other Operations
Warranty and Power of Attorney Department
Department of banking services
Operations Department securities
Department of Organization of International Banking Operations
Department of currency and credit operations
Department of International Settlements
Accounting and operational management
Operations department
Department cash transactions
Settlement department
Administrative department
Legal Department
Human Resources Department
Department of Operation and Implementation of Computers
Audit department
The stable work of Sberbank has significantly strengthened the Bank's position in financial market. Sberbank ended 2008 with a profit of 92.7 billion rubles, 39.7% more than in the same period last year.
Along with servicing private depositors, Sberbank is actively expanding its corporate client base. Funds on ruble settlement and current accounts of legal entities with Sberbank account for almost 25% of the total balances of corporate clients' funds in Russian commercial banks.
The priority direction for Sberbank is lending to the real sector of the economy and expanding credit services for individuals. Sberbank is actively exploring the promising precious metals market, being the largest operator in this market.
The system of interbranch settlements created at Sberbank makes it possible to make customer payments without hindrance in any, even difficult crisis conditions.
In order to reduce unproductive costs, Sberbank is purposefully optimizing the structure of its regional network.
Let's analyze financial statements object of study. To do this, we will build tables of dynamics and structure of the main indicators (Tables 3, 4).
Table 3
Structure and dynamics of assets and liabilities of OJSC Sberbank of Russia
for 2007-2009 (million rubles)
| Asset items | years | Deviation of 2009 from 2007 (+,-) | Growth rate, % |
||||||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
|||||||
| Thousand rub. | Specific weight, % | Thousand rub. | Specific weight, % | Thousand rub. | Specific weight, % | Absolute, thousand rubles | Specific gravity, p.p. | ||
| Loans and advances to customers | 3921546 | 79,6 | 5077882 | 75,4 | 4864031 | 68,5 | 942485 | -11,1 | 24,0 |
| Funds in other banks | 5071 | 0,1 | 2756 | 0,0 | 10219 | 0,1 | 5148 | 0,0 | 101,5 |
| Loan portfolio before allowance for impairment | 4038105 | 81,9 | 5282923 | 78,4 | 5454064 | 76,8 | 1415959 | -5,2 | 35,1 |
| Provision for loan portfolio impairment | -111488 | -2,3 | -202285 | -3,0 | -579814 | -8,2 | -468326 | -5,9 | 420,1 |
| Assets | 4928808 | 100 | 6736482 | 100 | 7105066 | 100 | 2176258 | 0,0 | 44,2 |
| Client funds | 387762 | 9,1 | 4795232 | 80,1 | 5438871 | 86,0 | 5051109 | 76,9 | 1302,6 |
| Individual deposits | 2681986 | 62,9 | 3112102 | 52,0 | 3787312 | 59,9 | 1105326 | -3,0 | 41,2 |
| Funds of legal entities | 1195634 | 28,0 | 168313 | 2,8 | 1651559 | 26,1 | 455925 | -1,9 | 38,1 |
| Commitments | 4265964 | 100 | 5986320 | 100 | 6326130 | 100 | 2060166 | 0,0 | 48,3 |
| Capital | 637197 | 100 | 750162 | 100 | 778933 | 100 | 141736 | 0,0 | 22,2 |
The bank's assets for the year increased by 5.8% to 7,110 billion rubles. mainly due to the growth of the loan portfolio of corporate clients and securities portfolio. At the same time, loan provisions created by the bank significantly reduced the net loan portfolio and, accordingly, the bank's assets.
The Bank continued active lending to the real sector of the economy - over the year, Russian enterprises were issued loans in the amount of about 4 trillion. rubles, of which about 420 billion rubles. issued in December. The rest of the loan portfolio of legal entities increased by 6.7% since the beginning of the year to 4,249 billion rubles. (according to Sberbank's internal methodology, since 08/01/2009, the loan portfolio of legal entities has included agreements on the assignment of claims on loans with deferred payment, hereinafter referred to as assignment agreements).
In order to actively develop lending operations and stimulate demand, starting from the second quarter of this year, the bank has been consistently reducing interest rates on loans in all currencies. However, the demand for loans due to the low business activity of enterprises remains low, which affects the dynamics of the bank's loan portfolio.
In addition, since the second half of the year, the global borrowing market reopened to large Russian companies, as a result of which the bank faced significant volumes early repayment loans. In November and December, the total volume of loans repaid by corporate borrowers exceeded the volume of loans issued, which led to a reduction in the portfolio over these two months by almost 100 billion rubles.
Nevertheless, the bank is expanding its corporate loan portfolio at a faster pace than the market: according to the latest available comparable data for 11 months of 2009, the growth rate of loans to corporate customers of Sberbank (6.9%) significantly exceeded the growth rate of this segment of the Russian market (1. 3%). This allowed Sberbank to increase its market share from 30.5% to 32.2% within 11 months.
Low consumer demand for loans in 2009 led to a decrease in the retail loan portfolio by 6.9% to RUB 1,170 billion. In an effort to increase the volume of retail lending, since the second half of 2009, the bank began to lift restrictions imposed at the height of the economic crisis. Thus, lending in foreign currency was resumed, the down payment on mortgage and car loans was reduced, the maximum amounts and terms of loans were increased for a number of programs, etc. In December 2009, the bank reduced interest rates in foreign currency on a number of consumer programs, introduced a new loan product for the purpose of debt restructuring on housing loans, made changes to the conditions for granting Trust loans.
The result of the measures taken was a slowdown in the reduction of the retail loan portfolio. The Bank plans to further increase the availability of retail loans by liberalizing lending conditions and offering new products. Already in the current year, 2010, the bank resumed lending to individuals in foreign currency for the purpose of purchasing housing, reduced interest rates on a number of loans for participants salary projects.
The control of accepted risks allows the bank to maintain the quality of the loan portfolio at an acceptable level. The share of overdue debt in the loan portfolio of customers as of January 1, 2010 amounted to 4.4% (both with and without assignment agreements). The volume of reserves created by the bank for possible losses on loans increased in 2009 from 230 to 589 billion rubles. As of January 1, 2010, the volume of reserves exceeded the volume of overdue loans by 2.5 times (2.6 times as of January 1, 2009).
Since the beginning of the year, the securities portfolio has increased 2.1 times to 1,052 billion rubles. mainly through the purchase of corporate bonds, OFZ and OBR. This made it possible to diversify the bank's assets and increase the share of income from operations with securities in total income. Since the beginning of the year, the bank has increased investments in corporate bonds by 3.5 times to 296 billion rubles. The Bank purchased bonds of leading Russian issuers in various industries, thereby financing national economy. The peak of acquisitions of corporate bonds fell on the third quarter of 2009. In the fourth quarter, in order to place excess liquidity, the bank also purchased OBRs and OFZs for a total amount of about 320 billion rubles, which led to an increase in the government securities portfolio by 2.0 times to 640 billion rubles by the end of the year.
In the structure of the bank's securities portfolio, the share of corporate bonds over the year increased from 17% to 28%, the share of government securities and sub-federal bonds decreased from 80% to 70%. The share of shares in the bank's securities portfolio is just over 1%.
The balance of funds raised from individuals increased over the year by 20.9% to RUB 3,776 billion. AT absolute terms the increase amounted to 652 billion rubles, of which 232 billion rubles fell in December, which was due to the Russian enterprises and organizations of various payments to their employees, timed to coincide with the end of the year. A stable inflow of funds from individuals ensured a high level of liquidity of the bank and made it possible to fully compensate for the outflow of funds from corporate clients (-76 billion rubles per year) and to refuse to attract resources from the Bank of Russia, which took place in the first half of 2009.
Funds of corporate clients decreased over the year by 4.2% to 1,724 billion rubles. Bank funds decreased over the year by 31.3% to 645 billion rubles. As of January 1, 2010, only funds received from the Bank of Russia in the form of long-term subordinated loans at the end of 2008 in the total amount of 500 billion rubles remain on the bank's balance sheet.
In general, during the year capital increased by 14.4% mainly due to the transfer of audited net profit for 2008 from additional capital to fixed capital, the inclusion in the calculation of additional capital of the increase in the value of property according to the revaluation carried out as of January 1, 2009, and also earned in 2009 net profit.
The bank's capital adequacy as of January 1, 2010 is at the level of about 23%.
Table 4
Structure and dynamics of income and expenses of OJSC Sberbank of Russia
for 2007-2009 (million rubles)
| Index | years | Absolute Deviation of 2009 from 2007, thousand rubles (+, -) | Growth rate, % |
||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |||
| Net interest income | 252761 | 378157 | 502717 | 249956 | 198,9 |
| Net fee and commission income | 65875 | 86194 | 101089 | 35214 | 153,5 |
| Operating income before provisions | 353146 | 449541 | 648073 | 294927 | 183,5 |
| Operating income | 335513 | 351660 | 259141 | -76372 | 77,2 |
| Allocations to the provision for impairment of the loan portfolio | -17633 | -97881 | -388932 | -371299 | 2205,7 |
| Administrative and other operating expenses | -195764 | -221739 | -229277 | -33513 | 117,1 |
| Profit before tax | 139749 | 129921 | 29864 | -109885 | 21,4 |
| Net profit | 106489 | 97746 | 24393 | -82096 | 22,9 |
Operating income before provisions for possible losses increased by 30.2%. Net interest income increased by 36.4%. Net fee and commission income increased by 10.0%. operating expenses decreased by 2.8%. the costs of creating reserves for possible losses increased by 2.9 times. Profit before taxes from profit excluding events after the balance sheet date amounted to RUB 43.3 billion. against 136.9 billion rubles. for 2008. Net profit, excluding events after the reporting date, amounted to RUB 36.2 billion. against 109.9 billion rubles. for 2008.
