Expenses should always be planned! It is for this purpose that estimates are drawn up, which reflect preliminary cost items.
Without this document, which can be adjusted more than once, it is impossible to properly organize expenses.
First of all, the estimate is a preliminary layout of the costs that are necessary for any event.
Even a simple business meeting is not complete without it! And it is right:
AT general view an estimate is a document that lists the types of expenses, indicates their monetary value item by item and the total cost of spending is displayed. In addition, the estimate additionally provides information on the nature and extent necessary work.
Any strict unified form does not exist for budgeting.
Therefore, enterprises develop this form themselves, based on the federal law"On Accounting" No. 402-FZ and guided by its requirements for the details of primary documents. But this may not be done, since the estimate is not - it is only a cost plan that needs to be approved by order for the enterprise. Therefore, it can be presented in any form. Confirmation of the costs themselves according to the estimate will serve precisely source documents- , etc.
However, the estimate itself serves as an indirect confirmation of the costs - their target orientation. To do this, when drawing up an estimate document in its title event is indicated to which the transferred expenses are related. For example, "Estimates for servicing negotiations on the supply of goods." Such a link helps to correctly classify costs and attribute them to accounting accounts, and accept them for tax accounting purposes.
estimate is always drawn up and at any enterprise, regardless of the legal form and form of ownership, as well as the type of its activity:
In the second case, the budget document bears official confirmation:
In the case of drawing up an estimate for an event, its purpose is to list future expenses and indicate the reason for their occurrence. Those. for which payment is made.
For example, for participation in negotiations of an interpreter, banquet services, delivery of guests to a meeting place, etc. But very often in this type of estimates there is a line “Source of payment”, which indicates the source of financing for the event.
Usually, need this arises:
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The estimate is made by person or persons who are appointed for this purpose by order of the enterprise. As a rule, those who are responsible for organizing and holding the event are appointed in this capacity. And, as soon as this order is issued, they begin to draw up the estimate itself.
The composition of the expenses included in the estimate, in individual cases may be regulated. For example, very often hospitality expenses are indicated by name and fixed in. But basically the list of expenses depends on the nature of the event and usually changes several times before being finally approved.
As for the sources of income, if they need to be indicated, they usually appear after the preparation of the cost estimate, which is approved by all investor participants.
The hardest part about budgeting is cost estimate. That is why, after the main types of expenses are indicated, the best options implementation of these costs.
For example, for banquet services, the following are provided:
In the first two cases, organizing a banquet will require transport, and this is another expense item. And in the case of catering services, all delivery to the destination is carried out at the expense of the restaurant.
To decide which option is better, they call all the good restaurants in the city and transport companies and compare the cost of their services, choosing the most profitable proposition. This is how other cost items are defined. Therefore, usually the preparation of estimates is delayed not for one day or even for one week.
Once the estimate is ready, she submitted for approval the head of the company or the person who is in charge of the finances of the company. And after him - to the top management. For the final approval of the estimate, a comparative report for each item of expenditure is often attached to it. This report clearly shows why such an option and such a cost was chosen.
After reviewing the estimate, it is either approved by order or sent for revision with comments.
When approving the budget the order appoints persons who are entrusted with the functions of performing specific types of work provided for in the estimate. For example, in the text of the order, it may look like this: “Assign Ivanov V.V. Responsible for organizing banquet services. In addition, the order must indicate from which sources the financing of one or another part of the estimate comes from.
Conditionally everything estimated costs can be divided into two parts:
The composition of all these costs depends on the nature of the event and its scale. In addition, a certain percentage of unforeseen expenses is necessarily added to any estimate so as not to get out of the plan. Its size is also individual.
Index method- in the calculation, normative indicators are used, which are adjusted for the current price index. This method can be used provided that there are exact standard costs. As a rule, they are provided for construction purposes.
analog method- when prices are taken from estimates for similar events. But this method is approximate, which means that there is a risk of not meeting the estimate.
resource method is based on planning expenses based on the real cost of each type of expenses and the subsequent summation of the estimates obtained. It is this method that is used most often: it provides accurate and up-to-date information about total cost Events.
