in Russia since the late 2000s. a set of "new wave" initiatives in the field of science, technology and innovation policy is being implemented. Among them are decisions on the development of innovative development programs for companies with state participation; formation of national technological platforms; support for cooperation between companies and universities in the creation of high-tech industries, etc. Gradually, programs related to the support of clusters in the Russian regions begin to unfold.
A number of prerequisites for applying the cluster approach in the field contributed to the formation of cluster policy in Russia. While in the West enterprises were grouped into clusters in a natural way, in the era of the USSR, based on the logic of central planning, the most competitive organizations and enterprises were forcibly located within the boundaries of territorial production complexes, science cities, closed administrative-territorial formations. Today, organizations and enterprises localized in these territories form the centers where significant innovation potential remains.
The fundamental document that prescribes the framework of cluster policy in the Russian Federation is the Concept of long-term social economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020. One of the key conditions for modernizing the economy and realizing the competitive potential of the regions is the creation of a network of territorial production masters. The formation of two types of clusters is envisaged - innovative high-tech (in urbanized regions) and territorial production (in poorly developed territories, focused on deep processing of raw materials and energy production using modern technologies).
The Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 also focuses on the need to support cluster initiatives. At the first stage of its implementation (2011-2013), pilot projects are being carried out to develop mechanisms to support cluster initiatives. The development of innovation clusters will be stimulated by co-financing from the federal budget of regional programs to promote small businesses and additional support for regions actively investing in the creation of their innovation system.
Since 2010, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia has been providing subsidies to regions for the creation and operation of cluster development centers as one of the tools to support small and medium-sized businesses. At the beginning of 2012, a competition was announced for the selection of pilot programs for the development of innovative territorial clusters (ITCs), aimed at identifying and stimulating the development of the most competitive of them. To minimize the risk of supporting clusters that have reached high production indicators, but do not have significant growth potential, both the current level and development prospects were assessed, including the elaboration of measures in the relevant areas of activity. Each of these criteria was considered equally important.
As part of the work carried out, clusters were selected that are characterized by a combination of world-class competitiveness, enterprises based on their territory, demonstrating high dynamics of production growth, with high scientific and technical potential of research and educational organizations concentrated within the cluster.
According to the results of the competition, 25 pilot programs for the development of ITC were selected from 94 announced projects (Fig. 3.3).
Rice. 3.3.
In total, clusters from 49 constituent entities of the Russian Federation participated in the competitive selection. The largest number of applications for participation in the competitive selection was received from representatives of the Moscow region (six applications), St. Petersburg (six), Voronezh region (five), Novosibirsk region (five), Republic of Bashkortostan (four), Kemerovo region (four), Rostov region(four) and Sverdlovsk region (four).
The selected 25 clusters are localized mainly in areas with a high level of concentration of scientific, technical and production activities. These include, in particular, a number of science cities and territories based on special economic zones, closed territorial entities.
Innovative territorial clusters are mainly located in the European part of the country. Only 7 out of 25 clusters are in the Asian part. The largest number of ITCs are located in the regions of the Volga Federal District (nine ITCs), the Central Federal District (six ITCs) and the Siberian Federal District (five ITCs), which are traditionally characterized by a high level of innovation activity. In the same three federal districts, 70% of the clusters that applied for participation in the competitive selection are located.
The leading role of large-scale industrial production is typical for the cluster programs of the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Arkhangelsk, Kemerovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, Khabarovsk Territory. At the same time, the development of the cluster is expected here due to a more intensive transfer of the results of scientific and technical research into the activities of already existing industrial companies, as well as the creation of new small and medium-sized enterprises that are built into the value added chains formed by large companies.
At the same time, the programs for the development of clusters in the cities of Pushchino, Obninsk, Troitsk, Dimitrovgrad, and the "Phystech-XXI" cluster are characterized by a focus on using the potential of world-class scientific and educational organizations located on their territory. This involves the involvement of large Russian and foreign companies in the deployment of high-tech production using the existing human resources and research infrastructure of clusters, as well as the active development of small and medium-sized innovative businesses through the commercialization of technologies developed here.
CLUSTER THEORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Tsikhan T.V.
"Theory and Practice of Management", No. 5, 2003
According to Michael Porter, cluster is a group of geographically adjacent interconnected companies (suppliers, manufacturers, etc.) and related organizations (educational institutions, government bodies, infrastructure companies) operating in a certain area and complementing each other.
M. Porter believes that the country's competitiveness should be viewed through the prism of international competitiveness not of its individual firms, but of clusters - associations of firms in various industries, moreover, the ability of these clusters to effectively use internal resources is of fundamental importance. He also developed a system of determinants of the competitive advantage of countries, called the "competitive rhombus" (or "diamond") according to the number of main groups of such advantages. These include:
· factor conditions: human and Natural resources, scientific and information potential, capital, infrastructure, including life quality factors;
· domestic demand conditions: the quality of demand, compliance with trends in the development of demand in the world market, the development of the volume of demand.
· related and service industries (clusters of industries): spheres of receipt of raw materials and semi-finished products, spheres of receipt of equipment, spheres of use of raw materials, equipment, technologies.
· strategy and structure of firms, intra-industry competition Keywords: goals, strategies, methods of organization, management of firms, intra-industry competition.
In addition, there are two additional variables that significantly affect the situation in the country. it random events(that is, those that the management of firms cannot control) and public policy.
Perhaps Porter's main thesis is that promising competitive advantages are created not from outside, but in domestic markets.
In the course of his research, Michael Porter analyzed the competitive opportunities of more than 100 industries in ten countries. It turned out that the most competitive multinational companies are usually not randomly scattered around different countries, but tend to be concentrated in one country, and sometimes even in one region of the country. This is due to the fact that one or more firms, achieving competitiveness in the world market, spreads its positive influence on the immediate environment: suppliers, consumers and competitors. And the successes of the environment, in turn, have an impact on the further growth of the competitiveness of this company.
As a result, a "cluster" is formed - a community of firms, closely related industries, mutually contributing to the growth of each other's competitiveness. For the entire economy of the state, clusters play the role points of growth for the domestic market. Following the first, new clusters often form, and the international competitiveness of the country as a whole increases. It rests precisely on the strong positions of individual clusters, while outside of them even the most developed economy can only give mediocre results. In a cluster, the benefits spread in all areas of communication:
- New producers coming from other industries are accelerating their development, stimulating R&D and providing the necessary funds to implement new strategies.
- There is a free exchange of information and the rapid dissemination of innovations through the channels of suppliers or consumers who have contacts with numerous competitors.
- Relationships within a cluster, often completely unexpected, lead to the emergence of new paths in competition and give rise to completely new opportunities.
- Human resources and ideas form new combinations.
In general, they differ 3 broad definitions of clusters, each of which emphasizes the main feature of its functioning:
- these are regionally limited forms of economic activity within related sectors, usually tied to certain scientific institutions (research institutes, universities, etc.).
- these are vertical production chains; rather narrowly defined sectors in which adjacent stages of the production process form the core of the cluster (for example, the chain "supplier - manufacturer - marketer - client"). Networks that form around parent firms also fall into this category.
- these are industries defined at a high level of aggregation (eg "chemicals cluster") or set of sectors at an even higher level of aggregation (eg "agro-industrial cluster").
Speaking of clusters, we can distinguish 2 strategies that complement each other:
- strategies to increase the use of knowledge in existing clusters;
- strategies aimed at creating new networks of cooperation within clusters.
Over time, well-performing clusters result in large capital investments and government scrutiny; the cluster becomes more than the simple sum of its individual parts. Most often, several powerful companies are the center of the cluster, while competitive relations remain between them. This cluster differs from a cartel or a financial group. The concentration of rivals, their buyers and suppliers contributes to the growth of effective specialization of production. At the same time, the cluster also provides work for many small firms and small enterprises. In addition, the cluster form of organization leads to the creation of a special form of innovation - "total innovative product". Merging into a cluster on the basis of vertical integration forms not a spontaneous concentration of various scientific and technological inventions, but a certain system for the dissemination of new knowledge and technologies. At the same time, the most important condition for the effective transformation of inventions into innovations, and innovations into competitive advantages, is the formation of a network of stable links between all cluster members.
Thus, cooperation is becoming more and more necessary, but it also carries with it a certain danger - the possibility of losing independence (the ability to conduct an independent line of behavior in the market, to independently develop new products, new technologies, etc.).
That is why in a number of countries in recent decades effective cluster strategies, which are being built on centers of business activity that have already proven their strength and competitiveness in the world market. Governments are focusing their efforts on supporting existing clusters and creating new networks of companies that have not previously been in contact with each other. At the same time, the state not only contributes to the formation of clusters, but also becomes a participant in the networks itself. Cluster strategies are widely used in European countries.