Despite the difficult situation in the economy, in 2009 the bank achieved a significant increase in operating income while reducing operating expenses. Operating income before provisions increased by 30.2% compared to 2008 and reached 647.2 billion rubles. The basis for the growth of the bank's income was the increase in net interest income by 36.4% to 456.8 billion rubles.
Interest income increased over the year by 33.5% to 768.4 billion rubles, while their growth rate outpaced the growth rate of interest expenses. Growth in interest income was mainly due to an increase in income from lending to legal entities (+42.1%), while income from loans to individuals increased slightly (+4.4%) as a result of the contraction of the consumer lending market.
A more than twofold increase in the securities portfolio during the year led to a significant increase in interest income on them (by 1.7 times). This made it possible to diversify the bank's income to a greater extent - the share of income from securities in the total volume of interest income increased from 5.6% to 7.2%.
Interest expenses increased by 29.5% to 311.6 billion rubles. mainly at the expense of expenses on funds of banks and funds of individuals. The most significant increase was in interest expenses on funds due to banks (3.9 times), which was due to the attraction at the end of 2008 of subordinated loans from the Bank of Russia for a total of 500 billion rubles. Growth in expenses on funds from individuals (+20.6%) was due to both an increase in the amount of funds raised and an increase in their value during the crisis. The volume of interest expenses on funds of legal entities decreased slightly compared to 2008 (-4.4%).
Net fee and commission income increased by 10.0% to RUB 143.1 billion. mainly due to the growth of fee and commission income received from settlement operations, corporate lending operations, account management, operations with bank cards, operations with foreign currency and precious metals, operations with securities, bank guarantees. The decrease in demand for loans from the population in the context of the crisis led to a reduction in commission income from lending to individuals. The volume of commission income from cash transactions of individuals also decreased. The volume of commissions for documentary transactions, maintenance of budget accounts, currency control, depositary and agency services has changed insignificantly compared to 2008.
Net income from operations in financial markets increased over the year by 66.9% to 42.2 billion rubles. Growth was achieved due to income from trading operations with securities and precious metals.
Strict control over operating expenses allowed the bank to reduce their volume in 2009 by 2.8% to 220.0 billion rubles. The bank achieved these results mainly due to the reduction of personnel costs due to the optimization of the organizational structure, as well as maintaining low growth rates of administrative and economic expenses. The ratio of operating expenses to income for the year amounted to 34.0% against 45.5% a year earlier.
The Bank continues to adhere to a conservative policy in terms of coverage credit risks. In 2009, the bank allocated 383.9 billion rubles for the formation of reserves, incl. for provisions for loans - 361.5 billion rubles, which is 3 times higher than the expenses for provisions for loans in 2008. The reserves were created solely from operating income and did not reduce the bank's capital.
Due to significant provisioning costs, the bank's profit decreased compared to the previous year:
1. Profit before taxes from profit for 2009, excluding events after the reporting date, amounted to 43.3 billion rubles. (for 2008: 143.5 billion rubles excluding events after the reporting date and 136.9 billion rubles including events after the reporting date)
2. The bank's net profit for 2009, excluding events after the reporting date, amounted to 36.2 billion rubles. (for 2008: 108.2 billion rubles excluding events after the reporting date and 109.9 billion rubles including events after the reporting date).
In general, the economic situation of Sberbank of Russia OJSC is clearly reflected in Table. 5.
Table 5
Dynamics of the main economic indicators
OJSC "Sberbank of Russia" for 2007-2009
| Indicators | years | Deviation of 2009 from 2007 |
|||
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | (+,-) | % | |
| Share of non-performing loans in the loan portfolio, % | 1,5 | 1,8 | 8,5 | 7,0 | 466,7 |
| Share of allowance for impairment of the loan portfolio in the loan portfolio, % | 2,8 | 3,8 | 10,7 | 7,9 | 287,6 |
| Ratio of allowance for loan portfolio impairment to non-performing loans, % | 1,8 | 2,1 | 1,2 | -0,6 | -34,8 |
| Net interest margin, % | 6,4 | 7,1 | 7,8 | 1,4 | 21,9 |
| Spread, % | 6,0 | 6,7 | 7,3 | 1,3 | 21,7 |
| Ratio of expenses to operating income (before provisions), % | 55,4 | 49,3 | 35,4 | -20,0 | -36,1 |
| Loans/Deposits, % | 101,1 | 105,9 | 89,4 | -11,7 | -11,6 |
| Return on assets (ROAA), % | 2,5 | 1,7 | 0,4 | -2,1 | -84,2 |
| Return on equity (ROAE), % | 22,5 | 14,1 | 3,2 | -19,3 | -85,8 |
| Earnings per share, in rubles per share (EPS) | 5,10 | 4,50 | 1,10 | -4,0 | -78,4 |
| Share price on MICEX at the end of the period, rub. | 102,30 | 22,79 | 83,14 | -19,2 | -18,7 |
| Average number of employees, pcs. | 251208 | 259999 | 252398 | 1190,0 | 0,5 |
| Average number of shares for the period, mln. | 20962 | 21585 | 21585 | 623 | 3,0 |
| Capital adequacy ratio (Tier 1), % | 13,9 | 12,2 | 11,5 | -2,4 | -17,3 |
| Total capital adequacy ratio (Tier 1 and Tier 2), % | 14,5 | 18,9 | 18,1 | 3,6 | 24,8 |
Analysis of the main economic indicators of Sberbank of Russia for 2007-2009. revealed the following dynamics.
The share of non-performing loans in the loan portfolio in 2009 increased by 5.7 times and reached the level of 8.5%. The share of the provision in the loan portfolio increased 3.9 times and amounted to 10.7%. The ratio of the provision to non-performing loans decreased by 0.6 p.p. and became equal to 1.2%.
The net interest margin in 2009 was 7.8%, up 1.4 p.p. above the level of 2007. The spread increased to 7.3%.
The ratio of expenses to operating income decreased by 20 p.p. to the level of 35.4%.
The ratio of loans to deposits in 2009 was 89.4% against 101.1% in 2007.
The return on assets decreased by 6 times, amounting to 0.4% in 2009. The return on equity decreased by almost 7 times, amounting to 3.2% in 2009.
Earnings per share also decreased by almost 4.5 times, and in 2009 the payment amounted to 1.1 rubles. The cost of a share on the MICEX in 2009 was 83.14 rubles.
The number of employees for the analyzed period increased by 1.2 thousand people. (by 0.5%). 623 shares were issued.
Adequacy ratios differ: core capital adequacy decreased by 2.4 percentage points, while total capital adequacy increased by 3.6 percentage points, and in 2009 they reached levels of 11.5% and 18.1%, respectively .
Introduction
Chapter 1 Organizational and economic characteristics of PJSC Sberbank
Chapter 2 Organization of non-cash payments in PJSC Sberbank
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
Target undergraduate practice– the formation of skills for the practical use of theoretical knowledge in practical activities, collection, systematization and processing of information practical material on the topic of the final qualifying work "Organization of non-cash payments in a commercial bank."
Object of study - PJSC Sberbank
During the internship, the following
- a characteristic is given activities of PJSC Sberbank;
- a diagram of the organizational structure of management was drawn up;
– the functions of the main structures and the interaction between them are considered;
– the forms and types of non-cash payments are considered;
– studied the process of managing cashless payments;
– the organization of cashless payments was analyzed;
– registers of posted documents in the currency of the Russian Federation were compiled;
– familiar with all forms of non-cash payments;
– learned how to process and pay transfers.
When writing the report, methods of systematization, analytical, prognostic, calculation, graphic were used.
The internship was completed at the additional office of PJSC Sberbank No. 85932/04.
The purpose of the internship is to consolidate theoretical knowledge in the field banking, the acquisition of professional skills of a specialist and the collection of information for writing a WRC.
Chapter 1 Organizational and economic characteristics of PJSC Sberbank
PJSC Sberbank is the largest bank in Russia and the CIS with the widest network of divisions offering the full range of investment banking services. The founder and main shareholder of PJSC Sberbank is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which owns 50% of the authorized capital plus one voting share; over 40% of shares are owned by foreign companies. About half of the Russian market of private deposits, as well as every third corporate and retail loan in Russia, fall on PJSC Sberbank.
Full corporate name of the bank: Public Joint Stock Company Sberbank.
Abbreviated name of the bank: PJSC Sberbank.
The history of Sberbank of Russia begins with the personal decree of Emperor Nicholas I of 1841 on the establishment of savings banks, the first of which opened in St. Petersburg in 1842. A century and a half later - in 1987 - on the basis of state labor savings banks, a specialized bank for labor savings and lending to the population was created - Sberbank of the USSR, which also worked with legal entities. The structure of the Savings Bank of the USSR included 15 republican banks, including the Russian Republican Bank.