When compiling budget for sporting events important to point out:
When planning expenses to a festive event(any) in the estimate reflect:
When preparing the budget with hospitality important to point out:
In general, any estimate at a commercial enterprise, as a document, consists of:
At budget organizations everything is more complicated - they can spend funds only on those areas that are provided for in Article 70 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. Those. for the remuneration of public sector employees, for their business trips, payment for goods and services for state needs, for taxes and fees, and compensation for damage caused budget institution in the course of their activities. The estimates reflect only these costs based on fiscal year! In addition, the estimate itself is compiled according to the rules and in the form approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in its Order No. 112n dated November 20, 2007.
This report is required to identify deviations from the planned level of expenses and their reasons, and for the transfer to the accounting department of all documents confirming expenses for the purpose of their further acceptance for accounting.
What is a cost estimate and how to draw it up correctly is described in the following video:
Estimated documentation- this is one of the most important elements in the design of any structure or system, and as a rule, design organizations even have entire special departments involved in budgeting.
The concept itself estimated cost arose even during the planned economy and, in fact, was the equivalent of the construction price, however, one should not think that in a market economy this concept has become irrelevant, although the functions of the estimated cost have changed, but the need for it remains, and the role has even increased to some extent, this is due to the fact that the estimate documentation is a guideline for setting the contractual price for the customer and the contractor and in this role is necessary for optimal planning and cost analysis for both parties, as well as for intermediate cash settlements between them.
The estimated cost of construction is the planned amount of expenses necessary to create an object in strict accordance with the project. Based on the full estimated cost, allocation is made capital investments by years of construction, determined sources of financing, negotiated prices for construction products are formed.
It should be noted that when concluding a work contract, estimate documentation is not mandatory, only a protocol of agreement on the contract price is required. However, the customer has the right to request estimate documentation in any form, with any degree of detail, and most customers usually use this right in practice, especially if the customer is a government organization.
Estimated documentation, covering the entire complex of objects under construction, is called "summary", since it usually summarizes the documentation for individual objects. If it covers only a specific object or part of it (type of work), it is called "objective" or "local", respectively. Estimated document, which is calculated without detailed detail using aggregated indicators, is usually referred to as the "estimate calculation". If a detailed calculation of the cost is made according to working drawings without enlargement, then the resulting document is usually referred to as an "estimate".
The estimated cost is established at each design stage, in connection with which its phased detailing and refinement is ensured.
At the pre-project stage, when compiling the "Investment Feasibility Study", on the instructions of the investor, the preliminary (estimated) cost of construction is determined . It is compiled according to extremely aggregated indicators (per 1 hectare of reclaimed land, per 1 m3 building volume, per 1 m2 of living space, etc.), because there is no project at this stage yet. In the absence of such indicators, data on the cost of analogue objects can be used.
At the "project" stage, enlarged, but more accurate estimates are also compiled. They are based on the drawings of this design stage and include the "Consolidated estimate of the cost of construction", object and local estimates, estimates for certain types of work, including survey and design (drawn up before the start of these works), etc. For several types of construction (and, accordingly, several sources of financing), a "Summary of costs" is also compiled by type of construction (for example, irrigation, industrial, housing, etc.).
The basis for estimates at this stage, as noted, is project documentation and current budget and regulatory framework 1991 or 1984 prices with the introduction of appropriate correction factors. With absence estimated norms assets, individual prices are used, compiled specifically for such cases.
On the stage " working documentation"(RD) object and local estimates are compiled, and SNiP 11.01-95 allows them not to be compiled if this is not provided for in the contract for the implementation of the RD.
In the market conditions of the Russian Federation, four methods for calculating the estimated cost are used:
resource
Resource index
Basis-index
Basic compensatory
The resource method is a calculation in current (forecast) prices and tariffs of resources (cost elements). With this method, the costs of materials and products, the time spent on machine operation, labor costs of workers, and the prices for these resources are taken current (at the time of budgeting). Normative indicators of material consumption (NPRM) are used as a regulatory framework. This method allows in the future to fairly accurately recalculate the estimated cost for new prices.
The resource-index method is a combination of the resource method with a system of resource price indices. Price indices are the ratio of current prices to base prices. As noted, the prices as of January 1, 1991 are accepted as base prices, and it is permissible to use the prices of 1984. with amendments.
Basis-index method is the use of a system of current and forecast indices prices in relation to the value determined at the base level or the level of the previous period. Unlike the resource-index method, a separate determination of resource consumption in natural terms is usually not done. Reduction to current prices is carried out by multiplying the basic cost for each line of the estimate by the corresponding index.
