Features of the Mongolian economy
Mongolia is an agrarian and industrial state, which today trades with more than 80 world states.
Remark 1
Until the nineties of the 20th century, 90% of trade in Mongolia was occupied by trade with the Soviet Union, today more than 40% is trade with Russian Federation and China, the rest of the trade with highly developed countries: Japan, Switzerland, South Korea and the United States.
Most people are urban dwellers, however, Mongolia's economy today is concentrated in industries such as mining and agriculture. A significant part industrial production countries make up mineral resources, including copper, tin, molybdenum, coal, tungsten and gold.
Due to the harsh continental climate, the country has an agriculture that is vulnerable to natural disasters during periods of extreme cold and drought. The country includes small arable land, about 80% of the territory is used as pastures. Most of rural population engaged in the release of livestock, which consists of sheep, cattle, goats, camels and horses. Mongolia has more livestock per capita than any other country in the world.
The Mongolian industry is quite extensive, in this country there are opportunities for the development of a large number of manufacturing industries, the products of which are exported to other states, and are also in great domestic demand.
Remark 2
Initially, agriculture was developed in the country, the production of food products, textile and leather products. After the Second World War, the state receives a significant financial assistance from the USSR and China, which contributes to a significant expansion of industry.
In modern conditions, there are enterprises in Mongolia:
Accommodation industrial enterprises is concentrated in more than 20 cities, while the bulk of the output is consumed domestically in the state. Today, more than 1,000 types of agricultural products are offered in Mongolia: products made of fur, leather, wool, as well as furs and leather themselves. These products are exported and also used by the population of the country. To a large extent, Mongolia works for itself, while it has everything you need.
The mining industry is widely developed in Mongolia. But, despite the abundant mineral deposits, they are characterized by limited development. Mongolia has four deposits of brown coal, concentrated in Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur. The southern part of the country in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range is characterized by the presence of coal, the geological reserves of coal in this place can be estimated at billions of tons.
For a long time, deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have been known and developed, with average reserves. A copper-molybdenum deposit was found in the Treasure Mountain. This deposit leads to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet is built.
Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in the city of Sain-Shanda (a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar), which is located near the border with the Republic of China. The plant lasted 20 years, in 1970 oil production stops. Also, large deposits of phosphorites were discovered near Lake Khuvsgul, and their mining begins. But soon, for reasons of environmental violations, all work is reduced to zero.
Before the start of the reforms in the country, with the help of the Soviet Union, the search for zeolite, a mineral of the aluminosilicate group, was carried out successfully, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants.
To date, the main mining industry in Mongolia is the coal industry, with the advantage of brown coal mining. The main part of coal production is concentrated in the SharynGol coal mine, the annual production of which is more than 1 million tons. It is located near the city of Darkhan, and in the Nalaya mine (capacity is more than 600 million tons). Smaller sections are present in the area of Under-Khan and other areas.
Release electrical energy produced at thermal power plants, the largest of which is located in Darkhan.
The manufacturing industry in Mongolia includes light and food industries. These industries account for more than 1/2 of the state's gross industrial output and more than 1/2 of the employed workers in the state.
More large enterprises represented by an industrial complex with eight factories and plants in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei.
The building materials industry includes a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, as well as a brick and cement factory in Darkhan.
First of all, the local industry was based on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were fabrics, leather products, food products and felt.
A large number of new industrial companies appear in Mongolia after the end of World War II. The period of growth was typical for the fifties and sixties, at that time the state received large financial assistance from China and the USSR.
Since the 1980s, local industry has provided about a third of the country's gross national product. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than 2 dozen cities with enterprises of national importance in the country. In addition to Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest cities are Erdenet, Sukhbaatar, Baganur Choibalsan.
Mongolia releases a large number of names of industrial and agricultural products, a large share of which is consumed in the country. Furs, leather and fur products, leather and wool, livestock and animal products, as well as molybdenum ore, phosphorites and fluorites are intended for export.
During the years of extensive cooperation between the two countries, Russian geologists, together with their Mongolian colleagues, were looking for ore and water, oil and coal, that is, everything that was later reflected on the map " Natural resources Mongolia. Minerals".
The studies of the oil-bearing regions of Mongolia in 1922-1923 were carried out by American geologists H. Berkeley and S. Morris in the Gobi. Another American geologist D. Tenner in 1931 suggested the existence of oil in Mongolia. Systematic exploration of oil fields in Mongolia began in 1934. Two oil fields were explored in the south and in the south-east with a reserve of about 6.2 million tons.
Until 1941, geological surveys were carried out in southeastern Mongolia, as a result of which a fairly complete stratigraphic scheme of Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits, with which oil fields are associated, was given, with the participation of the Mongolian geologist Zh. Dugersuren and the Soviet geologist Yu. Zhelubovsky. An important result of these works was the discovery of surface signs of oil content in the Dzunbayan area, which subsequently led to the discovery of the Dzunbayan oil field in the Eastern Gobi near the city of Dzunbayan, which was additionally explored, delineated, as geologists say, and put into operation by 1948. Structures favorable for accumulations of oil and gas have also been established. Over twenty years of operation at the Dzunbayanskoye field, more than 260 wells with a depth of up to 3 km have been drilled. each. Between 1947 and 1963 Soviet geologists discovered two small oil fields and 80 presumably oil-bearing structures in the southern, southeastern and eastern parts of the country.
