Results scorecard economic activity at the level of the country's economy as a whole should be supplemented by a system of indicators characterizing the results of economic activity at the regional level.
The logical continuation of the SNA for the regional level is the system of regional accounts (SRS), the methodological principles for constructing which were developed Nobel laureate R. Stone in the 50s of the XX century. Currently, regional accounts are being built in many countries of the world. In Russia, only the first steps have been taken so far to create a CDS in the subjects of the Federation: the production account and individual elements of a number of other accounts are being developed.
The central position in the SNA is occupied by the indicator of gross domestic product, and in the CDS - its regional counterpart - gross regional product(GRP). Without them, it is impossible to build the most important national (regional) accounts). GDP applies in all countries with a market and transition economy in macroeconomic analysis and economic policy as the main indicator. The role of the GRP is not yet so authoritative, however, it is also being used more and more widely as an instrument of regional policy.
Gross regional product GRP - an indicator that characterizes the results of the production of goods and services in the region in accordance with the principles of the SNA, is calculated as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption.
GRP does not include (or partially includes) the results of activities aimed at fulfilling national functions and not having a strict territorial reference (central administration, defense, monetary system, foreign trade, etc.). As a result, the total GRP is noticeably less than GDP: for example, for the observed 1994-2000. its value, according to the calculations of Rosstat, fluctuated in the range from 86 to 91%.
The problem is not only that the GRP does not take into account some of the activities actually carried out in the region and therefore reflected in other regional indicators (employment, household income, consumer spending, land use, etc.). The main thing is that the undistributed part of the GRP fluctuates over time and is not the same in different regions of Russia. Naturally, the services and costs of central administration and international activities are carried out to a greater extent in Moscow, and the activities of the army affect the places of deployment of military units, that is, first of all, the province.
Thus, the gross domestic product of the GDP cannot be calculated as the sum of the gross regional products of the GRP for all subjects of the Russian Federation.
Rosstat has been conducting official calculations of GRP in current prices since 1994 for 79 subjects of the Federation, and since 1999 for 88 subjects. GRP is determined by the production method as the sum of the produced gross value added in all sectors of the national economy. GRP calculations in comparable prices have been carried out by Rosstat only since 1997.
In inter-regional comparisons of GRP (as well as in international comparisons of GDP), it is necessary to take into account regional differences in prices for goods and services.
Actual final consumption is an indicator that characterizes the results of the economic activity of the region at the stage of final use of GDP. This indicator measures the consumption of goods and services by households at the expense of own income and through in-kind transfers received from public institutions and non-state non-profit organizations (individual services healthcare, education, culture, etc.). Actual final consumption characterizes the level of well-being of the region's population.
1. Name three levels of economic indicators.
2. Describe the gross output.
4. What is not included in the gross output?
5. How is the gross output of the economy determined?
6. What are the features of calculating the gross output of industrial enterprises.
7. What applies to the industrial activities of households?
8. What is included in the gross output Agriculture?
9. What does the gross output of construction include?
10. Describe the gross output of transport. Note the features of the gross output of the road sector, communications, trade and public catering establishments.
11. What are the essence and composition of intermediate consumption?
12. What is related to material costs?
13. Describe intangible services.
14. What is included material costs and intangible services in industry?
15. Describe intermediate consumption in agriculture, construction and transport.
16. What is “gross value added”?
17. How to determine the net value added?
18. What is the difference between gross and net profit enterprises?
19. What is gross domestic product?
20. Describe the indicator of gross national income.
21. What is called net national income?
22. How is gross national disposable income calculated?
23. What is "gross capital formation"?
25. What are the values?
26. Describe the composition of the national wealth.
Lecture 4. METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT
4.2 Distribution method
4.3 End use method
Gross domestic product is the main macroeconomic indicator of the performance of the economy in the statistics of most countries and international organizations (UN, OECD, IMF, IBRD). This is one of the main indicators of the system of national accounts, which characterizes the final result production activities resident economic units.
Gross domestic product - the market value of all goods and services produced by residents in a given period for final use at market prices. It includes the value of goods and services produced and does not include the value of intermediate goods and services used in the production process (raw materials, materials, fuel, transport services, financial services etc.). At the same time, like other indicators of economic performance calculated on a gross basis, GDP includes consumption of fixed capital. GDP can be calculated by 3 methods, each of which corresponds to a certain stage of the reproduction cycle:
1) by the production method - at the stage of production of goods and services;
2) by the distribution method - at the stage of distribution;
3) by the end use method - at the stage of end use.