For example, in Germany Since 1995, the program for the creation of biotechnological clusters Bio Regio has been operating. AT Great Britain the government has identified the areas around Edinburgh, Oxford and South East England as prime locations for biotech firms. AT Norway the government encourages cooperation between firms in the maritime cluster. AT Finland the timber industry cluster is developed, which includes the production of wood and wood products, paper, furniture, printing and related equipment. The close interaction of the firms of this cluster in the dissemination of knowledge provides them with competitive advantages over their main trading rivals. According to experts, Finland is the leader in terms of both research and technological cooperation.
Thus, despite the difference in approaches, most European countries have developed for themselves one or another cluster strategy. The countries most explicitly implementing this strategy are Denmark, the Netherlands, the Flemish region of Belgium, Quebec (Canada), Finland, and also South Africa (under the new government). France and Italy can serve as examples of countries in which a kind of cluster strategy has long been practiced, albeit under a different name.
Currently, experts have described 7 main characteristics of clusters, on the combination of which the choice of a particular cluster strategy is based:
· geographical: building spatial clusters of economic activity, ranging from purely local (for example, horticulture in the Netherlands) to truly global (aerospace cluster);
· horizontal: several industries/sectors can be part of a larger cluster (for example, the system of megaclusters in the Dutch economy);
· vertical: Clusters may contain adjacent stages of the production process. At the same time, it is important which of the network participants is the initiator and final executor of innovations within the cluster;
· lateral: Clusters combine different sectors that can provide economies of scale, leading to new combinations (e.g. multimedia cluster);
· technological : a set of industries using the same technology (such as a biotechnology cluster);
· focal: a cluster of firms concentrated around one center - an enterprise, research institute or educational institution;
· quality: the question here is not only whether firms really cooperate, but also how they do it. The network does not always automatically stimulate the development of innovations. It happens that in networks, on the contrary, innovation processes are suppressed and protective behavior is encouraged. Supplier relationships can spur innovation, but they can also be used to pass costs on to partners and hurt them financially. In the latter case, networks are neither stable nor stimulating.
So, the cluster approach, originally used in the study of competitiveness problems, over time began to be used in solving an ever wider range of problems, in particular:
-when analyzing the competitiveness of a state, region, industry;
-as the basis of the national industrial policy;
-when developing programs for regional development;
-as a basis for stimulating innovation activities;
-as a basis for interaction between large and small businesses.
Let's consider each of these areas in more detail.
The methodology proposed by Professor Porter formed the basis of the World Competitiveness Ranking, determined by the World Economic Forum.
This is an attempt to assess the relative level of prosperity of countries and the prospects for increasing prosperity over the next few years. The annual Global Competitiveness Report offers 2 different but complementary rankings. They are calculated using both statistical data and the results of surveys of top managers of companies. The most important is the survey data obtained as part of the Executive Opinion Survey, conducted annually under the auspices of the WEF (in 2001, more than 4,600 managers were surveyed).
The first rating, calculated by a group of specialists led by J. Sachs, measures the ability of the national economy to achieve sustainable economic growth in the medium term (next 5 years). Until 2000, this indicator was simply called the “Competitiveness Index” and was the only one officially calculated under the auspices of the WEF. Since 2000, this indicator has been renamed the Growth Competitiveness Index, GCI). The key components of the analysis are the level of technology development (innovation, IT, technology exchange), public institutions (contract and law enforcement, corruption level), as well as the macroeconomic climate (macroeconomic stability, country credit rating and budget spending as a % of GDP).
The second rating, calculated by a group of specialists led by M. Porter and first published in a review for 2000, is called the Current Competitiveness Index, CCI). It reflects the degree of efficiency of the current use of available resources in the economy. The CCI rating is calculated on the basis of two main indicators: strategies and activities of companies (quality of management and marketing, economic presence abroad, use of innovations, etc.); national business climate (development of physical and administrative infrastructure, financial markets, the level of competition in industries, etc.).
Business climate of the country - the concept is complex and, according to Porter's theory, is a combination of the following groups of conditions [ 3]:
1.Conditions of factors of production, their quality and degree of specialization:
-Natural resources.
-Human resources.
-Financial resources.
-physical infrastructure.
-administrative infrastructure.
-Information infrastructure.
-Research potential.
2.Conditions for competition and strategic development:
-Investment climate and policy of regional authorities.
-Presence of competitors and freedom of competition.
3.Terms of demand:
-Presence of demanding local consumers.
-Having unique customer needs.
-Specialized demand for products or services of a regional enterprise that can be demanded in a global market.
4.Related or Supporting Industries:
-Availability of qualified suppliers.
-Availability of competitive, related industries.
As follows from the latest IEF report, it was the deterioration of the business climate in our country that caused the fall in Ukraine's rating in 2002 (Table 1).
|
Place |
|
|||
|
2001 (75 countries) |
2002 (80 countries) |
2001 (75 countries) |
2002 (80 countries) |
|
|
1 |
Finland |
USA |
Finland |
USA |
|
2 |
USA |
Finland |
USA |
Finland |
|
3 |
Netherlands |
Great Britain |
Canada |
Taiwan |
|
4 |
Germany |
Germany |
Singapore |
Singapore |
|
5 |
Switzerland |
Switzerland |
Australia |
Sweden |
|
… |
||||
|
58 |
Russia |
Russia |
||
|
59 |
|
|
||
|
60 |
Ukraine |
|
||
|
61 |
Romania |
|
||
|
… |
||||
|
63 |
Russia |
|||
|
64 |
Russia |
|||
|
… |
||||
|
69 |
Ukraine |
Ukraine |
||
|
70 |
|
Honduras |
||
|
… |
||||
|
75 |
Zimbabwe |
|||
|
76 |
Honduras |
|||
|
77 |
Ukraine |
|||
|
78 |
Bolivia |
|||
|
79 |
Zimbabwe |
|||
|
80 |
Haiti |
|||
2. Cluster management and state industrial policy.
According to Porter, modern economy, especially in the context of globalization, the traditional division of the economy into sectors or industries is losing its relevance. Clusters - systems of interrelations of firms and organizations come to the fore. As classic examples, it is customary to cite a technology cluster in Silicon Valley and, for example, a shoe cluster in Italy.
At one time in the USSR, there were the concepts of “research and production complex” and “territorial production cooperation”. However, the planned system and the sectoral principle of economic management imposed severe restrictions on their activities. For example, the choice of a supplier was often determined not by the interests of the enterprise, but by an order “from above”. As a result, parts that were produced in the region had to be imported from other republics. In modern conditions, the situation has changed. Hence the main difference between a cluster and a territorial production complex - the cluster takes into account as much as possible market mechanism, it can be effective only when it is created on the initiative from below, when the enterprises themselves, in order to increase their competitiveness, come to the need to unite in a cluster.
The cluster approach is capable of fundamentally changing the content of the state industrial policy. In this case, government efforts should be directed not at supporting individual enterprises and industries, but at developing relationships: between suppliers and consumers, between end consumers and manufacturers, between manufacturers themselves and government institutions, etc.
The final conclusions look absolutely liberal: it is necessary to develop all clusters, since all of them can be promising for increasing competitiveness. Obviously, not all clusters will be successful, but the market will determine this, not government decisions. Early on, Porter says, the main task governments - improving infrastructure and removing adverse conditions, then its role should concentrate on removing constraints to the development of innovation.
It is obvious that such an approach fundamentally changes the principles of state industrial policy. This is especially true for post-socialist states. This requires a complete overhaul of the apparatus. government controlled, changing the mentality of local authorities, requires a different cut of information about the state of affairs in the economy - not by industry, but at the level of individual markets and companies. That is why such an approach is not yet considered at the state level either in Ukraine or in Russia.
Today in Russia and Ukraine there are several "spontaneous" clusters formed around key industries (chemical, oil and gas, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, etc.). But these structures are still very "fragile" and can hardly be compared with real clusters with a well-established system of interconnections.
As for the developed countries, the use of the cluster approach to managing the economy already has a certain history.
Thus, the Finnish and Scandinavian industries are completely clustered, in the USA more than half of the enterprises operate according to such a production model - the cluster enterprises are located in the same region and make the most of its natural, human and integration potential.
Key industrial clusters in Germany (chemistry, engineering) and France (production of food, cosmetics) were formed in the 50-60s of the last century. As a result, the interaction of entire groups of industries within the clusters contributed to the growth of employment, investment, and accelerated the spread of advanced technologies in the national economy.
Countries European Union adopted the Scottish cluster model, in which the core of such joint production is a large enterprise that unites small firms around itself. There is also an Italian model - more flexible and "equal" cooperation between small, medium and large businesses.
