The main factors influencing the analysis of the bank's deposit policy
The use of all elements and compliance with all principles of the deposit policy contributes to the implementation of the strategic and tactical goals of functioning credit institution and, as a result, we can conclude that the bank has developed an effective deposit policy. The end point of evaluating the bank's deposit policy should be a conclusion about its effectiveness.
An effective deposit policy strategy is based on three main provisions:
When analyzing the deposit policy of banks, the indicator of effective use by credit institutions of borrowed funds is often used. Money, which characterizes the value per one ruble of loan investments (EPS):
$EPS = SPS / SLE \cdot 100$, where:
Remark 1
This coefficient allows you to determine specific gravity the amount of credit investments, which occurred at the expense of attracted resources. At the same time, if its value is less than one hundred percent, then we can talk about insufficiently effective activities for the implementation of the deposit policy, and if it exceeds one hundred percent, it is said about the use of attracted resources both for issuing loans and for conducting other areas of active operations. In this case, the rate of formation of the deposit portfolio outstrips the growth of lending operations.
To maintain the stability of the deposit base, it is necessary to monitor the dynamics of changes in the following indicators: the average shelf life of the deposit ruble, the level of settling of funds received on deposits.
Average shelf life of a deposit ruble (SD):
$Sd = B(sr) \cdot D / KVd$, where:
В(av) - the average balance for the period on accounts for accounting deposits (excluding funds on settlement, current accounts of clients).
$B(av) = (Ovk + Avn) / 2$, :where
Remark 2
The calculation of this indicator will allow assessing the possibility of using funds as credit resources for issuing short-term loans.
The level of settling of funds received on deposit accounts (Uo):
$ Uo \u003d (Ovk - Aries) / Vp $, where:
Vp - the amount of receipts on deposits for the analyzed period (the amount of credit turnover on open deposit accounts).
Effective deposit policy suggests:
conducting
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for evaluating the organization of the deposit policy commercial bank
1.1. Deposit policy of a commercial bank: concept, goals, objectives, principles and factors influencing its formation
1.2. The role of deposits in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks
Chapter 2. Evaluation of the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
2.1. Economic and organizational characteristics of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB"
2.2. Evaluation of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB" in the market of deposit services
2.3. Analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSC Bank "TKPB"
Chapter 3. Ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank
3.1. Measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB"
3.2. Development of the deposit product "Investment in the Future" for JSC Bank "TKPB"
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
The most important component of the entire banking is the policy of formation of the resource base. At present, the main part of banking resources, as is known, is formed in the process of conducting deposit operations of a commercial bank, on the effective and correct organization of which the stability of the functioning of any credit institution as a whole depends. All types of deposit operations can be considered part of the banking portfolio. When managing a deposit portfolio, one should continuously analyze its composition, volume, profitability, riskiness, make forecasts and quantify cash flows. All this is a determining factor in the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The attracted funds cover up to 90% of the total need of a commercial bank in cash. In this regard, the issues of increasing the resource base and ensuring its stability through effective management deposit policy take on a special urgency.
The relevance of the chosen topic in modern conditions is beyond doubt. The amount of attracted funds of the bank, its ability to perform active operations, and, as a result, its profit, completely depends on the degree of development of the deposit policy of a commercial bank and the confidence of depositors in this bank.
Despite the fact that the importance of studying the fundamentals of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is emphasized in the works of many economists, these issues have not been fully developed in the scientific literature. The basics of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank are covered in the works of E.J. Dolan, P.S. Rose, O.I. Lavrushina, V.I. Kolesnikova, V.M. Usoskin, L.G. Batrakova and others.
The purpose of the thesis research is to consider theoretical issues of evaluating the organization of deposit operations and the deposit policy of a commercial bank, as well as developing proposals for its improvement.
In accordance with the specified purpose of the study, the following main tasks are set in the thesis work:
– consider the theoretical foundations for evaluating the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
- to identify the features of the formation and implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
- define economic efficiency proposed activities.
The object of study of the thesis is the activity of a commercial bank.
The subject of the thesis is the organizational and economic relations that arise in the process of formation and implementation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The theoretical basis of the study was the legislative acts of the Bank of Russia, including Federal Law No. 177 of December 23, 2003 “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks on the territory of the Russian Federation”, educational literature, statistical collections, periodicals, reference and information systems.
The methodological basis of the work is: the method of synthesis, analysis, the method of generalization, the dialectical method.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for assessing the organization of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
1.1. Deposit policy of a commercial bank: concept, goals, functions and factors influencing its formation
Currently, to ensure the normal functioning of commercial banks, the deposit policy is of great importance, since on its basis the bulk of banking resources are formed, which are the main source for conducting active operations. All commercial banks carry out deposit operations. Despite existing competition between commercial banks for the depositor, each bank independently develops and implements a deposit policy that is effective for this economic structure jar.
The deposit policy is a set of measures that are aimed at mobilizing funds from legal entities and individuals in the form of deposits (deposits) by banks for the purpose of their subsequent mutually beneficial use.
When forming a deposit policy, the bank independently determines the types of deposits, the deadlines for their storage, the basic rules for performing operations and other conditions.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
- development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities to attract funds to deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, an analysis of the financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;
– formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new banking deposit products for customers;
– implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;
– monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;
- monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.
Most important elements deposit policy are: determining the optimal combination of different types of deposits and the deadlines for their storage. Currently, each commercial bank has the right to independently determine which types of deposits are most beneficial for it.
That is why the deposit policy, first of all, must meet the following basic requirements, such as:
- competitiveness - the system of deposit rates should be focused on market conditions, that is, the bank that keeps rates at a lower level than competitors close to it in terms of reliability risks losing part of its clientele;
- economic feasibility - the deposit policy is designed to provide creditors with benefits from the placement of temporarily free cash, while allowing banks to profitably use the resources they hold;
- internal consistency - the structure of deposit rates, and their differentiation by amounts, types of deposits in comparison with other comparable instruments of the same bank, as well as by different categories of clientele.
Considering the essence of the deposit policy of commercial banks, it is necessary to touch upon such issues as: subjects and objects of the deposit policy, as well as the principles of its formation.
The composition of the subjects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank includes the bank's customers, commercial banks and government agencies. The objects of the deposit policy include attracted funds of the bank and Additional services bank (complex service).
The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is based on both general and specific principles.
Under general principles deposit policy refers to the principles that are the same, both for the state monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, pursued at the macroeconomic level, and for the policy specific to a particular commercial bank. These include: the principle of an integrated approach, the principle of scientific validity, optimality and efficiency, as well as the unity of all elements of the bank's deposit policy. A complex approach expressed both in the development of theoretical foundations, priority areas of the bank's deposit policy in terms of its development strategy, and in determining the most effective and optimal tactics and methods for its implementation for a given stage of bank development. The specific principles of the deposit policy include the principles of ensuring the optimal level of bank costs, the security of deposit operations, and reliability, since the bank, by accumulating temporarily free funds for the purpose of their subsequent placement, seeks to receive income not at any cost, but taking into account the realities of the market, on in which he carries out his activities.
The main goal of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is to attract as much money as possible at the lowest price. In the process of achieving this goal, it is planned to solve such problems as:
– pursuing a flexible interest rate policy;
– improving the quality of banking services and improving the culture of customer service;
– conducting deposit operations in order to obtain maximum profit in the future;
– maintaining consistency between deposit operations and credit investments;
– finding ways and means to reduce interest costs;
– minimization of banking risks.
In the process of formation of the deposit policy, the formation economic relations between commercial banks and legal entities, individuals and the state regarding the attraction of their temporarily free funds, as well as the implementation of practical measures in this area and ways to implement them. When conducting a deposit policy, the principles of organizing deposit operations and their relationship with the total money turnover, the ratio of economic and organizational methods in the management of deposit operations, the forms of deposit accounts and their scope, the procedure for opening and closing deposit accounts, the rules for crediting and withdrawing customer funds, the procedure and conditions for transferring funds from one deposit account to another, deadlines for storage money in deposit accounts. Only a commercial bank that constantly focuses on expanding the range of services provided to customers, reduces costs, improves the quality of credit and settlement and cash service, provides various benefits, offers various kinds of consultations to clients, and also conducts constant monitoring of the service and service culture. It is this set of measures that plays an important role in establishing the ratio between the levels of interest rates on deposit and credit operations of a commercial bank.
It should also be noted that the process of forming a deposit policy is directly related to interest rate policy conducted by the bank, since the deposit interest is the most effective tool in the field of attracting resources. Currently, banks can independently set competitive interest rates on deposits, based on the discount rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the state money market and based on its own deposit policy - so for certain types of deposits, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the operation of the account, the volume and nature of related services. The payment of interest on deposits by the bank is the main part of operating expenses, which is why banks, on the one hand, are not interested in a high level interest rate, and on the other hand, they are forced to maintain such a level of interest rate on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Trying to attract deposits, especially of large size and for a long period, commercial banks offer high interest rates to their customers, despite the growth in interest costs. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited.
The determining factor in setting the interest rate on deposits is the term for which funds are placed: the longer the term, the higher the interest rate. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income, the less often payments, the higher the level of interest rate. There are also various ways of calculating interest payments.
The classic type of income calculation is simple interest - in this case, the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation, and with the established frequency, based on the interest stipulated by the agreement, the deposit is calculated and paid.
Another type of income calculation is compound interest when interest is calculated on interest. After the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount, and in the next billing period the interest rate is applied to the new base increased by the amount of previously accrued income. Also, a progressively increasing interest rate is often applied, which directly depends on the time the funds are actually on the deposit. This procedure for accruing income stimulates an increase in the period of storage of funds and protects the deposit from inflation.
Currently, commercial banks attract huge volumes financial resources for a variety of periods, so even minimal losses can lead them to the fact that they will not be able to pay off their debts on time. In this case, the public reaction will be an influx of customers into the bank demanding the return of deposits. This can lead to depletion of the bank's resources, and force them to reduce the volume of operations that generate income. Consequently, banks suffer even from occasional market volatility, from panic-stricken excessive withdrawals of deposits, which can subsequently lead to individual banks to bankruptcy.
To minimize such situations, a fairly effective method has been invented to deal with outbreaks of mass withdrawals of deposits and prevent crisis situations in economics. This mechanism is called state guaranteeing (insurance) of bank deposits of the population.