Economy
Probably every second person knows that the abbreviation GDP, often found in the media, stands for gross domestic product and that this is a very important indicator of the economic development of any state. Accordingly, if the GDP is large, then things are going well in this state, but if the opposite is true, it doesn’t matter. On this, perhaps, the awareness of most of us ends. What is GDP and how is it calculated? To the economies of which countries is Russian GDP still growing and growing, and how does GDP differ from GRP (gross regional product)? "MS" answers these and other questions in the "Popular Economics" section.
Where does it come from
There are various macroeconomic indicators that reflect the dynamics of the country's economy as a whole, but, as the expert explains, one of the most popular is GDP - "an indicator that represents the sum of the final production of all enterprises in the country for a certain period, usually a year."
A common way to calculate GDP is by value added. That is, by how much was added at each stage of the production process - from raw materials to the finished product. This is the production method of calculating GDP. There is another, fairly simple way - according to the income that everyone has. economic entities and which can be summed up. But the income of some is always the expenses of others, so another way of calculating is by costs. Consumer expenses, investment expenses (they are borne by enterprises in connection with the acquisition of new equipment, for example), government and such an element of total expenses as “net exports” are taken into account and summed up. ".
“Net exports are the difference between exports and imports, and this is also an element of the aggregate demand for our industrial products,” says Andrey Kotov. – If we increase exports, then net exports will grow accordingly: an increase in demand leads to an increase in GDP.
The Shadow Economy and the “Paradox of Thrift”
It is generally accepted that GDP is, of course, good, but not perfect: a number of specific problems are associated with its calculation:
- The first and most famous is the shadow economy. You need to understand that there is a certain "piece" that is in the shadows, outside the field of statistics. This is a very serious problem, including for our region. Some of our indicators are officially very low, and if you look at cars, stores and other factors of consumer demand, it becomes clear that there is a shadow economy here.
Another problem associated not only with the calculation of GDP, but with an increase in its volume, is the “paradox of frugality”. “Let’s imagine that the family lives on its own farm,” Andrey Kotov explains, “the wife does everything herself, they don’t eat in cafes or restaurants, the husband also makes everything with his own hands and does not use the services of repair services. Such frugality, paradoxically, leads to a certain decrease in GDP. And the lack of frugality, of course, indirectly - through consumption, has a positive effect on production growth.
"quality" and "quantity"
“GDP is a quantitative indicator, not a qualitative one,” the expert notes. - The economy should still take into account such aspects as, for example, environmental. Experience shows that in a number of countries rapid development in terms of quantitative indicators, including GDP growth, leads to negative environmental consequences.
In addition, as the expert points out, the same volume of GDP in two states does not mean at all that the well-being of people in these countries is the same. The year before last, China overtook Japan and took second place in the world in terms of GDP, but it is unlikely that the Chinese live so sweetly. The ability to talk not only about the level, but also about the quality gives such an indicator as GDP per capita.
How the sandwich lit up in the global economy
– Very often, GDP is calculated in dollars. But, say, 1 thousand dollars in Russia, in the USA, in Bangladesh and in India are different values. Therefore, such a concept as GDP at purchasing power parity is used, that is, according to the ability to buy a certain product in the territory of a particular country. There are such interesting indicators as, for example, the “Big Mac index”: this is a product that is sold in different countries and worth different money. Comparing its cost, you can determine the real exchange rate national currency and, accordingly, calculate the GDP. According to this indicator, the dollar should cost about 15-16 rubles.
GDP as a thermometer
- You have to understand, - Andrey Anatolyevich explains, - not only the final indicator (say, GDP per year), but also dynamic, for example, GDP growth over 10 years, is significant. It gives a more accurate picture, because it allows you to reduce the impact business cycle(growth - decrease) and market factors. GDP, like a thermometer, shows what is, and not how it should be or how we would like it to be. Therefore, other economic indicators are also used, such as national wealth (everything that has been accumulated over many years). This is important because commodities can be sold off. In this sense, there are negative associations with the time when we simply “eat up” petrodollars.
Speaking about the structure of GDP in the form in which it exists now, it is necessary to note the need to diversify the economy, that is, reduce dependence on any one product (oil, gas) and on world market conditions, the rise and fall of prices: “Once Saudi Arabia, in response to the actions of the Soviet Union regarding the introduction of troops into Afghanistan, simply increased the volume of oil production. Prices collapsed, budget problems turned out to be very serious. But again, this is not the GDP's fault. There is nothing to blame on the mirror ... "
Growth or development
Economic growth does not always mean development. You can produce the same thing year after year, and perhaps have growth. But will it be development?