The experience of these countries has shown that the cluster approach serves as the basis for a constructive dialogue between representatives of the business sector and the state. It made it possible to increase the efficiency of interaction between the private sector, the state, trade associations, research and educational institutions in the innovation process.
2. clusters at the regional level.
Cluster principles for organizing production interaction at the regional level have become much more widespread in post-socialist countries. This approach provides great opportunities both to increase the competitiveness of local businesses and to improve the efficiency of the economic policy of the regional authorities. At present, the approach to regional development based on clusters is increasingly beginning to enter into practice both in Russia and Ukraine.
Examples of potential Russian clusters include aerospace clusters in Moscow and Samara, an information and telecommunications cluster in Moscow, food clusters in Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Belgorod region, a shipbuilding cluster in St. Petersburg, etc.
Since 1998, the Podillia First program has been implemented in Ukraine, within the framework of which the first regional clusters were created and operate in the Khmelnytsky region: a cluster of clothing enterprises, a cluster of agricultural and processing enterprises, as well as a cluster of construction companies and manufacturers of building materials. Their functioning has led to positive structural changes in the region, the main of which is a change in the investment climate.
The non-government organization "Podolia Pervyy", operating in the region, was the first in Ukraine to start promoting and practically implementing the cluster management concept. Her work gave impetus to further work in this area. Thus, the result of research conducted at the Ternopil Academy of National Economy was a project to create new regional clusters in the Ternopil region ( see inset)
Similar studies are being carried out in Russia. The cluster approach is increasingly used in the development of regional development strategies. For example, in St. Petersburg since 2000, a joint Russian-Finnish project "Long-term strategy for the development of the economy of St. Petersburg". The theoretical basis of the study is the "rhombus" model by Michael Porter. On its basis, an analysis was carried out in the sectors of the urban economy, their interrelations were identified, and competitors were identified. At the same time, factors such as the existing structure of non-payments, receivables and accounts payable, depreciation of fixed assets, availability labor resources, the possibility of attracting investments, etc.
As a result, a model of the main urban clusters was created. Today in St. Petersburg there are 9 of them: power engineering, shipbuilding and ship repair, food, transport, tourism, woodworking, software and information technology, optical instrument making, metallurgy.
The financial sector and education were not included in this list, as they did not reach the cluster in terms of their indicators. Shipbuilding and ship repair, as well as woodworking, were identified as a potential type of cluster due to "inefficient institutional structure", as well as the lack of a targeted public policy by their formation.
3. Clusters and innovation policy.
An important distinguishing feature of the cluster is its innovative orientation. The most successful clusters are formed where a "breakthrough" in the field of engineering and production technology is being or is expected, followed by entry into new "market niches". In this regard, many countries - both economically developed and just starting to form market economy- they are increasingly using the "cluster approach" in the formation and regulation of their national innovation programs.
For example, the task of forming and strengthening regional innovation clusters in the United States was put among the most important national priorities in the report of the Council on Competitiveness. 2001. The main slogan of American innovation policy is "investing in technology is investing in America's future." At the same time, special attention is paid to identifying and supporting those innovations that provide long-term business development. There are four main forms of state innovation policy:
-direct budget support for the development and implementation of new technologies and products;
-indirect support through tax policy and through administrative regulation;
-investments in the education system;
-support of critical elements of economic infrastructure necessary for the rapid advancement of innovations.
Much attention is paid in the USA to the creation of a national network of centers for the introduction of industrial technologies on the basis of universities. This measure especially benefits small businesses that gain access to modern technologies. Various cooperative forms of organizing innovative creativity have found wide circulation - from mixed capital and risk sharing to the sharing of expensive equipment. Finally, the formation of innovative clusters is supported and stimulated - the phenomenon of Silicon Valley.
It should be noted that the cluster approach creates an excellent basis for creating new forms of knowledge pooling. Cluster-oriented industrial policies stimulate and support "new combinations" in an indirect way, especially in education and research, and through intermediary centers of innovation.
For example, cooperation programs such as Eureka play a very important role at the European level. They bring together potential partners who have not been able to find the additional knowledge they need locally. Of course, large demonstration programs also play a certain role in the formation of new combinations.
Currently, the European Parliament is discussing the creation of a Common European Research Area (EESP). The author of the idea is EU Commissioner for Scientific Research Philippe Buscan. According to him, “The initiative I advocate has three goals: (1) to help create the best possible environment for scientific research in Europe; (2) support for measures that contribute to the effectiveness of scientific research; (3) strengthening the role of Europe as an innovation springboard”.
The fact is that the EU is seriously concerned that the US and Japan's investments in scientific and technological development are more and more superior to those of the EU countries, and this gap is constantly increasing not in favor of Europe. According to the European Commission, the EU has a chance to rectify the situation if it pools the resources of its countries, in each of which the national science policy will be reformed in accordance with a single European standard. An important role in this is given to the development of innovation clusters both within countries and within the EU.
As an example of the application of the cluster approach, consider research on the development of an innovation strategy in the Netherlands.
The entire economy of the country was divided into 10 "megaclusters": assembly industries, chemical industries, energy, agro-industrial complex, construction, media, healthcare, commercial service industries, non-commercial service industries, and transport. An analysis of the "flows of knowledge" between clusters made it possible to identify the characteristic features of innovation processes. It turned out that 3 clusters (assembly industries, commercial service industries and chemical industries) serve as "net exporters" of knowledge to other clusters. At the same time, the first 2 are common "exporters", exporting knowledge to all other clusters.
The health care and non-profit service industries (which have large knowledge industry institutions) are also net exporters of knowledge, although to a lesser extent.
2 clusters are net importers of knowledge: construction and media.
3 clusters (agro-industrial complex, energy and transport) have a rather "self-sufficient" character and produce knowledge mainly for themselves.
Such an analysis not only made it possible to obtain a general picture of the development of innovation processes, but also determined the main priorities in the innovation policy of the state.
Similar studies began to appear in Ukraine. For example, the development of an innovation policy for the Western Donbass, carried out at the Dnepropetrovsk State Technical University of Railway Transport, is based on the use of a cluster approach.
In world practice, the following main forms of stimulating small innovative enterprises have developed, including within the framework of cluster industrial systems:
· direct financing (subsidies, loans) that reach50% of the cost of creating new products and technologies (France, USA and other countries);
· granting loans, including without paying interest (Sweden);
· targeted subsidies for research and development (practically in all developed countries);
· creation of funds for the introduction of innovations, taking into account the possible commercial risk (England, Germany, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands);
· grants up to 50% of innovation costs (Germany);
· reduction of state fees for individual inventors (Austria, Germany, USA, etc.);
· deferred payment of fees or exemption from them if the invention concerns energy savings (Austria);
· free record keeping on applications of individual inventors, free services of patent attorneys, exemption from paying fees (Netherlands, Germany).
In general, according to the level of development of innovative relations between various companies and universities, the countries of the world are ranked as follows (see Table 2) .
Table 2. Ranking of countries according to the level of development of cooperation in the field of R&D
between companies and universities and inter-company cooperation
|
Research cooperation |
Technological cooperation |
|
1. Finland |
1. Finland |
|
2. USA |
2. Japan |
|
3. Switzerland |
3. Netherlands |
|
4. Sweden |
4. Switzerland |
|
5. Netherlands |
5. USA |
|
6. Ireland |
6. Germany |
|
7. Germany |
7. Sweden |
|
8. Denmark |
8. Denmark |
|
9. Belgium |
9. Norway |
|
10. Japan |
10. Ireland |
|
11. Norway |
11. France |
|
12. UK |
12. Belgium |
|
13. Iceland |
13. Iceland |
|
14. France |
17. Italy |
|
18. UK |
5. Clusters and the relationship between large and small businesses.
A trend has appeared in world practice - the concentration of the company in the main areas and the delegation of the production of intermediate products and the sphere of key services to others, including small businesses. Given this trend, the creation of clusters has a powerful impact on small businesses.
As for our country, the effective restructuring of the former "industrial giants" requires deep interaction and cooperation between large and small businesses, authorities, universities, research institutes, etc., and here the cluster approach provides the necessary tools and analytical methodology. The use of the cluster approach makes it possible to achieve the expanded development of small and medium-sized businesses.
However, no matter how important motivations for clustering are, for many small firms organizing such cooperation is far from an easy task. Small firms tend to thrive on individualism and entrepreneurship. So for them, too close cooperation with competitors, suppliers or customers can be a real threat.
That is why, in such enterprises, cooperation requires a higher level of strategic thinking of small business leaders. Small firms have to decide to what extent they are ready to go into long-term close cooperation, what knowledge they will have to contribute from their side, and what they would like to keep - all this requires a high level of internal organization.