Law No. 177-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation” was signed by the President on December 23, 2003 (current edition of 07/13/2015). The objectives of this Federal Law, first of all, are to protect the rights and legitimate interests of depositors of banks in the Russian Federation, to strengthen confidence in the banking system of the Russian Federation and to stimulate the attraction of household savings to the banking system of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with this Law, the Deposit Insurance Agency pays compensation to depositors upon the occurrence of an insured event. The main task of the system compulsory insurance bank deposits is to protect the savings of the population placed in deposits and accounts in Russian banks on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The deposit insurance system works as follows - in the event of a bank closing and revocation of its banking license, fixed cash payments are immediately made to its depositors. Compensation for deposits in a bank, in respect of which an insured event has occurred, is paid to the depositor in the amount of 100 percent of the amount of deposits in the bank, but not more than 1,400,000 rubles. In the event that a depositor has several deposits in one bank and whose total amount of liabilities on these deposits exceeds 1,400,000 rubles, compensation is paid for each of the deposits in proportion to their size.
In accordance with the Federal Law, participation in the deposit insurance system in Russia is mandatory for all banks, which is why banks that do not participate in the deposit insurance system are not eligible to receive banking license to attract deposits from individuals
Interest policy is also an integral part of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is based on a number of principles, the observance of which, in consequence, implies the development of an optimal interest rate policy of the bank. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to name the principle of differentiation of interest depending on the period of storage and the size of savings, the principle of "social" differentiation of interest on deposits, the principle of ensuring the profitability of banking activities and the principle of preserving and protecting the savings of depositors. The combination of all these principles is a necessary condition for the formation of an effective interest and deposit policy of the bank.
The main part of the bank's operating expenses is the payment of interest on deposits, which is why the bank is not interested in a high level of interest rate, but is forced to maintain such a level of interest rate on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Despite the risk, commercial banks are trying to attract deposits, especially large ones and for a long time, offering high interest rates to their customers. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited.
Currently, the entire volume of existing individual deposit programs can be divided into two classes: term deposits and demand deposits.
Demand deposits guarantee the opportunity not only to keep funds on the account, but also to withdraw part of the amount, to receive the entire amount on hand on demand, or to replenish it at a convenient time. Despite the primary convenience of this class of deposits, due to the existing opportunity to withdraw your funds on any day, banks offer, in most cases, a small rate. Consequently, demand deposits are inconvenient for those who seek to protect their savings from inflation. They are appropriate only in case of sending (receiving) a transfer of funds, as well as for temporary storage of money, which may come in handy quite unexpectedly.
Currently, term deposits are more profitable for bank depositors. From the name of this class it follows that they are opened for a strictly defined period. Usually, minimum term is three months, and the maximum is thirty-six months (3 years). Interest rates range from nine to thirteen percent in rubles and from five to eight percent in euros and dollars. However, in case of premature withdrawal of the deposit, one should not exclude the possibility of receiving the same interest as on demand deposits. This means that free funds should be invested in time deposits, which can be entrusted to the bank without damage for one or another period.
The ability to add additional funds to a deposit allows an individual to open a replenishable term deposit. The amount deposited in the bank one-time will be a non-replenishable term deposit.
In modern conditions, the most popular variations of term deposits are:
– standard;
- with capitalization;
- multi-currency.
The depositor receives interest on standard time deposits at the end of the term of the agreement. Deposits with capitalization involve the receipt of interest by the depositor once every one or three months. In this case, interest is added to base amount, and the next accrual is made on the amount resulting from such a merger. Multi-currency deposits represent the simultaneous investment of funds in various currencies, and the subsequent possibility of their redistribution at one's own discretion.
Also, term deposits are divided into renewable and non-renewable.
Extended (extendable) deposit - a deposit that is considered automatically extended for the same period specified in the agreement, and subject to the same conditions that were specified in the primary agreement, if the depositor did not appear within the specified period for his funds.
Non-prolongable (non-renewable) deposit - a deposit, an increase in the term, the validity of which is not automatically provided.
In modern conditions, the most traditional is the grouping of funds on customer accounts by terms, since it allows you to analyze by terms and amounts, which is necessary to manage the profitability and liquidity of the bank:
This grouping is the most analytical, as it allows you to most clearly track the timing of the possible return of funds to customers and, therefore, predict and regulate the liquidity of the bank's balance sheet.
Control over the deposit policy of a commercial bank and specific banking operations related to attracting resources is carried out within the framework of common system internal control operating in the Bank. At the same time, the main supervisory bodies include both internal divisions of the Bank (Department for Processing Transactions, Accounting and Reporting Department, Financial Department, Internal Control Service), such external auditing bodies (Audit Commission, Audit organization, Tax authorities, branch of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation supervising the activities of the Bank).
So, we can conclude that the increased competition between banks and other financial institutions for deposits of individuals has now led to the emergence of a huge variety of deposits, their prices and service methods. According to experts, there are currently more than 30 types of bank deposits. At the same time, each of them has its own characteristics, which allows customers to choose the most appropriate and possible form of saving money and paying for goods and services that suits their interests.
1.2. The role of deposits in the formation of the resource base of commercial banks
Banks in order to carry out their commercial activities must have at their disposal a certain amount of money. The specificity of banks' activities lies in the fact that, on the one hand, they attract temporarily free funds from various sources, and on the other hand, they place them to meet the needs of enterprises, organizations, and the population in need of financial resources.
The resource base in the activities of commercial banks determines the scale and direction of active operations and, consequently, the volume and structure of bank income. The composition and structure of the resources of a commercial bank have a significant impact on its liquidity and financial results activity in general.
Traditionally, the main volume of resources is formed by banks at the expense of borrowed funds. Most often, their share in the total amount of bank resources is 70–80%, and the attracted funds of the bank are formed mainly through the implementation of deposit operations.
The nature of bank deposit operations and the attainability of the goals set for them largely depend on the quality of the developed deposit policy.
The bank's deposit policy in the field of attracting resources is one of the indicators of the reliability and stability of the bank's resource base.
This policy must meet two criteria:
1) the level of the interest rate on deposits should be sufficiently attractive for existing and potential customers;
2) the level of the interest rate should not sharply increase the lower limit of the interest margin between active and passive operations.
The formation of the deposit base using various tools and sources of raising funds allows maintaining the bank's potential in terms of conducting active operations at an adequate level, as well as responding flexibly to the financial needs of the clientele.
At present, deposits of individuals are the most dynamically developing source of financing the resource base of commercial banks, which is why the funds of the population should occupy a special place in the banking policy of generating funds. A significant characteristic of the deposits of the population is their "dispersion" among many depositors, who differ significantly in terms of income, age, gender and territorial characteristics, social status and professional affiliation, which significantly increases the level of diversification of banking resources. To date, the deposits of the population are quite manageable, by changing the value of interest rates, the bank has the ability to attract resources with specified characteristics of terms.
The main feature of the deposit market of the population at present is the significant influence of interest rate levels on the formation of demand for deposits - that is, the interest rates on deposits set by banks largely determine the growth rate of their resource base. Moreover, for different groups of banks, this influence manifests itself to varying degrees. The heterogeneity of the deposit services market can lead to a significant redistribution of market shares between banks, which may subsequently be accompanied by the emergence of new major players.
Analysis of the cost of banking resources, first of all, indicates that Russian credit institutions are actively using the factor of manipulating interest rates in their deposit policy, thereby ensuring the influx of new depositors. Of course, the level of interest rates is not the only factor that determines fluctuations in the deposit base, but at present the task of determining the impact of the cost of deposits on fluctuations in the client base "ceteris paribus" is very relevant.
Speaking about the Russian market of deposits of citizens, it should be noted that it cannot be considered as homogeneous, which is why control over the dynamics of the share of banks in it is often insufficient for a correct assessment of changes in the competitive position of a bank.
Thus, for example, the structure of the citizens' deposit market in Russia makes it possible to single out the three most significant market segments with clearly different stereotypes of depositors' behavior, as well as different factors in the growth dynamics of deposits - pensioners, who account for almost half of the citizens' deposit market in Russian banks, the middle stratum, VIP and non-residents. The first and most extensive category of depositors is rather conservative; consequently, a noticeable increase in the income of pensioners leads to a rapid strengthening of the positions of commercial banks. These deposits are usually denominated in rubles.
The second most important segment of the deposit market is the funds of VIP clients and non-resident citizens, who traditionally prefer to work with commercial, preferably foreign, banks.
However, the bulk of depositors do not belong to the above two categories, although it is they who have the most important influence on the comparative positions of individual commercial banks, since they account for almost half of citizens' funds in banks.
After analyzing the data for the last three years, we can conclude that in 2015 the volume of household funds in banks increased by 2,714.8 billion rubles. (in 2014 - by 2,371.3 billion rubles) - up to 16,957.5 billion rubles, which in relative terms is 19.1% (in 2014 - 20.0%).
In turn, the volume of insured funds of the population in banks participating in the Deposit Insurance System in 2015 increased by 2,591.3 billion rubles. (in 2014 - by 2,150.1 billion rubles). In relative terms, it increased by 18.5% to 16,591.0 billion rubles. (in 2014 - by 18.1%).
An analysis of the dynamics of the daily growth of deposits shows that in 2015 the savings activity of the population was higher than in 2014 – the growth in deposits in January–November 2015 averaged 6.0 billion rubles. per day, which significantly exceeds the same indicator of the previous year (in January-November 2014 - 4.7 billion rubles per day).
Traditional pre-New Year payments brought banks an additional 650 billion rubles. (at the end of 2014 - 750 billion rubles), this indicates that the inflow of funds from the population at the end of 2015 differs slightly from last year's figure.
In the course of analyzing the structure of deposits by size, it can be concluded that during 2015 different groups of deposits grew unevenly. In the first three quarters, deposits increased most actively - from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. and over 1 million rubles. - by 25.3 and 22.2% in terms of the amount and by 24 and 24.9% in terms of the number of accounts, respectively. Deposits from 400 thousand to 700 thousand rubles. over the three quarters grew by 10.6% and by 9.8%, however, in the fourth quarter the situation changed and deposits began to grow most actively within insurance compensation- up to 700 thousand rubles. (an average of 11.6% per quarter), while the growth of large deposits has practically stopped. As a result, deposits from 400,000 to 700,000 rubles showed the highest growth rates over the year. and from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. - by 25.6 and 28.1% in terms of the amount and by 28.5 and 23.5% in terms of the number of accounts, respectively. Deposits over 1 million rubles. dropped to third place - an increase of 23.4% in terms of amount and 20% in terms of the number of accounts.
At the end of 2015, the share of deposits from 400 thousand to 700 thousand rubles. increased from 15.3 to 16.2%, from 700 thousand to 1 million rubles. - from 7.0 to 7.6%, and deposits over 1 million rubles. increased from 38.4% to 40.0% of the total amount of deposits.