At the moment, despite the far from outstanding quality of service in most branches (with the exception of services for VIP clients), the bank is the leader not only in terms of assets, but also in the number of current accounts of legal entities (over 1 million). In the market of private deposits, PJSC Sberbank is a monopolist - it controls 45% of the market (the bulk of the deposits of "physicists" are the so-called pension deposits in rubles). It should be noted that at the beginning of 2002 the bank's share was 71.4%. The further decline in the market share occupied by Sberbank is largely facilitated by the deposit insurance system and an increase in the amount of insurance compensation. About 11 million people receive their salaries through Sberbank, and 12 million receive pensions. The bank issued more than 30 million plastic cards, the number of installed ATMs exceeds 19 thousand. As of December 31, 2012, the number of employees amounted to over 233 thousand people.
Main directions of banking activity:
Within the above areas of activity, Sberbank offers a wide range of banking products and services.
In addition to banking operations, the bank carries out:
The General Meeting of Shareholders is the supreme management body of the bank. At the general meeting of shareholders, decisions are made on the main issues of the bank's activities. List of issues related to competence general meeting shareholders, is determined by the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" dated December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2013) and the bank's charter.
In accordance with the charter, the general management of the bank's activities is carried out by the supervisory board. The competence of the Supervisory Board includes issues of determining the priority areas of the bank's activities, appointment of members of the board and early termination of their powers, issues of convening and preparing general meetings of shareholders, recommendations on the amount of dividends on shares, periodic hearing of reports from the president, chairman of the board of the bank on the activities of the bank and other issues . Committees of the Supervisory Board are bodies created for preliminary consideration of the most important issues within the competence of the Supervisory Board and preparation of recommendations on them. The committees are formed annually from among the members of the bank's supervisory board. Each committee includes independent directors. The committees facilitate working interaction with the bank's management bodies. The management of the current activities of the bank is carried out by the president, chairman of the board and the board of the bank.
In order to improve the efficiency of work and develop business, the bank has a number of collegial working bodies (committees) reporting to the board of Sberbank, whose main tasks are to resolve issues of implementing a unified, coordinated policy in various areas of the bank's operations. The Board is a platform for active discussion of strategic issues of the bank's development and development of optimal solutions that take into account the specifics of the regions.
Consider the financial condition of PJSC Sberbank.
Table 1 ¾ Main financial indicators PJSC Sberbank for 2012-2014,
The increase in assets in 2012 compared to 2013 amounted to 19.8%, and in 2014 compared to 2013, the growth rate increased to 33.6%. The deviation of the bank's capital in 2013 in relation to 2012 was 18.4%, and in 2014 in relation to 2013 the growth rate decreased to 16.2%.
Consider the dynamics and structure of the bank's balance sheet.
Table 2 ¾ Dynamics PJSC assets Sberbank for 2012-2014, billion rubles
The bank's assets in 2013 increased by 19% compared to the previous period, while in 2014 the growth was 34% compared to 2013. The main factors for the growth of the bank's assets are: an increase in net loan debt, which amounted to 32% in 2014 and 22% in 2013, an increase in investments in securities by 0.1% in 2014 and by 13% in 2013. Also in 2014, there was a significant increase in cash. The increase in the growth rate of total assets is due to the increase in growth in the main items of assets.
Consider an analysis of the asset structure of PJSC Sberbank.
Table 3 ¾ Asset structure of PJSC Sberbank for 2012 - 2014, billion rubles
The largest share in the structure of the bank's assets is occupied by net debt (73%), which remains at the same level in the study period. Net investments in securities account for 10% of the bank's balance sheet assets, which testifies to the high investment activity of the bank.
Table 4 ¾ Analysis of the dynamics of equity of Sberbank for 2012-2014, billion rubles
From the data on the dynamics of own funds, we can conclude that in the period from 2012 to 2013. there is an increase in some indicators, such as: “retained earnings (uncovered losses) of previous years” and “unused profit (loss) for the reporting period”.
As can be seen in the figure, own funds show steady growth.
Table 5 ¾ Analysis of the structure of own funds of PJSC Sberbank for 2012-2014, billion rubles
According to the table, the largest share in the structure of own funds is occupied by reinvested profit, while there is a steady increase in the share of retained earnings previous years, and the share of unused profit of the reporting period tends to decrease. The share of revaluation amounts of shareholders' fixed assets and share premium also decreases. The fair value revaluation of available-for-sale securities represents a negative amount, which indicates losses from investing activities.
Consider the economic standards of PJSC Sberbank for 2012-2014
As Figure 4 shows, in 2014 the bank's capital adequacy ratio decreased significantly from 12.87% to 11.5%, although it still corresponds to the required value of 10%.
Let us consider the analysis of the dynamics of the attracted funds of PJSC Sberbank.
Table 6 ¾ Analysis of the dynamics of attracted funds of PJSC Sberbank for 2012-2014, billion rubles
The bank's liabilities show positive dynamics over the period under study: in 2013, the growth of liabilities amounted to 20% compared to the previous period, and in 2014, 37.8% compared to 2012. The main growth factors are: the growth of loans and deposits of the Central Bank, which amounted to 43% in 2013, and 78.7% in 2014 compared to 2011. Retail deposits tend to decrease (in 2013 deposits amounted to 20% compared to the previous period, and in 2014 - 5.4% compared to 2013)
Table 7 ¾ Analysis of the structure of funds raised by Sberbank for 2012-2014, billion rubles
The largest share in the structure of attracted funds is occupied by funds of clients that are not credit institutions, their specific gravity at the end of 2013 was 77.6%. Loans, deposits and other funds of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation also accounted for a significant share in the structure of attracted funds in 2013.
Chapter 2 Organization of non-cash payments in PJSC Sberbank
Non-cash settlements are settlements carried out without the use of cash, by transferring funds to accounts with credit institutions and offsetting mutual claims. Non-cash payments are of great economic importance in accelerating the turnover of funds, reducing the cash required for circulation, and reducing distribution costs. The difference between non-cash payments and cash payments:
1) the payer and the recipient transferring cash participate in cash settlements. There are three participants in non-cash cash settlements: the payer, the recipient and the bank in which such settlements are carried out in the form of an entry on the accounts of the payer and the recipient;
2) participants of non-cash money transactions are in credit relations with the bank. These relationships are manifested in the amounts of balances on the accounts of participants in such settlements. There are no such credit relations in cash circulation;
3) transfers (transfers) of money belonging to one participant in settlements in favor of another are made by making entries in their accounts, as a result of which the credit relations of the bank with participants in such operations change. Thus, the turnover of cash is replaced by a credit operation. Non-cash payments in the economy are organized according to a certain system, which is understood as a set of principles for organizing non-cash payments, requirements for their organization, determined by specific business conditions, as well as forms and methods of payment and related workflow.
The form of payment is a set of interrelated elements, which include the method of payment and the corresponding document flow. Document circulation is a system of registration, use and movement of settlement documents and funds, which includes: issuance of an invoice by the consignor and its transfer to other participants in the settlements; the content of the settlement document and its details; the terms for compiling the settlement document and the procedure for presenting it to the bank, as well as to other participants in the settlements; movement of a settlement document between banking institutions; the procedure and terms for payment of a settlement document, transfer and receipt of funds; the procedure for using the settlement document for mutual control of the settlement participants and the implementation of measures of economic impact.
Non-cash payments serve mainly the sphere of economic relations of enterprises and their relationship with the financial and credit system. Thus, their essence is that economic bodies make payments to each other for inventory items and services rendered, as well as for financial obligations by transferring the amounts due from the payer's account to the beneficiary's account or by offsetting mutual debts.
The value of non-cash payments is great, because:
1) non-cash payments contribute to the concentration of monetary resources in banks. Temporarily free funds of enterprises stored in banks are one of the sources of lending;
2) non-cash payments contribute to the normal circulation of funds in the national economy;
3) a clear distinction between non-cash and cash transactions creates conditions that facilitate planning monetary circulation and non-cash cash flow, as well as determining the amount of issue and withdrawal of cash from circulation.
On the one hand, the development of non-cash payments leads to a reduction in the need for cash and to saving distribution costs. The larger the payment, the stronger these benefits become. However, if the amount of payment is insignificant, then a cash payment is more advantageous. It is rather difficult to establish exactly the line when the advantages of cash payment turn into its disadvantages.
Non-cash transactions are reflected on settlement, current and other accounts opened by banks to their customers after the latter submit relevant documents.
All non-cash payments are made on the basis of settlement documents. Their forms must comply with established standards, and they must contain the following details:
- the name of the settlement document and its form code according to OKUD;
- number of the document, date, month, year of its execution. In this case, the number is indicated in numbers, the month - in words, the year - in numbers;
- the name and location of the payer's bank, its bank identification code (BIC), the number of the correspondent account or sub-account;
- the name of the payer, his identification number (TIN), KPP, as well as the number of the bank account;
- the name of the recipient of funds, the number of his bank account;
– the name and location of the beneficiary's bank (not indicated on the check), its bank identification code (BIC), the number of the correspondent account or sub-account. At the same time, it is allowed to abbreviate the name of the payer and the recipient, which does not impede the work of banks and clients;
– purpose of payment (not specified in the check). The tax payable is highlighted in the settlement document as a separate line (otherwise there should be an indication that the tax is not paid);
- the amount of the payment, indicated in numbers and in words;
– order of payment and type of operation.