1.Porter M. International competition. - M., International relationships, 1993.
2.Migranyan A.A. "Theoretical aspects of the formation of competitive clusters." - Internet resource: http://www.krsu.edu.kg/vestnik/v3/a15.html
3.Idrisov A., "Strategy for the development of the region" - Internet resource: Agency website financial information"Consultant", http://www.dinform.ru/newanalit
4.Auzan V., Gurova T. “From Gosplan to the present day.” - Internet resource: magazine “Expert”, http://www.opec.ru/library/article.asp?c_no=19&d_no=511
5.Chechelyuk P., “The cluster is not groveling before the West, but a new initiative in the construction business.” - “Zerkalo Nedeli”, No. 36, 20.09.2003
6.Dlugopolsky O. “Cluster model for the development of industrial production for the region as a factor in effective structural reforms (on the example of the Ternopil region).- j. “Economic Chasopis-XXI, No. 2, 2003.
7.Panchenko L., “What are our clusters sick with?”. - “Nevskoe Vremya”, No. 95 (2218), May 30, 2000
8.Dani Jacobs, "Measures for the development of innovative processes." - Internet resource: site "State Research Institute of Information Technologies and Telecommunications", http://www.informika.ru
9.Sytnik V.V. “Improving the efficiency of innovation and investment activity enterprises of the Western Donbass.”- Internet resource: website of the Science and Education Publishing House, http://nauka.dp.ua/article/Economy/4_Sitnik.htm
10.Shelyubskaya N .. "Indirect methods of state stimulation of innovation: the experience of Western Europe." - International journal "Problems of theory and practice of management." - No. 3, 2001.
It is becoming a generally accepted fact that in the context of globalization for any country an important condition for stability and economic independence is its internal organization, including the ability to quickly and clearly respond to changes in the internal and external conditions of both individual regions and the country as a whole, to carry out rapid adaptation through the means of innovation policy. Thus, the requirements for a high organization local systems, as more mobile in comparison with the global system, increase significantly. This process raises the issue of developing and implementing a regional innovation policy, as well as the issue of forming an innovative microclimate in the region.
In world practice, there are various ways to activate and improve the innovative environment of the region. These include the formation of a developed innovation infrastructure in the region (technoparks, business incubators, regional innovation funds), the creation of a technology transfer network (promoting the results of innovation and dissemination of innovations with the involvement of chambers of commerce and industry outside the regions), direct and indirect financial support innovative projects, as well as a cluster approach in the implementation of innovation policy.
It should be noted that the region in this case should be understood as an administrative-territorial unit (oblast), as a more transparent structure for managing the innovation process.
Clusters are geographically concentrated groups of interconnected companies and specialized suppliers that can compete in certain areas, but at the same time must work together. With a cluster approach, the focus will not be on the industry, but on the totality of its subjects - not only industrial companies, but also scientific, public, government structures from completely different industries, united by the idea of creating common product.
A cluster is a set of geographically localized and interconnected companies in a certain industry, as well as suppliers of equipment, components, specialized services, enterprises and organizations of infrastructure industries, scientific and educational institutions that ensure their activities and are located in this territory.
According to Michael Porter's theory, a cluster is a group of geographically adjacent interconnected companies (suppliers, manufacturers, intermediaries) and related organizations (educational institutions, government bodies, infrastructure companies) operating in a certain area and complementing each other. Thus, a cluster is understood as a network of independent production and (or) service firms, including their suppliers, creators of technologies and know-how (universities, research institutes, engineering companies), connecting market institutions (brokers, consultants) and consumers interacting with each other within a single value chain.
According to M. Porter, the country's competitiveness should be viewed through the prism of the international competitiveness not of its individual firms, but of clusters - associations of firms in various industries, and the ability of these clusters to effectively use internal resources is of fundamental importance. After analyzing the competitive opportunities of more than 100 industries in ten countries, M. Porter came to the conclusion that the most competitive transnational companies are usually not randomly scattered across different countries, but tend to be concentrated in one country, and sometimes even in one region of the country. The explanation for this phenomenon is as follows, one or more firms, achieving competitiveness in the world market, spreads its positive influence on the immediate environment: suppliers, consumers and competitors. And the successes of the environment, in turn, have an impact on the further growth of the competitiveness of this company. As a result of such mutually beneficial cooperation, a "cluster" is formed - a community of firms, closely related industries, mutually contributing to the growth of each other's competitiveness.
An important distinguishing feature of the cluster is its innovative orientation. The most successful clusters are formed where a "breakthrough" in the field of engineering and production technology is carried out or expected, followed by entry into new "market niches".
Typology of clusters:
1. By the nature of the structure-forming organization of the cluster:
a) a large-scale enterprise;
b) Association around the chamber of commerce and industry, or an organization that determines economic development (associations, regional agencies)
2. By cluster core:
a) Based on a complex technological basis, often new to the territory;
b) Based on traditional activities for the given territory;
c) Associated with contracts.
d) Side (intersectoral) clusters - covering several industries at once, for example, a multimedia cluster.
e) Mega-clusters - formed by a network of clusters, i.e. a large number of firms belonging to various sectors of the economy and characterized by a high degree of aggregation (chemical, automotive clusters).
3. There are two main categories of clusters formed along the spatial and functional axes:
a) Industrial cluster - focuses on competition within the sector. It is made up of all sorts of actors, resources, and activities that come together to develop, produce, and sell diverse types of goods and services. An industrial cluster, as a rule, is not spatially tied to any urbanized area. It tends to have broader boundaries, possibly covering an entire region or country.
b) A regional cluster is a spatial agglomeration of similar and related economic activity, which forms the basis of the local environment, contributes to the overflow of knowledge and stimulates various forms of learning and adoption. Such clusters typically consist of small and medium-sized enterprises, and the strength of social capital and geographic proximity is central to their success. Another feature is that firms are less interconnected than in industrial clusters.
Firstly, regional innovation-industrial clusters are based on the established stable system of dissemination of new technologies, knowledge, products, the so-called technological network, which is based on a joint scientific base.
Secondly, cluster enterprises have additional competitive advantages due to the ability to carry out internal specialization and standardization, and minimize the costs of introducing innovations.
Thirdly, an important feature of innovation-industrial clusters is the presence in their structure of flexible business structures - small businesses that allow the formation of innovative growth points for the region's economy.
Fourthly, regional industrial clusters are extremely important for the development of small business: they provide small firms with a high degree of specialization in serving a specific business niche, as it facilitates access to capital. industrial enterprise, as well as an active exchange of ideas and transfer of knowledge from specialists to entrepreneurs.
As an example of applying the cluster approach, let's consider the experience of developing clusters in Finland and Norway.
The indicators of the international competitiveness of the products of this industry in the world market were: the excess of the share of the products of this industry in the world market over the country's total share in total world trade, the excess of industry exports over imports. All analyzed clusters were divided into three groups: the category of "strong clusters", the category of "sustainable clusters", the category of "potential clusters". The first category includes forestry and the cluster of information and telecommunication technologies. Clusters of this category are characterized by a good balance of development of both main and auxiliary industries, high internal competition, world-class innovation potential, intensive intracluster interaction within the framework of joint projects and the work of intersectoral organizations. The high competitiveness of cluster associations is confirmed by the fact that, having 0.5% of the world's forest resources, Finland provides more than 10% of the world's exports of wood processing products, including 25% of the world's exports of quality paper. Finland's market share in telecommunications products is also exceptionally high: about 30% of the market for mobile communication equipment and almost 40% of the market for mobile phones, which indicates a very high level of competitiveness. Sustainable clusters, which include energy, metallurgical and machine-building, demonstrate positive dynamics in the formation of all cluster elements, but they have not yet reached the necessary level of development to receive confident benefits from agglomeration. The engineering cluster is a good example of the interpenetration of clusters. Its main specialization is the production of equipment for the timber industry, energy, metallurgy and the construction industry - directions, by definition, included in the respective clusters. But the intensive development of specialized mechanical engineering has led to the formation of an independent cluster with many suppliers, service and engineering companies, research and innovation centers. Thus, Finland is a leader in the production of equipment for the pulp and paper industry: it holds 40% of the world market for pulp production equipment and almost 30% of the papermaking equipment market. Potential clusters - business services, healthcare - are characterized by uneven development of the cluster structure and the weakness of individual elements of the "Diamond" model ("Diamond" is a system of determinants of countries' competitive advantage developed by M. Porter). However, there are pronounced competitive advantages that contribute to the successful further development of potential clusters. Latent clusters (food and construction), although they unite a number of fairly successful companies - Valio, Fazer, Skanska, Kone, are generally far from a full-fledged cluster structure.