After the end of the Second World War in 1947, the Mongolneft trust was established and in 1950 an oil refinery with a capacity of about 0.4 million barrels per year, which is equivalent to thousands of tons, was built in Dzunbayan. Between 1950 and 1969, more than 4 million barrels (about 0.6 million tons) of oil were produced from the Dzunbayan field, and a total of 7 million barrels of oil (538.7 thousand tons of crude oil, including light oil imported from Russia for blending with local oil) were processed at refineries, which provided 20 percent of the country's consumption in that historical period.
In 1969, the work of the plant was suspended for several reasons: a decrease in pressure in the wells of the Dzunbayan field and the problems of uninterrupted supply of raw materials resulting from this, a fire at a refinery, and the discovery of oil fields in the Soviet Union. Western Siberia. As a consequence of this, the Mongolneft company was reorganized.
Today, up to 100 wells of the Dzunbayan field have been restored, 5 wells produce oil with a flow rate of 30-100 barrels per day. The extracted oil (550 thousand barrels per month) is transported to China for processing.
The reserve of the Dzunbayan field is estimated at 22 million tons, there are three oil areas or sandstone units, of which the first unit is tamed to the bituminous subformation, and the second and third to the Tsagantsabskaya suite. The second pack contains 4 oil-bearing horizons, and the third pack contains 12 oil-bearing horizons. The most productive are the 13th horizon with a thickness of 7-8 m, the 11th horizon - 9-10 m and the 7-8 horizon -10-12 meters. The depth of the operating horizons of the third pack is on average 700-800 m. Oil reserves of the Dzunbayan field of category A + B are 2158.3 thousand tons.
Oil shows in the East Gobi depression were also established during drilling on the Ukha, Khamarin-Khural, and Tsaganel uplifts. All these oil shows have not yet been explored in detail and have not been definitively outlined.
Exploration work was also organized in other regions of Eastern Mongolia: Nyalga, Choibalsan, Tamsagbulag. In the first two, in addition to the bituminous occurrences identified in the process of geological mapping, liquid oil manifestations were noted, but industrial inflows in the wells were not obtained. The Tamsag depression is located in the extreme east of the country and occupies about 30 thousand km within the country. However, geological and geophysical studies have not been carried out enough. With regard to oil content, it is of great interest. In the submerged part of the Paleozoic, for example, the northeastern village. Tamsagbulak, the thickness of the Mesozoic deposits exceeds 3000 m. However, only one well was drilled here to a depth of 2500 m.
Recent exploration work at the Tamsag-Bulak oil field in the Matad somon of Dornod aimag confirmed the previously established oil reserves of 19 million barrels and showed that the estimated reserves here, taking into account the risk, could amount to 58 million barrels.
In March 2010, Amarsaikhan Damdiny, the head of the supply service of the Petroleum and Minerals Department of Mongolia, reported that the Mineral Resources Board officially registered the total proven oil reserves in Mongolia, estimating them at 1.6 billion tons. In the Tamsag basin, in particular, crude oil reserves of 119.2 million tons have been discovered. Thus, in terms of oil reserves, Mongolia ranked 33rd among more than a hundred oil-producing countries in the world. The reserves of crude oil identified so far can provide the country's fuel needs for 40-50 years.
According to experts, in the Tamsag field, oil reserves that can be extracted from the subsoil at the lowest cost amount to 13 million tons, which is equal to the country's needs for a period of up to 10 years. Currently, 11 companies are conducting oil exploration in the country. Most of these companies are Chinese, Russian companies have not yet shown interest in developing oil fields in Mongolia.
Since 2005, the Chinese have drilled 300 wells in the Mongolian border province of Dornod (Vostochny), 70 of which have produced oil.
In 2006 Petro Matad Limited entered into a production sharing agreement with the government of Mongolia to explore for oil in Matad. In May this year, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange. The owner of the majority share of this company is the Mongolian company "Petrovis". The latter conducted a study of the oil field in the Davsan tolgoi area in August and September 2012. Previous exploration has established that oil reserves in the area are estimated to be 19 million barrels. The reserve of the Tamsag deposit is estimated at 37 million tons. Production is carried out by the Chinese company PetroChina Daqing Tamsag, the extracted oil goes to China, where it is processed, and the processed products are shipped back to Mongolia under a production sharing agreement.
In general, such reserves in Mongolia are estimated by the American company Exploration Associates international - Texas at 4-5 billion tons. Mongolian oil is located at depths of 700-1000 and 2200-3000 m.
In 2010, the Mongolian company Mongolsekiyu Co., Ltd. and the Japanese corporation Toyoo Engineering signed an agreement on the construction of an oil refinery on the territory of Darkhan aimag, with a processing capacity of up to 44 thousand barrels of oil per day, that is, up to two million tons per year. The project is the largest event under the "10-year Main Program of Mongolian-Japanese Cooperation". The construction of this plant will allow Mongolia to fully provide itself with oil products, while about 200 million dollars will be transferred to the country's budget annually. After the plant is put into operation, raw materials will first be supplied from abroad, and in the future it is planned to switch to domestic oil. The Japanese side will allocate all the funds necessary for the construction - US 600 million. The opening of the enterprise will create 600 new jobs. The Japanese company Marubeni takes part in the project. According to Mr. Namjim, director of Mongolsekiyu, the annual fuel consumption is about 850,000 tons. With the development of production and development of infrastructure, it will be more than 1.5 million tons by 2015 and will continue to grow. The refinery under construction should thus produce two million tons per year.