The principles of organization of calculations are the fundamental principles of their implementation. Compliance with the principles in the aggregate makes it possible to ensure that the calculations meet the requirements: timeliness, reliability, efficiency. The first principle - the legal regime for making settlements and payments - requires that the behavior of the participants in settlement relationships comply with the rules of law and legal responsibility. The basis for this is a set of laws and regulations. The main regulatory body of the payment system is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia). Among its main tasks is to ensure the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the settlement system.
The second principle is the implementation of bank accounts. A necessary prerequisite is that both suppliers and buyers have bank accounts. For settlement services, a bank account agreement is concluded between the bank and the client - an independent bilateral (participants have both rights and obligations) civil law agreement. Clients have the right to open the required number of settlement, deposit and other accounts in any currency in banks with their consent, unless otherwise provided by federal law. Banks and other credit institutions for settlements between themselves open correspondent accounts - with each other (correspondent account agreement is concluded) and without fail - in institutions of the Bank of Russia (an agreement on bank settlement services).
The third principle is to maintain liquidity at a level that ensures uninterrupted payments. Compliance with this principle is the key to a clear unconditional fulfillment of obligations. All payers must plan receipts, write-offs of funds from accounts, prudently seek the missing resources in order to timely fulfill debt obligations.
The fourth principle is the presence of an acceptance (consent) of the payer for payment. This principle is implemented through the use of either an appropriate payment instrument (check, promissory note, payment order), indicating the owner's order to debit funds, or a special acceptance of documents issued by the recipients of funds (payment requests, bills of exchange).
At the same time, the legislation provides for cases of indisputable (without the consent of the payers) write-offs of funds: arrears in taxes and other obligatory payments - on the basis of writ of execution, issued by courts, some fines on orders of recoverers, direct write-off for heat and electrical energy, utilities etc.
The fifth principle - the urgency of payment - follows from the very essence market economy, an integral condition of which is the timely and complete fulfillment of payment obligations. The significance of this principle lies in the fact that continuously spent funds for the production of goods, the provision of services must be reimbursed at the expense of payments from buyers within the time limits stipulated by the concluded contracts.
The sixth principle is the principle of property liability for non-compliance with contractual terms. The essence of this principle lies in the fact that violations of contractual obligations in terms of settlements entail the application of civil liability in the form of compensation for losses, payment of a penalty, as well as other liability measures. (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Ch. 25, Art. 395)
The seventh principle - the control of all participants over the correctness of settlements, compliance with the established provisions on the procedure for their implementation - is divided into preliminary, current, subsequent, internal and external control. important role in compliance this principle plays the establishment according to Art. 16 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ "On Accounting" publicity of financial statements.
Non-cash payments are carried out on the basis of settlement documents prescribed form and in compliance with the relevant paperwork. The choice of the form of payment is mainly determined by:
- the nature of economic relations between counterparties;
– a feature of the supplied products;
– the location of the parties to the transaction;
– method of transportation of goods;
- the financial position of legal entities.
Regulation of the Central Bank of 03.10.2002. No. 2-P "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation" establishes the following forms of non-cash payments: settlements by payment orders, letters of credit, settlements by checks and collection.
A payment order is an order of the account holder (payer) to the bank serving him, drawn up by a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the account of the recipient of funds opened in this or another bank.
In settlements for goods and services, payment orders are used:
- for goods received, work performed, services rendered (reference in the order to the number and date of the shipping document confirming the receipt of goods or services by the payer);
- for payments in the order of advance payment for goods and services (reference in the order to the number of the main contract, agreement, contract, which provides for advance payment);
- payments to transport, utilities, household enterprises for maintenance, etc.
In settlements for non-commodity transactions, payment orders are used for:
– payments to the budgets of all levels and off-budget funds;
– repayment of bank loans and interest on loans;
– transfer of funds to state and social insurance bodies;
– contributions of funds to the authorized funds when establishing a joint-stock company, LLC, etc.;
– acquisition of shares, bonds, certificates of deposit, bank bills;
– payment of penalties, fines, penalties, etc.
The payment order is issued by the payer on the form of the established form, containing all the necessary details:
- for the payer and recipient of funds - taxpayer identification number (TIN), name and account number with a credit institution (branch) or a subdivision of the settlement network of the Bank of Russia;
- for credit institutions - their names and locations, bank identification code (BIC) and account number for settlement transactions.
Payment orders are accepted by the bank regardless of the availability of funds in the payer's account. In the absence or insufficiency of funds on the account, payment orders are placed in file cabinet No. 2 and paid as funds are received in the order established by law. In accordance with the legislation, partial payment of payment orders from a file cabinet is allowed, while the bank uses a payment order.
The bank is obliged to inform the payer at his request about the execution of the payment order no later than the next working day after the payer's application to the bank, unless another period is provided by the bank account agreement.
Payment orders are used for settlements in the order of budget payments, i.e. by periodically transferring funds from the buyer's account to the supplier's account at a specific time and in a certain amount based on the plan for the release of goods and the provision of services for the coming month (quarter). Calculations planned payments- a progressive form of transferring payments, since it is based on the oncoming movement of money and goods. This leads to faster settlements, a reduction in mutual receivables and payables, and enables enterprises to better plan their payment turnover.
Settlements by payment orders have a number of advantages compared to other forms of payment: a relatively simple document flow, faster cash flow, the ability of the payer to pre-check the quality of paid goods and services, the ability to use this form of payment for non-commodity payments.
A letter of credit is a conditional monetary obligation of a bank issued by it on behalf of a client in favor of its counterparty under an agreement under which the bank that opened the letter of credit (issuing bank) can make a payment to the supplier or authorize another bank to make such payments, subject to the submission of documents, stipulated in the letter of credit, and subject to the fulfillment of other conditions of the letter of credit. The letter of credit is intended for servicing only one supplier and cannot be redirected. Payment from a letter of credit is carried out only by bank transfer.
Banks can open the following types of letters of credit:
– covered (deposited) and uncovered (guaranteed);
- revocable and irrevocable.
When opening a covered letter of credit, the issuing bank transfers at the expense of the payer or the loan granted to him the amount of the letter of credit at the disposal of the executing bank for the entire period of the letter of credit. When opening an uncovered letter of credit, the issuing bank grants the executing bank the right to write off funds from its correspondent account within the amount of the letter of credit. The procedure for writing off funds from the correspondent account of the issuing bank under a guaranteed letter of credit is determined by agreement between the banks.
A revocable is a letter of credit that can be changed or canceled by the issuing bank without prior notice to the recipient of funds. Such a letter of credit does not serve as a sufficient guarantee for the seller to receive payment, therefore, it almost never occurs in practice. A letter of credit is revocable unless its text expressly states that it is irrevocable. Irrevocable is a letter of credit that cannot be changed or canceled without the consent of the recipient of funds and which has a corresponding mark. Such a letter of credit is a firm obligation of the bank to pay the seller for the supply or service when the latter fulfills all the conditions of the letter of credit. The vast majority of letters of credit are irrevocable.
To open a letter of credit, an application of the payer of the established form is submitted to the issuing bank, which indicates:
– number of the agreement under which the letter of credit is opened;
– validity period of the letter of credit;
- the name of the supplier and the name of the bank issuing the letter of credit;
- the name of the documents serving as the basis for payment under the letter of credit;
- the deadline for their submission and the procedure for registration;
– type of letter of credit and its amount;
- a list of goods, works and services for which a letter of credit is opened, and the terms of shipment;
– method of realization of the letter of credit.
When paying under a letter of credit, the beneficiary's bank (executing bank) is obliged to verify that the supplier complies with all the conditions of the letter of credit, as well as the correctness of the registration of the register of accounts, the compliance of the signatures and seal of the supplier on it with the declared samples. Documents confirming payments under the letter of credit must be submitted by the supplier to the bank before the expiration of the letter of credit and confirm the fulfillment of all conditions of the letter of credit. If at least one of these conditions is violated, no payments under the letter of credit are made.
Closing of a letter of credit in the executing bank is carried out (in the amount of the letter of credit or its balance):
- after the expiration of the letter of credit;
– on the basis of an application by the recipient of funds to refuse further use of the letter of credit before its expiration, if the possibility of such refusal is provided for by the terms of the letter of credit;
- by order of the payer on the full or partial withdrawal of the letter of credit, if such withdrawal is possible under the terms of the letter of credit.
The letter of credit form of payment is the most expensive. It requires additional expenses for the buyer, this is due not only to the large commissions that the bank charges, but also to the fact that most of the letters of credit that Russian firms work with are “covered”. This means that for the duration of the contract, significant funds are withdrawn from the buyer's turnover, equal to the amount of payment under the contract.
The convenience of this form of payment for both the supplier company and the buyer company lies in a certain guarantee: timely and complete receipt of payment by the supplier if the delivery complies with the contract; compliance of the ordered products with the stipulated conditions, which is often controlled by an authorized buyer company.
A check is a security containing an instruction from the issuer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check. Any legal or natural person who has funds in the bank, which he disposes of by issuing checks in favor of the holder of a check, can be a drawer of a check; the payer is the drawer's bank.
To receive settlement checks in a servicing bank, an application is drawn up in the prescribed form, signed by the head of the enterprise, the chief accountant and certified with a seal. The application specifies the number of checks and the amount of the total need for settlements in checks, which allows you to determine the limit of one check, which must be put on the back of each check. Checkbooks are issued for a fixed term and total payment amount.
