Provisioning issues economic security Russia
The need for protection from unwanted external influences and radical internal changes, in other words, the need for security, is a basic, fundamental need of both the life of an individual, a family, and various associations of people, including society and the state. In the conditions of the formation of a market economy, the sphere of safe existence has narrowed so much that the constant and massive dissatisfaction of this need has a negative impact on the development of the functioning of individual citizens, families, organizations, the state and society as a whole, aggravating the crisis state of all spheres of its life.
Today, the most pressing issues are those related to threats to national security. Russian Federation. Economic security is one of the most important components of the country's national security.
At present, the object of economic security is the economy at all levels with its tasks of sustainability, invulnerability, a balance of obvious benefits and certain damage brought about by the process of "drawing" into international market relations and economic ties. The crisis state of the economy is manifested through a significant reduction in production, a decrease in investment activity, the destruction of scientific and technical potential, the stagnation of the agricultural sector, and a decrease in the revenue side federal budget etc.
The object of this study is the economic security of Russia. The subject of the research is the problems of ensuring the economic security of Russia. regulatory safety control
The purpose of the work is to study the concept of "economic security" and identify the main problems of its organization in Russia. As a result of the study, the following tasks were solved:
reveal the essence of the concept of "economic security";
consider the regulatory framework for economic security;
study the main governing bodies of economic security in Russia;
consider mechanisms for ensuring economic security in Russia;
draw conclusions about the importance of ensuring economic security and solving the main problems.
The theme of the course work, its goals and objectives determined the methodology of the study. It was carried out within the framework of macroeconomic and structural-institutional approaches based on the dialectical method, historical and logical analysis, methods of economic and mathematical modeling, as well as statistical and econometric methods for processing and analyzing empirical data.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign economists in the field of management and protection of economic interests, solving security problems, the results of scientific research by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and a number of other institutions on economic security issues.
Various aspects of the management of the national economy and its individual sectors in the context of transformation Russian economy studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. The works of L.I. Abalkin, A.V. Sidorovich, Yu.S. Ufimtsev, A.A. Odintsov, V.K. Senchagova, S. Rabkina and others. Both periodicals and teaching aids were used.
According to the degree of importance, economic security indicators can be divided into general, basic and private. According to the scale of the characterized object of safety, it is possible to distinguish:
Also, the main mechanism for ensuring economic security in Russia is singled out, and the basic principles for ensuring economic security are considered. The second chapter reveals the actual problems of ensuring economic security in Russia today. In the context of the study, the interaction between the federal center and the regions in the process of ensuring economic security, the main problems and the significance of this interaction are considered. It is emphasized that the discrepancy between the vertical of management and the actually existing horizontal regulation of regional economic development aggravates the situation and introduces chaos into the development of relations between the federal center and the regions, and that, according to E.M. Primakov, “Russia faces a long struggle not only to build effective state institutions, but also to overcome the ingrained resistance to the very idea of strengthening the rule of law. And as it happened in the history of our country, part of the final solution to the problem of the legitimacy of power may be the transfer of power from the center to the regions and local authorities.”
The influence of the development of nano-technologies within the framework of scientific and technical progress on the economic security of the country is revealed. Since nanometric materials and products (with parameters from 1 to 100 nm) are characterized by radically improved physical, chemical and consumer properties, it is often impossible to get a full-scale idea of the prospects and possible consequences of this systemic process. Pessimists focus public attention on the potential threats and risks of nanotechnology production and the use of products with nanofeatures. We are talking about the possible biological and environmental hazard of nanoobjects. According to the experts of the UN World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), the following specific properties of nanotechnologies cause the greatest concern: the invisibility of nanotechnologies when they are used makes it difficult to control and track their consequences (as in relation to nuclear technologies); high rates of development of nanotechnologies make it difficult, especially in the long term, to predict their possible consequences and take appropriate measures. It is generally acknowledged that the nanotechnology industry in Russia is "quite 'politicized' as it uses significant amounts of public funding distributed among competing groups."
The main results of the study are that in order to ensure the economic security of Russia, to solve the tasks set, it is necessary to develop an appropriate mechanism for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the country's economic security in the context of globalization is a system of organizational, economic and legal measures to prevent economic threats. It includes the following elements:
The mechanism for ensuring economic security in the context of globalization is implemented through the state strategy, which should be the ideology of development and take into account strategic priorities and national interests. Therefore the main goal economic strategy consists in the formation of the structure of the economy and the formation of industrial, financial and banking structures capable of creating conditions for the introduction of capital into a new direction of economic development.
Another important aspect of economic security strategy is sustainability national currency. State strategy in the field of ensuring economic security, it is developed and implemented within the framework of the ongoing economic policy, the main priorities of which are to achieve the sustainability of the economic situation of the individual, the socio-economic stability of society, the state, the observance of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the rule of law and law-abiding of all, including public authorities.
For these purposes, a well-functioning and reliable system of state influence on the economy should be created, which makes it possible to carry out least loss regulation of the most important economic transformations, as well as the ability to take over the functions of managing and maintaining the country's economy at a safe level. The state must implement a set of measures, primarily to ensure economic growth, which will guarantee the country's economic security.
Since the problem of economic security has been quite relevant in Russia since the early 90s. This is quite natural, since the transformation of the state is accompanied by the collapse of old institutions and the creation of new ones. But, as you know, this process is very long and costly. Accordingly, in this period the country is in a state of transition and is quite vulnerable. Until now, the government of the Russian Federation cannot bring the country to the proper level. Prevention of various threats to economic security is entrusted by the President of Russia to federal authorities executive power. Exist special regulations governments in this area with lists of measures, but, unfortunately, today their application in practice is not felt.
In conclusion, I would like to highlight the main directions for solving problems in the field of ensuring the economic security of Russia.
It is necessary to improve the regulatory framework of all types economic relations. The national interests of Russia in the field of economy are key. A comprehensive solution to the problems associated with the realization of Russia's interests is possible only on the basis of the stable functioning of a diversified high-tech production capable of providing the leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and the social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade - - competitive export goods.