Oil exploration and production in Mongolia was also carried out by Australian, Canadian and French companies. A representative office of the Russian company Tatneft was opened in Ulaanbaatar. Oil shows associated with Mesozoic deposits are known not only in Mongolia, but also in the regions of Russia and China bordering on us. The nearest oil shows on the territory of Russia are located in the Gusinoye Lake area and in the Borgoi Basin. On the territory of China, oil deposits are known closer to Mongolia: in the Dzhungar, Ordos, Songlyao depressions. Since ancient times, oil shows have also been known in the Dalaynor depression, which is the northern extension of the Tamsagbulak depression. The totality of the considered oil manifestations and deposits scattered over a vast area from Lake. Lake Baikal to the central part of China, indicates the regional development of Meso-Cenosian oil and gas accumulation processes here.
During 1990-1993, British Petroleum explored sedimentary basins and, with the American company Exploration Associates International, processed information from previous studies, and also made a seismic survey of Mongolia with the Sibneftegeofizika company.
Since January 2001, 7 out of 22 blocks have foreign oil companies entered into contracts "Production Sharing Agreements" production-sharing contracts for exploration, development of oil fields and production. Soko operates in the Toson Uul-XIX, and Matad-XX, Tamsag-XXI, and Buir-HHP contract areas, while Rock Oil of Australia is the contractor for the Tsagaan Els-XSh and Zuun-bayan contract areas. -XIV.
From 1993 to 2004, contractors drilled 47 wells in Mongolia, with total costs exceeding US214 million. From 1998 to 2000, contractors exported to China about 33,000 tons of crude oil accumulated during test production. Beginning in July 2000, the Chinese company Desert Oil began exploration operations on the Khar-Us II block, but due to financial difficulties, it postponed the exploration. In addition, several companies from Russia and China were interested in oil exploration in some blocks of the contract. At present, the American company Soko, the Chinese company Donsheng, and the Canadian companies Storm Cut Energy and Ivanhoe Mines are operating in Mongolia.
Exploration with the subsequent stage of oil production has become a very intensively developing industry in the country's economy, attracting the close attention of foreign investors. The resource base of Mongolia today: oil reserves as of 01.01.2004 in categories A + B + C1 + C2 are more than 20 million tons of oil, which allows maintaining the level of oil production for domestic demand for oil products.
The study and development of the physical properties of oil from the Zuunbayan-XIV and Tsagaan els-KhSh fields by the Australian company "Rock-oil" showed that the lack of appropriate infrastructure and production capacity does not allow oil to be processed. Currently, there are 2 small-tonnage oil processing units (LTUs) operating in Mongolia, the production potential of the complexes can be up to 50-100 thousand tons / year.
MTPs are characterized by shallow processing of raw materials and therefore should not be considered as an alternative to refineries and petrochemical plants. The maximum demand for MTU in the Eastern aimag is estimated at 1-2 pieces, which will not exceed 50-100 thousand tons / year of the total capacity. Therefore, their use can significantly improve the provision of fuel to the region. From the standpoint of long-term development, it is expedient to focus on the predominant use of funds from private companies in combination with state support measures for the exploration and production of oil in the fields of the eastern aimag.
An analysis of the situation in Mongolia shows that domestic consumption of motor fuels, which decreased from 440,000 tons in 1990 to 359,000 tons in 1994, may not rise to the level of 1990 even by 2010. Aimag needs an oil refining industry that would be oriented to the domestic market, with a capacity of 200-300 thousand tons. The insufficiency of these oil refining capacities in Mongolia can only be revealed in the following situations:
Some considerations "for" and "against" the construction of small oil refineries can be traced on the example of an analysis of the existence of objective prerequisites for the construction of such a MTU in the city of Erdenet. The city's annual demand for gasoline is about 40 thousand tons, diesel fuel - 100 thousand tons, fuel oil - 5 thousand tons, total - about 145 million tons of oil products per year. The MTU built in the city provides 30-50 percent of demand, the rest is produced by importing them from the Russian Federation, mainly from the nearest refinery, located in the Russian cities of Angarsk and Omsk.
With proper design and taking into account local conditions, small-tonnage installations can have sufficient versatility. The "Erdenet project", for example, may include an autonomous power plant, the production of diesel and boiler fuels, bitumen, high-octane gasoline, and liquefied gases. This makes it possible to provide nearby areas with electricity, domestic gas, heating oil, as well as the main product of MTU - motor fuel.
Relatively large MTUs with a capacity of 200-500 thousand tons per year are able to solve the problems of processing raw materials for a whole group of deposits. So, for example, oil refining in the Eastern aimag near the Tamsag field with a potential production of 10-50 thousand tons/year can be carried out at MTU. It can also be specially oriented, for example, to address the issue of sustainable supply of the eastern aimags of Mongolia.