– After the collapse of the USSR, volumes industrial production decreased by almost 50%, while during the Great Patriotic War - by about 30%. That is, the situation was worse than when a significant part of the country was occupied. Since then, economic growth has been of a recovery nature, and I must say, we are gradually reaching the volume of production, and, accordingly, GDP that we had before. Next, it is necessary to move, if you like, to sustainable economic development. It is impossible to completely avoid the influence of cycles and crises: our country is very much bogged down in economic ties with other states. Absolutely flat uphill road in terms of pace GDP growth unlikely to be. Overseas experience shows that it is necessary to have a sufficiently strong influence of the state on the dynamics and, most importantly, the structure of GDP. It is one thing when a significant part of the GDP is formed by the export of oil, gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and timber. Another is when high-tech products are produced that are competitive both on the Russian and world markets. Therefore, it is the structure of GDP that comes to the fore. This is the diversification requirement. On the one hand, we are talking about added value: after all, you can sell not oil and oil products, but goods, say, of the chemical industry. On the other hand, this is an opportunity not to depend on one market, reducing risks by distributing assets across different industries and enterprises.
GDP and GRP
Simply put, the gross regional product (GRP) is the GDP of the region, although there are some differences. The specific problems that arise here are, for example, the situation of competition between subjects. A number of companies are "headquartered" in one region, but actually operate in another or even in others. Deductions, including tax, are made at the place of registration of the company.
- Of course, the federal budget still transfers part of the funds to the region, some taxes are paid at the location of the company's branch: for example, from the salaries of employees. But the other part of the income goes away, the taxable base is reduced. You can scold organizations for a long time because they move to another region, or you can create such conditions that they do not want to do this, so that new companies come here and register their economic activities here.
As for the Voronezh region: in terms of GRP and GRP per capita, some neighbors, for example, the Belgorod region, are noticeably superior to us. But if we talk about the Lipetsk region, their success is explained by the presence of one successful, dynamically developing enterprise - a metallurgical plant.
– The economy of the Voronezh region is more diversified, and this is a positive feature of our region. We have our own competitive advantages in agriculture, in industry, in the service sector. Although the Voronezh region is characterized as an industrial-agrarian region (industry comes first), without the sustainable development of agriculture it will be impossible to talk about, for example, the development of the food industry, which is very important for the industry. This also includes a number of sub-sectors of mechanical engineering, production building materials, chemical industry in which our region traditionally has good groundwork in terms of infrastructure, training, scientific support, and the service sector. Voronezh is the capital of the Central Chernozem region, so many interregional, transnational companies consider it as the location of their branches. A number of commercial banks have placed their head offices in our city either in the Central Chernozem region, or even in the Central federal district. The advantage of the region is that Voronezh is one of the leaders in the training of personnel in the Central Federal District. I repeat: the positive properties of our area in the absence of any one area where we are out of competition, we are strong in different industries. And, of course, these advantages must be developed.
Potential GDP shows how much output the country could produce if all factors of production were involved, including unemployment. Under the nominal GDP is understood all manufactured products at current prices. Real GDP takes inflation into account.
Leader in terms of GDP according to the International Monetary Fund for 2011, traditionally remains the United States (GDP at purchasing power parity is estimated at $15,064.816 billion). This is followed by China, India, Japan and Germany. Russia occupies the sixth position with an indicator of 2376.480 billion dollars. (
Introduction
1 Theoretical part
1.1 Basic concepts of "gross regional product"
1.2 GRP in the system of national accounts
1.3 Data sources for calculating GRP
1.4 GRP calculation methods
1.5 Plans for the development of national accounts in the CIS
1.6 GRP data for the Omsk region
2 Practical part
2.1 Task #1
2.2 Task #2
2.3 Task #3
2.4 Task #4
2.5 Task #5
2.6 Task #6
2.7 Task #7
2.8 Task #8
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Modern economic status of subjects Russian Federation requires the use of various tools for assessing economic development, financial balance, competitive conditions in the domestic and world markets. On the other hand, such instruments are necessary for conducting an active federal policy aimed at eliminating interregional disparities and strengthening the economic and political integrity of the country.
Strengthening the independence of the regions, the development of budgetary federalism increase the importance of regional policy. Under these conditions, the development of regional management decisions requires modern approaches to their information support and business case. From this point of view, the universal basis for complex analysis generalizing characteristics market economy is the System of National Accounts (SNA). The logical continuation of the SNA for the regional level is the system of regional accounts (SRS). The central position in the SNA is occupied by the gross domestic product (GDP), and in the SNA - its regional counterpart - the gross regional product (GRP). It characterizes the level of economic development and the results of economic activity of all economic entities in the region.
Without GDP (GRP), it is impossible to build the most important national (regional) accounts.
In Russia, the SNA began to be implemented from the federal level. However, the regions also feel the need for a modern statistical generalizing model. In our country, which unites 89 territorial-administrative formations with different time zones and geographic location, there are significant differences in the levels of economic and social development regions. Therefore, the problem of calculating the gross product for each region is particularly acute.