The basis-compensation method consists in the fact that the basic cost is determined taking into account the expected changes in prices and tariffs, and during the construction process it is specified depending on the actual changes in these prices and tariffs.
The choice of the method for compiling estimate documentation is not regulated by law and is carried out in each specific case, depending on the terms of the agreement (contract) and the general economic situation. The most promising is the resource and resource-index methods, however, at present, the basic-index method prevails in construction.
The estimated cost of construction and installation works is divided into three main parts:
Direct costs
Overheads
Estimated profit (planned savings)
Direct costs include the cost of materials, products, the cost of operating machines and mechanisms, the wages of workers. They are determined on the basis of estimated norms and prices, volumes of structures or types of work, i.e. any of the above calculation methods.
Overhead reflects the costs associated with creating general conditions construction industry, i.e. include expenses for the organization, management and maintenance of the construction site. They are determined most often as a percentage of direct costs in accordance with federal overhead standards, or according to the individual standards of a particular construction organization. It is also possible to determine them using a system of indicators of overhead costs by types of construction and installation works or aggregated indicators for the main types of construction.
Estimated profit (planned savings) is the amount of funds necessary to cover expenses not directly related to this construction, but necessary for further functioning construction organization. These are the costs of paying taxes, developing production and its infrastructure, providing material incentives and providing favorable living conditions for workers. Estimated profit is usually defined as a percentage of the total costs or labor costs of workers (for example, 50% of labor costs or 12% of the estimated cost of work). For this, industry-wide standards are used or individual norms specific organization.
The estimated cost of individual facilities and types of work included in the summary estimates for industrial and housing and civil construction is determined according to price lists, according to estimates for standard and reusable economical and individual projects, tied to local construction conditions, and in their absence - according to estimates, based on working drawings.
At the same time, it must be borne in mind that for unique buildings and structures, as well as for objects, the construction of which will be carried out according to experimental or first-time applied individual projects using standard design solutions, standard structures and parts (for which there are no list prices and estimates for previously developed projects for similar buildings and structures cannot be used), the estimated cost is determined according to the estimates for the technical project, drawn up, as a rule, according to the consolidated estimated standards (USN), and only in exceptional cases, in the absence of consolidated estimated norms - at unit prices for construction work, entered into force on January 1, 1969, and price tags for equipment installation, entered into force on January 1, 1972, and for technical working projects - according to estimates based on working drawings.
The cost of certain types of construction (general construction) special (plumbing, electrical, etc.) and general area (vertical planning of the territory, landscaping, etc.) works, as well as certain types of costs (according to an organized recruitment of workers, compensation in connection with the withdrawal of land for development and etc.) are calculated according to the estimate f. Number 3.
The estimated cost of construction and installation works agreed and accepted by the contractor prior to the start of construction of facilities, determined in summary estimate on the basis of object estimates f. No. 2, as well as estimates and estimates for certain types of work and costs (f. No. 3) ", is final and is not subject to clarification at the stage of development of working drawings, serves as the main document for settlement between the contractor and the customer for the work performed.
The estimated cost of the equipment required for the facilities under construction and the costs associated with its installation are reflected in the estimate f. No. 4, for housing and civil construction.
Since in f. No. 4, the amount of wages for installation work is calculated for each item of the estimate by calculation and is labor-intensive work, then from January 1, 1973 it was established new order wage determination. So, when drawing up estimates for electricity installation work the amount of wages is determined using coefficients from the estimated cost of these works, calculated at the prices of sections 1-6 and 16-24.
The use of these coefficients makes it possible to link wages (basic and for the operation of machines) to local conditions of work. An increase in the estimated cost of electrical work due to increased salary due to difficult local conditions for performing work, is determined by the following formula: Ds \u003d C x (P-1) x K
Let's get the budget right!
In this article, we will consider with you an important question: how to draw up an estimate correctly. What is an estimate?
The cost estimate is financial document, which includes the prices of all work performed and a list of materials and tools used in construction. The cost estimate necessarily includes overhead costs, the amount of which is basically 15% of the total amount. In addition, the estimate includes contingencies, the amount of which in most cases is 2%. The estimate necessarily takes into account the profit of the contractor's company, the profit margin is 12 - 15%.