The isolation of the economic complexes of the regions created the psychology of temporary workers, which today society has to abandon. Objective, for those times, isolation of the economic complexes of the regions, which took place within the framework of political euphoria, the complexity of the system of relations between the regions and the federal center, including in matters of budget financing and tax relations, formed new system federal interaction. It was built not just on the principles of administrative-territorial division, but on the economic lobbying of certain interests. Hence the absence of those "linkages" between the center, regions, state corporations, private companies and the population, which actually force each of the participants in this process to determine their interests.
From the standpoint of ensuring the economic security of the country, it is strategically important that the planned projects be implemented, since, on the one hand, the federal center actually provides additional funding to the regions, and on the other hand, the regions themselves activate their internal reserves, forming a new system of economic relations. The state deliberately finances from federal sources those powers that in many Western countries are funded by the regions themselves. Thus, creating a basis for the subsequent independent development of the territories, but within the framework of the Federation and the overall development strategy of the country. Perhaps this is one of the options for the transition from disintegration processes to the integration of territories. As for another problem related to nanotechnology, it shows that the equalization in the current situation of the level of financing of nanoindustrialization in Russia and the United States is a unique phenomenon in itself. But in order to increase production and increase the competitiveness of domestic nanoproducts, first of all, systemic institutional changes are needed. They are associated with the development of a mechanism for targeted state lending to long-term innovative projects, "growing" institutions of public-private venture partnership, the formation of an effective patent system and strengthening the protection of rights intellectual property, the introduction of procedures for strategic and indicative planning of development institutions with the establishment of target indicators for their activities, the consolidation of strict requirements and safety standards for nanomaterials, etc.
Federal State Educational state-financed organization
Higher professional education
"Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation"
(Financial University)
Department of "Microeconomics"
Discipline "Microeconomics"
Coursework on the topic:
"Problems of economic security in modern economy "
Completed by: student of group OiUS1-1
Tran Ngoc Long
Checked: d.e. n., prof. Vafina N.Kh.
Moscow 2013
Introduction
Bibliography
Attachment 1
Annex 2
Introduction
Any activity in the economic environment is associated with a danger that threatens the stable functioning of economic structures. That is why, throughout the entire period of economic formation, increasing security in the sphere of economic activity has always been and remains one of the leading motives for human activity. As economic systems developed, the influence of various factors that threatened the existence of these systems led to qualitative changes, as a result of which their security also increased.
One of the important conditions for the sustainable development of economic entities in the course of market transformations, the formation of high results in production and economic activity is an effective system for ensuring and continuously improving their economic security. The state of the country's macroeconomic security largely depends on how security problems are solved at the level of a single company, where, in fact, the strategic goals and objectives of the state's economic policy are embodied.
The change in the economy under the influence of market mechanisms has singled out the system of economic security of economic entities as a special object of management.
In a market economy, which is characterized by fast processes and their high volatility, both for individual enterprises and for large economic systems, the ability to accumulate a "strategic reserve" of competitiveness is fundamental, which allows you to sustainably undergo changes in the market.
The security of a firm is known to be influenced by both internal and external factors. In the context of globalization, it is constantly changing, remains unstable and risky. We take the liberty of asserting that now ensuring the sustainable, safe development of a company is no less complex and important problem than solving the same problem at the macro level.
The new situation necessitated a different way to evaluate and explore seemingly known problems. For example, the decline in production in the whole country, the change in the economic functions of the state, which has already ceased to be the main investor and consumer of products, forced us to look much broader at the problem of ensuring the economic security of the company at various stages and levels of its production activities, as well as the basic principles, directions and stages of implementation of security measures.
The little-studied problem of risks is of particular relevance in the new conditions. meanwhile, not only the position in the company itself depends on the ability to manage risks, but often the well-being of clients (depositors) who have entrusted their financial resources to it. In turn, qualified management is impossible without understanding the nature of risks, the ability to qualify them, evaluate the ratio of individual components, and also plan their actions correctly.
economic security national russia
§ 1. Characteristics of economic security
1.1 The concept, properties and functions of economic security
The concept of "security" is inextricably linked with such concepts as "sustainability", "development", "vulnerability" and "controllability".
Development, is one of the components of the economic security system. If the system does not develop, does not acquire novelty, then its ability to survive, resistance and adaptability to internal and external destructive factors that characterize the danger, and conditions that affect its stability, are sharply reduced.
Sustainability and securityare the most important characteristics of any system, including those aimed at the functioning and development of economic, commercial or entrepreneurial activity. Stability reflects the stability and reliability of the structures and elements of the system.
Vulnerabilitysystem - an indicator characterizing the degree of its exposure to external and internal hazards, i.e. its degree of insecurity. In a broader concept: "vulnerability can be considered as a property of any material object of nature, technology or society to lose the ability to perform natural or specified functions as a result of the negative impacts of hazards of a certain origin and intensity."
ControllabilityThe system is a complex characteristic of its ability to respond to a targeted impact, taking into account anticipation of the changing characteristics of the external and internal environment.
Economic security in the broad sense of the word is a multi-level structure that includes international economic security; economic security of a single state, region, company; personal economic security. These components are closely related to each other, forming a kind of subordinated system. It is important to note that the substance, the core of this system is the security of the state. If at this level the problems of economic security are solved properly, then the same thing is observed at the level of a single business entity, say a firm. Conversely, if the state does not perform this function, then the firm has difficulties.
The category of economic security is interpreted differently in the scientific literature. For example, according to V. Tambovtsev, "the economic security of a particular system should be understood as a set of properties of the state of its production subsystem, which ensures the ability to achieve the goals of the entire system." According to L.I. Abalkin "economic security is a state of economic system which allows it to develop dynamically, effectively and solve social problems and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy.