Not only territorial authorities, but also the state as a whole are interested in information that comprehensively characterizes the economy of all regions, allowing the development economic policy and performance evaluation decisions taken at the regional level.
The most common quantitative indicator of the economic development of regions is the dynamics of the gross product of the territory. Inter-regional comparisons based on it, using, if necessary, additional cost and physical indicators, make it possible to determine the direction and intensity of economic processes leading to serious shifts in the interregional balance of power.
The task of calculating regional macroeconomic indicators is of particular importance in connection with the increasing role of GRP in reforming interbudgetary relations and the use of this indicator in the distribution of funds from the Fund for Financial Support of the Subjects of the Russian Federation.
AT last years the need of government bodies of the CIS countries (both at the federal and regional levels) for regional statistics and, in particular, regional national accounts has increased. This trend can be explained by the desire of government bodies to pay more attention to issues of socio-economic development at the regional level. Regional policy has become an integral part general programs socio-economic development of countries; it is formulated in the official documents of the governing bodies related to the development of the regions.
In this term paper the concept and essence of the GRP, its economic importance, calculation methods and development trends. Also presented are the GRP indicators of the city of Omsk and the Omsk region, the dynamics of changes in indicators for the period from 1998 to 2007 in basic current prices and GRP per capita. Problem solving is attached.
1 Theoretical part
1.1 Basic concepts of "gross regional product"
As part of the implementation of the “Comprehensive Action Plan for the Implementation of the all-Russian classifier types of economic activity (OKVED) into practice Russian economy”, approved on December 26, 2001. Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, Goskomstat of Russia and Gosstandart of Russia, as well as bringing the calculations of macroeconomic indicators to international standards, the results of estimating GRP by the production method and the method of formation by sources of income, starting from the data for 2004, are published in the structure of the all-Russian classifier of types of economic activity (OKVED).
Gross regional product(GRP) is a generalizing indicator of the economic activity of the region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services. The publication of data on GRP was previously carried out at market prices. The valuation of GRP at basic prices differs from the valuation at market prices by the amount of net (minus subsidies on products) taxes on products. GRP in basic prices is the sum of value added in basic prices by type of economic activity.
Basic price- the price received by the producer for a unit of a good or service, excluding taxes on products, but including subsidies on products. Gross value added calculated at the level of economic activities as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption.
Release goods and services represents the total value of goods and services resulting from the production activities of resident units of the regional economy in reporting period. Goods and services sold are included in output at actual market value, unrealized finished products- at average market prices. The change in work in progress is included in gross output at cost.
Intermediate consumption consists of the value of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed in the production process in the reporting period. Consumption of fixed capital is not included in intermediate consumption.
Final consumption expenditure GRP is made up of final consumption expenditures of households, expenditures of public institutions on individual goods and services and collective services, final consumption expenditures of non-profit organizations serving households. This grouping shows who finances final consumption expenditures.
Gross fixed capital formation represents the investment by resident units of funds in fixed assets to create new income in the future by using them in production. Gross fixed capital formation includes the following components: a) acquisition, net of disposal, of new and existing fixed assets; b) the cost of major improvements made tangible assets; c) the cost of improving non-produced tangible assets; d) costs associated with the transfer of ownership of non-produced assets.
There are several options for calculating GRP.
Gross regional product at the production stage, calculated by the production method, represents the sum of the gross value added created by all resident institutional units on economic territory region (excluding net taxes on products).
Gross regional product calculated at the level of industries and sectors using the production method as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption, formed from the value of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed in the production process. The term "gross" indicates that the figure is determined before deducting the consumption of fixed capital.
Gross regional product is calculated in current basic and market prices (nominal volume of gross regional product), as well as in comparable prices (real volume of gross regional product).
1.2 GRP in the system of national accounts
The calculation of the gross regional product (GRP) is carried out by the territorial bodies of state statistics as part of the introduction of elements of the system of national accounts (SNA) at the regional level.
The System of National Accounts is a detailed statistical model that includes a system of interconnected macro-level indicators. SNS exists in the form international standard recommended for implementation in various countries by the UN Statistical Commission, the IMF, the OECD and the Commission of the European Communities.
The SNA includes a set of statistical tables called accounts, each of which characterizes a certain stage of the economic cycle: production, education and distribution of income, final consumption expenditure and accumulation. The central macroeconomic indicator around which the rest of the system is essentially built is the gross domestic product (GDP). The SNA in its entirety cannot currently be implemented at the regional level due to a number of features inherent in regional economy, and limitations of the information plan, which are faced by the territorial bodies of state statistics. Nevertheless, Goskomstat of Russia is carrying out systematic work on the introduction at the regional level of calculations of a number of generalizing indicators, methodologically based on the principles and definitions of the SNA. Chief among them is the GRP indicator.