As for the average size of balances on accounts and deposits in the range of up to 700 thousand rubles, an increase of 1-1.7% can be observed here; in the range from 700 thousand rubles. up to 1 million rubles indicator remained virtually unchanged compared to previous year, and for deposits over 1 million rubles. there is an increase of 3.7%. Therefore, we can conclude that the average size deposits throughout the banking system without small and inactive accounts are estimated at about 155 thousand rubles. (fig.2)
Figure 2. Structure of deposits depending on the size of deposits
The ongoing monitoring of interest rates offered by the 100 largest retail banks showed that 86 out of 100 banks reduced their deposit rates in 2015. Rates increased in 3 banks, and remained unchanged in 11 banks.
The average level of interest rates, weighted by the volume of deposits, as of January 1, 2015, in rubles annual contributions in the amount of 700 thousand rubles. amounted to 7.2%, while the average unweighted interest rates for deposits in the amount of 700 thousand rubles. amounted to 8.8%.
The reduction in deposit rates occurred mainly in the II and III quarters, and in the IV quarter there was a multidirectional movement of rates among banks - 39 banks reduced, and 23, on the contrary, increased, as a result average level rates fell slightly in the fourth quarter.
Throughout 2015, positive real returns on ruble deposits persisted. According to experts, the return on deposits in 2016 will also be at a level slightly higher than inflation.
Also noteworthy is the growth in reporting year the share of long-term deposits over 1 year - from 58.9 to 61.8%, however, along with the growth of long-term deposits, there was a decrease in short-term deposits - from 22 to 19.2%. The share of demand deposits decreased, but slightly - from 19.1% to 18.9%. In general, the noted trends are caused by the preference for more profitable long-term investments especially in the face of relatively high interest rates.
At present, due to the revocation of licenses from several banks at the end of the year, there has been some redistribution of the market positions of credit institutions, for example, the share of the 30 largest banks in terms of household deposits in the first three quarters of 2013 gradually decreased from 77.1 to 76, 4%, but increased to 78.6% in the fourth quarter. The market share of Sberbank of Russia behaved similarly: in the first three quarters it decreased from 45.8% to 44.7%, in the fourth quarter it increased to 46.7%.
At the end of the year, the highest growth rates of deposits were observed in network multi-branch banks - 18.1% and in banks of the Moscow region - 16.4%, regional banks grew by 12.8%, and deposits in the Savings Bank of Russia increased by 21.6%.
Based on statistics, we can conclude that Russians prefer to keep their savings in rubles - they occupy ⅔ of the retail deposit market. Currency deposits are growing at a slow pace.
Bank deposits today are an effective means of savings, which makes not only a reliable, but also a profitable investment tool.
In general, the development of the situation on the deposit market in 2012-2015 was characterized by the following positive trends:
– the growth of the deposit base in the majority of operating commercial banks continued;
– the growth trend of long-term lending continued;
– the share of deposits of individuals in the total volume of the deposit base increased.
For commercial banks, household deposits are becoming more and more attractive every year, as a result of which competition in the banking services market is significantly intensifying. This situation is, first of all, beneficial for investors who can receive higher returns on their deposits. The statistics of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation shows that preference is given to deposits for a period of either less than 31 days (19% of all deposits) or more than a year (63%), the share of which during recent years is growing steadily. Long-term deposits (over 1 year) for quite a long time provide the main share in the growth of the resource base of banks at the expense of household deposits.
The forecast for the retail deposit market for 2016 assumes an increase of RUB 2,880–3,220 billion. – up to 19,840–20,180 billion rubles, which corresponds to a relative increase in deposits by 17–19%.
Summing up, we can conclude that customer funds attracted in deposits form the basis of the resource potential of banks. Based on the above analysis, it can be seen that every year the savings activity of the population is growing, and, consequently, the resource base of commercial banks is being strengthened.
The volume and structure of the deposit base largely determine the nature of the active operations of a credit institution, its lending capabilities and role in the economy. And only an adequate deposit policy, taking into account numerous factors that affect the nature of deposit operations, will ensure the mobilization of appropriate resources for subsequent lending to the economy and participation in the investment process.
Thus, for commercial banks, deposits are the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resources. An increase in the share of this element in the resource base makes it possible to place a larger volume of attracted funds, thereby increasing the bank's liquidity. The deposits of the population among the attracted funds of the bank are an important source of resources. Based on the needs of the population in obtaining banking services, each bank independently develops its own deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of their activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflation processes taking place in the economy.
Having a clear understanding of the main trends in the development of the deposit market and a clear understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of competitors, the development of the main price nuances of the formation of deposit products becomes a necessary guarantee of the bank's successful operation in the private deposit market.
Chapter 2. Assessment of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
2.1. Economic and organizational characteristics of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB"
JSC Bank "TKPB" Tambov is a universal regional credit institution that meets the requirements quickly emerging market banking services. JSC Bank "TKPB" was established on the basis of the Tambov regional department of Stroybank in 1990. The main task of the bank is to promote the development of the economy of the Tambov region, improve the quality of life of the population. Starting from 2005, Tambovkreditprombank annually confirms the status of a dynamically developing bank. May 30, 2012 JSC Bank "TKPB" became a laureate in the nomination " Best bank region" in the category "Silver".
Full official name of the Bank in Russian: Joint Stock Company Bank “Tambovkreditprombank” Abbreviated name in Russian: JSC Bank “TKPB”
Registration number and date state registration in the Bank of Russia: No. 1312 dated April 27, 1992
Main state registration number: 1026800000017.
In connection with bringing the provisions of the Charter in accordance with the Federal Law, Federal Law No. 99-FZ dated May 5, 2014 “On Amending Chapter 4 of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and on Recognizing Certain Provisions of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation as Invalid”, in including the name of the Bank, the Main Department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for the Central federal district of the city of Moscow on December 14, 2015 issued:
– new edition the Charter of the Bank;
– general license No. 1312 dated December 04, 2015 for banking operations with a new name of the bank;
The Bank carries out activities to provide banking services in accordance with the Charter, approved by the decision of the general meeting of shareholders (participants ) , and also in accordance with licenses:
– License for banking operations No. 1312 dated July 25, 2008, issued by the Bank of Russia for attracting deposits and placing precious metals;
– license for attraction in deposits and placement of precious metals No. 1312 dated December 04, 2015 with a new name of the bank
– Licenses of a professional participant in the securities market issued by the Federal Commission for the Securities Market:
– License of a professional participant in the securities market, issued by Federal Service on financial markets, for the implementation of depository activities No. 068-12030-000100 dated February 13, 2009 (without limitation of validity).
The bank is a member state program deposit insurance, approved by Federal Law No. 117-FZ "On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation" dated December 23, 2003. JSCB TKPB (OJSC) was included in the register of banks participating in the deposit insurance system on January 27, 2005 under No. 507.
The authorized capital of JSC Bank "TKPB" was formed in the amount of 117,500,000 rubles, divided into 116,500 units. ordinary registered shares with a par value of 1000 rubles each, 847 pcs. preferred registered shares with an indefinite dividend with a nominal value of 1000 rubles each and 153 pcs. preferred registered shares with a dividend of 120 percent per annum with a par value of 1,000 rubles each. The authorized capital of the bank can be increased or decreased. You can raise capital by increasing the par value of shares or by placing additional shares, but reduced by reducing the par value of shares or reducing their total number, including through the acquisition and redemption by the bank of a part of the placed shares in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" The Bank is included in the banking system of the Russian Federation.
Legal address of JSC Bank "TKPB": 392000, Tambov, st. Soviet 118.
The bank's network consists of a head office, 12 additional offices, 2 operational offices and two cash desks outside the cash center. The head office and 7 branches of the bank operate in Tambov, 2 - in Michurinsk, 2 - in Rasskazovo, one each - in Kotovsk, Uvarovo, Kirsanov. Operational offices operate in Moscow and Lipetsk.
The founding document of the Bank is its Charter. The bank is a legal entity. Owns separate property recorded on an independent balance sheet, can exercise and acquire property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and a defendant in court, has a round seal, a stamp and letterheads with its name.
According to the Charter, JSCB "TKPB" (JSC) provides the following Banking services:
- opening and closing accounts legal entities, individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity and individuals in rubles and foreign currency. Settlement and cash services;
– acceptance of deposits of legal entities and individuals in the currency of the Russian Federation and foreign currency;
– lending to legal entities and individuals;
- foreign exchange transactions;
– implementation money transfers on international system"Western Union", providing services for money transfers via the "Contact" network, the "Anelik" system, "Migom", " Gold Crown»;
– acceptance of payments through ATMs for cellular services from individuals;
- accepting payments utility bills from individuals;
– provision of private clients with bank cards of international and Russian payment systems, introduction of payroll card projects. For the convenience of customers, the bank has installed eleven ATMs for servicing payment cards. VISA systems and MasterCard in Tambov, Michurinsk, Kotovsk and Rasskazovo;
– operations with precious metals;
- provision for use bank safes(cells) to ensure the safety of cash and valuables;
- extradition bank guarantee;
- provision of remote banking services: "Bank - Client", "Internet - banking";
– making transfers without opening an account on behalf of individuals;
- operations with securities.
The priority direction of the bank's activity is to attract funds from the population in deposits. Work on accepting funds from individuals in deposits is carried out on the basis of a general license of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 1312. The Bank may accept from individuals on terms of repayment and payment of funds in deposits: on demand, urgent, as well as those deposited on other terms of return.
A demand deposit in JSCB TKPB (OJSC) is a deposit with an unlimited period of storage. Acceptance of additional contributions, as well as the issuance of deposits, is carried out during the entire period of storage in amounts at the discretion of the depositor.
Term deposits are deposits made to a bank for a specified period. The issuance of deposits is made in accordance with the Regulations for certain types of deposits.
Accrual and payment of interest on deposits is made in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 839), Regulations of the Bank of the Russian Federation No. 39-P dated June 26, 1998 and Regulations of JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) for certain types of deposits. Interest is accrued from the day following the day the deposit funds are received by the Bank until the day preceding their return to the depositor.
A deposit account is opened for a client only if the bank has received all the required documents, and the client has been identified in accordance with the Legislation of the Russian Federation.
Deposits are accepted subject to the requirements of the Federal Law "On counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism".
Deposits are insured in accordance with the Federal Law "On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation". Payment of compensations on deposits is made by the State Corporation "Deposit Insurance Agency".
Any citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 14 and has a passport can be a depositor of JSC Bank "TKPB", Foreign citizens and stateless persons. The amount of attracted funds (deposit) is not limited.
To open a deposit account, individuals-citizens of the Russian Federation provide the bank with the following documents:
Individuals - foreign citizens or stateless persons additionally provide migration card and (or) a document confirming the right to stay (residence) in the Russian Federation.
When visiting the Bank for the first time, the depositor must familiarize himself with the conditions of the offered deposits, select the type of deposit, make a statement about this orally, presenting an identity document and filling out the following documents:
- contract bank deposit in 2 copies;
- incoming cash warrant when making a deposit;
The accountant assigns an account number depending on the type of deposit, while using a PC. The following data is entered into the database: the last name, first name, patronymic of the depositor, contract number, data of the depositor's identity document, the date of opening the account, the amount of the current interest rate, then a personal account is opened with the amount of the down payment and a credit order is printed, which is signed by the depositor.