When implementing the hypothesis about low levels energy consumption in the country, postponing the construction of the Choibalsan-Ulaanbaatar highway, introducing new technologies and pursuing a price containment policy by the state, refusing to subsidize railway transportation and expediting the cessation of support oil industry the industry finds itself in the most difficult situation: by 2010, the possible volumes of oil production in Mongolia are estimated at the level of 1-2 thousand tons. Under this scenario, foreign companies are forced to reduce development and/or or geological exploration, and any possibility of exporting oil from Mongolia is excluded. The development of the oil industry under this minimum scenario is undesirable for reasons of the country's energy security.
At present, specialists from RAO "Rosneftegazstroy" have returned to Mongolia armed with the idea (so far - the idea) of mutually beneficial development of previously explored resources there. They brought a brand new electronic card minerals and spoke in Ulaanbaatar with their assessment of the country's resource potential before members of the government, the Khural and representatives of private capital. However, Russian companies, unlike Chinese or South Korean ones, are not linked into a single team, have little or no government support, and operate solely at their own risk.
In the process of business contacts, the government structures of Mongolia offered RAO "Rosneftegazstroy" to become general contractor the largest project in the history of Mongolia for the construction of a trans-Mongolian highway, which will not be inferior, but in some ways should be superior to the best highways in the United States and Europe. The project assumed that the new road would play the role of a backbone with which the country's transport network would be linked, the main highway would connect Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan, a trade route proven by centuries. The enclave type of management will be liquidated, which does not allow the country to stand on a par with the economic leaders of the Pan-Asian market.
It's not just about the road. Mongolia needs a modern transport network, consisting of roads of different classes, including main pipelines that provide the country with energy resources, transport hydrocarbons beyond its borders, while the interests Russian companies will not be harmed. In this regard, a small digression. Today, there are two options for transporting hydrocarbons to China: bypassing Mongolia from Angarsk to Daqing, 2,488 km long, and through Mongolia: Angarsk-Ulaanbaatar-Beijing, 2,437 km away. There is a tripartite agreement signed by the China National Oil and Gas Corporation (CNPC), Transneft and the former Yukos on transporting 20 million tons of oil per year to China until 2010, and after 30 million tons each.
Beijing strongly opposes the Mongolian version of the route, although it has significant advantages over the alternative. Without dwelling on all the minuses and pluses of these options, we can say with confidence that they both carry a real environmental threat - the threat of Baikal pollution. All the advantages of these projects fade next to it.
However, there is a report that Russia has developed an optimal, environmentally sound version of the Russia-China oil and gas pipeline route through Western Mongolia, taking into account the energy resources of Western and Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan. This option is not only environmentally safe, but also goes through natural traps-accumulators of hydrocarbons and provides energy raw materials for the sparsely populated areas of China that are in dire need of it. The widespread belief that China is densely populated is deeply mistaken, and to understand this, it is enough to look at the administrative map of the country. The transport network should be provided with oil filling stations, for which it is planned to build an oil refinery near Ulaanbaatar. In eastern Mongolia, the Americans are already pumping oil. More recently, an oil field was discovered in the southern part of the "oil belt" with recoverable reserves of 2 million tons. Four more similar deposits have been outlined nearby.
Today, Mongolia's demand for hydrocarbons, in oil equivalent, is about 560-580 thousand tons per year. This is normal for an agricultural country, but extremely small for the transition to the ranks of industrial developed countries. Oil is imported from Russia (Angarsk, Achinsk, Omsk), although Mongolia has its own oil. As mentioned above, the Dzunbayan (South Mongolia) and Tamsag (Eastern Mongolia) oil blocks have been explored, where, according to the British and Americans, oil reserves are about 22 and 37 million. In general, such reserves in Mongolia are estimated by the American company Exploration Associates international - Texas at 4 -5 billion tons. It is possible that these figures are overestimated, but it must be admitted that other companies also give close figures.
All of the above indicates that Mongolia has considerable resources of energy raw materials and may well meet not only its internal needs for it, but also become one of the energy importers. The return of Russia to Mongolia, mutual assistance and friendship between the two countries are beneficial for both Russia and Mongolia. Both sides want it. However, wanting is not enough, you have to act. And in this the main bonding, cementing role should belong to the governments of the two countries. For Mongolia, as the entire experience of its history shows, there is no other way.
Mongolia is an agro-industrial country. Mongolia today trades with more than 80 countries of the world. The trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 1990s, 90% of Mongolia's foreign trade was trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the rest is trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, Switzerland.
Although more people live in cities, Mongolia's economy is still centered on industries such as agriculture and mining. Mineral resources such as copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold make up a significant part of the country's industrial production.
Between 1924 and 1991 The MPR received large financial and economic assistance from the USSR. At the peak of this assistance, one third of its GDP is accounted for. In the early 1990s and the following decade, the Mongolian economy experienced a severe recession followed by stagnation. Extensive droughts in the summer and winter of 2001 and 2002 had a severe impact on agriculture and led to a marked slowdown in growth country's GDP. Mongolia has a high inflation rate. The global financial crisis has caused a recession in many industries dependent on exports and investment from abroad.
Due to Mongolia's harsh continental climate, agriculture remains vulnerable to natural disasters in the form of severe drought and cold. The country consists of small arable land, but about 80% of the territory is used as pasture. Most of the rural population is engaged in grazing livestock consisting of sheep, goats, cattle, horses and camels. Mongolia has more livestock per capita than any other country in the world. Wheat, potatoes and other vegetables are also grown, in addition to tomatoes and watermelons. GDP PPP: $9.48 billion (2008) GDP per capita PPP (2008): $3,200 Unemployment rate: 2.8% (2008).
Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002. Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh. Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh. Electricity export - 18 million kWh. Electricity import - 130 million kWh.
Mining industry. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain-Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khuvsgul, giant deposits of phosphorites were discovered and even their mining began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, were successfully searched for, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants.
Currently, the main branch of the extractive industry is coal (mainly lignite). Most of the coal production is concentrated at the Sharyn-Gol open-pit mine (annual production of over 1 million tons), near the city of Darkhan, as well as at the Nalaya mine (with a capacity of over 600 million tons). There are a number of smaller cuts in the area of Under-Khan and others. Electricity production - at thermal power plants (the largest thermal power plant in Darkhan). Manufacturing industry. The sectoral light and food industries account for more than one second of gross industrial output and more than one second of employed workers. The largest enterprises are: an industrial plant with 8 factories and plants in Ulaanbaatar, Choibalsanei, etc. In the building materials industry, an important place among enterprises is occupied by a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar, cement and brick factories in Darkhan.
Initially, the local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of animal raw materials, and the main types of manufactured products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of the national product of Mongolia, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already named Ulaanbaatar and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhebaatar, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore are exported.
Agriculture has always been the backbone of the Mongolian economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), it provides more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand. Until the early 1940s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only industry material production in the country. Back in 1950, it produced 60% of the national income. Further, its share was reduced: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. At present, it has increased slightly - up to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are accounted for by agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products from it - over 70%.
The level and pace of development of agriculture largely determine the most important economic proportions. Traditional industries such as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the cost of agricultural raw materials constitutes the main part of their production costs. Pastoralism is still the main type economic activity. To date, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).
Based on the 1990 law on foreign investment citizens of other countries were given the opportunity to own shares of various types of enterprises - from firms with 100% foreign capital to joint companies. New laws regarding taxation and banking operations, credit and debt obligations. In May 1991, a law on privatization came into force, according to which state property could pass into the hands of "law-abiding" citizens (that is, those who had not previously committed serious crimes) permanently residing in the country. Each citizen was given a special investment coupon that could be bought, sold or given to any other person. Holders of such coupons became active participants in special auctions, with the help of which state property was privatized. Later, in 1991, "state farms" and cooperative livestock associations were liquidated, and the transfer of land and livestock to private ownership began.
Mongolia as a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2005 submitted its trade policy to the members of this organization for discussion, which is quite liberal. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform 5% customs rates for most imported goods. To further develop Mongolia's foreign trade importance has the EU decision to include Mongolia as developing country vulnerable economy and as a landlocked country to the GSP+ program. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.
The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2 971.3 million US dollars, including export 1 276.3 million dollars, import - 1 695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is more by 386.5 million US dollars compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover in comparison with the same period of 2007 increased by 74.3%, export - by 52.6%, import - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points higher than the volume of exports.
Imports are mainly oil products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, Construction Materials, food and consumption. In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.
In 2005 imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%. In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by $92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, foodstuffs - by 37.2 million dollars.
Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather goods, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, wool blankets and cashmere). The subsoil of the country is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, oil, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.
Export: (2.5 billion dollars in 2008) - copper, molybdenum concentrate, meat, livestock, livestock products, goat down, wool, skins, coal. The main buyers in 2008 are China (76%), Canada (9%), Russia (3%). Imports: ($3.6 billion in 2008) - fuels, machinery, automobiles, food, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea. The main suppliers in 2008 are Russia (35%), China (29%), Japan (8%). External debt- 1.6 billion dollars (in 2008).
Mongolia is a member of the World Trade Organization (since 1997). The main trading partners of the country are China and Russia, and Mongolia's economy is largely dependent on these countries. In 2006, 68.4% of Mongolia's exports went to China, while imports accounted for only 29.8%. Mongolia imports about 95% of oil products, and a significant share of electricity from Russia, which makes the country extremely dependent economically.
The main types of transport in Mongolia are: rail, road, air, water. The Mongolian Railway is a railway in the territory of Mongolia. Official name - Russian-Mongolian joint-stock company"Ulaanbaatar Railway". Rail transport accounts for 80% of all freight and 30% of all passenger traffic in Mongolia. After the democratic revolution in the 1990s, there was a decline in freight and passenger traffic in Mongolia. But already in 2001, passenger traffic indicators recovered to the previous level and amounted to 4.1 million passengers per year. By 2005, the volume of freight traffic also recovered.
Train of the Trans-Mongolian Railway in the Gobi Desert Today, the Mongolian Railway is one of the leading sectors of the economy of Mongolia, on the work of which the economic development of the whole country largely depends. At the beginning of 2005, the technology of operational work of the Mongolian Railway was fundamentally changed, as a result of which the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the road were improved: the turnover of wagons was doubled and the average weight of trains was increased. Total length railways for 2004 - 1810 km.