As noted above, the main macroeconomic indicator of the performance of the economy in the statistics of many countries, as well as international organizations (UN, OECD, IMF, etc.), is GDP. At the micro level (enterprises and sectors), the indicator of GDP corresponds to the indicator of newly created “gross value added”, reflecting the end result of their production activities. To characterize the process of production of goods and services at the mesolevel (region, krai, oblast), in accordance with the general methodological approaches of the SNA, the gross regional product is calculated.
Gross regional product- This is a general indicator of the economic activity of the region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services. GRP(or "our work") is equal to the sum of the value added of the sectors of the economy of the region, calculated as the difference between output and intermediate consumption ("someone else's work") plus net taxes on production and imports.
GRP calculated at current basic and market prices (nominal GRP), as well as in comparable prices (real GRP). GRP is a fundamentally new aggregate indicator for Russia, which has not previously been used in practical activities countries and regions. Its main conceptual feature is that it takes into account any activity and stimulates "our" labor of all enterprises. Avoid double billing and costs at the same time "foreign" labor, which were previously taken into account in the total volumes and results of assessing the effectiveness of production.
GRP \u003d S BB - S PP + S NNP + S NNI;(4.4.)
The methodology for calculating this indicator for most sectors and industries at the regional and federal levels is the same.
However, there is a significant difference between the calculations GDP at the federal level and settlements GRP at the regional levels. Individual components GDP at the federal level, for objective reasons, it is impossible to spread across the regions (the costs of maintaining the Presidential Administration, the Government, the State Duma, Ministries, etc.), they are calculated centrally and are included only in GDP Russia as a whole. That's why GRP amount all subjects of the Russian Federation is not equal GDP.
Gross value added in basic prices, calculated for all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, differs from the gross domestic product of Russia by the amount of value added created only at the federal level. Therefore, the total GRP of all regions is less country's GDP into a number of elements that are not taken into account:
Value added of industries that provide collective non-market services to society as a whole ( public administration, defense, academic science, etc.);
Value added of industries providing individual non-market services, if information on expenditures on these services is not available at the regional level;
The imputed cost of financial intermediary services (FISIM);
Some taxes, in particular - taxes on imports, which cannot be taken into account at the regional level.
In addition, it is technically impossible and methodologically unjustified to distribute non-market collective services between individual regions, and there are no data for an adequate distribution of value added by the subjects of the Federation, created by financial and foreign trade intermediaries. The value of the discrepancy in the amount of GRP for the subjects of the Federation was, according to our estimate, in 2000-2006 less by 12-13% of the total value of GDP.
Russia has adopted the following scheme for calculating regional indicators based on the uniform methodological principles of the SNA. Territorial bodies of state statistics are entrusted within the framework of federal program collect information on unified reporting forms and annually calculate aggregated indicators of regional accounts in the SNA.
The data of GRP calculations are constantly checked by Rosstat, and the official results for the regions are approved by them after a four-fold clarification of the data after 2 years. It is clear that interest in them on the part of the authorities is declining.
Table 4.10.
Gross regional product
(per capita)
| Region | |||||||||
| thousand roubles. at current prices | |||||||||
| Russia | 39,5 | 49,5 | 60,6 | 74,9 | 97,9 | 126,0 | 157,9 | 198,8 | 248,0 |
| Ural county | 69,3 | 90,1 | 107,8 | 134,5 | 181,7 | 252,1 | 304,0 | 346,2 | 396,8 |
| Kurgan | 17,8 | 24,4 | 29,3 | 36,7 | 42,6 | 51,0 | 70,2 | 84,0 | 111,3 |
| Sverdlovsk | 34,2 | 44,1 | 52,2 | 63,8 | 82,1 | 107,6 | 148,5 | 186,6 | 214,9 |
| Tyumenskaya | 176,9 | 232,2 | 275,6 | 340,7 | 465,9 | 668,3 | 765,2 | 821,3 | 928,4 |
| Chelyabinsk | 33,0 | 39,2 | 47,8 | 61,4 | 81,7 | 98,8 | 126,8 | 163,8 | 189,5 |
Source: Yearbook Federal Service state statistics M.2010 "Russian Statistical Collection", p.335.
Modern regional leaders are particularly interested in the dynamics of GRP, income, profits and savings. There are opportunities for the territory to assess: the level of development of production, the contribution of the territorial entity to the overall results of the country's economy, what resources the subjects of the Russian Federation have and how they are used.