The agreement must be signed by the depositor and the head of the bank, the signature of the head is certified by the seal of the bank.
grounds for closure bank account on the deposit is the termination of the bank deposit agreement.
In its activities, the Bank is guided by the Charter, the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulations Bank of Russia:
As a result, we can say that JSC Bank "TKPB" works in all segments financial market, is a universal regional credit organization and provides a wide range of financial services. However, one of the bank's priorities is to attract funds from individuals. Household deposits are the main source of expansion of the resource base of JSC Bank "TKPB".
2.2. Evaluation of the activities of JSC Bank "TKPB" in the market of deposit services
JSC Bank "TKPB" offers the population a competitive line of deposits with a variety of conditions in order to meet the needs of citizens in saving and increasing their funds. In order to increase the resource base, the bank is focused on attracting funds from various target groups: working citizens, pensioners, parents who care about the future of their children. The types of deposits of Tambovkreditprombank OJSC are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Deposits of JSC Bank "TKPB" for individuals
Deposits of individuals are placed for a period of 30 to 1800 days with monthly and quarterly interest payments, as well as interest payments at the end of the deposit term. The dynamics and changes in the structure of deposits of individuals depending on the period of storage in the period from 01/01/2015 to 01/01/2016 are presented in table 2.
Table 2. Dynamics of deposits of individuals of JSC Bank "TKPB" depending on the period of storage from 01/01/2016 to 01/01/2015
The deposits of individuals as a whole for this period increased by almost 8%. The most popular for the population are deposits for a period of 91 to 180 days, the change is 134,806 thousand rubles, or 93.7%. This indicates that the interest rate policy of JSC Bank "TKPB" for these deposits is the most attractive for individuals.
Currently, the bank is becoming increasingly popular among the population. This fact is confirmed by the dynamics of the number of customers in the branches of JSC Bank "TKPB" and the increase in the volume of attracted deposits from customers. The number of accounts of individuals is increasing at a rapid pace. Data on the dynamics of deposits for 2015 are presented in Appendix 1.
As of 01/01/2016 the bank's client base is 27,365 individual depositor accounts. Compared to last year, the number of customers increased by 3.3%. Compared to 2014 the total amount of deposits increased by 551 thousand rubles. (19.86%). In the structure of attracted resources, the funds of individuals account for 46.8%. Considering the dynamics of deposits of JSC Bank "TKPB", one can note the trend of increasing the resource potential of the bank. Wide range of deposits additional features according to calculations and convenient mode of operation could not but cause fast growth the number of clients.
Thus, we can conclude that the deposits of individuals are one of the main sources of the resource base. The Bank annually increases the volume of deposits of the population. For these purposes, the bank carries out promotions, offers profitable terms for depositors, new interest rates are introduced.
2.3. Analysis of the deposit portfolio of JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC)
Expansion of the resource base by attracting funds from individuals is one of the priorities of the bank.
As of January 1, 2016, insured deposits of individuals in the whole bank increased by 160.2 million rubles, in relative terms - by 14.3%, and amounted to 1280.1 million rubles (in 2014 - 1119, 9 million rubles). The share of this source in the total liabilities of the bank decreased slightly (from 33.8% as of 01.01.14 to 33.3% as of 01.01.16).
Comparative growth rates of deposits of individuals for 2015 as a whole for credit institutions of the Tambov region and JSC Bank "TKPB" are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Deposits of individuals by credit institutions of the Tambov region and JSC Bank "TKPB". for 2015, %
From the above data it can be seen that for the 4th quarter of 2015, the growth rate for Tambovkreditprombank outstrips the growth rate for the region by 4.8%. The growth rate of the bank is 116.2% in the Tambov region 111.4%. The Bank constantly monitors deposits of individuals and interest rates on them. Based on the results of monitoring, it was found that for the 4th quarter of 2015, the growth rates for JSC Bank "TKPB" of the proposed interest rates by divisions of banks in other regions located in the Tambov region. Thus, Express-Volga Bank offered rates from 8.5 to 11%, Home Credit Bank from 10 to 11%, “ Eastern Express Bank", Bank "TRUST" up to 11%.
The rates of Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank, Promsvyazbank, VTB-24 did not exceed the rates offered by JSC Bank TKPB.
In 2014, the weighted average rates of JSC Bank TKPB did not exceed the average interest rate on deposits in rubles of ten large credit institutions that attract the largest volume of deposits. From the dynamics of changes in the interest rate, it can be seen that this indicator tends to increase.
The volume of deposits of the population and their share in the context of structural units is characterized by the data given in Table 3.
Table 3. The volume and share of deposits of individuals by divisions of JSC Bank "TKPB"
As can be seen from the given data, the share of deposits by bank divisions has changed insignificantly. The main share of deposits of individuals falls on the Head Office - 38.2%.
The balances of deposits of the population by terms of attraction are characterized by the following data (Table 4)
In the structure of deposits attracted from individuals, funds for a period of 181 days to 1 year have the greatest growth. Their volume for the year increased by 1.2 times or 105.9 million rubles. The share for the specified period in the total amount of borrowed funds also increased from 43.6% to 46.6%.
Table 4. Balances of deposits of individuals by terms of attraction
Deposits attracted for a period of 1 to 3 years increased by 15.4%, while their share remained virtually unchanged in the total volume of deposits of individuals - 33.5%.
The share of household deposits for a period of 91 to 180 days decreased and amounted to 11.3%. There is a decrease in the share by 2.2 and the amount of deposits by 21.9 million rubles. for a period of 31 days to 90 days.
As of January 1, 2016, the balances of funds of individuals (account 40817) increased by 14.9 million rubles compared to January 1, 2015. The December inflow of funds from the population on bank cards exceeded the figure of the previous year by 29.8%.
Payroll projects did not open in 2015.
Offering a wide range of deposits for individuals, JSC Bank "TKPB" pursues a policy of reliability and security of funds entrusted to the bank.
JSC Bank "TKPB" accepts deposits on terms that are as close as possible to the needs of customers:
- deposit "on demand" with the condition of annual capitalization of interest;
– 27 types of term deposits, including:
2 types with the condition of quarterly payment of accrued interest;
6 types with condition monthly capitalization accrued interest;
2 types with the condition of quarterly capitalization of accrued interest;
16 types with the condition of accruing interest upon the expiration of the term of the bank deposit agreement;
– current accounts of individuals in rubles;
– accounts for settlements using bank cards of international payment systems, including within the framework of payroll projects.
In the reporting period, the bank had sufficient credit resources to meet the requirements of the Bank of Russia for assessing economic situation, ensuring stability in order to recognize it as sufficient for participation in the deposit insurance system, further lending to individuals.
However, in order to avoid an outflow of deposits, the Board of the Bank decided to change the interest rates upward from February 28, 2015, May 22, 2015, June 4, 2015, August 13, 2015, September 7, 201. to the population new types of deposits with a higher interest rate.
According to the results of the year, the amount of the contribution is in the range from 100 to 400 thousand rubles. increased by 6.5% (up to 400.9 thousand rubles), from 400 to 700 thousand rubles. - by 21.5% (up to 293.9 thousand rubles), from 700 to 1 million rubles. - by 14.5% (up to 151.6 thousand rubles), over 1 million rubles. - by 14.9% (up to 301.3 thousand rubles).
The growth of deposits close to the maximum amount of insurance compensation indicates the active impact of the insurance system on the savings behavior of the population. As a result, by the end of the year, the share of deposits ranging from 400 thousand rubles. up to 700 thousand rubles increased from 21.6% to 23.0% of total deposits, over 700 thousand rubles. increased from 35.2% to 35.4%.
Funds of individuals attracted on the basis of bank deposit agreements are defined as deposits subject to insurance and are included in the calculation base of insurance premiums.
As of January 1, 2016, 6349 contracts were concluded for term deposits and 21,016 demand contracts, and as of 01.01.2015 – 5,761 term deposit contracts and 20,788 demand contracts.
From the moment of entry into the deposit insurance system, the amount transferred insurance premium to the Agency amounted to 23,090.6 thousand rubles, including 1,171.6 thousand rubles transferred. for the 4th quarter of 2015
The business plan of JSC Bank "TKPB" provides for an increase in the loan portfolio, respectively, this will require additional resources, the growth of which is also provided.
As a result, it can be said that main task Bank in the field of attracting resources is to maintain and increase the volume of services provided by the bank in the banking customer service market, the formation of long-term preferences among customers in determining the timing of the placement of funds.
In order to create a resource base for expanding active operations, investing in the real sector of the economy and reducing its own interest rate risks, the bank identifies as the main priorities in the formation of the resource base: extending the terms of raising funds, reducing the total cost of resources, optimizing the structure of raising resources.
The bank's tariff policy is focused on a wide range of clients and provides for flexibility in setting fees for borrowed funds, a wide range of interest rates on deposits and placed funds.
Chapter 3Ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank
3.1. Measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB"
One of the problems that commercial banks are currently facing is the problem of forming an optimal resource base that will meet the needs of the bank.
The resource base has a direct impact on the liquidity and solvency of a commercial bank. The amount of income that a commercial bank receives depends strictly on the amount of the resources that the bank acquires in the market of various resources and, in particular, deposit ones. Hence there is a competitive struggle between banks for attracting resources.
The formation of a resource base, which includes attracting new clients, is integral part flexible management of assets and liabilities of a commercial bank. Effective liability management involves the implementation of a competent deposit policy. The specificity of this area of activity is that in terms of passive operations, the choice of a bank is usually limited to a certain group of clientele, to which it is attached much more strongly than to borrowers.
Currently, the development of banking competition leads to a close binding to certain customers. If the circle of these clients is narrow, then the bank's dependence on them is very high. Therefore, in order to strengthen the resource base, commercial banks need a balanced deposit policy, balanced in terms of terms, volumes and interest rates.
In order to expand the resource potential and client JSC Bank "TKPB" it is necessary to improve the deposit policy as much as possible. First of all, the deposit policy should be aimed at expanding the list of deposits available to various groups of clients, as well as introducing new types of services for their convenience.
The deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB" must take into account the needs of all social and age groups citizens - working and pensioners, young people and middle-aged people, and should also be designed for both the low-income segments of the population and people with medium and high income levels.
In order to increase the interest of individuals in receiving deposit services, the following instruments can be used in JSC Bank "TKPB":
In order to increase the deposits of individuals, JSC Bank "TKPB" could offer the opening of a new type of deposit "Hit of the Season" on the following conditions: the term of storage is 370 days, the interest rate is 11% per annum, with the right to replenish, the minimum amount of the initial contribution is 10 thousand rubles.