More than half a century of experience of the leading countries of the world shows that cluster policy is still the most effective tool for promoting the development of a post-industrial globalized economy. The creation of clusters makes it possible to use the competitive advantages of the territory, since a group of companies from related industries, as well as enterprises that support their activities, directly affect the development of the region and the country's economy as a whole.
In industrial policy, a cluster is understood as a set of geographically localized companies related by industry, the infrastructure that ensures their activities, including scientific and educational institutions, suppliers of equipment and components, organizations providing consulting and specialized services.
The clusters include both housing and commercial real estate, educational institutions and other facilities that ensure the vital activity of people and organizations working in this cluster. Interrelated groups of companies are formed where it is necessary to develop key, innovative areas. The most successful clusters allow for a technological breakthrough and the formation of new market niches.
Cluster policy is a set of interrelated actions that is designed to stimulate and support private business and local governments in their efforts to create and develop clusters. State bodies can initiate the creation of industry groups of companies, but with the obligatory participation of regional authorities.
The first clusters began to form around the 1950s and 1960s in North America and Western Europe. These were local programs to support, as a rule, types of business traditional for the area. Around the 1970s, large-scale national programs to support the development of certain groups of enterprises began to appear, and since the second half of the 1990s, such cluster policy measures have already worked in all developed countries.
Clusters have become an important and effective tool for economic policy and the implementation of the country's development strategy. Significantly increased the amount of funds directed from the state and local budgets. Long-term practice of implementing cluster programs in the leading countries of the world has shown its effectiveness.
For example, the BioRegio biocluster development project allowed Germany to become a leader in the biotechnology sector, was allocated 700 million euros in funding, which allowed the industry to grow by 30% during the period of the program.
There are various classifications. If we take as a basis the type of backbone organization around, in cooperation with which a group of companies is formed, then two types are distinguished. The main, and often initiative is:
According to the core of the cluster, the type of common and unifying features, the following types of clusters are distinguished:
A regional cluster is formed in a certain local environment, spatially limited by the agglomeration. Such clusters usually consist of small and medium-sized enterprises that concentrate on taking advantage of social capital and geographical location.
The main goal of cluster policy is to achieve a high level of development, sustainable growth, diversification of the economy by increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. At the same time, all entities participating in the work of clusters, including suppliers of equipment and components, companies that provide the work process, including service, consulting, research and educational organizations, receive an incentive for development.
The goal of cluster policy is also the development of key, strategic technologies and industries, when a country seeks to achieve an advantage in the global high-tech market.
Despite the fact that states use a variety of tools for the development of industry, the main directions of cluster policy are determined.
Promoting institutional development in many countries is the main direction of state influence, it includes the creation of a specialized agency that initiates and develops industrial clusters, carries out strategic planning, determines specialization and spatial distribution.
The development of mechanisms for supporting projects aimed at the introduction of high technologies, modern management methods, and increasing the efficiency of interaction is being developed. In many countries, within the framework of the cluster policy of the region, there are competitions for obtaining funding, which is awarded to the enterprise that has provided the most promising projects.
The main direction is the creation of favorable conditions for development, attraction of investments in cluster infrastructures, including network engineering and real estate, improving the quality of labor resources and providing tax incentives and preferences.
The cluster policy of any state is primarily aimed at creating conditions for development. At the same time, for its effectiveness, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Depending on the degree of influence and role of the state in the development of cluster policy, two models are distinguished:
Many determine the competitiveness of a country depending on the degree of development of clusters, which are the result of targeted efforts of the whole society. There are several types of cluster policy, depending on the degree of state participation in their work.
The development of the cluster policy of the Russian Federation is carried out by the relevant federal ministries and local governments. This policy is aimed at innovative development, development and implementation of the latest technologies and equipment, modern systems management, gaining specialized knowledge and identifying new ways to enter global highly competitive markets.
Due to the geographical diversity of territories and the level of economic development of various subjects, many regions of Russia are developing their own specific industries. For example, the cluster policy Nizhny Novgorod region is aimed at developing the petrochemical and automotive industries, which have been developed here since Soviet times.
Due to the fact that the country has become more actively involved in the global division of labor, some regions have begun to develop new industries. For example, St. Petersburg, whose cluster policy of the region contributed to the successful development of not only traditional shipbuilding, but also created one of the largest automotive clusters in the country from scratch. Russia is characterized by a more supportive policy, the regions create conditions for attracting investment in certain industries. Basically, the initiators of the creation of clusters are regional authorities.
Cluster policy in Russia is aimed primarily at the development of the innovation component, investment attractiveness, the creation of new high-tech industries and the training of a highly skilled workforce.
S. N. Kotlyarova
formation of cluster policy in the regions of Russia1
Problems considered legal regulation cluster development in the Russian Federation and at the regional level. The main normative acts regulating the formation and development of clusters are systematized. The conclusion is made about the weak development of one's own regulatory framework regions and the use by regions of mostly federal approaches to the formation of cluster policy. The practice of clustering subjects of the Russian Federation is generalized. The prerequisites for the formation of clusters in the regions and their subsequent development are highlighted. A comparison of approaches to the formation of cluster policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was carried out, the features of the territories were identified in terms of determining the types of clusters and measures of state support for their formation. The main reasons for the development of regional clusters are formulated: building according to the type of the dominant firm; mutually beneficial cooperation of cluster members; active support from the state and regional authorities (public-private partnership and personal participation of the leadership of the region); initiative from below.
Keywords: cluster, regional development, concept of cluster development, cluster policy
One of the most effective solutions to the problem of increasing the competitiveness of the economy is the implementation of state support measures for the formation and development of clusters. The tool for the implementation of these activities is the cluster policy approved at the state or regional level.
The creation of a cluster model of the economy, which implies the creation of an optimal combination of competition and cooperation, is one of the promising areas in regional development. In the Russian Federation, the process of clustering develops, as a rule, spontaneously and spontaneously, at the initiative of the regions or individual large companies.
Today, many regions of the Russian Federation not only plan to create and develop clusters on their territory, but also believe that they already exist.
The prerequisites for the formation of clusters and their subsequent development are:
1. Scientific potential: the presence of world-class scientists, large scientific centers, university and factory science. This is especially true for the conditions for creating innovative clusters.
1 The article was prepared with the financial support of the project No. 12-P-7-1001 "New tools and methods for forecasting the innovative and technological development of regions", carried out within the framework of the Program fundamental research Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 34.
2. Innovation potential of the territory (presence of a developed innovation infrastructure).
3. The political prerequisite is the determination of the leadership to develop innovation as one of the strategic priorities in the region (which should be enshrined in strategic documents for the development of the territory, the development of cluster documents).
4. Institutional prerequisites (the status of a science city of the Russian Federation, support from the federal budget and various funds, federal and regional support for the idea of forming clusters).
5. Initiative from below (the interest of enterprises - potential participants in the cluster).
The problem of the need to form clusters in Russian economy was first announced in 2005. Thus, in the Strategy for the Development of Science and Innovation in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015, the tasks of modernizing the economy were named in the form of stimulating demand for innovation and the results of scientific research, creating conditions and prerequisites for the formation of sustainable scientific and production cooperation ties, innovation networks and clusters.
In the Program of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the medium term (2006-2008) as one
from the ways of mobilizing the available resources of economic growth in the regions for dynamic, increasing competitiveness and diversification of the regional economy, the development of production clusters is determined.
The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 defines the formation of new centers of socio-economic development through the creation of a network of territorial production clusters that realize the competitive potential of territories as the main direction of economic development. At the federal level, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation acts as a coordinator for the implementation of cluster policy in the regions.
In 2008, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia adopted the Concept of Cluster Policy in the country and developed Methodological Recommendations for the Implementation of Cluster Policy in the Subjects of the Russian Federation, which define the main directions for promoting the development of clusters implemented by state authorities and local self-government; system of measures for the implementation of cluster policy; mechanisms of financial support for the implementation of cluster policy at the federal level.
The implementation of cluster policy should stimulate innovation, direct foreign investment and economic growth in regions with potential clusters. The concept of cluster policy consists of three main blocks: departmental support for clusters, measures to develop the competitiveness of cluster participants, and the creation of favorable conditions for the development of clusters.
At the federal level, a number of mechanisms have been formed to provide flexible funding for cluster development activities. So, for example, the provision of federal budget funds provided for state support of small business on a competitive basis is regulated by the relevant rules that determine the possibility of providing subsidies to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to finance activities provided for in the relevant regional program. This mechanism creates opportunities for the flexible use of financial support of subjects
Russian Federation in order to implement a wide range of cluster projects.