1.2 Essence and types of economic security
The most important component of economic security is the recognition of Russia's special national-state interests and goals. These interests exist both within the borders of the country and outside: state sovereignty; the international position of Russia, its place in the world division of labor, in the specialization and cooperation of production, in world trade, in the international financial and banking systems, in the most important markets for goods and services; self-preservation, self-defence.
As a knowledge system, economic security combines the following subsystems:
· legislative and legal documents that form the legal area economic law;
the economy;
·business;
· commercial activity;
· entrepreneurship;
· banking activities;
· currency market and valuable papers and etc.
Danger - the probability of deviation of the stable characteristics of the economic system, threatening its reliable and safe functioning under the influence of destructive factors of the internal or external environment.
Reliable security in the sphere of economic activity can be achieved through:
Ø strategies for the formation of the main tasks to achieve the goal;
Ø tactics for achieving the intended goals;
Ø highlighting the area of knowledge, the study of which is necessary to achieve the goal, the development of means of knowledge and principles used for decision-making;
Ø development and formation of practical and theoretical (scientific) tasks of economic security.
1.3 Economic security and its place in the system of national security
In a transitive economy, the national interests of the state are aimed at creating conditions sustainable development society. Ensuring such conditions should guarantee the existence of a multi-level security system, including economic. As discussed earlier, economic security includes various levels: state, regional, industry, firms, household and personality.
The economic security of the household is the ability of the subject to self-survival in the face of internal and external threats, as well as protection from the impact of unpredictable and difficult to predict factors.
In the transitional economy of Russia, it becomes more important than ever to provide households with the opportunity to fully participate in economic processes, to streamline and maintain their own sources and volumes of income. In addition, households should be able to protect their own choice, feel the support of the state. Creation safe conditions life activity of households in the conditions of transformation economic environment a habitat filled with threats and dangers is a natural process.
Economic security is a kind of service provided by the state with the help of funds created by the whole society. The state cannot always provide full protection against possible dangers and threats. Because the economic interests of the state may initially be in conflict with the economic interests of firms and households.
§ 2. The impact of economic security problems in the economy in developed countries Oh
At present, programs for the prevention and counteraction of economic crimes are widespread in the United States, implemented in cooperation with the country's law enforcement agencies, public and private security agencies and detective bureaus. This form of joint activity of the police and non-governmental organizations is quite effective.
According to experts, the costs of American firms in concluding contracts with special services providing security services reach $6 billion. Another $11 billion is spent on security interior spaces to reduce the cost of services of insurance companies.
The need to reduce commercial risks and increase the security of business activities encourages many companies, in addition to cooperating with independent security companies, to create their own security services. State intelligence agencies, in particular the FBI and the CIA, are usually involved in this.
For Great Britain, as well as for the USA, the desire of entrepreneurs to minimize undesirable publicity of the illegal activities of their subordinates is typical.
According to experts, by ensuring the security of only computer information in banks, up to 18 types of illegal operations can be distinguished, which are now given special attention, since they are difficult to detect using traditional methods. These types of suppression of computer crimes include:
· fight against fraud in the field of electronic transfer of deposits;
· detection of fraud with the provision of deposits;
· ensuring the safety of deposits.
2.1 Formation of the foundations of economic security in banking
The economic aspects of the security of economic entities in the framework of the activity approach, as a rule, are not dominant. The actualization of economic aspects is usually carried out by the category of economic security, which involves, first of all, ensuring the possibility of realizing the economic goals of the bank: maximizing profits and minimizing operating costs.
In addition to the above, there are many other approaches to the definition of the concept of economic security of economic entities. let's analyze some of them.
normative approach.
Security of banking activity - a system of economic norms and instruments that ensure the protection of banks and the interests of their customers. Modern economic theory and practice have developed many economic characteristics banks, for example:
· asset quality (structure of the bank's loan and investment portfolio);
· profitability, functioning of the bank, allowing to judge the effectiveness of the bank;
· liquidity and solvency characterizing financial stability jar;
· bank growth rates, etc.
However, the regulatory approach to the economic security of a bank is very narrow, since it reduces security issues only to the rules and regulations that banks must comply with in the course of their activities, and guarantees that protect bank customers from incapacitated credit institutions. This approach establishes general norms and rules of banking activity, but does not take into account many individual factors and environmental impacts on a particular bank.
institutional approach.
The above analysis of various approaches shows that the economic security of a bank is not a one-dimensional concept. First of all, in the considered definitions it is not possible to single out the security object in an explicit form. in addition, real economic security is subject to many objective and subjective factors and circumstances. In particular, it is largely determined by the state of the institutions of power, which guarantee the protection of the economic interests of an economic entity. The more stable the elements of the economic system, the ratio of production and financial and banking capital, the balance of the ownership structure and state regulation, investment support, institutional infrastructure development, etc., the safer the system.
Therefore, it seems that economic security is a certain, measured by scientifically based quantitative and qualitative criteria, the state of the economy of an economic entity, necessary and sufficient for:
ü implementation of the target function (activity and economic components);
ü independent, sustainable and progressive development;
ü maintaining stability in the face of external and internal economic, political, social, natural and man-made destabilizing influences.
Thus, the analysis of the concept of banking security allows us to draw the following conclusions:
.the object of the bank's economic security is the state of its economy;
2.the state of the bank's economy in terms of security is determined by the security of personnel, information and property.
2.2 Economic security of the company (enterprise). Types and sources of threats
Economic security of the enterprise -is a system that provides competitive advantages of the enterprise through effective use resources (material, labor, financial, investment) based on the study of comprehensive information generated in a comprehensive accounting and information system.
One of the most important characteristic features entrepreneurship is a commercial risk. This puts entrepreneurship in conditions where it must take into account in advance the sources and factors of commercial risk, dangers and threats to the economic security of entrepreneurial activity. A risk factor in business is understood as a reason, a driving force that can give rise to security or lead to damage or loss.
Sources of danger are conditions and factors that conceal and under certain conditions, by themselves or in a different combination, reveal hostile intentions, harmful properties, destructive nature.