In order to attract the younger generation to the number of depositors, TKPB Bank JSC should develop the Yunost deposit, focused specifically on this social group of the population.
It is proposed to introduce the following conditions for this deposit:
– the minimum amount is 2000 rubles;
– deposit term is 5 years;
– annual percentage – 11%;
– age limit from 18 to 23 years.
In order to ensure the influx of depositors to this type of deposit, it is advisable to introduce incentives that will be attractive among the young population. This may be a discount when buying a train ticket, when buying scientific literature in bookstores. These benefits will be valid only if the funds on this deposit have been paid for and have lain for at least one full period of storage.
Focusing on the young population, it is possible to introduce the “Student” deposit, the target audience of which will be students of the city of Tambov. For this deposit, the minimum amount is 1,000 rubles, the deposit term is from 181 to 1,095 days. The interest rate will be 7.5 - 8.5% per annum. The attractiveness of this contribution may be that the accrued interest can be transferred to the account of tuition fees at the university.
As part of the improvement of the deposit policy JSC Bank TKPB could offer a range of deposits targeted at high-income clients. For example, the “Premium” deposit, which would feature personal service, the services of a personal manager who solves the financial problems of his client around the clock, this is the opportunity to come to the bank “on call” without standing in line at branches, this is access to various client services support . According to the "Premium" deposit, it is possible to replenish the deposit within 60 days from the date of its opening. "Premium" - a deposit with the highest interest rates among bank deposits, with monthly interest payments and the possibility of their capitalization.
JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) should also offer deposit products aimed at meeting the needs of depositors in housing, large purchases, education, tourism and recreation. It is advisable to develop the "Professor" deposit - a deposit product designed for teachers of Tambov universities. The interest rate is 6-10%, and a partial withdrawal is also provided - 20% of the amount of additional contributions.
When developing the “Family +” deposit, a group will be involved who have children under the age of 18 at the time of applying to the bank. The interest rate for this type of deposit can vary from 7 to 10% per annum.
Another measure to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB" and increase the interest of customers in deposit services can be offered to pay interest on deposits placed in advance in order to compensate for inflationary losses. In this case, the investor, when placing funds for a certain period, immediately receives the income due to him. However, in case of early termination of the bank deposit agreement, the bank will recalculate the interest on the deposit and the overpaid amounts will be deducted from the deposit amount.
In order to speed up and make it easier for customers to obtain the necessary information about deposits in JSC Bank TKPB, it is advisable to create a customer service service, with the help of which a potential depositor will be able to receive all information on available deposit products free of charge by phone. The presence of this service will reduce the time for servicing depositors directly at the bank's office, and, as a result, attract new depositors of various social groups.
At the same time, the bank should constantly focus on advertising policy, which will make it an effective tool for building a client base. Each competitive advantage bank and each new deposit product must be known and understandable to customers, easily comparable, and also advantageously different from competitors' offers.
Currently, banks are actively offering online deposits. In this they are supported by clients who, saving time on visiting the office, use the opportunity to become depositors remotely.
Another mechanism to improve the deposit policy JSC Bank "TKPB" can serve implementation of the "Deposit Online" program. To do this, it is enough for a future depositor to have an open account and access to Internet banking in JSC Bank "TKPB". With the help of this program, you can open any deposit from the current line of deposits. The advantages of this program for clients are obvious - saving time on visiting the office and the most comfortable opening of deposits - at work, at home or even while on vacation. Despite the remoteness of this service, the deposit opening agreement is kept at the bank branch, and the client can pick it up at the first visit to the office. The only condition for opening a deposit online will be that this service can only be used by customers who have already had a positive experience of opening a deposit with JSC Bank TKPB.
Thus, when developing measures to improve the deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB", one should be guided by certain criteria for its optimization, among which the following can be distinguished:
In conclusion, we can say that each bank develops its own deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for conducting deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor of competition from other banks and inflationary processes occurring in economy.
3.2. Development of the deposit product "Investment in the Future" for JSC Bank "TKPB"
Currently in banking there is a huge number of deposits aimed at meeting the needs of the population of absolutely all social groups. However, in Russia today only a few credit organizations issue targeted deposits for children. They can be opened, for example, at Zenit Bank, Alfa-Bank, PJSC SDM - Bank. The conditions offered by credit institutions for children's deposits vary greatly. So, some banks open such deposits only in the name of children under 14 years old, while others - until the child reaches 18 years of age. The term of the deposit can be either one year or five years. The minimum deposit amount in some banks is set at 1,000 rubles, and in others - 100 thousand. The interest rate policy of banks on the market is also ambiguous, the rate on children's deposits varies from 5% to 9% per annum. Deposits of this type are replenishable. Ability to make expenditure operations on the deposit offers a minimum number of banks. As a rule, the deposit is automatically extended until the child reaches the age of majority or reaches 14 years of age.
A child deposit is opened by a parent (guardian) or a close relative in favor of the child. The client who opened such a deposit is called the depositor. He has all the rights of the depositor until they are presented to the deposit by the child. A minor can enter into the rights of a depositor upon reaching the age of 14.
Since JSC Bank "TKPB" periodically reviews its deposit policy and, keeping up with competitors, seeks to improve the product line of deposits, thereby changing interest rates, one should consider such a way to attract a client as the introduction of a new, non-standard deposit product "Investment in the Future" .
The main advantages of a deposit for a child will be:
There are also disadvantages in children's deposits, namely, that the interest rate on them is usually 0.5-1% lower than on term deposits. However, this is definitely better than keeping your savings without the possibility of increasing them. Due to the use of the child deposit, the child will already have a large enough capital, thanks to which he can get an education or open his own business. In addition, he will learn to manage his money wisely, which will help him properly manage funds in the future.
Deposit benefits:
– Interest capitalization;
– Possibility of replenishment.
To develop the most attractive deposit product "Investment in the Future" at JSC Bank "TKPB", we will calculate what the final amount will be if the client deposits 10,000 rubles for 2 years under maximum bid 9% in Rosselkhozbank OJSC and at 9.5% per annum in Sovcombank PJSC.
These calculations should be carried out using the compound interest formula:
SUM=X*(1+%) n (1)
Where SUM – final amount;
X is the initial amount;
% - interest rate per annum / 100;
n is the number of periods, years (months, quarters).
Comparative characteristics of the return on investment are given in Table 5.
Table 5. Comparative characteristics of the profitability of the deposit
The offer of these banks is initially focused on a fairly limited segment of consumers. The yield of the offered deposits remains at the level of 20%. Thus, JSC Bank "TKPB" needs to develop a deposit "Contribution to the Future", which will bring the target consumers the highest income than the competitors presented above.
The terms of the proposed term deposit "Investment in the Future" of JSC Bank "TKPB" are presented in table 6.
Table 6. Deposit "Contribution to the Future" JSC Bank "TKPB"
Deposit benefits:
Let's calculate the profitability of the deposit product "Investment in the Future" using similar conditions.
Profit will be equal to:
10000*(1+14.5/100) 2= 13110.25 rub.
13110.25-10000 \u003d 3110.25 rubles.
The yield of the calculated product will be:
3110,25/10000=31,1 %
Making a comparative analysis of these types of deposits, we can conclude that JSC Bank "TKPB" can offer a more efficient and attractive banking product for customers who have minor children.
A distinctive feature of the proposed deposit product will be the possibility of opening a deposit for "the smallest". The term of the deposit is from 1 to 18 years, this will allow the depositor to open a long-term deposit from the first days of a child's life until he comes of age. Initially, the amount invested by parents on a child's deposit will increase by 5-10 times after 18 years.
How profitable the "Investment in the Future" for a period of 18 years in JSC Bank "TKPB" will be, the calculations show:
Option 1. Parents open a deposit for a period of 18 years and immediately deposit 20 thousand rubles into the account. If it is never replenished, then at an average annual rate of 10% at the end of the term, the child will be able to withdraw 111,198 rubles.
Option 2. Under the same starting conditions, parents replenish the deposit by a symbolic 500 rubles. every month. In this case, an adult child will already have 420,346 rubles at his disposal.
From the calculations made, it can be seen that the "Investment in the Future" will allow the child to receive funds by the age of majority, which are several times higher than the initial contribution.
Currently, few banks have such products in their deposit line and often the term of such deposits is up to 3-5 years, which does not meet the expectations of parents who, opening children's contribution, expect to accumulate a substantial amount by the time their child comes of age.
The attractiveness of "Investment in the Future" can also be the fact that not only parents, but also relatives - grandfathers, grandmothers, brothers, sister, etc. can open deposits for children in JSC Bank "TKPB". To do this, it will be enough to present your passport and the original birth certificate of the child. "Investment in the future" provides for the accumulation of the required amount of funds by a certain date. The uniqueness of this product will lie in the fact that funds can be placed by clients for a long time.
The bonus for opening this deposit will be a free issue bank card Visa Electron. In this case, the bank card will serve as a tool for using the deposit replenishment service through ATMs of JSC Bank "TKPB".
A positive point is also that you can open "Investment in the Future" in the name of a child of any age. Until the age of 14, the depositors manage the funds, and with the receipt of a passport, the child can independently manage the savings on the deposit.
"Investment in the future" in JSC Bank "TKPB" could also be attractive for individuals with a second child, if it is possible to invest in this contribution maternity capital. In 2016, the amount of maternity capital, which is due at the birth of a second child, is 453,026 thousand rubles. Families who have used the deposit product "Investment in the Future" can receive a worthy increase in family budget. If you put this money on the deposit "Contribution to the Future" in JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) at 10%, for the year the increase will be about 45,000 rubles. The undoubted advantage will be that the account holders will be able to receive monthly dividends on existing investment. This means that families that transfer maternity capital to a deposit account with Tambovkreditprombank will have the opportunity to receive cash, which, according to today's law on maternity capital, can be spent not only on paying for kindergarten, school and subsequent education of the child at the university, improving housing conditions and the formation of the funded part of the labor pension of parents, but also used for everyday expenses for food, rest, treatment and visiting sections by the child.
Maternity capital, currently, is issued immediately after the birth of the baby, however, you can use this amount only after three years, during which you will “just look” at the certificate issued by pension fund. That is why the transfer of maternity capital to a deposit in JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) immediately after the birth of a child and the subsequent withdrawal of interest on the deposit will significantly help families with more than one child solve everyday worries that require additional expenses from the very first days of a baby's life .
Despite the fact that interest in children's deposits has recently become more and more obvious, experts are cautiously predicting the future of this, it would seem, promising direction banking. The main reason for this is the high riskiness of children's deposits, since, in most cases, they are long-term. Despite the risk such contributions have many advantages.