Some regions accept individual programs development of clusters or organizational structures for their development are created. However, there is a problem of insufficient development of normative acts regulating cluster policy.
Thus, the formation of clusters is provided for mainly in the laws regulating general issues of socio-economic development: in laws that approve the strategies for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (the republics of Mordovia, North Ossetia, Chuvash; Krasnodar, Primorsky Territories; Voronezh, Kemerovo, Lipetsk, Samara, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk and other regions); programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (the republics of Tatarstan, Buryatia, Udmurt; Rostov, Sverdlovsk, Tambov, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Voronezh, Chelyabinsk and other regions); concepts (Pskov region, Stavropol region).
The Republic of Tatarstan has a program "Development and placement of the productive forces of the Republic of Tatarstan based on the cluster approach until 2020 and for the period until 2030", which notes favorable conditions for the formation and development of effective territorial clusters in petrochemistry, engineering industries (primarily in automotive industry), as well as in the educational complex on the territory of the republic.
The formation of clusters is also provided for in the laws governing the development of small and medium-sized businesses (Moscow, Orenburg, Murmansk, Tula regions) in terms of providing financial and credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in industrial clusters.
The laws on industrial policy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation also contain a number of provisions regulating the formation of clusters. In particular, in the law “On Industrial Policy in the Orenburg Region”, non-financial measures of state support for industrial entities include providing conditions for the creation of industrial clusters, stimulating the development of a network of innovative infrastructure and service infrastructure for industrial enterprises.
The formation of clusters in individual industries is reflected in individual regulations. For example, the creation of tourism clusters is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2010 No. 833 “On the creation of a tourism cluster in the North Caucasus Federal District, the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea”; in the Republic of Buryatia, a concept for the development of tourism was adopted under the title "Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Republic of Buryatia for 2011-2016". The main goal of the program is to form and increase the competitiveness of the tourism cluster. The formation of tourist and recreational zones and tourist clusters is enshrined in the Regional Target Program "Tourism Development in the Sverdlovsk Region for 2011-2016". In the Yaroslavl region, by a decree of the regional government, a coordinating council was created to create and develop a tourist and recreational cluster.
The creation of pharmaceutical clusters is regulated by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 17, 2011 No. 91 “On the federal target program “Development of the pharmaceutical and medical industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and beyond””, Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg of April 22, 2010 No. 419 “On Concepts for creating a pharmaceutical cluster in St. Petersburg”.
Proposals on measures for the development of automotive clusters are contained in the Strategy for the Development of the Automotive Industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020. At present, three key automotive clusters have practically formed: 1) Privolzhsky (Tolyatti - Samara, Naberezhnye Chelny - SEZ "Alabuga", Ulyanovsk - Nizhny Novgorod); 2) Central (Moscow - Kaluga, Vladimir); 3) North-West (St. Petersburg, Veliky Novgorod - Pskov).
The formation of an agro-industrial cluster is laid down in the strategic documents of the Altai Territory, where the grain product cluster is the most mature and prepared for development in the new conditions and there are conditions for creating a dairy cluster, as well as the Stavropol Territory.
The application of cluster policy is regulated by laws on innovation activity
a number of subjects of the Russian Federation. In particular, in the Law "On the policy of the Novosibirsk region in the field of development of the innovation system", one of the tasks is the formation and development of scientific, industrial and technological clusters based on scientific, technical and innovative programs and projects. The law “On Innovation Activities in the Altai Territory”, adopted by the Decree of the Altai Territory Council of People’s Deputies dated 07.09.2006 No. 453, speaks of the need to promote the formation and development of clusters, including in science cities of the Russian Federation located on the territory of the Altai Territory.
Cluster policy has found a broader reflection in the programs and strategies of innovative development of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Cluster policy mechanisms are present in the innovation strategies of the Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions; The innovation-cluster scenario of socio-economic development is laid down in the Strategy for the Development of Innovation Activities in the Kamchatka Territory. In the long-term regional target program "Development of innovative activity in the Voronezh region for 2011-2015" the development of innovative industrial clusters is designated as one of the main tasks. The regional target program for the development of innovation activity in the Samara region for 2009-2015 sets the main goals of the development of territorial production clusters, high-tech sectors of the economy based on the introduction of innovative technologies.
In the last two years, the subjects of the Russian Federation have begun to develop and adopt their own concepts of cluster policy.
One of the pioneers of cluster development is St. Petersburg, which developed a draft decree of the Government of St. Petersburg "On the basics of the cluster policy of St. Petersburg for 2010-2015", which was sent to the Ministry of Economic Development and received an official positive review. A pharmaceutical cluster has been created and is functioning in St. Petersburg, the development of which is one of the government's priorities. The creation of pharmaceutical clusters is regulated by the Federal Target Program "Development of the pharmaceutical and medical industry of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020
and further perspective”, Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg “On the Concept of creating a pharmaceutical cluster in St. Petersburg”. Since the creation of the pharmaceutical cluster of St. Petersburg in 2010, its residents are 11 domestic and foreign companies that have initiated investment projects to create laboratory complexes, research centers and pharmaceutical production facilities with a total investment of more than 29 billion rubles.
In the Yaroslavl region, the concept of cluster policy until 2015 has been approved and is in effect, according to which it is planned to create 3-5 promising clusters in the region, organize 5-7 industrial parks and large investment sites with the necessary infrastructure, increase by 2015 the volume of investments in fixed assets by 50%, develop up to 10 regional investment projects and to attract co-financing for their implementation from Russian development institutions, to increase the share of production of end products that are competitive at the Russian and international level.
The cluster of the pharmaceutical industry and modern innovative medicine in the Yaroslavl region has been developing since July 2009. The initiative to create a pharmaceutical cluster in the Yaroslavl region immediately received the support of the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin. Based on the results of consultations, the Ministry of Industry and Trade included the Yaroslavl Region in the Pharma-2020 Strategy among the priority regions for the development of a modern pharmaceutical industry. At the initial stage of its formation, there were only two production facilities, by mid-2011 six large companies had already begun implementing their projects in the Yaroslavl region. These are Nycomed, R-Pharm, NTpharma, Farmoslavl, Vitapharma, Bentus Laboratories. Today this list has been supplemented by TEVA Pharmaceutical Enterprises Limited.
Since the adoption of the resolution of the regional government "On the coordinating council for the creation and development of a tourist and recreational cluster in the Yaroslavl region" dated August 14, 2009 No. 850-p, which approved the position and composition of the council under the leadership of the governor of the region, the countdown of the implementation of
thorny policy in the field of tourism. The Tourist and Recreational Cluster was created with the aim of increasing the competitiveness and efficiency of the tourism industry of the Yaroslavl Region, the rational use of the cultural and natural heritage of the region.
The Republic of Tatarstan approved the Concept of Cluster Development of Economic and Social Sectors for 2011-2015 (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan No. 925 dated November 23, 2010), the goal of implementing the cluster policy is to increase the competitiveness of the Tatarstan economy based on its modernization and diversification.
In the Moscow Region, on June 21, 2011, the Resolution “On the Draft Law of the Moscow Region “On Amendments to the Law of the Moscow Region“ On the Investment Policy of the State Authorities of the Moscow Region” was approved, according to which the participation of the state authorities of the Moscow Region in the creation and development of industrial districts, special economic zones and other development areas.
Moscow has developed the "Concept of the cluster policy of the city of Moscow in the field of small and medium-sized businesses" in order to ensure the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses.
Stimulating the creation of clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the priority areas of the socio-economic policy of the region. The Republic adopted the document "Cluster Policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan", which defines program-targeted measures for the implementation of cluster policy in the region. The republic also has an action plan for the implementation of the cluster policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2012.
The Kamchatka Territory has developed a draft regional law “On Cluster Policy in the Kamchatka Territory”, which is an annex to the regional development strategy until 2025.
In the Voronezh region, the Departmental target program "Formation and development of cluster formations in the Voronezh region in 2011-2013" is operating. The purpose of the program is to create favorable conditions for the effective formation and development of cluster formations in the industrial
plex of the Voronezh region. The government of the region proposes measures aimed at the formation of industry clusters in the industry of the region: in the field of oil and gas and chemical engineering, electromechanics, aircraft building and radio-electronic industries.
Automotive clusters are an example of successfully developing clusters.
The automobile cluster Samara - Togliatti, known since the Soviet times, is located in the Samara region. The automotive industry is one of the backbone industries in the region, which concentrates about 40% of production, 40% of employees, 65% of fixed assets of the industry, 25% of R&D costs, 20% of exports. The Samara Automotive Cluster includes AvtoVAZ (Renault), GM-AvtoVAZ, 700 component manufacturers, more than 300 cooperation organizations, and 2 million people employed in the industry. Thus, the Volga Automotive Cluster belongs to the clusters built according to the type of a dominant firm, around which suppliers and consumers of products are united.