At the same time, in a country consisting of 86 territorial-administrative entities with different geographical locations and significant differences in the levels of socio-economic development, it is difficult to objectively distribute the added value created and calculate the true production costs. Therefore, the calculation problem GRP for each region is particularly relevant.
At the regional level, the main indicators of the CDS have been calculated since 1995, and certain interesting observations have been made, and completely new results of the analysis have been achieved.
In addition to GRP, the territorial bodies of state statistics should also calculate indicators of gross capital formation, final consumption, savings, fixed capital and a number of other indicators of efficiency and intensity according to the SNA methodology.
The calculation of GRP is carried out by statistical agencies on a discrete basis using the production method, taking into account the formation of an information base for accounts. Two types of information are commonly used:
Direct information, which is full or partial data on the magnitude and dynamics of calculated indicators. For example, the unified form P-1 "Information on the production and shipment of goods and services" contains information on the quantity and dynamics of the industry's products. The information obtained from the reports is necessarily counted to the full circle, taking into account small enterprises, household products and informal economy;
Indirect information, which is data on the volume or dynamics of an indicator that does not constitute a whole or part of the calculated indicator, but changes make it possible to judge the dynamics of the calculated indicator. For example, the change in the number of service persons is indirect information for determining the dynamics of the volume of services provided.
First of all, it should be noted that the indicators can be standardized, that is, calculated per inhabitant, which allows a new way to compare the intensity of data change between regions, regardless of their size and scale. This is especially important because it becomes possible to compare any subject of the Russian Federation. For example, Moscow provides approximately 10% of the total GRP of all regions of the country, the same as the Northern and Volga-Vyatka economic regions, taken together. And the contribution of the Republic of Ingushetia and Altai Territory small - less than 0.02% of GRP from each region.
Moscow, of course, stands out among other regions of the country. Per capita, the capital produces 70% more added value than the average for Russia. However, Moscow is not a champion in this indicator. The level of production in the Tyumen region is more than two times higher than in Moscow and 3.5 times higher than the Russian average. Among the leaders in the country are the Republics of Yakutia and Komi, Krasnoyarsk region, Samara region (with its VAZ-ohm). Tatarstan and St. Petersburg are ranked 21st and 22nd respectively.
The lowest rates are in the North Caucasian republics, Kalmykia, the Republics of Altai and Tuva, as well as the Penza, Tambov, Ivanovo regions, where the level of per capita GRP production is two or even three times lower than the average level in Russia. If we compare the highest (Tyumen) and the lowest (Ingushetia) levels, the difference will be significant - more than 17 (!) times.
Approximately correspond to the average Russian levels of per capita production in the Arkhangelsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk regions. It can be argued, however, that the average value of the series is somewhat shifted due to the anomalous values of Tyumen, Yakutia, and Moscow, which are due to quite understandable geographical and administrative factors that form the features of the economy of these territorial entities.
Therefore, the most typical are the indicators of GRP production in the Bryansk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Voronezh, Kirov, Volgograd, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Kurgan and other regions. In them, per capita production indicators are somewhat lower than the average level for Russia.
Just as when calculating production indicators, when constructing other regional indicators, it makes no sense to take into account the collective services of the federal level (public administration, defense, academic science, etc.), since they turn out to be for society as a whole.
The most important indicator, which characterizes the final use of goods and services in the territory of the region, is the indicator “actual final consumption” . Households consume products and services at the expense of their own income, as well as individual non-market services of healthcare, education, culture, etc. at the expense of the state and non-profit organizations, transferred to households in the form of transfers in kind. This indicator is important not only in terms of comparing production and use GRP, but also studying the level of well-being of the population.
If Moscow ranks third in Russia in terms of value added per capita, then in terms of actual final consumption per capita, it confidently leads by a huge margin. It is almost 90% ahead of the Magadan region, which is second, more than three times the average level in Russia and almost 18 times the level of the Republic of Ingushetia.
However, what is certain is that Moscow is not exactly the same as the rest of Russia in terms of consumption. If we exclude from consideration the Far East regions, where final consumption costs are traditionally high due to geographical reasons, and the North Caucasian republics, where people experience additional difficulties, then the most typical level of actual final consumption will be in Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Belgorod, Voronezh, Saratov and Chelyabinsk regions.
However, in a number of territorial entities of the Urals (Kurgan, Oblast and the Udmurt Republic) there is a higher naturalization of production at the level of economic units (enterprises), there is a significant shortage of raw materials and financial resources, the disequilibrium of technological structures (a large share in the economy of the branches of the military-industrial and agricultural complex), the desire to simplify technologies while maintaining a significant share of manual labor. The disproportions were accompanied by uneven institutional transformations, inclusion in the system of foreign economic relations on new, more open terms, and violation of the system of cooperation.