So, depending on the possibility of their forecasting, it is necessary to single out foreseeable, or predictable, dangers or threats and unforeseen ones.
To predictableinclude those that, as a rule, arise under certain conditions, they are known from the experience of economic activity, timely identified and summarized by economic science.
Unforeseenoccur suddenly, unexpectedly. They are associated, as a rule, with unpredictable actions of competitors, partners, changes in the legal field, deformation of the socio-economic or political situation, force majeure (accidents, natural disasters), etc.
Depending on the source of danger and threat to economic security, enterprises are divided into objective and subjective. Objectivearise without the participation and against the will of the enterprise or its employees, they are independent of decisions taken, manager's actions. subjectiveare generated by intentional or unintentional actions of people, various bodies and organizations, including state and international competing enterprises. Therefore, their prevention is largely associated with the impact on the subjects of economic relations.
The threat is considered as changes in the internal or external environment of the subject, which lead to undesirable changes in the subject of security. a threat can be viewed as a directed impact of a hazard, i.e. characterized by the direction of the factor and the probability of its manifestation. A threat to economic activity is characterized by any impact that leads to a change in the stable functioning of the economic system in the present period and its sustainable development in the future. AT economic practice ensuring the protection and security of firms and enterprises are vital, because without scientifically based security technologies, economic units cannot be sure of the prospects for further development.
Security, competitiveness and sustainability are three interrelated vectors of the evolution of firms, therefore, the inconsistency of any of them with the others leads to systemic problems and initiates crises.
2.3 Economic mechanisms for protecting the firm
Any company operates and develops in conditions of uncertainty, in a competitive environment that produces numerous threats. Extreme processes cause sharp, shock changes in the endogenous conditions and resources of the firm, provoking defensive reactions on its part. There is an obvious need to form an effective economic mechanism for protecting the company, but first - the development theoretical foundations this kind of strategic planning.
economic mechanism The protection of the company is defined as a way to transform the state of danger into security by effectively controlling the input of resources and the output of products, combining endogenous factors and mobilizing reserves, monitoring and filtering threats, their reflection and suppression. The function of this mechanism is to ensure continuous expansion of the reproduction of the system of counteraction to extreme impacts with a minimum of costs with a maximum of useful effect in order to maintain the homeostasis of the company in the triune coordinate system of its competitive, sustainable and safe development.
Rice. one.Firm protection system function
Security is a prerequisite for security and the basis for the competitiveness and sustainability of the company's development. But since a firm is a complex economic system, the mechanism for protecting it from threats must also be systemic. The functional consistency of this mechanism lies in its coverage of all actions, operations, production cycles and business processes of the company.
The consistency of the mechanism under consideration is expressed by the logic of the relationship of its key elements (blocks) - goals, subjects, objects, tools, means, methods, indicators, methods of correction.
The system of goals, the implementation of which this mechanism serves, is differentiated and forms two levels. The upper one is represented by the general (main) goal, and the lower one is represented by a complex of private goals distributed in separate directions, terms, objects, methods of implementing protective measures.
General purpose ensuring the protection of the company from extreme environmental impacts - to create a permanent mechanism to counteract external threats at a minimum cost and ensure the stability of the company's dynamics.
Private purposes firms can be divided into the following blocks:
· in areas - diagnostics and monitoring of threats, their blocking and elimination, informing and instructing personnel, etc.;
· by terms - short-term, seasonal, medium-term (1-2 years), long-term (3-5 years);
· by objects - suppliers, wholesalers, intermediaries, consumers, etc.
main subjectsecurity of the company can be performed by a specialized protective unit, an external organization involved on a contract basis, a mobile working group with protection functions, etc.
Objects of protectionare the company as a whole and its competitive status, and the focus areas for ensuring security are personnel, technologies, materials and raw materials, institutional structure, organizational charts, information, goods, financial flows.
§ 3. The impact of economic security problems in Russia
3.1 Difficulties in addressing economic security in Russia
The problem of ensuring the security of Russia in the field of economy is complicated by a combination of major internal problems associated with the difficulties of developing a market economy due to the global financial and economic crisis, with no less major external problems associated with the contradictions of the globalization process against the backdrop of the same global crisis.
Modern market economy enables economic entities to independently determine options for organizing production and the possibility of selling products, ways to develop their economic interests, and choose business partners. This, in turn, requires them to be responsible for the results of their activities and necessitates solving the problems of safety and sustainable development of the enterprise.
The development of society and ensuring the well-being of its members significantly depends on the safety of their activities. The most important integral part This security is economic security, which can be considered as a steady state national economy.
On the present stage The development of the Russian economy is characterized by many transients when crises and critical situations are an integral characteristic of the functioning of economic systems at all levels. Therefore, ensuring economic security is becoming one of the strategic state tasks. At the same time, in the process of reform, our economy has largely lost the ability to carry out expanded production. Many enterprises, having become independent economic entities, have been experiencing financial and economic difficulties for a long time due to the low competitiveness of their products, low quality of services and inefficient form of management organization.
The formation and development of market mechanisms in the Russian economy, changes in the forms and methods of state regulation of enterprises, the increased influence of the external environment, the emergence of competition and the need for enterprises to adapt to the conditions prevailing in the external environment, led to the emergence of numerous problems in ensuring the economic security of enterprises.
Under these conditions, for enterprises, for business entities, it becomes actual problem increasing the level of economic security of economic security.
The economic security of economic entities is closely dependent, primarily on the state of the country's economy. This external economic environment for them determines the framework in which economic entities build their activities, and suggests mechanisms that they can use to ensure the economic efficiency of their activities and achieve a certain level of economic security.
Thus, economic security is inextricably linked with economic efficiency the functioning of economic entities and the prevention of threats aimed at reducing this efficiency.
3.2 Promising directions and methods for solving problems of economic security
Ensuring economic security and sustainable development of corporations involves achieving an optimal balance between their risks and profitability. In turn, the construction of a system for ensuring the economic security of corporate entities is not aimed at eliminating risk factors, but at creating a mechanism that can ensure the efficient conduct of business activities in conditions of uncertainty.