An industrial cluster for the production of household appliances based on CJSC Indesit International (an enterprise with 100% foreign capital) has been formed in the Lipetsk Region of a similar type. CJSC Indesit International is the largest manufacturer in Europe with a full cycle of production of refrigerators and washing machines. The industrial cluster included small and medium-sized enterprises of the Lipetsk region producing components for "white equipment". Currently, 12 enterprises of the Lipetsk region are involved in the supply of components for CJSC Indesit International. This cluster also includes the Indesit Company, opened in October 2005, the first home appliances logistics center in Russia, which is also the largest in Europe in its sector. The logistics center is located on an area of 55 hectares and serves for the storage and distribution throughout the CIS of the entire product range of Indesit Company with a total of 3.0 million pieces per year. In the future, the Italian side is considering the possibility of organizing the production of kitchen stoves in the Lipetsk region.
Thus, both the Samara automobile cluster and the Lipetsk cluster for the production of household appliances are examples of the formation of clusters around dominant firms.
end product manufacturers. The role of large companies (especially at the stage of cluster formation) is to “link” potential cluster members.
Another example of a successfully developing cluster is Kaluga, where a cluster for the production of cars and auto components is actively developing, the core of which is Volkswagen, Volvo Truck, the PeugeotCitroen alliance and Mitsubishi Motors.
Along with the automotive cluster, four more innovation clusters are being created in the Kaluga Region: biopharmaceutical, nuclear technology and radiomedicine, production of new materials, and nanotechnology. To coordinate this activity, the JSC Agency for Innovative Development was established
Center for Cluster Development of the Kaluga Region. The departmental target program "Integrated Development of the Innovation System of the Kaluga Region" was adopted. An important task in this work is also the interaction of the Kaluga region with the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies and the Skolkovo Foundation. The main elements of the innovation infrastructure have been created in the region - five business incubators, a technology transfer network, a venture fund, three centers for the collective use of instruments and equipment, and two innovation and technology centers.
In the Ulyanovsk region, the development of cluster policy is actively supported. Thus, by the Decree of the Government of the Ulyanovsk region "On approval of the regional target program "Ulyanovsk - the aviation capital" for 2009-2011" dated September 23, 2009 No. 35/342-P, a project was implemented to create an aviation cluster "Ulyanovsk-Avia", program "Ulyanovsk - Aviation Capital" for 2009-2011". The aviation cluster in this document is defined as a group of interrelated companies (suppliers, manufacturers, etc.) and related organizations (educational institutions, infrastructure companies) operating in the field of aviation industry and mutually complementary.In the aviation cluster of the Ulyanovsk Region
There are now 19 enterprises and organizations in the region. The successful results of the region's aviation cluster provide a positive example for the possibility of forming clusters in other industries. In particular, work is underway to prepare a project for the creation of an automobile cluster in Ulyanovsk, which is at the stage of approval. The center of the automotive cluster will be the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant. Other important components of the cluster will be the Dimitrovgrad Automotive Plant (one of the main suppliers of VAZ) and more than 70 enterprises engaged in the production of automotive components, including the Ulyanovsk Motor Plant and Avtodetalservis, as well as educational institutions (UlGU, UlSTU, technical schools) that train personnel for the automotive industry.
Consolidation of small and medium-sized enterprises on the basis of mutually beneficial cooperation and the formation of clusters on this basis - the experience of the functioning of the Altai Biopharmaceutical Cluster (ABFC). The project to create a biopharmaceutical cluster with a center in the science city of Biysk is due to the fact that a number of enterprises in the city are focused on the production of pharmaceuticals, have extensive research experience and stable relationships with suppliers of raw materials. The structure of the ABFC in terms of the nature of the activities of its constituent enterprises corresponds to the European poles of competitiveness: scientific organizations, educational and production organizations with the active participation and support of city and regional authorities.
One of the relevant examples of the formation and functioning of clusters in the Russian Federation is the creation of a linen cluster in the Vologda region. Flax producers received the official status of a cluster after a meeting of the State Council in Ivanovo on June 20, 2008, when four pilot projects for the development of linen production were formed: in the Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Ivanovo regions. In the Vologda Oblast, a long-term Target Program "Development of the Linen Complex of the Vologda Oblast for 2009-2012" was formed.
The basis and locomotive of the cluster that is being formed in Vologda today is the plant, which since 2008 has been operating on two sites -
kah: in Vologda (fabrics of the main weaves) and Krasavino (jacquard fabrics). The horizontal integration characteristic of the cluster around a large industrial core of suppliers of raw materials, small companies, service, manufacturing (applied materials, accessories), trade and logistics companies, homeworkers, vocational and educational institutions can give the Vologda Oblast thousands of new jobs. And Russian market participants in the fashion and home textile industry can take full advantage of the developed market infrastructure that they are used to dealing with when buying goods in Italy or placing production orders in Turkey and China.
Another factor in the success of cluster development is public-private partnership. The total investment budget of the Vologda linen project in 2008-2013 (before the start of production capacity development) exceeds 6.5 billion rubles. The State Development Institute should contribute 3.23 billion rubles to it, the region - 2.354, private investors - 0.9. At the first stage (until November 2010) federal subsidies amounted to 45 million rubles. (14 - for the agricultural sector, 31 - for textiles). Regional funds (including contributions to the authorized capital of OAO Vologda Textile, more than 60% of whose shares are owned by the region) - 1.7 billion rubles. (of which 1.2 billion went to textiles). Private investments amounted to 967 million rubles. .
Another engine for the development of this cluster is the human factor. In our country, it dominates technologies, trends, methods, laws and regulations. The Vologda governor became the initiator and soul of this project, thanks to his will, perseverance and common sense, and the cluster mechanism began to unwind in the region.
In the Sverdlovsk region, a draft cluster policy for the region has been developed, which is currently being coordinated.
The Sverdlovsk region is the center of concentration of manufacturing companies in the field of information technology and higher educational institutions producing specialists in demand on the market. And here you can see an example of clusters created on the initiative from below - these are IT and pharmaceutical clusters.
The 1T cluster was initially positioned as an association of software companies producing a circulation product. About a hundred of them work in the region, their turnover is small. But in 2011, the strategy changed: equipment manufacturers were “allowed” into the cluster, and several large companies operate in this segment in the Sverdlovsk region. Within the framework of the cluster, working groups have already been created (to work with start-ups, schoolchildren, universities, clients), educational events are periodically held, a club of mentors has been created, and areas have been determined that should be received at a reduced price mainly by small IT companies.
In 2010, the Ural Pharmaceutical Cluster was created, which is a complex of enterprises and companies united by the goal of creating a high-tech complex of interconnected industries in the region for the development, production and sale of modern medicines, medical equipment and high-quality medical products. Currently, the cluster members are the Yunona holding, scientific institutions (Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections), innovative companies (Skolkovo Innovation Fund, Ural Center for Biopharmaceutical Technologies LLC, Ural Medical Nuclear Center LLC - residents of Skolkovo), financial institutions (GK Vnesheconombank), trade and procurement and service companies (LLC Pharmacevt, LLC Splav-2) and, of course, basic enterprises- manufacturers of pharmaceutical and medical products (Medsintez Plant LLC, Dizet Plant LLC, Berezovsky Pharmaceutical Plant CJSC, Pharmaceutical Factory OJSC, Kopeysk). The cluster is an open structure, all applications for membership are considered without exception. The peculiarity of the project is that it can become interregional. Today, negotiations are underway to locate new production facilities and laboratories in the Chelyabinsk region: in Ozersk (construction of a medical technopark, research clinic, production of dialysis filters) and Kopeysk (appearance of a laboratory at the site of the State Unitary Enterprise Kopeyskaya Pharmaceutical Factory and the production of new drugs).
However, it is questioned that the declared chemical cluster is actually a cluster. At this stage, in fact, it fits into the investment program of the Uralchimplast holding (although the authorities imply the creation of a mythical second stage at the new infrastructure site).
But even in those projects where there is a community of enterprises, sometimes there is no main feature of the cluster - competition. It is she who requires an increase in production efficiency and product quality, which gives rise to the need for innovation. And the authorities are striving to create a technological chain similar to the Soviet territorial-industrial complexes - several enterprises producing non-overlapping end products with a network of contractors-suppliers.
In other regions, the situation with the creation of clusters and information about them is worse. Basically, all projects are just general words, without specific figures and programs of action.