As a result, the existing system of territorial and sectoral division of labor turned out to be poorly adapted to market relations. The regional differentiation of the level of production, consumption and life of the population has intensified. Therefore, along with economic indicators SNA social indicators of human development should also be measured.
Statistics, as a living social science that reflects the life and activities of the population and households, is able, according to a new concept, to characterize terms life of the population, which should create for him the power. According to Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “The Russian state is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person”. In the same time capabilities development must be provided by the people themselves and employers. Solving the problems of saving the population and related budget expenditures is not charity or social assistance. This is an investment in human capital that are able to provide the economic growth throughout Russia.
It is proposed to take into account the peculiarities of the development of the region: socio-demographic and personnel, socio-political - to reflect conditions life of the population. And material and resource, sectoral and structural, financial and budgetary, natural and climatic, information and statistical, organizational and economic - for characterization opportunities population and businesses.
To do this, it is necessary to change the system of indicators that reflect the effectiveness of the work of personnel and the economy. Abandon the old detrimental indicator - volume production in industries that contains a double count and stimulates the growth of costs rather than the growth of value added.
It is not yet possible to get away from repeated counting in practice due to the fact that at the federal and regional levels, quantitative indicators are mainly used that characterize extensive forms of management (the volume of industrial, agricultural and other production), and qualitative indicators (GRP, profit, labor productivity etc.) as the main ones are rarely used in official publications.
All this is happening because the apparatuses of the organs of power and administration are slowly mastering SNA and SRS and do not actively use modern market indicators, generally recognized throughout the world.
From an economic point of view, it is detrimental to use volumetric and only quantitative indicators as the main ones, containing a significant share of enterprises' costs (intermediate consumption). In practice, eclecticism is being carried out, secretly stimulating costs, and the most important data in market conditions, such as regional product, income, consumption, accumulation, profit, savings and many other indicators SNA are used as secondary.
Table 4.11.
GRP structure in the Kurgan region
(billion rubles / share, in %)
"Gross output" obtained by double and double counting of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products ( someone else's work ) amounted to more than 52 billion rubles in 2001, and the regional product (own work) - total 25 billion rubles. In 2008, "output" reached 250 billion rubles, and GRP - 106 billion rubles. The cost share decreased from 51% (2001) to 48% in 2008.
GDP at the stage of formation of income consists mainly of profits of enterprises, incomes of the population and taxes, however, costs are not taken into account. On average real income of the population and the profit of enterprises should increase by 7-10% per year. However, the profits of the economy are growing at an insignificant pace.
Instead of expanding the “export” of products to other regions, “import” is increasing, for which you have to pay and funds are limited, there is not enough money, more and more is needed financial resources to serve "foreign" labor. This wastefulness reduces the efficiency of the entire economy of the Kurgan region and turns it into a raw materials appendage of the regions and republics of the Urals, Western Siberia and other regions of the country.
Therefore, it is necessary to move away from cost incentives and re-billing, it is necessary to use only data SNS, such as GDP, GRP, income, profit, consumption, accumulation, savings, etc. At the same time, it will be necessary to create a system economic education SNA all state and municipal employees, specialists of enterprises, the population and the public. Such an educational program SNA organized in the Kurgan region.
test questions
1. The amount of value added of enterprises is equal or not GRP?
2. What explains the need for calculus GRP?
3. What are the features of assessment methods GRP?
4. What indicators SRS used in practice?
5. What accounts and indicators are used to reflect the activities of households?
Gross Regional Product (GRP) - a generalizing indicator of the economic activity of the region, characterizing the process of production of goods and services.
Gross regional product (GRP) - an indicator that measures gross value added, calculated by excluding the volume of its intermediate consumption from the total gross output, is defined as the sum of newly created values of the region's economic sectors.
At the national level, the gross regional product (GRP) corresponds to the gross national product, which is one of the basic indicators of the system of national accounts.
There are several methods for calculating GRP . Gross regional product at the stage of production, calculated by the production method, is the sum of the gross value added created by all resident institutional units in the economic territory of the region (excluding net taxes on products).
It is calculated at the level of industries and sectors using the production method as the difference between the output of goods and services and intermediate consumption, formed from the value of goods and services that are transformed or completely consumed in the production process. The term "gross" indicates that the figure is determined before deducting the consumption of fixed capital.
Gross regional product is calculated in current basic and market prices (nominal volume of gross regional product), as well as in comparable prices (real volume of gross regional product).
The indicator of the gross regional product is, in its economic content, very close to the indicator of the gross domestic product. However, there is a significant difference between the indicators of gross domestic product (at the federal level) and gross regional product (at the regional level).