Firstly, the interest rate will be proportional to the term for which the contract is concluded. When concluding such a long contract, the rate is approved for the entire period. In addition, there are various bonus programs available to depositors who have chosen this type of agreement. Thanks to them, you can increase income on deposits, as well as take advantage of various kinds of services, discounts, and advantageous offers. JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) offers a "Contribution to the Future", which the depositor can replenish an unlimited number of times.
Secondly, long-term deposits can be developed, including interest capitalization. That is, in this way, you can significantly increase the income on the deposit.
Thirdly, discounts are provided to customers for other banking services.
When developing a long-term deposit product "Investment in the Future", potential customers may be interested in the question of how JSC Bank "TKPB" will provide such a high interest rate on the deposit. There is a simple explanation for this - "Investment in the Future" will be the only product in the entire line of deposits presented, which offers the highest interest rate. Currently, in Russian banks, there is often a discrepancy between deposit rates and inflation, that is, inflation "eats" all savings on deposits in the long term. However, according to the Central Bank of Russia, an inflation forecast was planned until 2026. Inflation in Russia in 2016 is 6.4%, and during the calculated period, this index will fluctuate between 5.3 - 7.3%. Consequently, the interest rate of 10 - 14.5% per annum on the "Investment in the Future" almost doubles the inflation rate for the depositor.
As a result, we can conclude that after analyzing the situation in the bank deposits market, JSC Bank "TKPB" has every opportunity to offer individuals with a child a highly profitable deposit product "Contribution to the Future", which will be able to attract a large number of depositors interested in increase in own funds.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn.
Firstly, in the course of writing the thesis, it was found out that the formation of a deposit policy plays an important role in ensuring the stable and reliable functioning of commercial banks.
The study of the theoretical foundations of the deposit policy of a commercial bank made it possible to reveal that for commercial banks, deposits are the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resources. An increase in the share of this element in the resource base makes it possible to place a larger volume of attracted funds, thereby increasing the bank's liquidity.
Secondly, in the course of writing the work, the current situation in the country's deposit market was analyzed, and the activities of a particular subject of the banking system in the field of deposit operations of JSC Bank "TKPB" were studied.
Based on the results of the study conducted in the thesis, we can conclude that the deposit market of the Russian Federation has a stable situation with the attraction of funds from individuals in deposits.
As for the activities of JSCB "TKPB" (OJSC) in the field of attracting deposits from the population, both positive and negative trends can be noted here. The positive aspects in the work of the bank include the ever-expanding client base, growth of own capital and borrowed funds.
In the thesis, a number of problems faced by commercial banks were identified. These include the problem of forming the resource base of a commercial bank, as well as the insecurity of citizens' deposits in Russian banks.
Thirdly, a study of the deposit policy and an assessment of the current situation in the field of attracting funds from individuals in deposits made it possible to develop a number of proposals for improving the deposit policy of JSC Bank "TKPB".
Thus, in order to strengthen the deposit base and expand the resource potential, the bank is offered:
JSC Bank "TKPB" periodically reviews its deposit policy and, keeping up with its competitors, seeks to improve the deposit product line, thereby changing interest rates. In the thesis, such a way to attract a client as the introduction of a new, non-standard deposit product "Investment in the Future" was developed. The profitability of the calculated deposit will be 31.1%, which is significantly higher than that of competing banks. Investment in the Future also has a number of benefits that may be of interest to individuals with children. These include: long-term deposits, work with maternity capital, free issue of a Visa Electron bank card.
Thus, the purpose and objectives of the study have received their logical conclusion in the consideration of theoretical and development of practical recommendations for improving the process of formation and implementation of an effective deposit policy of a commercial bank.
List of sources used
Regulations
1. Federal Law of December 2, 1990 N 395-1 (as amended on April 5, 2016) “On Banks and Banking Activities” // Consultant Plus legal reference system: [ Electronic resource] / Company "Consultant Plus".
2. On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia): Federal Law of July 10, 2002 N 86-FZ (with amendments and additions) // Consultant Plus legal reference system: [Electronic resource ] / Company "Consultant Plus".
3. Charter of the joint-stock commercial bank "Tambovkreditprombank". Approved by the Minutes of the General Meeting of Shareholders No. 1 dated April 22, 2008
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Graduate work on the topic “Assessment of the organization of deposit operations and the deposit policy of a commercial bank” updated: May 25, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru
Successful development and effective functioning of a commercial bank is impossible without a detailed and economically justified deposit policy. The successful fulfillment of the goals and objectives set by the bank in the process of developing and implementing the deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of the functioning of the mechanism for the formation of the deposit policy.
Let us consider the mechanism of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, which includes four stages. Schematically, this model is shown in Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 - Formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is directly related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. Various structural subdivisions of the bank take part in the process of developing the mechanism of the bank's deposit policy.
An important factor determining the bank's liquidity is the quality of its deposit base. The criterion for the quality of deposits is their stability. The larger the stable part of deposits, the higher the liquidity of the bank, since in this part the accumulated reserves do not leave the bank. An increase in the stable part of deposits reduces the bank's need for liquid assets, as it implies the renewal of the bank's liabilities.
The analysis of deposits, which is carried out constantly, shows that demand deposits are the most stable. This type of deposits does not depend on the level of the interest rate. Its belonging to a particular bank is largely due to factors such as:
The balances of fixed-term and savings deposits are less stable. Their attachment to a particular bank is influenced by the level of interest rates. Therefore, they are subject to migration in the event of certain fluctuations in the level of deposit interest set by different banks.
The formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank is a complex and time-consuming process associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.
Subjective issues include:
Among the objective factors are the following:
It cannot be said that the process of forming a deposit policy is closely interconnected with the bank's interest rate policy, since the deposit interest is an effective tool in the field of attracting resources. At times state regulation limit rates of interest were established by law in accordance with the urgency of the deposit. Now banks can independently set competitive interest rates, focusing on the discount rate of the central bank, the state of the money market and based on their own deposit policy. For certain types of deposit accounts, the amount of income is determined by the term of the deposit, the amount, the specifics of the operation of the account, the volume and nature of related services, and depends on the client's compliance with the conditions of the deposit.
Bank interest payments on deposits are the main part of operating expenses. Therefore, the bank, on the one hand, is not interested in a high level of interest rates, and on the other hand, it is forced to maintain such a level of interest rates on deposits that would be attractive to customers. Trying to attract deposits, especially of large size and for a long period, commercial banks offer high interest rates to their customers, despite the growth in interest costs. However, the attraction of funds from the population by banks is not unlimited.
One of the directions of the interest rate policy of a commercial bank is the calculation and analysis of the cost of all resources and deposit operations.
For this you need:
When considering the issue of setting interest rates on deposits, it should be borne in mind that deposits are only part of global problem formation of the bank's interest rate policy, since the population's savings are part of the attracted credit resources, and any change in interest rates on deposits will lead to a change in the cost of the loan.
The task of management is to determine such a number of deposits and loans, the levels of their interest rates for a given supply and demand for different types financial resources to ensure the maximum value of the interest margin, which is the purpose of the bank.
Margin is the difference between the rates on attracted and provided funds. AT general sense the size of the interest margin depends on the terms of saving deposits and repayment of loans, levels of interest rates, volumes of attracted resources. The efficiency of the bank's functioning is largely determined by the consistency in time of credit and deposit operations, which in practice is not always possible to achieve, but in the presence of such consistency, short-term deposits can become a source of long-term lending.
The market level of the interest rate on deposits depends on the money market conditions. This is an objective factor, the bank cannot influence it, but is only forced to take it into account, while it is possible to maneuver between the minimum acceptable level of the interest rate beyond the competitive understanding, which will make it possible to attract a very limited amount of deposits, and the maximum possible cost of deposit resources for the bank itself. In a general sense, the size of the interest margin depends on the terms of keeping deposits and repayment of loans, interest rates, and the volume of attracted resources. The effectiveness of the bank's functioning is largely determined by the consistency in time of credit and deposit operations, which in practice is not always possible to achieve, but with such consistency, short-term deposits can become a source of long-term lending.
To set rates, the maximum possible attraction rate is first calculated, which is the difference between active and passive operations, which enables the bank to cover the necessary costs. When evaluating the annual increase in the bank's profit, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the increase should not be lower than the inflation rate. The maximum possible rate is calculated by the formula:
where Dmax - the maximum possible rate of attraction of resources;
K - average sales rate;
D - average rate of attracting deposit resources;
Pn - borrowed funds of the bank;
Pmob - a means mobilized by a banking institution.
N is the required reserve ratio for attracted resources.
The sources of formation of the bank's resources have different prices and different particles in the overall structure. In most cases, the price of resources is dictated by the market, but the rates of attracted resources must correspond to the potential of the bank.
The mechanism for evaluating the effectiveness of interest rates of attracted resources takes into account such points as: the relationship between the rates of attraction and placement of resources; the process of reserving part of the attracted funds in central bank; absolute fungibility of banking resources, beyond which the profit does not depend on the period of the initial attraction of resources.
When calculating interest, the interest rate is taken into account, the actual number of days for which funds are attracted. For a depositor who chooses a bank for the purpose of placing funds, the determining factor (ceteris paribus) may be the procedure for calculating the amount of interest. The fact is that when calculating it, some banks proceed from the exact number of days in a year (365 or 366), while others from an approximate number (360 days), which affects the amount of income.
Interest is calculated in one of the following ways:
A progressively increasing interest rate is also applied, depending on the time the funds are actually on the deposit. This procedure for accruing income stimulates an increase in the period of storage of funds and protects the deposit from inflation.
If interest on the deposit is accrued once at the end of the deposit term, then the amount of interest is calculated using the simple interest formula:
S = K + (K P d/D)/100, Sp = (K P d/D)/100, (2)
where S is the sum bank deposit with interest;
Sp - the amount of interest (income);
K - initial amount (capital);
R - annual interest rate;
d - the number of days of accrual of interest on attracted deposits;
D is the number of days in a calendar year (365 or 366).
If interest on a deposit is accrued several times at regular intervals and credited to the deposit, then the amount of the deposit with interest is calculated using the compound interest formula (interest on interest):
S = K (1 + P d/D/100) N, (3)
where: S - deposit amount with interest;
K - deposit amount (capital);
P - annual interest rate;
When calculating compound interest, it is easier to calculate total amount with interest, and then calculate the amount of interest (income):
Sp \u003d S - K \u003d K (1 + P d / D / 100) N - K, or (4)
Sp \u003d K ((1 + P d / D / 100) N - 1), (5)
If the interest rate is given not on an annualized basis, but directly for the accrual period, then the compound interest formula looks like this:
S = K (1 + P/100) N, (6)
where S - deposit amount with interest;
K - deposit amount (capital);
P - interest rate;
N is the number of interest periods.