How to draw up a construction estimate? Of course, the estimates are subject to change. All changes - from the brand of concrete to the brand of wallpaper - must be agreed with the customer. The estimate is agreed with the customer and is an integral part of the contract. Unscrupulous performers will argue that it is impossible to take into account all the moments in construction and will offer you an approximate estimate, such an estimate should not be accepted by the customer, and such performers should be fired. Qualified engineers, in order to take into account all materials and even such moments as the brand and number of screws. Such an organization should be given preference. During the construction or repair process, changes can be made to the estimate, but only with the permission of the customer or at your request, of course, if the materials have not yet been paid and the work has not yet been completed. If you draw up a grand estimate correctly, it will help you track the progress of construction and pay for the contractor's services by stages of implementation, because the budget is used to draw up a schedule for financing and work.
Many companies approach the work of budgeting quite flexibly, that is, at your request, they calculate several options for estimates, including various types of materials and equipment in the estimate. After you familiarize yourself with them, you can choose the best option for you. A company that treats customers conscientiously will definitely advise you on how to fulfill your order with high quality and save money.
If a correct construction budget, you will be able to determine the amount needed for construction and compare it with the possibility of your budget. Perhaps, after reviewing the cost estimate, you will reconsider certain aspects of construction or repair, for example, decide to replace European plumbing with domestic ones or use cheaper laminate instead of parquet boards in construction. However, this approach should take into account all existing limits. For example, in order to replace existing reinforced concrete load-bearing walls with walls made of cheap gas silicate blocks, you will have to make changes to the project, which will require additional time and money. Therefore, final decisions are best made at the design stage.
☛ Recall that if you want to get acquainted with ready-made estimates for various types of work, then you can easily find them in ours.
☛ Also on our portal is available with a large number of estimated terms.
Estimating during construction work is mandatory, since almost every project has a budget that needs to be agreed. In the article, we will talk about the basic principles for developing construction estimates and how the Business.Ru service will help in drawing up estimates.
What you will learn about:
Any estimate is made to have a plan for the implementation of a specific project, but also solves other problems. For example, budgeting for construction and other repair work is necessary to:
Estimated calculation during construction shows the cost of materials and work that are necessary for each of the processes separately.
Traditionally, the estimate is an annex to the contract for the provision of construction services.
The functionality of budgeting is one of the novelties of the Business.Ru service. This is useful for entrepreneurs and users of the system who are professionally engaged in construction or finishing work. Also, the ability to draw up construction estimates will simplify communication with contractors for store owners who delve into the process of repairing their facilities.
The principles of budgeting are spelled out in a special guide "Methodology for determining the cost construction products on the territory of the Russian Federation” MDS 81-35-2004.
According to him, there are several types of estimates. Basically, the document determines the estimates when working with government orders and official bodies.
MDS 81-35-2004 distinguishes the following types of construction estimates:
Important! Guidelines are necessary for professional estimators for large government orders or construction firms. When compiling such estimates, they usually use reference books with prices for the year 2000, and then change them using a coefficient.
If we are talking about small companies when working with private companies or individuals, then a simpler version of the estimate is drawn up. The type of such a document differs in the areas of construction: a general estimate for construction work, as well as an estimate for finishing, electrical installation, design, plumbing, roofing, installation and other types of work.
An estimate for construction work is necessary if a global project is ahead: from the construction of a new building to the addition of a new premises.
A sample estimate for construction work differs from other estimates in a large number of positions. For example, it may contain not only a list of installation, but also dismantling works.
A sample estimate for construction work looks like this:
A sample estimate for construction work can be compiled independently in an Excel spreadsheet, or you can use special services for budgeting. For example, this functionality is available in the Business.Ru cloud accounting system.
As a result of work in the service ready estimate is also uploaded to Excel, where it can be further corrected.
Electrical work is the whole range of repair work related to electrical wiring. These include complete and partial rewiring, rewiring in a new building, and even the installation of an electrical panel, sockets, and lights.
The peculiarity of such a document is that the basis of the estimate is a list of works with a cost. Make an estimate for electric installation work You can use the Business.Ru service.
An example of an estimate for electrical work:
After the contract between the contractor and the customer, an electrical store is selected where the purchase will be made (or the purchase of equipment is carried out by the client himself through the online store).