There are two types of checkbooks: limited and unlimited. The difference between them is that the receipt of a limited book is accompanied by the deposit of the total amount of the payment on a separate personal account of the drawer. This account shall be credited with the amount of funds deposited from the corresponding account.
An unlimited book does not provide for the deposit of funds. In this case, the cover of the check in the bank is the funds on the corresponding account of the drawer, but not more than the amount guaranteed by the bank in agreement with the drawer when issuing the checkbook. The bank may guarantee the issuer of a check, in the event of a temporary lack of funds on his account, the payment of checks at the expense of the bank's funds.
The check must contain the following mandatory details:
- the name "check" included in the text of the document;
- an order to the payer to pay a certain amount of money;
- name of the payer and indication of the account for payment;
– indication of payment currency;
- indication of the date and place of drawing up the check;
- the signature of the person who issued the check - the drawer. The absence of any of the specified details in the document deprives it of legality. A check that does not contain an indication of the place of its compilation is considered as signed at the location of the drawer.
The rights under a check are transferable, with the exception of a nominal check, which is not transferable.
When paying by checks, it should be remembered that the check must be paid in the full amount for which it was issued, without any commission (in this case, an indication of interest is considered unwritten). A check cannot be withdrawn by the drawer before the expiration of the period established by the internal bank rules for presenting it for payment (submission of a check to the bank by the holder of the check).
If there are no funds on the payer's account or there are not enough of them, payment requests are placed in file cabinet No. 2. At the same time, the executing bank notifies the issuing bank of this by sending it a notice no later than the business day following the day the settlement documents are entered into the file cabinet. The issuing bank, in turn, upon receipt of a notice from the executing bank, brings the notice of filing to the card index to the client.
In Russia, in contrast to international practice, the check form of non-cash payments is less common.
Collection settlements are understood as banking operations in which a credit institution (bank) undertakes, on behalf of and at the expense of the client, to carry out an action to receive the payment amount from the payer. Settlements for collection are made out by a payment request and a collection order.
The payment request contains the requirement of the recipient of funds to the payer for the payment of a certain amount of money by withdrawing from the payer's current account, is drawn up on the form of the established form and contains, in addition to the details specified in payment order, details such as:-
terms of payment;
- deadline for acceptance;
- the date of delivery to the payer stipulated by the agreement documents;
- name of goods (works, services) and date of delivery;
– number and date of the contract;
- numbers of documents confirming the delivery of goods (performance of work, provision of services);
- delivery method and other details - in the "Purpose of payment" field. The specified requirements are put up for collection by the supplier after the shipment of the goods and the issuance of trade documents. The supplier's bank is obliged to send the documents to the payer's bank, collect funds from it and transfer them to the supplier's settlement account. The payer's bank, having received the documents, informs the payer and accepts them for payment only after receiving a preliminary acceptance from him. It is also possible to refuse acceptance.
Payment of settlement documents is made as funds are received to the payer's account in the order established by law. Partial payment of payment requests, collection orders is allowed, which is made by a payment order in the manner similar to the procedure for partial payment of a payment order, with the exception of a note on partial payment.
A collection order is a settlement document, on the basis of which funds are debited from the payers' accounts in an indisputable manner. Collection orders apply:
- in cases where an indisputable procedure for collecting funds is established by law, including for the collection of funds by bodies performing control functions;
- in cases stipulated by the parties under the main agreement, provided that the bank servicing the payer is granted the right to debit funds from the payer's account without his order.
The main types of collection operations are simple (clean) collection and documentary (commercial). In the first case, the bank undertakes to receive money from a third party on the basis of a payment request that is not accompanied by commercial documents, and in the second case, the bank must present commercial documents received from its client. Commercial documents include invoices, shipping and insurance documents, title deeds and any other non-financial documents.
In general, settlements in the form of collection are widely used in international payments. Contract payments are made on commercial credit terms, and foreign banks accept various documents for collection, including, in addition to the bills and checks mentioned above, shares, bonds and others.
This form of settlement involves certain risks and must be secured by trusting counterparties. For the supplier, the risk of late payment of invoices can be reduced by obtaining certain guarantees from the buyer. In this case, the contract can use various legal means to secure payment obligations (surety, bank guarantee, pledge, etc.).
Advantages of this form of calculation:
- for the supplier - banks protect his right to the goods until the payment of documents or acceptance. The right to the goods is given to the payer by documents of title, which he takes possession of after their payment (acceptance). The documents remain at the disposal of the bank until the moment of their payment and, in case of non-payment, are returned to the supplier's bank with an indication of the reasons for non-payment.;
- for the payer, this form of payment allows for maximum savings in foreign exchange resources and often payment for goods (if provided for by the contract) can be made with a delay of up to 30 days from the date the bank receives documents for collection.
Increasing the share of non-interest income is one of Sberbank's strategic goals.
At the end of 2014, the share of net non-interest income in Operating income before retail business reserves was 22.5%.
The main factor in the growth of non-interest income in retail business are operations with bank cards, acquiring, payments and transfers.
The growth in the issue of bank cards has significantly accelerated the growth in the volume of transactions on card accounts.
Table 8 - The number of bank cards issued by PJSC Sberbank and the volume of card transactions for 2012-2014
In 2014, the growth in the issue of bank cards increased by 9%, and the turnover on card transactions increased by more than a third. The share of non-cash transactions in the total turnover on cards is growing steadily and increased in 2014 from 19.5% to 23.8%.
In terms of the number of issued cards, Sberbank ranks first in Europe.
As can be seen in Figure 10, the volume of card transactions shows a steady growth.
In 2013, Sberbank introduced new premium cards as part of the Premier tariff plan: Visa Platinum PayWave and World MasterCard Black Edition paypass
Since July 2013, the credit limit for credit cards has been set at the time of issuance. Customers can receive a card and immediately make the first transaction. The card can be issued according to the passport and another document, and received at any office, regardless of the place of order. The card can also be ordered through Sberbank Online @ yn and then come to the branch for it.
In 2014, the issue of bank cards of the Russian payment system "Universalnaya electronic card» (PRO100) throughout Russia; By the end of the year, the volume of issue exceeded 50,000 cards. PRO100 cards are issued in the "Personal" and "Salary" categories and are accepted throughout the acquiring network of Sberbank of Russia, as well as the infrastructure of banks participating in the UEC Payment System.
Table 9 - Number of active sales and service outlets and Turnover in the acquiring trade network of PJSC Sberbank for 2012-2014
The number of active sales and service outlets involved in acquiring services in 2014 increased by 130 thousand to 446.1 thousand.
Sberbank's total commission income from services merchant acquiring in 2014 increased to 30.4 billion rubles (+43% compared to 2013). At the same time, Sberbank's share in the acquiring market increased by 3.2 percentage points to 46.4%.
The annual turnover of bank cards on the Internet increased from 17 billion rubles. up to 47 billion rubles, and the total number of customers using the Internet acquiring service of Sberbank amounted to more than 750 organizations.
In 2012, the Bank introduced an offline payment technology on Sapsan high-speed trains, which makes it possible to service bank cards while the train is in motion in the absence of a permanent connection, and launched the acquiring of contactless cards Master Card Pay Pass and Visa payWave and a pilot project on the application of signature capture technology (replacing a paper check with a digital signature).
In 2013, the bank continued to develop a network that accepts contactless MasterCard cards payPass and Visa payWave. 433,000 terminals accept them at trade and service points.
Together with the State Unitary Enterprise Moscow Metro, Sberbank implemented a pilot project to accept Visa PayWave and MasterCard PayPass contactless cards as payment for tickets at metro kiosks. 64 ticket vending machines installed at 10 Moscow metro stations; plans include equipping all stations of the metropolitan subway with automatic machines.
In cooperation with the GKU "Administrator of the Moscow parking space and ASPARK LLC, Sberbank started accepting bank cards at parking machines in Moscow. 350 vending machines, acquiring services for which are provided by Sberbank, have been installed within the Garden Ring. They can pay for parking with Visa and MasterCard bank cards with a magnetic stripe and a microprocessor, as well as contactless cards Visa payWave / MasterCard PayPass.
In July 2013, for the first time in Russia, the acceptance of cards was launched at the Big Ice Arena of the Sochi Olympic Park at a self-service vending machine that operates without a cashier. In total, more than 150 such devices are located at the Olympic venues.
The Bank has successfully implemented an innovative technology mobile acquiring, which allows you to pay for goods and services using magnetic stripe or chip cards using a mobile phone.
As the official acquirer of the 2014 Olympics, Sberbank, in cooperation with the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee and the ticket operator of the Olympic Games, organized payment for tickets for the games with bank cards. The bank also provided acquiring for the exchange of purchased tickets for the Olympic events by fans.
At the end of 2012, Sberbank's share in the pension payment market increased by 5.3 percentage points, exceeding the bar of 50% for the first time, and as of January 1, 2013 it was 51.4%. In 2012, 3.3 million pensioners (excluding deaths) were attracted to receive pensions through Sberbank, of which more than 1 million through consultation points in PFR divisions.
In 2012, the Bank increased its share in the payroll market by 5.7 p.p. and exceeded the mark of 37%. More than 28 million individuals regularly receive wages on the Bank's cards.
Sberbank has launched a new technology that has simplified the process of paying wages to customer employees. It is enough for an enterprise to provide the Bank with a register using the Sberbank Business Online @ yn system - a list of employees and amounts payable. After that, in online mode, subject to the availability of funds in the company's current account, wages are instantly credited to employees' cards. The process is fully automated, the Bank's operational employees do not take part in it, and the possibility of operational errors is completely excluded.