Thus, the interest rate policy of a commercial bank associated with commercial activities, should facilitate the receipt of profit or create conditions for its receipt in the future, regulate the values of interest rates on deposits and lending operations and set them at a level that ensures the profitability of banking operations. It should ensure the interconnection and consistency between deposit operations for issuing loans in terms of terms and amounts, maintain balance liquidity, and minimize interest rate risk.
In modern conditions, for effective functioning, development and achievement of its goals, each commercial bank must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of financial resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of activity of a commercial bank.
A fund of funds formed on a paid basis is used to invest in active instruments. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most of the banking operations aimed at generating income. In this regard, the attracted funds should be considered as an independent object of policy.
Thus, the management of attracted funds is an important component of the bank's business policy. However, issues related to the study of the theoretical foundations of this field of activity have not been sufficiently developed in the scientific literature. This is especially true of the concept of the deposit policy of a commercial bank as an integral element of the liability management strategy.
The definition of the essence of the bank's deposit policy cannot be approached unambiguously, since it varies depending on its subject. The deposit policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer funds on a repayable basis.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
Development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities in raising funds in deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, an analysis of the financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;
Formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new bank deposit products for customers (in the field of commodity, pricing, marketing and communication policy);
Implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;
Monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;
Monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.
The main document regulating in commercial banks the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the deposit policy of the bank. This is a document that is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development. In addition, such documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy.
The document "Deposit policy of the bank" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides:
Prospects for the growth of the bank's own funds (capital), and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds;
The structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, including loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);
Preferred types of deposits and deposits, terms of their attraction; the ratio between time deposits (deposits) and for the period "on demand";
The main contingent of deposits and deposits, i.e., the category of depositors;
Geography of attraction and borrowing of funds;
Desirable creditor banks for interbank loans, terms for attracting the latter; conditions for attracting deposits (deposits) and interbank loans;
Ways to attract deposits (based on bank account, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit) agreements, by issuing own certificates, bills of exchange);
The ratio between ruble and foreign currency deposits(deposits);
New forms of attracting funds in deposits;
Special conditions for opening certain types of deposits (deposits);
Measures to comply with the bank's risk standards for borrowed funds.
The deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
Economic expediency;
Competitiveness;
Internal consistency.
The classification of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy is summarized in (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 Composition of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy
The formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is based on both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected in (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Principles of formation of the deposit policy
A number of structural subdivisions of the bank (treasury, financial management, business development department, credit management, securities department), as well as the bank's management bodies: the board of the bank and the asset and liability management committee.
Rice. 3.
Thus, the board of the bank determines and approves the main directions of the deposit policy, approves the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, and exercises general control over the implementation of the deposit policy.
The Assets and Liabilities Management Committee makes fundamental decisions on the formation of a deposit portfolio, analyzes the structure and dynamics of resources, their contingency in terms and amounts with the bank's assets in order to develop, if necessary, decisions to adjust the bank's deposit policy; carries out current control over the implementation of the deposit policy by individual structural divisions jar.
The financial management of the bank, together with the treasury, determines the total need of the bank for deposit funds (for a year, including a breakdown by quarters): sets the interest rates for each type of resource (deposits (deposits), bills, interbank loans); determines the amount of reservation of attracted funds in the Bank of Russia; controls the bank's compliance with the risk ratios for borrowed funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc.
Special departments of the bank are directly involved in attracting deposits in various forms: the department of deposits of citizens, the department of securities (issuing own bills, deposit and savings certificates), credit department or department of assets and liabilities (deposits of legal entities) and other departments in accordance with the internal organizational structure of each bank.
For implementation practical activities to raise funds, banks develop Regulations on deposit (deposit) operations (separately for deposits of individuals and deposits of legal entities), which stipulate:
Rules and conditions for accepting deposits (deposits);
Legal status of subjects of contractual relations;
The procedure for concluding a bank deposit agreement;
Methods of accepting and issuing a deposit (deposit);
The list of documentation required for opening and using a deposit (deposit), and the requirements for them;
The rights of depositors and the obligation of the bank;
Methods of accrual and payment of interest on deposits (deposits).
Intra-bank instructions on the procedure for making specific deposit (deposit) operations, which are developed by the bank in development of the Regulations on deposits (deposits), contain the organization of the work of a branch (subdivision) of the bank with various categories of depositors; the procedure for issuing documents corresponding to the commission of these operations, the scheme of their document flow; reflection in the accounting of operations for the acceptance and issuance of deposits, accrual and payment of interest on them.
The volume of funds attracted by the bank in deposits (deposits) depends on the state of supply and demand for monetary resources, the deficit or excess of funds from the bank, the state of the deposit market.
In order to attract funds from business entities and citizens into their circulation, banks develop and implement a whole range of activities. Yes, first of all an important tool competition between banks to attract resources is the interest rate policy, because the amount of income on invested funds serves as a significant incentive for customers to place their temporarily free funds in deposits (deposits).
The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is set by each commercial bank independently with a focus on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia and the state of the money market, as well as based on the provisions of its own deposit policy. First of all, the level of interest rate on deposit (deposit) operations of banks depends on the type of deposits (deposits). As a rule, on demand deposits, characterized by the instability of the balance, high mobility and mobility, minimum interest rates are set.
In order to encourage customers to maintain stable, not declining demand account balances, which generally has a significant impact on the profitability of lending operations, banks establish increased interest on them or to the value of the balance not lower than the minimum, calculated by the bank and agreed with the client (which is stipulated in the bank account agreement).
When setting the interest rate on time deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the funds are placed: the longer the period, the higher the interest rate. Not less than an important factor is the amount of the deposit, and, therefore, the larger the amount of the deposit and the longer the period of its storage, the higher the interest rate on it, as a rule. An essential point is the frequency of payment of income on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is inversely related to the frequency of payment of income, i.e. the less often they are made, the higher the level of the interest rate on the deposit (deposit) set by the bank. It should be noted that paying interest to banks at rates significantly higher than the economically justified level is not illegal. In this case material gain, derived from the difference between the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the credit institution's rate on specific deposits, should be subject to income tax.
Payment of interest on a deposit (deposit) can be made:
· once a month;
once a quarter;
after the expiration of the contract.
In order to stimulate the attraction of customer funds to time accounts in the bank, the conditions of deposits (deposits) may provide for the capitalization of interest. It is possible if the bank uses the compound interest technique when calculating income.
The traditional type of income calculation is simple interest, when the actual balance of the deposit is used as the basis for calculation, and, based on stipulated by the agreement interest rates, with the established periodicity, the calculation and payment of income on the deposit. Another type of income calculation is compound interest (interest on interest). In this case, after the expiration of the settlement period, interest is accrued on the deposit amount, and the resulting amount is added to the deposit amount. Thus, in the next billing period, the interest rate is applied to the new deposit amount, which has increased by the amount of previously accrued income.
To raise funds for deposits, commercial banks began to widely use overseas experience In particular, they carry out:
· Development of various programs to attract funds from the population;
· provision of various types of services to depositor clients, including those of a non-banking nature (for example, elements of medical care; subscription to periodicals of economic literature; subscriptions for excursion services in museums, etc.);
Use of a high interest rate on deposits of an investment nature;
program "Bonus percentage".
In addition to a flexible interest rate policy in order to attract funds, banks must provide depositors with guarantees for the reliability of placing funds in deposits. In order to protect investors, depositors and provide them with guarantees of compensation of funds in the event of their bankruptcy, banks should create special deposit insurance funds both in a centralized and decentralized manner.
Along with deposit insurance importance for depositors has access to information about the activities of commercial banks and the guarantees that they can give. When deciding on the placement of available free funds, each creditor must be sufficiently informed about the financial condition of the bank in order to assess the risk of future investments. In this regard, invaluable assistance to depositors and investors can be provided by rating assessments of the activities of banks by special agencies and bureaus.
At the same time, it should be noted that banks must also provide comprehensive information about themselves (on the amount of authorized capital, equity, founders, development prospects, performance results, etc.) to their creditors and depositors. This is especially true for individuals who choose banks to deposit their funds. Therefore, in the premises of a bank (branch, branch, additional office) accepting deposits from citizens, for the information of depositors, the following must be presented:
· a license from the Bank of Russia, which gives a particular bank the right to accept deposits from individuals either in rubles or in rubles and in foreign currency;
· audit report on annual report jar;
· the bank's balance sheet as of the last reporting date and profit and loss statement according to the forms for publication in print;
· position of the bank on the deposits of individuals;
List of types of deposits accepted by the bank from individuals. persons;
conditions for each type of deposits;
· information about the conditions for providing and guaranteeing deposits by the bank;
Forms of documents required for registration of deposits and transactions with them;
· information of the board of the bank (or other management bodies of the bank) on changes in the interest rate for certain types of deposits (indicating the reasons and terms for making changes to the conditions of deposits).
The work of credit institutions to attract creditors' funds into their circulation is associated with certain risks, which they must take into account in their activities and be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and stability.
The Bank of Russia establishes for banks and monitors their compliance with certain restrictions on the amount of funds raised. In accordance with the latest instructions of the Bank of Russia, a procedure is established for determining the balances on demand accounts and fixed-term accounts of individuals and legal entities (with the exception of credit institutions) for their inclusion in the calculation (exclusion from the calculation) of the instant (H2), current (H3) and long-term liquidity (N4) of the bank Instruction of the Bank of Russia dated 16.01.2004. No. 110-I.
The approach proposed by the Ordinance implements the method used in international practice for assessing bank liquidity risks, taking into account the so-called "behavioral" adjustments, that is, indicators characterizing the state of assets and liabilities based on accumulated statistical data.
The Ordinance establishes that banks independently determine the appropriateness of using the values of the minimum aggregate balances for calculating liquidity ratios.
It should be noted that not the entire amount of funds attracted by the bank from its customers can act as resources for its active operations. Part of the funds raised in the amount established by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia is subject to mandatory deposit on a separate account with the Bank of Russia. Required reserves are deposited with the Bank of Russia in accordance with Bank of Russia Regulation No. 255-P dated March 20, 2000 “On Required Reserves”. The Bank of Russia forms a mandatory reserve fund credit and banking system of the state. It can be used to provide loan assistance to commercial banks by the Bank of Russia in various ways, for settlements with depositors and creditors in the event of bankruptcy of a credit institution.
By changing the required reserve ratios, the Bank of Russia influences credit policy commercial banks, and, accordingly, the state of the money supply in circulation. For example, a decrease in the mandatory reserve requirements for funds attracted by banks allows them to use the generated resources in their turnover to a greater extent, i.e. increase investment in National economy, and vice versa. Required reserves (reserve requirements) are a mechanism for regulating the overall liquidity of the banking system, used to control monetary aggregates by reducing the money multiplier.