Automobile transport. Highways in Mongolia, 75 thousand km, according to state accounting, But they are almost entirely unpaved, that is, in any direction there are half a dozen rolled paths, some of them lead to a yayla, a watering hole, a somon or a settlement that has not yet migrated from these places And how consequently, you can not travel without a guide! Cattle breeders only know directions. No one cares where any of these roads will lead. The driver of a truck, a UAZ jeep, a guide in an off-road minibus know their roads by signs. There are no pointers. Road culture in the pre-conception period. A map is often a source of misinformation. Mountain rivers have demolished bridges, now there is no one to restore them, they have rolled new roads on the plain in the desert, where it is possible to ford the rivers.
The asphalt pavement of roads starts from Erdene, which is 72 km east of Ulaanbaatar, the road is paved to the first capital of Genghis Khan Kharkhorin and continues for 300 km to the aimag center of Arvaikheer. The soils in Mongolia are stony, in the mountains the road is made of large rubble and small cobblestones, and in the desert it is made of coarse sand and fine gravel. Transitional form from one state of the road to another "washboard" wave wheel modulation of the soil by heavy machines.
Air Transport. As of 2006, there were 44 airports in Mongolia. Of these, 12 had runways with artificial turf. Ten of these bands had a length in the area from 2438 to 3047 meters, and the other two - between 1524-2437 meters.
Chinggis Khaan International Airport, located in the suburbs of Ulaanbaatar, is the only international airport in Mongolia. Direct flights are operated to Berlin, Moscow, Beijing, Hohhot, Seoul, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude and Tokyo.
The remaining 32 airports have unpaved runways. On two of them, the runway is over 3047 meters, on three - between 2438-3047 meters, on twenty-four - between 1524-2437 meters, on two more - between 914-1523 meters, and one airport, the runway of which has a length less than 914 meters. There is also one heliport in Mongolia.
As of June 2007, the airlines operating in Mongolia are: MIAT (Mongolyn Irgeniy Agaaryn Teever), Aero Mongolia, and Izinis Airways. They operate both domestic and international flights. Water transport. In Mongolia, 580 km of rivers and lakes are available for navigation, but more or less water transport is developed only on Lake Khubsugul. The Selenga and Orkhon are also navigable (the length of the navigable sections is 270 and 175 km, respectively), but water transport is not well developed on them, although a border boat on the Selenga River patrols the Russian-Mongolian border. Lakes and rivers freeze in winter; navigation usually opens in May and ends in September.
Marine fleet. Mongolia is the second (after Kazakhstan) country in the world in terms of territory, which does not have access to any sea. However, this did not prevent her from registering her ship register (The Mongolia Ship Registry Pte Ltd) in February 2003. Starting from the moment of registration, Mongolia has been steadily increasing the number of ships flying its flag. And in 2003, revenues to the treasury amounted to about $20,000,000.
Back in the early 1990s, they began to rebuild banking system, as a result, it became a two-tier - central bank stopped doing normal banking At the same time, banks with private and public capital got the opportunity to work. The prerequisites for such a transition were created only with the adoption in mid-1991 of the Law on Banks and the Law on the Mongolian Bank (on the central bank). The main direction of the transformations was the rejection of the state monopoly, the formation of a banking system that meets the requirements of market relations and meets generally accepted standards and norms.
Currently, the main factors determining the place Central Bank in the economy of Mongolia, are the system existing laws, the relationship of his measures with economic policy, principles of interaction with the banking system. The Law on the Central Bank fixes its complete independence in the field of direct activity.
So, in a short period, a new monetary system, which is one of the key elements economic mechanism and driving force of the market economy. Commercial banks became the main creditors and subjects of investment. Today there are 16 commercial banks in Mongolia; 40% more than in 1994. Naturally, the Central Bank (Mongolbank) occupies a leading place in the country's banking system. He develops the main directions monetary policy and defines those specific tasks that must be addressed in the coming year.
During the entire period of transition to market economy financial stabilization is a priority of monetary policy. If until 1996 the achievement of this goal was associated mainly with anti-inflationary measures, then present stage the problems of maintaining economic growth and creating conditions for investment activity are brought to the fore. At the same time, thanks to a relatively tight monetary and budgetary policy, it was possible to reverse the negative trends in the economy and keep inflation and inflation under control. exchange rate. As a result, after a sharp decline in production, which lasted four years, in 1994 the recovery resumed. In particular, an increase in GDP began, which in 1995 amounted to 6.3%, in 1996 - 2.6%, in 1997 - 3.3%, in 1998 - 3.5%. At the same time, there was a tendency to reduce the rate of price growth. If in 1992, at the very peak of inflation, its index reached 325%, then in the following years this sphere was brought under control, and in 1998 it amounted to only 6%.
Despite the generally positive economic development, in Mongolia there is still, in my opinion, the threat of inflationary surges due to a decline in production in some industries, dependence on imports, a large budget deficit, as well as the growth of unresolved social problems in society. Because of this, Mongolbank continues to face the challenges of ensuring the stability of the national currency, restructuring the banking system and maintaining macroeconomic stability.
Most complex elements reforms were reorganization monetary system and liberalization of foreign trade. The small size and excessive dependence on imports made the Mongolian economy particularly sensitive to changes in the exchange rate of the Tugrik. In this area, the Central Bank and the government faced a dilemma: to accept a flexible or fixed exchange rate.
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Mongolia is an agro-industrial country. Mongolia today trades with more than 80 countries of the world. The trade turnover is more than 2 billion US dollars. If until the 1990s 90% of Mongolia's foreign trade was occupied by trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the rest is trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, the USA, South Korea, Switzerland.