Number of employees salary cards for 2013 increased by 1.9 million to 21.1 million units. The volume of salary transfers increased by 28% to RUB 6,273 billion.
The number of pensioners receiving a social pension through Sberbank has increased. At the same time, the share of pensioners receiving pensions through Sberbank increased.
Since July 2013, all new Sberbank Visa and MasterCard cards have been equipped with a chip, which significantly increases the level of security of the data stored on the card and is an effective method of combating skimming. Cards with a chip are more secure than cards containing only a magnetic strip: all transactions require a PIN code, information from the chip cannot be copied. In addition, the entire network of Sberbank self-service devices and sales and service outlets is equipped to accept chips, which allows transactions to be carried out with a chip, and not with a magnetic strip, which remains on the card according to the requirements of payment systems.
Cards without PIN envelopes are issued throughout the network: at the time of receiving the card at the branch, the client can choose a PIN code that is easier for him to remember. Previously, this technology was used for cards instant issuance, now for all maps.
Sberbank has successfully launched a Campus Card pilot project at Mari State University. Students received a multifunctional card, which is the key to managing a bank account and is integrated into the infrastructure of the university: pass, grade book, access to the electronic library.
SMS informing the client about the issue of a card in his name has been introduced, which can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized issuance of bank cards.
The most significant service of the Bank in terms of the number of transactions remains the acceptance of household payments ( money transfers in favor of legal entities). Their volume for 2012 amounted to 2,446 billion rubles, and the total number of accepted payments amounted to more than 1.1 billion. At the same time, there was a steady increase in the number of payments made in non-cash form (the increase in the number of payments from customer accounts exceeded 70%). This dynamics is largely ensured by expanding the spectrum possible payments in information and payment terminals, the development of mobile and Internet banking, as well as the active growth of the client base of the Autopayment service.
Taking into account the high share of the Bank in the market of payments to the budgetary system of the country, services in this area also affected optimization. Thanks to the launch of the federal service for making payments to the Federal Tax Service According to the document index, the share of non-cash payments to the budget increased from 2.5% to 8% over the year.
Another new service in 2012 was the ability to repay loans issued by other banks through information and payment terminals. During the year, loans from third-party banks were repaid for more than 15 billion rubles.
In 2012, the Bank successfully developed the "Auto payment" service, which allows you to automatically pay for housing and communal services, fixed and cellular telephony services, Internet access services from a bank card account. The number of customers using this service as of January 1, 2013 exceeded 6.7 million people.
In December 2012, Sberbank took an important step towards increasing its presence in the rapidly growing market of Internet payments: it was decided to combine the Bank's infrastructure with the Internet technologies of Yandex. Sberbank has signed an agreement to acquire a 75% stake minus 1 ruble in Yandex.Money.
In 2012, the volume of money transfers between individuals increased by half. Card-to-card transfers developed most dynamically due to their convenience: the volume of transfers grew by more than 2.5 times over the year to almost 1 trillion rubles.
In 2013, Blitz translations were rebranded - now it is a Hummingbird product. Hummingbird internal transfers have been improved to work online: transfer across the country takes less than 10 minutes.
Sberbank continues to develop the Autopayment service. For the convenience of customers, the ability to set a daily limit on the amount of Autopayments for cellular communications has been introduced. 21.5% of payments for cellular communications are made using Autopayments. The number of customers using the Autopayment service for cellular communication exceeded 10.8 million people. In general, the Bank's share in the market of payments for cellular communications exceeded 30%.
The Bank has expanded the functionality of the "Auto payment for housing and communal services" service - the number of organizations in whose favor the service can be connected has increased. The number of clients of the service "Autopayment for housing and communal services" has increased to 2 million people. Automatic payment of loans from third-party banks has been launched. For the first time, the Moscow Bank launched "Autopayment" for free details, which allows you to automate any regular payment for a client.
In 2014, there was a steady growth in payments from individuals to legal entities across all major types of payments. The average number of payments increased by 27% and amounted to 10 million per day. Sberbank has become the leader in accepting payments for housing and communal services, where the bank occupies 35% of the market, and for cellular communications - 39% of the market. This result was achieved thanks to the active development of non-cash payments through the channels of the SMS service " Mobile bank and Sberbank Online. In total, 19.6 million Sberbank customers signed up for the Autopayment service (+35% for the year). The number of subscribers to the "Autopayment - Cellular Communications" service reached 12.9 million people. 6.7 million people in more than 100 cities of Russia use the Autopayment service for housing and communal services.
In 2014, the volume of transfers increased significantly. The increase was 60%, total amount transfers per year - 4.3 trillion rubles. Growth was provided mainly by card transfers.
The growth in the volume of non-cash payments and transfers was facilitated by the development of services provided by Yandex.Money, a subsidiary of Sberbank. In 2014, as part of the integration program with Yandex.Money, Sberbank continued to improve payment solutions, expand the range of joint services and expand its customer base. Sberbank has become the main channel for replenishing Yandex.Money e-wallets with a replenishment volume of more than 1 billion rubles per month. The areas of distribution of digital goods of Yandex.Money partners in Sberbank Online and the replication of the Pay with Sberbank solution in Yandex.Money products are actively developing.
Conclusion
I did an internship for 23 days at the CCHB PJSC Sberbank 8593/04, Lipetsk, in the department for working with individuals. At the beginning of my practice, I studied the necessary regulatory and legal framework for working in the department for working with individuals:
Rules of the Bank of Russia No. 205-P dated 05.12.2002 "Rules for accounting in credit institutions located in the territory of the Russian Federation";
2. Regulation of the Bank of Russia No. 2-P dated 03.10.2002 “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation”;
3. Regulation of the Savings Bank of Russia No. 662-r dated 12/14/2000 "On Operational Management central office Sberbank of Russia";
4. Rules of the Savings Bank of Russia No. 304-2-r dated 04.11.2000 "Document flow rules and technology for processing accounting information in the Savings Bank of Russia";
5. Regulation of the Savings Bank of Russia No. 355-3-r dated March 27, 2002 “On Conducting Interbranch Settlements in the Savings Bank of Russia”;
6. Rules of Sberbank of Russia No. 881-2-r dated March 13, 2003 “Rules internal control in order to counter the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism”;
7. Order No. 814-3-r dated April 14, 2004 “Procedure for opening, closing and maintaining accounts of legal entities by Sberbank of Russia and its branches”.
It was in practice at Sberbank that I had the opportunity to compare the theoretical foundations and knowledge with practical activities.
I got acquainted with all forms of non-cash payments and worked with the following settlement documents: payment orders, checks, payment requests, collection orders, payment orders and memorial orders.
I learned how to process and pay out the Hummingbird transfer, make cashless payments with individuals. persons, transferring funds from a card to a Sberbank card.
Since, in accordance with the services of the bank, it is possible to provide account statements (at the request of the client), provide a statement of current account transactions, provide a duplicate of the account statement, provide a duplicate of the payment document at the request of the client, as well as perform currency control, clarify details and etc., then, accordingly, Sberbank collects a commission fee, which is issued by a memorial warrant.
To the process of getting acquainted with the document flow of the department, every day I registered payment requests in a special journal for registering payment requests, where I indicated the date of the request, the payer's account number, the name of the recipient and the amount. I also registered collection orders in another special journal, but their recording required the signature of the controller in charge of a particular organization.
The work actually turned out to be very laborious and gave rise to many questions from my side to the manager and helped to understand the intricacies of the workflow.
I find the advantages of my practice in that I got acquainted with a large amount of information on which banking activities are based, got acquainted with the computer work programs of Sberbank and acquired the skills to work with its internal documentation.
Having studied the measures that are proposed to improve the payment system, it was found that the proposed measures will significantly change the payment system of the Russian Federation, improve monetary policy, expand cashless payments, introduce modern technologies and methods of information transfer. Servicing of all settlement participants should become more efficient and reliable. These measures will help stabilize the payment system, bring it closer to world standards, and ensure financial stability monetary politicians.
List of sources used
1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2): Federal Law of January 26, 1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on November 30, 2011)
2 On banks and banking activities: Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 (as amended on December 3, 2012).
3 On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia): Federal Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ (as amended on December 3, 2012).
4 On the national payment system: Federal Law of June 27, 2011 No. 161-FZ;
5 On the rules for making money transfers: Bank of Russia Regulation No. 383-P dated June 19, 2012.
6 On the rules for the exchange of electronic documents between the Bank of Russia, credit institutions (branches) and other clients of the Bank of Russia when making settlements through the settlement network of the Bank of Russia: regulation of the Bank of Russia dated March 12, 1998 No. 20-P
7 On the issue of bank cards and on transactions made with the use of payment cards: regulation of the Bank of Russia dated December 24, 2004 No. 226-P
8 On the rules for maintaining accounting records in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation: regulation of the Bank of Russia dated July 16, 2012 No. 385-TT.
9 Trachuk A. V. Prospects for the development of non-cash retail payments / A. V. Trachuk / / Finance and credit. - 2012. - No. 7. – S. 24-32
10 Cash and electronic means of payment: problems, trends // Finance and credit. - 2012. - No. 7. – pp. 3-23
11 National payment system of Russia: problems and development prospects / NA. Savinskaya [and friend]; ed. Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. ON THE. Savinskaya, doctor of windows, sciences, prof. G.N. Beloglazova. - St. Petersburg. : Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2011. - 131 p.