The obligation to fulfill reserve requirements arises for a commercial bank from the moment it receives a license from the Bank of Russia for the right to perform the relevant banking operations.
Required reserve ratios are set by the Bank of Russia for a certain period of time and may be reviewed periodically, but they cannot exceed 20% of a credit institution's liabilities. It should be noted that the norms of required reserves can be differentiated depending on the timing of raising funds, their types (cash of legal entities or individuals), the currency of the deposit. Usually, the highest reserve ratio is set for demand accounts, since the client can withdraw his funds from them at any time.
The stages of the formation of a savings policy are shown in Figure 4.
Monitoring is a necessary tool for assessing and managing the quality of banking activities in the savings market. It is thanks to monitoring that the commercial bank and supervisory authorities can evaluate the results of the deposit policy pursued by the bank, which is extremely important in the development of monetary policy and other market regulation instruments, as well as to prevent crisis situations in the banking system associated with the loss of customer confidence in financial and commercial institutions.
Next, we consider the stages of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank. It is very important to study the formation and implementation of the deposit policy mechanism of a commercial bank, since the successful fulfillment of the goals and objectives that are set for the bank in the process of developing and implementing a deposit policy largely depends on the effectiveness of its functioning.
Figure 4 Stages of formation of a savings policy
Based on the analysis of the current practice of behavior of banks in deposit operations, a scheme for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is proposed, which is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Scheme of formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
Each of the stages of the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is closely related to the others and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the correct organization of the deposit process. In this regard, the following areas of the deposit policy of a commercial bank can be distinguished:
Analysis of the deposit market;
Determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk;
Minimization of costs in the process of raising funds;
Optimization of deposit and loan portfolio management;
Maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increasing its stability.
An analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of the deposit base of any commercial bank, as a complex and time-consuming process, is associated with a large number of problems, both subjective and objective.
Subjective issues include:
1) scale of activity and weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;
2) the lack of interest of the bank's management in attracting funds from customers, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the bank;
3) insufficient level and quality of top and middle management;
4) the lack of a science-based concept for conducting a deposit policy in most Russian banks;
5) shortcomings in the organization of the deposit process: the absence of an appropriate unit in the bank, or low level marketing research of the deposit market, a limited range of offered deposit services, etc.
Among the objective factors are the following:
1) direct and indirect impact of the state and state bodies;
2) the impact of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;
3) interbank competition;
4) the state of the money and financial market in Russia;
The role of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a regulatory body over the past few years has been especially pronounced in matters of setting the refinancing rate and reserve requirements for commercial banks. Changes in the refinancing rate do not allow commercial banks to accurately predict and plan their activities in the field of asset and liability management for the long term and make transactions with long-term liabilities quite risky.
A negative impact on the structure of the resource base of a commercial bank has a growing dependence on large interbank loans, since an interbank loan does not contribute to the diversification of risks in deposit operations.
To solve existing problems, when developing a deposit policy, a commercial bank must be guided by certain criteria for its optimization. Optimization of the bank's deposit policy is a complex multifactorial task, the solution of which should be based on the consideration of the country's economy as a whole. Obviously, these interests do not always coincide. Therefore, the optimal deposit policy involves first coordinating their interests.
So, the optimization criteria are as follows:
a) the relationship of deposit, credit and other operations of the bank to maintain its stability, reliability and financial stability;
b) diversification of the bank's resources in order to minimize the risk;
c) segmentation of the deposit portfolio (according to clients, products, risks);
d) differentiated approach to different groups of clients;
e) competitiveness of banking products and services;
f) the need for an effective combination of resources, ensuring the optimal combination of stable and "volatile" resources while increasing the share of stable resources in the deposit portfolio of a commercial bank in conditions of increased risks (including deposit operations);
g) taking into account the concept life cycle in the process of forming the range of deposits and the deposit portfolio as a whole.
In order to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank, the following is necessary:
Each commercial bank must have its own deposit policy, developed taking into account the specifics of its activities and the criteria for optimizing this process;
It is necessary to expand the range of deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals with a “demand” term, which will allow, even in conditions of insignificant financial savings, the field to satisfy the needs of bank customers and increase the interest of investors in placing their funds on bank accounts;
As one of the directions for improving the organization of deposit operations, it is possible to use different types of accounts for all categories of depositors and improve the quality of their service;
Individual approach (the desire of the bank to provide the client with special benefits).
These are some of the possible ways to improve the deposit policy of a commercial bank and increase its role in ensuring its sustainability.
The relationship between the savings and deposit policies of a commercial bank is as follows: on the one hand, the main directions of the deposit policy are elements of the formation of the savings activities of the bank (for example, the range of deposits, interest rate policy, promotion of the product on the market, organization of the work of the relevant divisions of the commercial bank). On the other hand, it is impossible to call the deposit policy an integral element of the bank's savings policy. The bank's deposit policy is a broader concept, which includes, in addition to the strategy and tactics of attracting resources on a repayable basis, the organization and management of the deposit process.
In general, each commercial bank develops its own deposit policy. Also, the bank's management independently determines the degree of importance of these areas, the priority of one or another type of bank policy. First of all, this will depend on the area of operation of a particular bank, its specialization and universalization.
Introduction
1. Theoretical foundations for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
Classification of deposit operations of commercial banks
Methods and tools for forming a deposit portfolio
2 Analysis of the deposit policy of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OAO
Study of external and internal environment factors affecting the deposit policy of the bank
Analysis of the structure of deposits and deposit operations of the bank
Analysis of activities to attract target groups of customers
3.1 Development of measures to raise funds and sell deposits to the economically active population
3.2 Innovative strategy of the bank in the provision of deposit services
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
The modern banking system of the Russian Federation is characterized by a transition to a qualitatively new stage of development, due to the increasing competition of credit institutions and the need to maintain or strengthen market positions, which affects all areas of banking without exception. A quantitative increase in the volume of transactions and an increase in the profitability of banking activities require credit institutions to improve the quality of management of deposit resources and revise the approaches underlying the formation of a deposit policy, which should take into account new economic conditions and the needs of economic entities, and comply with the overall development strategy of the bank.
In recent years, banking experts have noted the increasing influence of the deposit policy of commercial banks on the development of their activities. At the same time, the insufficient development of the theoretical foundations for the formation, problems practical implementation and methods for evaluating the deposit policy weakens its impact on improving the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the functioning of commercial banks and the banking system as a whole. Under these conditions, the complex development of theoretical and practical issues that reveal all aspects of the deposit policy of a commercial bank is of particular relevance.
The purpose of the thesis is to explore the theoretical foundations for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank, to analyze the deposit policy of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OJSC and suggest areas for its improvement.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and implemented:
determine the place and role of deposit policy in banking policy;
explore the goals and objectives of the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
identify factors that determine the deposit policy of a commercial bank;
explore the main trends in the development of the deposit market of the Russian Federation;
to analyze the deposit policy of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OAO;
propose measures to improve the deposit policy of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OJSC and evaluate their effectiveness;
The subject of the study is the economic and organizational relations that develop in the process of formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
The object of the study is the current practice of formation and implementation of the deposit policy by the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OJSC;
Methodological basis of the study. The theoretical and methodological basis of the dissertation research was the works of leading domestic and foreign experts, revealing the pattern of development of a market economy, the basics of organizing and managing the activities of a commercial bank, economic and organizational aspects of the formation of banking policy. In his study, the author relied on the theoretical developments of a number of prominent scientists in the field of banking: A. Babicheva, G. N. Beloglazova, E. N. Vasilishen, E. P. Zharkovskaya, E. F. Zhukov, L. P. Krolivetskaya, V. I. Kolesnikova, G. G. Korobova, O. I. Lavrushina, G. S. Panova, A. M. Tavasiev, K. R. Tagirbekova.
Information base of the study. The work used federal laws, regulations of the Russian Federation relating to the activities of commercial banks, materials of scientific conferences and seminars on the subject under study, materials of periodicals, data published and financial statements commercial banks of the Novosibirsk Region, as well as information obtained by the author from the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OAO.
Research methods. The thesis is based on the use of statistical and analytical samples, as well as on the use of the method of grouping, cost and comparative analysis of the dynamic state of the studied indicators.
The practical significance of the thesis lies in the possibility of using the results of the study in the activities of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank OJSC in order to develop the foundations for the formation, implementation and evaluation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank.
Scope and structure of work. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
1. Theoretical foundations for the formation of the deposit policy of a commercial bank
In modern conditions, for effective functioning, development and achievement of its goals, each commercial bank must develop its own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of financial resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of activity of a commercial bank. A fund of funds formed on a paid basis is used to invest in active instruments. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most of the banking operations aimed at generating income. In this regard, the attracted funds should be considered as an independent object of policy.
The deposit interest policy is a set of measures aimed at mobilizing by banks the funds of legal entities and individuals, as well as the state budget in the form of deposits (deposits) for the purpose of their subsequent mutually beneficial use.
The deposit policy is designed to ensure that creditors benefit from the placement of their temporarily free funds, as well as the possibility for banks to profitably use the resources they hold in active operations. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of various deposits.
The deposit policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer funds on a repayable basis.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
development of a strategy for the implementation of the bank's activities to raise funds in deposits, based on a comprehensive market research, that is, an analysis of the financial environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of raising funds, diagnostics and forecasting;
formation of commercial bank tactics for the development, offer and promotion of new bank deposit products for customers (in the field of commodity, price, marketing and communication policy);
implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;
monitoring the implementation of the policy and its effectiveness;
monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to raise funds.
The main document regulating in commercial banks the process of attracting temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (deposits) is the deposit policy of the bank. This is a document that is developed by each bank independently on the basis of the bank's strategic plan, analysis of the structure, condition and dynamics of the bank's resource base and based on the prospects for its development. In addition, such documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of attracted funds, such as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank's Investment Policy.
The document "Deposit policy of the bank" should define its strategy for raising funds to fulfill the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policy, with a focus on maintaining the bank's liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the bank provides:
prospects for the growth of the bank's own funds (capital), and hence the ratio between own and borrowed funds;
the structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, including loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);
preferred types of deposits and deposits, terms of their attraction; the ratio between time deposits (deposits) and for the period "on demand";
the main contingent of deposits and deposits, i.e., the category of depositors;
the geography of attracting and borrowing funds;
desirable creditor banks for interbank loans, the timing of attracting the latter; conditions for attracting deposits (deposits) and interbank loans;
ways to attract deposits (based on bank account, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit) agreements, by issuing own certificates, bills of exchange);
the ratio between ruble and foreign currency deposits (deposits);
new forms of attracting funds in deposits;
special conditions for opening certain types of deposits (deposits);
measures to comply with the bank's risk standards for borrowed funds.
The deposit policy should, first of all, meet the following requirements.