Approaches to the formation of cluster policy in the regions are different. The current existence of relations related to the creation and development of clusters of enterprises is confirmed by the fact that this term is actively used in sectoral by-laws of the Russian Federation.
The Guidelines for the implementation of cluster policy in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (letter No. 20615-AK/D19 dated December 26, 2008) use the concept of a territorial cluster - an association of enterprises, suppliers of equipment, components, specialized production and services, research and educational organizations, related relationships territorial proximity and functional dependence in the sphere of production and sale of goods and services. At the same time, clusters can be located on the territory of one or several constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The same definition is contained in the concept of the cluster policy of the Russian Federation, however, it is used to determine the territorial production cluster.
Trends in the creation and development of clusters of enterprises in the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are reflected in regional legislation. The documents on the formation of cluster policy in the subjects of the Russian Federation apply
the concept of a cluster, which is understood as a set of economic entities of a related profile, interconnected and complementary to each other, closely located and contributing to the overall development and growth of each other's competitiveness.
The main goal of implementing cluster policy at the level of the Russian Federation is to ensure high rates of economic growth and diversification of the economy by increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, suppliers of equipment, components, specialized production and services, research and educational organizations that form territorial production clusters. In the documents of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as a rule, the goal of cluster policy is to increase the competitiveness of the economic entities themselves - participants in clusters and the economy of the region as a whole. Competitiveness in the subjects will be achieved by creating conditions for the formation and development of clusters (Sverdlovsk, Yaroslavl regions), on the basis of modernization and diversification of the economy (the Republic of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan), in addition to increasing competitiveness in the Republic of Bashkortostan, the task is also to develop the innovative potential of enterprises and individual industries , small and medium business.
In the regional concepts of cluster policy to the definition of types of clusters. At the federal level, taking into account industry specifics, the following types of clusters are distinguished: discrete, process, innovative and "creative", tourism, transport and logistics, mixed clusters. A similar approach to identifying regional clusters is used in the Republic of Tatarstan and St. Petersburg. In the Sverdlovsk region, clusters are proposed to be grouped according to the level of development (functional, latent and potential) and for each type to form their own special methods and forms of state support. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, a different approach is used to identify groups of clusters - in terms of priority areas of cluster policy and forms of support, types of clusters are proposed for creation: industrial areas; radial, "satellite", state clusters. For every type
clusters are offered special cluster policy efforts and support mechanisms.
The identification of clusters and their use to stimulate innovative development are characteristic of the cluster policy of the Leningrad Region. In St. Petersburg, 9 main clusters have been identified: power engineering, shipbuilding and ship repair, food, transport, tourism, woodworking, software and information technology, optical instrumentation, and metallurgy.
There are also different approaches to measures to support cluster development in the regions, although they correspond to the main directions of promoting the development of clusters, stated in federal documents:
1. Promoting the institutional development of clusters.
2. Development of mechanisms for supporting projects aimed at increasing the competitiveness of enterprises and promoting the effectiveness of their interaction.
3. Ensuring the formation of favorable conditions for the development of clusters.
As already noted, in the Sverdlovsk region and the Republic of Bashkortostan, forms of support for cluster initiatives have been developed for various types of clusters. At the same time, Bashkortostan proposes measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of cluster companies in foreign markets and developing cooperation within the cluster itself. And in the Sverdlovsk region, support measures are different depending on the level of development of clusters and their sectoral orientation. In the Yaroslavl region, emphasis is placed on creating conditions for the formation of promising (pilot) clusters.
Thus, in the subjects of the Russian Federation, the processes of forming a cluster policy are underway, but there is a problem of insufficient development of regulations governing it. In most regions, cluster policy is reflected in the strategic and program documents for the development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and separate mechanisms for the formation and support of cluster initiatives are present in various kinds of regulations governing innovation and investment development, industrial policy, etc. And only a few subjects of the Russian Federation took the path
development of their own concepts of cluster policy, which use federal approaches to its formation with emphasis on
understanding the characteristics of a particular territory in terms of determining the types of clusters and measures of state support for their formation.
List of sources
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Kotlyarova Svetlana Nikolaevna (Ekaterinburg) - PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Institute of Economics, Ural Branch Russian Academy Sciences (620014, Ekaterinburg, Moskovskaya st., 29, e-mail: [email protected]).
S. N. Kotlyarova
Formation of cluster policy in Russian regions1
This paper deals with the problems of legal regulation of cluster development in the Russian Federation at the regional level. Basic regulations governing the formation and development of clusters were put in a system. It is concluded that own regulatory regions, and regions using mainly general federal approach to the formation of cluster policy are poorly developed. The practice of clustering of the Russian Federation was generalized. Prerequisites for the formation of clusters in the regions and their subsequent development were identified. A comparison of approaches to the formation of cluster policy in the Russian Federation was made, particularities in the areas of the clusters were highlighted and the types of state support for their formation were determined. The basic reasons for the development of regional clusters are: construction of the type of dominant firms, mutual cooperation of cluster members, active support from government and regional authorities (public-private partnerships and personal involvement of management in the region) and bottom-up approach.
Keywords: cluster, regional development, concept of cluster development, cluster policy
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3. Ermak C. (2011). Grozd "ya smysla. Ekspert Ural, 12 (459). Available at: http://www.expert-ural.com/1-482-9778 (accessed on 10/23/2011).
4. Lavrikova Yu. G. (2008). Kontseptual "nye osnovy i praktika realizatsii klasternogo podkhoda v regionsakh Rossii. Regional"naya ekonomika. Teoriya i praktika, 22, 21-31.
5. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po realizatsi iklasternoy politiki v sub "ektakh Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Utv. Minekonom-razvitiya RF 12/26/2008 No. 20615-ak/d19. Available at: http://www.economysamregion.ru/klaster_ rossia/npa_klaster_ros/metod_klaster_ros (accessed on 12/12/2011).
6. Nazarov D. M., Kalaev D. V. (2011). IT-klaster as an instrument snizheniya riskov innovatsionnoy ekonomiki. Bulletin of the Ural State University of Economics, vol. 35, 3, 85-89.
7. Petrov A.P., Petrov A.A. (2011). Kontseptsiya formirovaniya ural "skogo farmatsevticheskogo klastera. Ekonomika regiona, 2, 213-220.
8. Romanova O. A., Lavrikova Yu. G. (2008). Potential klasternogo razvitiya ekonomiki regiona. Problemy forecasting, 4, 56-70.
9. Tatarkin A. I. (2008). Promyshlennaya politika kak osnova sistemnoy modernizatsii ekonomiki Rossii. Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, 19, 5-17.
Information about the author
Kotlyarova Svetlana Nikolaevna (Yekaterinburg, Russia) - PhD in Economics, Assistant Professor,senior research scientist, Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (620014, Yekaterinburg, Moskovskaya st., 29, e-mail: [email protected]).
UDC 325.1(470.54)
E. V. Nekrasova
optimization of internal migration as a mechanism for solving the problems of single-industry towns in the Sverdlovsk region1
The problems of single-industry towns and ways to solve them are considered. An analysis of the internal mobility of the Russian population was carried out on the basis of sociological studies of the Gallup Institute and the Institute for International Family Studies. The necessity of optimization of pendulum migration between the territories of the municipal level in order to solve the problems of single-industry towns is substantiated. Developed mathematical model tasks of optimizing migration flows between the territories of the municipal level for commuting by road. The model was tested on the example of six typical single-industry towns of the Sverdlovsk region (Revdinsky district, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, the cities of Krasnoturinsk, Krasnouralsk, Serov, Sukhoi Log). Taking into account the current situation in the labor market and the future need for labor, the division of the considered municipalities in the territory of employment and departure of migrants. An optimal plan for employment in the territories of single-industry towns of the Sverdlovsk region has been built, for the implementation of which a road traffic scheme has been developed from north to south of the Sverdlovsk region with the organization of a transfer hub in the city of Yekaterinburg.
Keywords: single-industry city, internal mobility of the population, commuting migration, optimization problem, employment plan
Currently, in the Sverdlovsk region, 70% of the cities are single-industry, 44% of the population lives on their territory. The reduction in demand for the products of metallurgical and machine-building enterprises in 2008 led to a decrease in the profitability of
1 The work was financially supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (No. 12-32-01201a2 “Modeling of internal and external migration flows in the regions of Russia: factors of influence and optimization of development”).
production, forced layoffs, curtailment of investment and social programs, stagnation of the cities of the Sverdlovsk region that specialize in it.
Mass unemployment in single-industry towns has its sad specifics. Since employment at the city-forming enterprises is almost one hundred percent, the population of single-industry towns does not have a choice of a job. The solution to the problem of employment of the population of single-industry towns is possible through effective internal migration.