The main direction of improving the system of economic security is the creation and security of all blocks, its components: property, personnel, information and financial.
In the system of ensuring the economic security of economic entities, an important place belongs to the means of protection. Their composition should correspond to the current stage of economic development and be based on new, progressive technologies, which should be based on certain rules (standards) for protecting business.
Based on the results of the analysis of the current system adopted Russian subjects management as a protective measure, as well as taking into account foreign practice in this field of activity, a system of corporate protection of economic security of economic entities in a market economy.
The system includes the following major areas of protection:
v governmental support;
v prevention of external threats;
v ensuring internal security;
v organization of competitive intelligence;
v use of modern technologies for ensuring economic security in economics and finance.
State protection and support of business entitiesis central to their security. It is the state bodies that should timely develop laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, protecting their interests and property.
The main elements of the economic security system of an enterprise include: protection of trade secrets and confidential information; computer security; internal security; safety of buildings and structures; physical security; technical safety; communication security; security of economic and contractual activities; safety of transportation of goods and persons, etc.
The main tasks of the economic security system of any commercial structure include:
ü protection of the legal rights and interests of the enterprise and its employees;
ü collection, analysis, evaluation of data and forecasting of the development of the situation;
ü study of partners, customers, competitors, candidates for the work of the enterprise;
ü preservation material values and information constituting the commercial secret of the enterprise;
ü control over the efficiency of the enterprise security system, improvement of its elements.
ü Threats, risks, protection and security of the company can be considered at five interrelated levels of its structure: three main (nano-workers, mini-divisions and micro-firm as a whole as a subject of interaction with the environment) and two intermediate ones (professional groups of workers and functional subsystems) . At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the multi-layered external environment of the company.
Conclusion
The problem of ensuring the economic security of enterprises requires a solution that applies to all enterprises and economic entities operating in market conditions. In order to ensure security in the economic sphere, it is necessary to ensure against internal and external influences that disrupt the normal functioning of the enterprise.
To fully ensure economic security, an enterprise needs to do the following:
· identify the paradox and contradictions in the legislation in order to minimize taxes and fees;
· develop mechanisms and take measures against criminal groups with the possible involvement of law enforcement agencies;
· identify the level of professionalism of partners, the psychology of their behavior;
· develop and implement mechanisms to counter the activities of dishonest competitors, prevent unofficial tax audits.
The management of the economic security of an enterprise involves the detection of dangerous threats, the definition of the structure and functions of departments, which ensures the prevention of these threats and the creation of a forecasting system, operational planning of economic security issues.
The economic security assessment and analysis system includes a set of sequential, interconnected blocks, stages of activity, methodologies, methods, models that are systematized and adapted to these tasks, making it possible to identify, evaluate and reduce the impact of economic risk to an acceptable level with minimal corporate resources .
The economic security of the enterprise is proposed to be considered as a measure of harmonization in time and space of the economic interests of the enterprise with the interests of the subjects of the external environment associated with it, acting outside the boundaries of the enterprise. Such an understanding of the economic security of an enterprise does not contradict the attempts already made to define this concept, since, like all these attempts, it proceeds from the recognition of a significant, if not more decisive, influence of the external environment on the activities of an enterprise. The fundamental difference between the proposed understanding of the economic security of an enterprise is the recognition of the impossibility of fully protecting the activities of an enterprise from the negative impact of the external environment due to the fact that the enterprise operates in this external environment and outside of it its activities are impossible, as well as the recognition of the positive influence of the external environment.
The economic security of the enterprise, its independence and prevention of sliding into the zone of critical risk can be ensured if the most important strategic directions for ensuring business security are determined, a clear logical scheme is built for the timely detection and elimination of possible dangers and threats, and mitigation of the consequences of economic risk. It is necessary to carry out a number of preparatory measures to create a reliable security system for the company. This work largely determines what decisions will be made in this area, how security agencies will be formed, what financial, material and human resources will be allocated, and, ultimately, the effectiveness of business security.
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11. Zykov V.V.Features of the development of Russian entrepreneurship and the problems of ensuring its economic security: monograph. Tyumen: Tyumen State University Press, 2010.220p.
12. Gorshkov A.V.Economic security of households in modern Russia: Monograph [Text] / Gorshkov A.V., N.Z. Trade. - Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk Institute (branch) FGOU VPO "Ural Academy of Public Administration", 2011.236s.
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Attachment 1
Limiting critical values of state security indicators
No. p / p ECONOMIC SPHERE1Volume of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the world average 100%Socio-political, economic and military defense against developed and medium-developed states2Share in industrial production: manufacturing industry engineering 70% 20%Deindustrialization of the country, the collapse of the military-industrial complex3Volume of investments, in % of GDP25% Curtailment of production4Share of new types of products in output6%Loss of high technologies, sales markets and reduction of the country's defense capability5Inflation rate for the year20%Uncertainty of the population in the future, economic crisis6The volume of external debt in % of GDP25%Economic enslavement of the country, loss of state independence7Budget deficit in % of GDP5%Increasing inflation8The volume of foreign currency in cash to the volume of the national currency in cash25%Undermining confidence in the national currency, financial dependence9Money supply in% of GDP50%Lack of working capital, decline in production10Share of imports in domestic consumption: total food consumption 30% 25%Economic, socio-political and military dependence of the country, the threat of famine11Differentiation of the subjects of the state in terms of the subsistence level1.5 times The emergence of military conflicts between the subjects of the state12The level of decline in industrial production30-40%Deindustrialization of the economy13Share in exports of manufacturing products40%Colonial raw materials structure of the economy14Share in exports of high-tech products10-15%Technological advocacy of the economy15Share of government spending on science in % of GDP2%Destruction of intellectual potential
Annex 2
External and internal threats to the economic security of the enterprise.