According to the results of the III quarter of 2005, the total foreign trade turnover of Mongolia is 1.27 billion US dollars, which is 11.6% more than in the same period of 2004. Imports increased by 150.6 million US dollars.
Mongolia exports goods and raw materials to 60 countries of the world, of which 50.8% - to China, 13.8% - to Canada, 10.1% - to the USA. 45.2% of all exports are minerals and mining products, 21.5% are garments and knitwear, 25.6% are precious and semi-precious metals, 3.7% are raw hides and products from it.
Mongolia imports more than 90% of oil products from Russia, and the rest from China and Kazakhstan.
Mongolia as a member of the World Trade Organization in March 2005 submitted its trade policy to the members of this organization for discussion, which is quite liberal. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia established uniform 5% customs rates for most imported goods. For the further development of Mongolia's foreign trade, the decision of the European Union to include Mongolia, as a developing country with a vulnerable economy and as a landlocked country, in the GSP + program is of great importance. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.
The economic activity of Mongolia has traditionally been based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits - the extraction of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold makes up a significant part of industrial production. Soviet aid, which previously amounted to up to a third of GDP, ceased after the collapse of the USSR. The Mongolian economy fell into a long recession, exacerbated by the reluctance of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) to pursue drastic economic reforms. The Democratic Coalition government embarked on the path of a market economy, loosened price controls, liberalized domestic and foreign trade, and attempted to rebuild the banking system in the energy sector. Major privatization programs were undertaken, measures were implemented to stimulate foreign investment (international tenders for the sale of an oil products trading company, the largest cashmere company and banks). The progress of reforms was slowed down as a result of the resistance of the former communist MPRP and the political instability generated by the frequent change of governments of the Democratic Coalition (four governments changed). After the crisis in 1996, caused by a series of natural disasters and a decline in world prices for copper and cashmere, in 1997-99. followed the economic growth. In August and September 1999, the Mongolian economy suffered from Russia's temporary ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. In 1997, Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the last meeting of the Consultative Group in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999, foreign donors decided to allocate $300 million a year to Mongolia.
Meanwhile, experts at Renaissance Capital called Mongolia's economy the fastest growing in the world. Thanks to the huge reserves of mineral raw materials, the development of which is just beginning, and the development of the banking system. Mongolia's GDP in dollar terms will double by 2014, analysts believe. They noted that Mongolia is preparing to become the new Asian tiger, and not another source of raw materials in Central Asia," writes the CA NEWS news agency. (12/22/2009)
Natural resources of Mongolia. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. There are 4 brown coal deposits in Mongolia (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, hard coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which amount to billions of tons. Medium deposits of tungsten and fluorspar have long been known and are being developed. Copper-molybdenum ore found in Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant, around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain-Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khuvsgul, giant deposits of phosphorites were discovered and even their mining began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was reduced to a minimum. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, were successfully searched for, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants.
Labor resources of Mongolia. The working-age population in 2003 - 1.488 million people. Employment structure: agriculture / livestock - 42%, mining - 4%, production - 6%, trade - 14%, services - 29%, private sector - 5%, other -3.7%.
As of November 2009, about 40,000 unemployed people were registered in Mongolia. This is 10 thousand more than last year. And a record figure for the last 5 years. These data were announced by employees of the Department of Employment and Social Services of Mongolia. According to the data of the Office, employers put up more than 50,000 jobs on the labor exchange, of which 57 percent are vacancies that do not require specialization, mainly of an auxiliary kind.
The economic system of Mongolia on the eve of the start of market reforms. Choice of "shock" reform model. The main directions of economic transformations. Liberalization of economic activity, release of prices. institutional transformations; privatization of state and cooperative property. financial stabilization. The role of the state in the economy of modern Mongolia. The first results of the reforms, their impact on the economy and the social sphere. Prospects for deepening market reforms.
Agriculture has always been the backbone of the Mongolian economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), it provides more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we rank third in the world, second only to Australia and New Zealand.
Until the beginning of the 1940s, when industry formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only branch of material production in the country. Back in 1950, it produced 60% of the national income. Further, its share was reduced: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. At present, it has increased slightly - up to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are accounted for by agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products from it - over 70%.
The level and pace of development of agriculture largely determine the most important economic proportions. Traditional industries such as light and food industries completely depend on its condition, since the cost of agricultural raw materials constitutes the main part of their production costs.
Pasture animal husbandry still remains the main type of economic activity. To date, Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).
AT economic life In Mongolia, agriculture plays a secondary role. To remedy the situation, the government developed and began implementing the programs "Revival of agricultural production" (Tselina-3) and "Green Revolution".
General characteristics of the industry. Specific features of the industrialization of Mongolia. Stages of industrial development. Industry cadres. The ratio of mining and manufacturing industries. Dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. The efficiency of industrial production.
Sectoral structure of industry. The current state and development trends of the main industries.
Impact of market reforms on Mongolian industry. The role of foreign aid in the development of industry. Prospects for the development of industry.
Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002.
Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh.
Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh.
Electricity export - 18 million kWh.
Electricity import - 130 million kWh.