12 Kokorev N. Cashless payments // Financial newspaper. Regional issue.-2010.-No. 25.- P. 32.
13 Devyatlovsky V. N. Principles of organization of cashless payments / V. N. De-Vyatlovsky / / International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2012. - No. 12. – pp. 107-109
14 Devyataeva N.V. Problems of improving the system of cashless payments in Russia / N.V. Devyataeva / / Money and credit. - 2011. - No. 9. - pp. 3-11
15 Berezina M.P. Cashless payments in Russia: features of the organization and directions of improvement // Finance and Credit, - 2011. - No. 5. - S. 24.
16 Bulatov M.A. Improving non-cash payments // Accounting and banks. 2011. -№4.-S. 28.
17 www.sbrf.ru Official website of Sberbank of Russia 18 www.cbr.ru Official website of the Bank of Russia
19 Sberbank of Russia Annual Report 2012
20 Sberbank of Russia Annual Report 2013
21 Sberbank of Russia Annual Report for 2014
Report on practice in PJSC Sberbank updated: July 31, 2017 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
OJSC Sberbank of Russia is the largest bank in Russia, Central and Eastern Europe, which accounts for about 30% of the assets of the Russian banking system, the main creditor of the national economy. The founder and main shareholder of Sberbank is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (over 60% of voting shares). The bank's shareholders are more than 200 thousand individuals and legal entities.
The bank has a general license of the Bank of Russia for banking operations No. 1481. The official website of the bank is www.sberbank.ru
Legal form - open joint stock company.
In recent years, Sberbank has become the largest and most significant financial institution in Central and of Eastern Europe, as well as one of the prominent participants in the global financial market. This growth took place against the backdrop of exceptionally dynamic development of the Russian banking market. Opportunities and development potential of the Bank will continue to be determined largely by the presence of strong competitive positions in the Russian financial market, which in the medium term will remain one of the fastest growing and most attractive in the world.
In the context of deepening differentiation of customer needs and increased competition in the financial market, an important condition for the successful implementation of the strategy is the formation of a management system and organizational structure adequate to the requirements of the business.
15 November 2011, Moscow- As of November 14, 2011, Sberbank became the third largest bank in Europe in terms of capitalization. The capitalization of Sberbank amounted to about 60 billion US dollars. Sberbank is ahead of such global industry leaders as French BNP Paribas, Swiss UBS, German Deutsche Bank, British Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland in this indicator.
April 8, 2011 rating agency Fitch Ratings upgraded the individual rating of Sberbank of Russia (RTS: SBER, MICEX: SBER03) from C/D to C. According to the agency's analysts, the upgrade of the Bank's Individual rating reflects the stabilization of the operating environment in Russia, asset quality and profitability of the bank itself.
28 July 2011, Moscow- Sberbank of Russia became the only Russian bank that was included in the list of the world's largest corporations in 2010 published by
25 April 2011, Moscow- Sberbank took first place in the recognition and fame ratings of Russian banks published by the National Agency for Financial Research.
The authorized capital of OAO Sberbank of Russia is 67,760,844 thousand rubles.
At present, the total number of outstanding shares of Sberbank of Russia OAO is:
- ordinary shares with a par value of 3 rubles. – 21,586,948,000 pcs.
- preferred shares with a par value of 3 rubles. – 1,000,000,000 pcs.
The maximum number of declared ordinary shares is 15,000,000,000 pcs.
The structure of shareholders of Sberbank of Russia OJSC as of the date of closing the register of shareholders (the end of the business day on April 12, 2012) is as follows:
Bank of Russia - 57.58%;
Legal entities - non-residents - 33.8%;
Legal entities - residents - 4.1%;
Private investors - non-residents - 0.01%;
Private investors - residents - 4.5%.
The total number of shareholders is more than 244 thousand.
Mission of the Bank:
We give people confidence and reliability, we make their lives better by helping them realize their aspirations and dreams.
We build one of the best in the world financial companies, whose success is based on professionalism and a sense of harmony and happiness of its employees.
The mission determines the meaning and content of the Bank's activities, emphasizing its crucial role in the Russian economy. The Bank's clients, their needs, dreams and goals are the basis of all activities of the Bank as an organization. The Bank's mission also sets an ambitious goal of aspirations - to become one of the best financial companies in the world - and emphasizes how important its employees are to Sberbank, and how it is impossible to achieve its goals without realizing their personal and professional goals.
The high goals of the Bank are achieved by a team of like-minded people who are united by general system values.
The organizational structure of the management of Sberbank of Russia OJSC is shown in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Organizational structure of Sberbank of Russia OJSC
The General Meeting of Shareholders is the supreme management body of the Bank. At the General Meeting of Shareholders, decisions are made on the main issues of the Bank's activities. On June 3, 2011, the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders was held, which approved the Bank's annual report for 2010, compiled in accordance with the requirements of the FCSM, and the Bank's annual report, compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia. Decisions were also made on the distribution of profits and the payment of dividends for 2010, the auditor for 2011 was approved, members of the Supervisory Board and the Audit Commission were elected, the President and Chairman of the Management Board were elected, the Charter of the Bank was approved in a new edition, decisions were made on the payment of remuneration to members of the Supervisory Board and Audit Commission.
The list of issues falling within the competence of the General Meeting of Shareholders is given in the Charter of the Bank.
In order to increase the efficiency of work and business development, the Bank has a number of collegiate bodies (committees) accountable to the Management Board of OJSC Sberbank of Russia. Their main tasks are to resolve issues and implement a unified coordinated policy in various areas of the Bank's operations (Fig. 2).
The organizational structure of OJSC "MDM Bank" corresponds to the generally accepted scheme of management of the Joint Stock Company. The supreme body of a commercial bank is the general meeting of shareholders (participants), which must be held at least once a year. It is attended by representatives of all shareholders of the bank on the basis of a power of attorney. No power of attorney is required for the participation of heads of enterprises - shareholders. The General Meeting is authorized to resolve the issues submitted for its consideration, if at least three-quarters of the bank's shareholders participate in the meeting.
The general management of the bank's activities is carried out by the council of the bank. He is also entrusted with the supervision and control of the work of the bank's board.
Rice. 2 - Organizational structure of the management of JSC "Sberbank of Russia"
The composition of the council, the procedure and terms for the election of its members are determined by the charter of a commercial bank. The Council of the Bank determines the general directions of the bank's activities, considers draft credit and other plans of the bank, approves the plans for income and expenses and profits of the bank, considers issues of opening and closing branches of the bank and other issues related to the activities of the bank, and customer relationships and development prospects.
Directly the activities of a commercial bank are managed by the board. It is responsible to the general meeting of shareholders and the board of the bank. The Board consists of the Chairman of the Board, his deputies and other members. The composition of the boards of commercial banks usually includes representatives of the largest participants in the bank.
Bank Board meetings are held regularly. Decisions are made by majority vote. In case of equality of votes, the vote of the chairman of the board is decisive.
The Bank carries out operations in the following main areas that have the greatest impact on the financial result:
Corporate banking include lending to corporate clients, trade finance and syndicated lending. The Bank actively conducts documentary operations, including issuing bank guarantees and letters of credit. Also attracting deposits, carrying out settlement and cash transactions, remote customer service.
Banking services for small and medium enterprisesbusiness include carrying out settlement and cash transactions, attracting deposits and providing loans to small and medium-sized businesses, including through partnership programs with organizations. supporting small and medium-sized businesses - the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Regional small business support funds and others.
Retail banking include attracting deposits and providing loans to individuals, making money transfers, conducting currency and cash transactions, providing services for issuing and servicing bank cards of individual customers. remote banking.
Private banking includes the provision of a full range of investment and banking products and services to VIP clients with assets over $500,000, including financial planning, consulting and trust management.
Treasury (operations in financial markets) includes operations in the stock markets and the money market, trading in securities. foreign exchange and precious metals, RENO transactions, conducting banknote transactions and transactions with derivative financial instruments.
The organizational structure of the OPERU 9977/9944 department is as follows (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Organizational structure of the management of OPERU 9977/9944 of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia OJSC
Location of OPERU 9977/9944: 630007, Novosibirsk, st. Serebrennikovskaya, 20.
The main activity of OPERU 9977/9944 is to raise funds from individuals and legal entities, provide settlement and cash services to legal entities, lend to individuals and legal entities, and perform foreign exchange transactions with securities.
OPERU 9977/9944 has the right to carry out banking operations and transactions on the basis of the Charter of the Bank, the General License issued by the Bank of Russia:
Attract funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits, place them on behalf of the bank;
Carry out settlements on behalf of customers and correspondent banks and their cash services;
Open and maintain accounts of individuals and legal entities;
Collection of funds, bills of exchange, payment and settlement documents and cash services for legal entities and individuals;
Buy and sell foreign currencies in cash and non-cash forms;
Acquire the rights of third parties to demand the fulfillment of obligations in cash;
Confidentially manage cash and other property under an agreement with individuals and legal entities;
Realize leasing operations;
Provide consulting services;
Distribute and service plastic cards of international and Russian payment systems, of which the Bank is a member or with which the Bank has signed cooperation agreements.