External threatsInternal threatsActive participation of representatives of government and management in commercial activities Actions or omissions (including intentional and unintentional) of the company's employees that are contrary to the interests of its commercial activities, which may result in economic damage to the company Use of criminal structures to influence competitors Leakage or loss of information resources (including information constituting a trade secret and / or confidential information) Lack of laws to fully counteract unfair competition Undermining its business image in business circles Lack of favorable conditions in the country for conducting scientific and technical research Problems in relations with real and potential partners (up to the loss of important contracts) Lack of detailed and objective information about business entities and their financial situation Conflict situations by representatives of the criminal environment, competitors, regulatory and law enforcement agencies, industrial injury or death of personnel, etc. Lack of business culture in the business environment
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Surgut State University
problems, economic security, at present, security, analysis, a threat
At present, the study of the problems of the economic security of the Russian Federation is one of the most important activities of economists. Many articles, monographs and research papers are devoted to this topic. The current situation in Russia is such that the research of specialists in a particular field intersects with the problems of economic security, and as world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of the independence of the state, a guarantee of the existence of society. Ensuring the security and defense of the state always requires a developed, strong, sustainable economy. In this article, on the example of the Russian Federation, threats to economic security are considered, an analysis of threats and an analysis of economic security in general is carried out, and ways to eliminate some threats are presented.
In the beginning it is necessary to define the concept of "economic security". Economic security is the state of the economic system, which allows it to develop dynamically, efficiently and solve social problems, and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy. A holistic conceptual vision of the problem of economic security implies the definition of a system of conditions, criteria, characteristics, organizational forms and mechanisms for protecting the national economy from various types of threats to the system of national-state interests. Economic security, even in the most economically developed countries and stable countries, remains relative, since adverse external influences, as well as the possibility of their threats, are not excluded. Threats to economic security are divided into two types, external and internal. Of the internal threats to economic security, we highlight the growth of the structural deformation of the economy, since in order to ensure economic growth in the state, it is necessary first of all to carry out structural modifications in the economy, the essence of which is to match the structure of production and the structure of demand. Let us single out some of the external threats to economic security. Let's start with one of the important dangers - "brain drain" or "brain drain", the emigration of the population, usually its intellectual layer, which leads to a reduction in intellectual potential, and, consequently, to curb economic growth. One of the main threats of the “Brain Drain” is the halt in the growth of state technologies. The main reasons for intellectual emigration are: Low pay for scientific work. Low level of scientific research equipment. Political instability in countries where qualified personnel leave. As measures to prevent this problem, the following can be suggested: Increase wages scientists. Increase funding for science. Implementation of economic, social, political, legal and other measures of international character. Put this problem on the same level with the rest important issues public policy. An important circumstance that negatively affects economic security is the phenomenon of “capital flight” abroad, this threat is one of the key threats to economic security, since investments in the national economy contribute to the development National economy of this country, its economic growth, raising the level and quality of life of its population, that is, the capital exported abroad will work for the country in which it gets. The reasons for the “capital flight” from Russia are as follows: The fundamental nature of the accelerated transformation of the economic and political system. The low level of investor confidence in the national currency, which led to a "flight" from the ruble to the dollar. High level inflation in the country. In order to prevent capital flight, the following measures can be applied: Introduction of a unified customs and currency control. Licensing of the export of capital. Inventory of Russian investments abroad. Other measures. One of the forms of “capital flight” that has received the most attention is illegal outflows. financial resources. According to Global Financial Integrity (GFI), the outflow of funds from developing countries amounted to 5.9 trillion US dollars from 2001 to 2010. Another important threat to economic security is the external public debt, that is, the debt that the state must reimburse non-residents in foreign currency. The upper limit of the state internal debt of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2017 will be $55.1 billion, and Table 1 below shows the dynamics of the volume of state external debt, $ billion for 2014-2016. Table 1 External public debt (2014-2016) 2014 54.4 2015 50.0 2016 50.9 external debt by types of government securities as of August 1, 2016, (%) Euro bonded loans 72.8% Provision of guarantees of the Russian Federation in foreign currency 23.3% Debt to international financial institutions 1.7% Debt to non-Paris Club countries 1.3% Debt former countries CMEA 0.8% Other 0% Another important threat to economic security is the openness of the economy. An open economy is an economic system focused on maximum participation in world economic relations and the international division of labor. It opposes autarkic economic systems that develop separately on the basis of self-sufficiency, therefore, the openness of the economy is a normal and objectively necessary phenomenon. Accelerating the development of international economic integration processes requires an increasingly open economy, that is, there must be transparency (free access to macroeconomic information), economic freedom within the country and there must be participation of the country and its economic entities in the global integration process. A prerequisite for the openness of the economy is economic freedom and the observance of its three principles in the state: freedom of choice, freedom of private exchange and guarantee of private property. Today, the leaders of the economic openness rating are: Hong Kong, USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, Malaysia and others. Every modern state, pursuing a policy of open economy, at the same time seeks to some extent to reduce interference in its economic activity. The vast majority of states, even those whose economies are recognized as the most open, adhere to a policy of strict protectionism. It should be noted that all of these threats are also characteristic of modern Russia. Problems of economic security are exacerbated during periods of a radical break in economic relations. This explains the fact that the issues of Russia's economic security are very relevant at the present stage of its development. The domestic economy is still endangered by the threats characteristic of transitional economic systems. The desire to ensure sustainable economic development of the state is in conflict with regional differentiation in terms of the standard of living of the population, which is also complicated by sectoral structural deformation. Also, the problems of economic security can be divided into two more types; threats of the first level of danger and threats to economic security of the second level. The threats of the first level include: Unemployment. Slowdown in the increase in incomes of the population, reduction of poverty and material stratification of the population. Slow problem resolution housing problem in the country. Slow improvement in the state of social sectors. Deformed structure of exports and imports. It should also be emphasized that this block of threats to economic security, called accompanying ones, can only be overcome as a result of achieving sufficiently high rates of economic growth and diversifying production on an innovative basis, including through large budget investments. The second level threats include: Those that arise in financial sector. Their occurrence is associated with budget policy focused on the greatest deterrence budget spending and unjustified reduction of the budget deficit, which slows down the pace of economic growth and innovative development of the economy. Among the threats of the second level today, the most significant are: Budget deficit, monetization of savings, inflation, low lending activity of banks, high volatility of the currency and financial markets, external and internal debt, capital flight. The government of the Russian Federation today should focus on the problems of economic security, since these problems worsen the standard of living of Russians and the level of Russia's competitiveness in the international race in various areas, it should be noted that in order to prevent threats, the government must act carefully and prudently, and must also resort to help from more developed countries to prevent mistakes.