The sum of gross regional products for Russia does not coincide with GDP, since the calculation of GRP does not take into account a number of elements that include GDP. Therefore, the total GRP of all regions of Russia is less than the country's GDP.
Let's list elements not taken into account when calculating the gross regional product (GRP) :
Value added of industries that provide collective non-market services to society as a whole (public administration, defense, international activities, etc.);
- added value of services of financial intermediaries (primarily banks), whose activities are rarely limited to strictly individual regions;
- value added of foreign trade services, which in many cases can only be obtained at the federal level;
- part of taxes (taxes on import and export), which cannot be taken into account at the regional level.
As for the first point of the considered elements, conceptually, these services should be taken into account at the place of their production (rendering), and their value should be included in the volume of the GRP of the corresponding region.
The volume of these collective services is determined in the amount of the corresponding costs state budget reflected in the performance report federal budget. All federal budget expenditures in the regional context should be taken into account and reflected by the system of regional treasuries in accordance with the current unified budget classification. But the practice of accounting for some federal budget expenditures for the country as a whole, without breaking down into individual regions, continues to this day.
This is mainly due to the inability to determine to which specific region the costs incurred can be attributed (for example, budget expenditures for international cooperation, services public debt etc.), as well as continuing shortcomings financial accounting or some political considerations (defense spending, internal affairs, etc.).
Thus, the presence of problems associated with the distribution of part of the public spending, as well as overcoming the shortcomings of regional accounting (incomplete reflection of data in the reports of treasuries) currently force them to abandon their accounting at the regional level.
In addition, among the positions that determine the discrepancy between the gross domestic product as a whole and the sum of gross regional products for all territories, include indicators that reflect financial and foreign trade intermediation.
The production of financial intermediary services in modern conditions is very difficult to correctly account for the regions. Due to the specifics banking it is problematic to tie its volume to one region where the bank is registered. A bank may be registered, for example, in Moscow or have only a branch here, which, as a rule, conducts a large volume of operations, but at the same time, a Moscow bank or a Moscow branch of a provincial bank today can actually provide financial intermediation practically throughout Russia. As a result, territorial statistical bodies have practically no data in order to accurately assess the production of financial services in the region.
Such an element of the calculation of GDP as “indirectly measured services of financial intermediaries” also does not seem possible to be distributed among individual territories. As is known, according to the SNA methodology, the cost of these services is included in the intermediate consumption of their recipients. But the issue of attributing the cost of financial intermediary services to the intermediate consumption of specific consumers of these services has not yet been resolved even theoretically, their volume is measured indirectly as a whole and, accordingly, is not distributed either by industry or by territory.
Currently big problem in regional calculations, it represents the accounting for the interregional exchange of goods and services, which makes it impossible to take into account the value added of foreign trade for the region with a satisfactory degree of reliability.
It is obvious that the volume of net taxes on imports under the current conditions can only be estimated in general for the economy without distribution by region. It is practically impossible to determine the territorial structure of either taxes or subsidies on imports, since there is no information on the territorial distribution of the imports of goods themselves.
Certain problems are also associated with the regional accounting of net taxes on products. They are due to insufficient information in the budget. In particular, in order to calculate net taxes by region, it is necessary to present the regional distribution of subsidies for products paid from the federal budget.
In full, such data are not available not only in regional statistics, but also at the federal level, since a certain part of subsidies for products is distributed by the Ministry of Finance of Russia not to the regions, but is transferred to ministries and departments for the development of the relevant industry, and only then gets to enterprises through departmental distribution . It is practically impossible to trace the entire path of such subsidies to the regions, therefore, for a certain part of net taxes on products, it is possible to make only a general estimate for the economy as a whole.
Thus, due to a number of methodological and organizational reasons a number of important positions of GDP can only be calculated at the federal level for the economy as a whole, and the amount of GRP throughout Russia is objectively less than GDP . The objectively substantiated discrepancy between GDP and GRP was 12.6 percent in 2002.
Beginning with the results for 2004, data on the gross regional product (GRP) are published on the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service in basic prices; previously, data on GRP were published in market prices.
At present, active implementation of DIS PDNS (Two-level Integrated Data Preparation System for National Accounts) is underway in Russia. Already in 2007, the GRP was calculated with the introduction of the DIS PDTS, which made it possible to carry out additional monitoring of indicators and data collection. Unfortunately, until recently, the DIS PDNS has not outgrown the stage of trial operation and is an unresolved tangle of conflicts in setting problems in various statistical forms.
In 2010, the development of DIS PDNS was transferred to a new contractor (Tver Inform Product), which limited itself to redesigning the old program, passing it off as a completely new software package.
Unfortunately, the calculation of the GRP of the subject of the federation is 28 months behind. For example, data on GRP for 2007 appeared on the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service in March 2009.