2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of Sberbank of Russia
Joint Stock Commercial Savings Bank of the Russian Federation (Sberbank of Russia) was established in the form joint-stock company, open type in accordance with the law of the RSFSR "On banks and banking activities in the RSFSR". The founder and main shareholder of Sberbank of Russia is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR), which owns more than 60% of the shares of the bank's authorized capital. Its shareholders are also 200 thousand legal entities and individuals. Sberbank of Russia was registered on June 20, 1991 with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The Bank is a legal entity and, with its branches and other separate divisions, forms a single system of Sberbank of Russia. The main purpose of the bank's activity is to attract funds from individuals and legal entities, to carry out credit and settlement operations and other banking operations and transactions with individuals and legal entities for profit.
The Bank carries out the following operations: attracts funds from individuals and legal entities in deposits (on demand and for a certain period); places the above funds on its own behalf and at its own expense; opens and maintains bank accounts of individuals and legal entities, carries out settlements on behalf of clients; collects cash, bills, payment and settlement documents and provides cash services to individuals and legal entities; buys and sells foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms; attracts deposits and places precious metals; issues bank guarantees; carries out money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts; carries out leasing operations; provides brokerage, consulting and information services; issues and maintains bank cards; carries out the issue, purchase, sale, accounting, storage and other operations with securities, and much more.
The organizational structure of Sberbank of Russia consists of: a general meeting of shareholders, a supervisory board; board, central office; territorial banks; branches; internal structural divisions organizationally subordinate to departments (Appendix 1).
The Management Board of Sberbank of Russia is engaged in planning the bank's activities for the short and long term. In 2001, the Concept for the Development of Sberbank of Russia until 2005 was adopted. Based on the results of the measures taken, it can be said that Sberbank of Russia has developed as a universal bank, directing efforts to improve service to all customer groups, create a system that is resistant to possible economic shocks, ensure the required level of banking efficiency in the face of declining profitability of financial instruments and reducing interest margins . The Bank has satisfied the growing demand of individuals and legal entities for credit resources, has achieved a significant improvement in its market and economic performance. In the face of increased competition, the bank retained its dominant position in the retail markets by optimizing the product range, implementing flexible interest rate policy.
Thus, targeted efforts to develop business and ensure effective work The bank made it possible to ensure the achievement of all financial targets, maintain the return on equity at the level of 25% - 31%, and achieve a reduction in the cost-to-income ratio from 63% to 46%.
Providing the necessary capital for business development and covering risks, the bank used cost-effective methods to increase its own funds. In 2001, the issue of shares was carried out, which made it possible to increase the nominal value of the authorized capital by a third, and in February 2005, the bank attracted a subordinated loan in the amount of 1 billion US dollars for a period of 10 years, revaluation of fixed assets was carried out. The strengthening of the position of Sberbank of Russia is associated with the positive dynamics of market capitalization, an increase in investment attractiveness, and the assignment of investment grade ratings.
In 2007, the Management Board of the bank adopted a new Concept for the Development of Sberbank of Russia until 2012, the main goal of which is to ensure the growth of investment attractiveness, maintain leadership in Russian market financial services by modernizing management and technological processes. The first step of this Concept has been completed successfully. In 2007, Sberbank of Russia completed all economic indicators, which can be seen from the data in Table 1. Assets - net Russian standards financial reporting increased by 37.1% to 3,477.6 billion rubles, which is more than a quarter of the assets of the Russian banking system. The bank's loan portfolio is growing dynamically. In 2007, it was equal to 2,619.0 billion rubles, of which loans to corporate clients amounted to 1,949.8 billion rubles, which is 38% more previous year; loans to individuals - 692.7 billion rubles, which is twice as much as in 2005. At the same time, the quality of the loan portfolio is maintained at high level: the share of overdue loans in 2007 does not exceed 1.1%. Sberbank of Russia ensured further growth in private customer deposits. The balance of funds on their accounts reached 2,028.6 billion rubles, which is 35.2% more than the balance of funds of individuals in 2006. Also in 2007 there was an increase in attracted funds of corporate clients by 49.7% against 19.7%.
The capital of Sberbank of Russia for the period from 2006 to 2007 grew by 26.7% and amounted to 255.0 billion rubles. The value of the bank's capital adequacy ratio (H1) exceeds the limit set by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation by 1.8%, which indicates the capital adequacy to cover the main types of banking risks and current operating expenses and the bank's potential in developing lending operations. The assessment and control of liquidity risk makes it possible to ensure the necessary level of the bank's assets to fulfill its obligations at any time interval.
Table 1. Dynamics of the main performance indicators of Sberbank of Russia for 2005-2007
| Key performance indicators of the bank | years | Deviation, | Growth rate, % | |||||
| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2005 -2006 | 2006 -2007 | 2005 -2006 | 2006 -2007 | ||
| Balance figures | ||||||||
| Assets - net, billion rubles | 1 944 | 2 537 | 3 478 | +593 | +940 | 130,5 | 137,1 | |
| Loans to corporate clients, billion rubles | 1 112 | 1 413 | 1 950 | +301 | +537 | 127,1 | 138,0 | |
| Loans to individuals, billion rubles | 266 | 468 | 693 | +202 | +225 | 176,0 | 148,1 | |
| Overdue loans, billion rubles | 19 | 20 | 29 | +1 | +9 | 100 | 147,7 | |
| Own funds (capital) of the bank, billion rubles | 174 | 255 | 323 | +82 | +68 | 147,0 | 126,7 | |
| Attracted funds of corporate clients, billion rubles | 453 | 543 | 812 | +89 | +269 | 119,7 | 149,7 | |
| Deposits of individuals, billion rubles | 1 184 | 1 500 | 2 029 | +316 | +528 | 126,7 | 135,2 | |
| Income Statement Items | ||||||||
| Net profit, billion rubles | 44 | 63 | 88 | +19 | +25 | 144,1 | 139,6 | |
| commission income, billion rubles | 32 | 54 | 74 | +23 | +19 | 171,2 | 135,6 | |
| Personnel and branch network | ||||||||
| Branch network, subdivisions | 20 222 | 20 270 | 20 101 | +48 | -169 | 100,2 | 99,2 | |
| Average number of employees, people | 228 531 | 235 116 | 243 620 | +6 585 | +8 504 | 102,9 | 103,6 | |
| Performance indicators | ||||||||
| Return on equity, % | 26,3 | 27,8 | 28,6 | +1,5 | +0,8 | X | X | |
| Return on assets, % | 2,5 | 2,8 | 2,9 | +0,3 | +0,1 | X | X | |
| Capital adequacy, % | 11,1 | 12,1 | 11,7 | +1,0 | -0,4 | X | X | |
According to Table 1, net profit exceeded the financial result of the previous year by 24.9 billion rubles and amounted to 87.9 billion rubles. The main driver of net profit growth was the systematic increase in business volumes and increase in income from core activities. Fee and commission income ranks second in the income structure after interest income from lending operations. By the end of 2007, they amounted to 73.5 billion rubles, which is 35.6% more than in 2006. The increase in net profit was also supported by a reduction in the intrinsic cost of services, achieved by the bank through purposeful work to improve the efficiency of the staff. The main external factor that had a positive impact on profit growth in 2007 was the development of the Russian economy and, as a result, an increase in consumer and business activity, which contributed to the growth of the client base and sales of all products and services of the bank. The return on equity, calculated as the ratio of net profit to the value of the bank's capital, increased by 0.8% in 2007 and was at the level of 28.6%, while the return on assets, calculated as the ratio of net profit to the value of assets - net, increased by 0 .1% and amounted to 2.9%.
Thus, the bank ensures high profitability while maintaining a relatively low level of risk in its operations. Thus, the level of credit risk, calculated as the ratio of created provisions for loans to the balance of loan debt, at the end of 2007 is 3.6%, having decreased over the period from the end of 2006 by 0.4%.
Sberbank of Russia continues to actively develop its branch network, which reporting year replenished with new modern offices. In 2007, 169 bank branches were reorganized in 2007 in order to optimize the management structure of the branch network at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation by merging branches and forming on their basis large management centers that ensure efficient business development. In order to implement one of the main tasks of the development of the bank's branch network for 2007 - optimization of the territorial location of the branch network, taking into account the places of concentration of current and potential demand for banking products and services – in the past year, 205 new banking units were opened, including an increase in the share of units opened in rural areas and the share of mobile cash desks. In 2007, measures were taken to expand the list of products and services provided by banking divisions in order to expand the possibilities of customers.
In 2007, significant efforts in the work of the staff were aimed at meeting the bank's needs for qualified personnel, priority staffing and development of departments servicing corporate and private clients, medium and small businesses, project finance, investment in the stock market. As a result, over the year, the total increase in the actual number of employees of the bank amounted to 3.6%. Much attention is paid to staff development, including young workers.
The achievements of the bank and its impeccable reputation in our country and abroad are confirmed by the high ratings of the leading international rating agencies. In 2007, Moody's confirmed the bank's ratings on the international scale: long-term foreign currency deposit rating Baa2, short-term foreign currency deposit rating Prime-2 - and set the financial strength rating D. At the same time, Fitch Ratings upgraded the bank's ratings on the international scale : the long-term rating of Sberbank of Russia was raised from BBB to BBB+, the short-term rating in foreign currency - from F3 to F2. The BBB+ level is highest rating for Russian companies.
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