Tsvetkova A.Yu.
Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor
GOU VPO St. Petersburg State Mining Institute. G.V. Plekhanova (TU)
The realization of Russia's national interests in most cases is possible only if there are sufficient economic opportunities and sustainable economic development. Thus, we can say that economic security has a decisive place in common system national security.
As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of a country's independence, a condition for the stability and efficiency of society's life, and success. Therefore, ensuring economic security is one of the most important national priorities.
Economic security is a combination of internal and external conditions that favor the effective dynamic growth of the national economy, its ability to meet the needs of society, the state, the individual, ensure competitiveness in external and internal markets, insuring against various kinds of threats and losses.
The economic security of the country must be ensured, first of all, by the efficiency of the economy itself, that is, along with the protective measures taken by the state, it must protect itself on the basis of high labor productivity, product quality, etc. Ensuring the country's economic security is not the prerogative of any one state department or service. It must be supported by the whole system government agencies, all links and structures of the economy.
In 2000, the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation was adopted - a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life. The Concept formulates the most important directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation.
The concept defines the fundamental initial provisions for the national security of the country, which should become the basis for the formation of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. It analyzes Russia's place in the world community, defines its national interests, processes and phenomena that threaten them.
The protection of the country's national interests in the economic sphere plays a paramount role in ensuring Russia's national security. Ultimately, the provision of all elements of national security: defense, environmental, informational, foreign policy and others - depends on the country's economic capabilities. At the same time, the development of a program of priority and long-term measures to ensure Russia's economic security and practical steps in this direction should be based on a clear understanding of contemporary threats.
In accordance with the National Security Concept, “threats in the sphere of the economy are of a complex nature and are caused, first of all, by a significant reduction in internal gross product, decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, imbalance banking system, the growth of external and internal public debt, a tendency to predominate in export deliveries fuel and raw materials and energy components, and in import deliveries - food and consumer goods, including basic necessities. State domestic economy, the imperfection of the system of organization of state power and civil society, the socio-political polarization of Russian society and the criminalization of public relations, the growth of organized crime and the increase in the scale of terrorism, the aggravation of interethnic and complication international relations create a wide range of internal and external threats to the national security of the country. The weakening of the scientific, technical and technological potential of the country, the reduction of research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, the outflow of specialists and intellectual property abroad threaten Russia with the loss of leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and undermining the defense capability of Russia.
Negative processes in the economy underlie the separatist aspirations of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This leads to increased political instability, weakening the single economic space of Russia and its most important components - production, technology and transport links, financial and banking, credit and tax systems.
Economic disintegration, social differentiation of society, devaluation of spiritual values contribute to increased tension in relations between the regions and the center, posing a threat to the federal structure and the socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation.
Even brief analysis modern threats allows us to conclude that there is a need for a radical change in approaches to ensuring the country's economic security. The growth of these threats is largely due to miscalculations in the choice of strategy and tactics. Russian reforms.
In the course of reforms, any transformations in society and the economy, during a crisis, the economy is especially vulnerable to threats to economic security. As world experience shows, during such periods, the instability of the economy increases, its normal functioning is disrupted.
The economic logic of development implies the diversification of sales markets, and in this case, a reasonable long-term policy of Russia should link energy strategy and modernization of the country, since energy exports are the main financial source of development, as follows from the structure of Russian foreign trade. In the long run, Russia, like any country with sufficient human and natural resources, will try to modernize its manufacturing industry, especially engineering, while the task of finding export niches will be increasingly relevant in the context of economic crisis.
Currently, it is necessary to develop an internal Russian market, to increase the solvency of the population, by all means to increase the well-being of the population.
It is necessary to improve the efficiency of property management - both in private and in public sectors.
It is necessary to reduce the existing bias of the national economy in favor of the export-oriented sector of the economy by placing large-scale state orders in the military-industrial complex, nuclear, engineering, aviation and aerospace, chemical and pharmaceutical, electronic industries, which ensure the creation of goods with high added value.
Sources
1. Blokhin S.V. The concept of economic security // oad.rags.ru/…/issues/issue0506/090508.htm
2. The concept of national security of the Russian Federation. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 24, 10.01.2000.
3. Kuzyk B. Development strategy: tasks of transition to a geo-economic model // Russian Economic Journal. Number 3. 2008.
4. Mironova T.A. Economic development of Russia in 2008 // Analytical Bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. 2007. No. 23 (154).
Yurga Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University
Student, Department of Economics and Automated Control Systems
Politsinskaya Ekaterina Viktorovna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics and Automated Control Systems, Yurga Technological Institute, Tomsk Polytechnic University
Annotation:
Modern society is at risk from all sides: the development of new technologies, the huge impact of scientific and technological progress on a person, climate change, an increase in the number of new diseases, the emergence of geopolitical centers of economic development, man-made disasters, a shortage of energy resources - all this makes it necessary to transform the role of the state in the field of economic security.
Modern society with all parties at risk: the development of new technologies, the huge impact of technological progress on human rights, climate change, the proliferation of new diseases, the emergence of geopolitical centers of economic development, technological disasters, lack of energy – all this makes it necessary to transform the role of the state in the field of economic security.