A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan, to the north of the capital, there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steelmaking complex. Initially, the local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of animal raw materials, and the main types of manufactured products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises appeared in Mongolia after the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided approximately 1/3 of the national product of Mongolia, while in 1940 it was only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already named Ulan Bator and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhe Bator, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore are exported.
Dynamics of capital investments in the economy of Mongolia. The structure of capital investments by sectors of the economy. Material base and construction personnel. The role of foreign aid in development capital construction. Basic forms of assistance.
In 1915, the Mongolian emperor Bogd VIII Zhavzandamba issued the first decree addressed to the minister of the Great Khural and members of the Khural on the development of the mining industry and the construction of the railway.
Creation of modern modes of transport after the revolution of 1921. Dynamics of cargo turnover and passenger turnover of transport. Status and development trends of the main types of transport (railway, road, air, water). Prospects for the development of transport. Millennium Road. The main types of communication in modern Mongolia(postal, telephone, telegraph, radio and television communications). Development of mobile communications and the Internet.
The main links of the financial system of modern Mongolia and its role in the development of the economy. The state budget, the ratio of the central and local budgets. The structure of budget revenues and expenditures.
Monetary system. National currency- Tugrik - and its exchange rate against other currencies. Currency regulation.
credit system. Formation and development of a two-tier banking system. The role and functions of the Central Bank. Development of a network of commercial banks. Credit and deposit operations banks. Formation of the insurance system. Problems and difficulties in development credit system during the period of market reforms.
The main forms of domestic trade. State, cooperative and private trade, their correlation. Wholesale and retail trade. Domestic trade prices, the problem of inflation. Dynamics and structure of domestic trade.
Diversity of approaches to the economic zoning of Mongolia. The concept of zonal development of Mongolia (2002). Main economic zones and their industrial specialization. The relationship between the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.
Living standard and social security in socialist Mongolia. A sharp drop in living standards in the initial period of market reforms. Dynamics of real incomes of the population in last years. Social differentiation of the population. The problem of poverty and attempts to solve it. Employment problem; dynamics and structure of unemployment. The role of the state in solving social problems.
The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2 971.3 million US dollars, including export 1 276.3 million dollars, import - 1 695.0 million dollars. The deficit amounted to 418.7 million US dollars, which is more by 386.5 million US dollars compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover in comparison with the same period of 2007 increased by 74.3%, export - by 52.6%, import - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points higher than the volume of exports.
Main import. Imports are mainly petroleum products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, building materials, food and consumer goods.
In 2004, imports amounted to $1 billion.
In 2005, imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%.
In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by $196.4 million, pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them - by $189.2 million, vehicles - by $133.7 million, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by $92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, foodstuffs - by 37.2 million dollars.
Main export. The main Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather goods, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, blankets from wool and cashmere). The subsoil of the country is rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, oil, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semi-precious stones.
In 2004, exports amounted to $853 million.
In 2005, exports went to: China - 48.1%, USA - 14.2%, Canada - 11.6%, Great Britain - 8.3%, South Korea - 6.2%.
The export of mineral raw materials, which is the main export item, increased by 245.9 million US dollars compared to the same period in 2007, precious and semi-precious stones, metals and jewelry - by 175.4 million dollars, products of chemical enterprises - by 22.1 million US dollars, raw materials, processed leather, furs and products from them - by 1.9 million dollars. However export deliveries knitted products decreased by 7.8 million dollars, metallurgical products - by 3.4 million dollars.
The actual export volume of copper concentrate decreased by 0.6 percent or by 8.2 thousand tons compared to 2007, while in terms of prices it increased by 27.1%.
The main forms of foreign economic relations of modern Mongolia. Dynamics, structure and geography of foreign trade. Export and import of individual goods. Organization of foreign trade.
Credit and gratuitous assistance from the outside world of Mongolia. Distribution of foreign aid by sectors of the economy. Organization of donor countries of Mongolia and its activities. The role of foreign aid in the development of the economy and the social sphere.
Cooperation of Mongolia with the main foreign economic partners. The most important directions of Mongolian-Russian economic cooperation and its role in the development of the Mongolian economy. Mongolia's participation in international economic organizations(IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.).
Purchasing power parity $5.781 billion in 2006. GDP growth 7.5%.
Agriculture - 20.6%.
Industry - 21.4%.
Services - 58%.
Inflation - 9.5% (2005).
Mongolia's budget for 2010 has been adopted. Budget revenues will amount to 2 trillion 426.8 billion tugriks. Expenses - 2 trillion 785.4 billion tugriks. Deficiency of the main financial document countries - more than 385 billion tugriks. Losses could not be avoided, despite the reduction in social costs. (27.11.2009)
Last year, Mongolia's gross national product fell by 1.6%.
As MONTSAME reported, according to preliminary data for 2009, the country's gross national product amounted to 6055.8 billion tugriks (47-50 tugriks = 1 ruble) in annual terms, or 3564.3 billion tugriks in 2005 prices. Compared to last year, this indicator decreased by 1.6% in comparable prices.
Official Index consumer goods and services at the end of 2009 increased compared to the end of 2008 - by 4.2%.
In 2009, during 255 trading sessions on the stock exchange of Mongolia, the turnover of trade securities amounted to 23.2 billion tugriks. Compared to the previous year 2008, the volume of trade decreased by 62.8% or 39.2 billion tugriks, the report says.