Keywords:
economy; security of the Russian economy; economic security issues
economy; security of the Russian economy; problems of economic security
UDC 338.2
The stable and active formation of the state economy, its performance and competitiveness in domestic and world markets are directly related to the economic security of the country.
Economic security is usually regarded as an important high-quality assessment of the country's economic system, which establishes its ability to maintain the habitual requirements of the population's life, stable endowment with resources for the formation of the national economy, as well as the methodical implementation of national-state interests.
The purpose of writing the article is to identify the main issues and difficulties in ensuring the economic security of Russia.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks should be identified:
Ensuring the economic security of the country is one of the most topical issues during this period of time. As world practice demonstrates, the protection of economic security is the guarantor of the independence of the country, the main sign of stability and successful life of society. The difficulties of establishing economic security in Russia, as a necessary condition for its formation, attract the very close attention of many politicians, various scientists, and other broad sections of the population. Such interest is not caused by chance. The scale of the threats, as well as the possible real damage brought to the financial security of the state, expose the mentioned difficulties to the attention of public life.
Now, the category of economic security is variously explained in the scientific literature. For example, according to the judgment of L.I. Abalkin, "economic security is the state of the economic system, which allows it to develop dynamically, efficiently and solve social problems, and in which the state has the opportunity to develop and implement an independent economic policy."
To ensure state security, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009, decree No. 537 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” was issued, which approved the concept of state security of the Russian Federation. It reflects the main, alleged threats to national security, as well as the main tasks, directions, principles for ensuring the state economic security of the Russian Federation. and domestic policy, as well as proposals to meet all the economic needs of the population and reliable protection from internal and external threats.
The goal of the concept of providing economic security is considered to be: ensuring commensurate and constant financial growth, curbing the growth of inflation and unemployment, developing an efficient structure of the economy and the securities market, reducing the budget deficit and public debt, providing social protection, maintaining the stability of the national currency, etc. P.
Considering the problems of economic security, it is important to assess the current state of the Russian economy, which has developed in previous years. Surpassing the territory, gas and oil production, resources, in comparison with the United States, China and Japan, Russia produces a much smaller amount of GDP, as well as GDP per capita. Also, product exports remain low and Russia remains dependent on imported services. We can safely say that, despite the vast territory, the Russian economy gives a much lower financial return than it could, given the amount of financial reserves accumulated in recent years.
The problems of world economic security are closely related to one of the main tasks of the economy - the harmonization of its spheres.
Harmonization is finding a balance between the main areas and sectors of the economy. It can be based on a large-scale increase in domestic production volumes. A sufficiently high growth rate in industry should also be ensured, for example: in the fuel and energy complex. The problem of introducing competitive advanced technologies is acute. In Russia, by independent evaluation, the resource-extracting industries have the greatest potential, while the processing and processing industries are lagging behind. In the last two years, there has been a slight revival in these sectors as well. Transport and communications are the most conducive to the growth of production, while the most important industry that requires innovation - mechanical engineering - remains at an insufficiently high level.
The technological level of the economy depends primarily on two factors - innovation and investment. The state of affairs in terms of investment is slowly but improving, and the state of innovation in them barely reaches 12%. Accordingly, the competitiveness of technologies for the production of machinery and equipment has a significant position in the technological base of the state.
The problem of industrial safety in Russia is one of the main problems. Having about 15% of the world's agricultural land reserves, the state uses this wealth inefficiently: Russia's share in world agricultural production is no more than 2%. The reason lies in the fact that about 40% of land suitable for agricultural land is ownerless and not used. A country that has 17 million km 2 of territory can only produce 58% of the food the country needs. Every year Russia's dependence on food imports increases and approaches 45%, and in some megacities it is about 82-88%. However, as a result of the introduction by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin's decree on the food embargo in August 2014, local producers have a real chance to reduce the statistics on the use of imported products.
To preserve Russia in the status of a major agrarian-industrial power, to save the country from economic decline, it is worth moving on to developing a strategy for the country's real economy and reviving the agricultural complex. This approach will require an immediate strengthening of the role of state participation in the economy.
Another notable problem of economic security is the reduction in the quantity and quality of labor resources. It is believed that by 2025 the number of able-bodied citizens in the country will decrease by 14-15 million people, while the number of pensioners, on the contrary, will increase by 5-7 million people. According to forecasts, by 2050 Russia will experience a sharp demographic decline, as a result of which the number of able-bodied citizens will decrease by 40-42%, which is approximately 39 million people.
Under such conditions, it is very important to clearly identify the main directions of economic development, where a breakthrough and increase in labor productivity, ensuring the competitiveness of domestic products is possible. To do this, it is necessary to develop and implement state program projects on innovation. They must be provided with real resources, specialists, professionals in their field. If you choose the right principles for the country's innovative development, they will be able to ensure the progress of the entire national economy as a whole.
Economic threats are complex. Economic security is subject to risks from a variety of factors; however, they are not only economic. Social, environmental, informational, political and many other factors also have a great influence.
The state must implement a complete system of measures, first of all, to ensure sustainable economic growth, this will be the guarantor of national economic security.
Such measures should cover all sectors of the economy. These measures include such factors as: the implementation of a dynamically developing social policy, strengthening the role of the state in various financial areas.
Bibliographic list:
Reviews:
07/15/2015, 02:53 PM Kuzmenko Igor Nikolaevich
Review: Alice, what is your personal contribution to the development of the topic of economic security? I personally from what I read did not see anything original and new. You repeat the words that have already set the teeth on edge to everyone: "the state should." But for some reason it, this very state does not do this. It is precisely with this that you, as a researcher, were obliged to connect the topic of national security, and not to shift the words of textbooks and the same Abalkin, who at one time caused enormous damage to this same national security. Due to the fact that the article is raw and does not introduce anything new in the field of national and economic security in science, I do not recommend it for publication! Only through deep processing and understanding of this topic can an article be recommended! Evaluation not only as a PhD, but also as an applicant for a doctorate in economics in the direction of national and economic security!