Design work is the first stage in the construction of a building. When designing a structure, the estimate takes into account the remuneration of specialists. Usually the estimate for design work is compiled according to special reference books, where wages and coefficients are calculated. Such a document has a small number of columns.
An example of an estimate for design work:
Estimates for repair work can be very diverse. It includes sections related to decoration or minor repairs.
An example of an estimate for repair work to level the walls in a room where radiators have already been installed:
Plumbing work is a group of works related to the installation and replacement of water and sewer pipes, as well as the installation and dismantling of washbasins, toilet bowls, faucets, radiators, etc.
Small private companies and individual entrepreneurs make estimates for plumbing work without taking into account guidelines on wages.
A sample estimate for plumbing work is presented below:
As in the case of a general estimate for construction work, an estimate for roofing work usually includes not only installation, but also dismantling.
The picture shows a sample estimate for roofing work in an administrative building:
Welding work with a separate estimate is usually compiled only by professional estimators in large construction companies taking into account methodological recommendations.
However, if minor welding work is performed, then the estimate for welding work can be performed in simpler programs for preparing documents. For example, in the cloud service "Business.Ru".
A sample fragment of an estimate for welding work:
If work is carried out with excavation of the soil or, conversely, its backfilling (in pits), such work is called earthwork.
The estimate for earthworks usually includes the cost of the work itself (salary to workers and the foreman), as well as consumables: shovels, bags, etc.
This is how a fragment of the sample estimate looks like on excavation made according to the guidelines:
Dismantling work is a set of works related to the destruction of a building or part of it (for example, walls, windows, doors, etc.).
Typically, in such a document, in addition to the cost of dismantling, the fee for lowering garbage from the floor, collecting and removing garbage to a landfill is indicated.
Sample estimate for demolition works:
Installation work - a set of works related to the installation of something. The estimate for installation work includes the calculation of the price of equipment, as well as the cost of its installation.
In the Business.Ru program, you can create a similar estimate that will help you sell a set of goods for the installation of technically complex products. For example, when implementing "smart home" systems or an electronic barrier.
By the way, a sample estimate for the installation work of the barrier, which the store could print out for the client, is presented below:
Commissioning - a set of works after the installation of equipment: verification and adjustment of all processes. Usually, estimates during commissioning are made up in large construction companies, while taking into account the codes and positions of the standards specified in special reference books.
Sample estimate for commissioning:
Finishing work is the final stage of repair. For example, wallpapering, laying laminate, installing doors, etc.
sample budget for Finishing work one of the office rooms is presented below. It includes finishing the ceiling, walls and floor.
An estimate for work and materials is a simplified type of estimate that is used for minor repairs. For example, if your store just needs to paint the walls, the sample labor and materials quote will only include the cost of paint and refinishing.
Survey work is a list of works necessary to explore the construction site. The survey estimate includes both economic and technical work.
Economic calculations include studies that justify the benefits of building a building in this particular place. Technical is a complex of cases in the field of geology, geodesy, which are also carried out before construction.
The sample estimates for survey work mainly include the cost of wages, as well as the cost of transporting specialists to the site of the proposed construction (gasoline, car rental, etc.).
The definition of the estimated cost is used not only by estimators, but also by all foremen who make estimates without taking into account standards. In the most general view, the estimated cost is the amount of money intended for construction. It represents the final amount on which the contractor and the customer rely to determine the amount of financing.
When deriving the estimated cost, prices for construction products, equipment costs (rent, purchase), removal and delivery, expenses for wages workers and their manager.
The estimated cost is determined by direct and overhead costs, as well as the estimated profit of the organization.
Direct costs include the cost of materials, the operation of machines and mechanisms, as well as the remuneration of employees.
Overhead costs in the construction estimate are indirect cash costs that are associated with the organization of work. These include, for example, remuneration of the administrative apparatus, payment for the use of programs for compiling estimates and other documentation, the use of mobile communications, renting premises of the administrative apparatus, etc.
Estimated profit - money to cover the costs of contractors and incentivize the work of employees (for example, allowances for processing).
When drawing up construction estimates, errors periodically occur. Here are the top 5 most common mistakes.
As a result, the amount of expenses for construction or repair exceeds all allowable limits. After all, if there is no specific agreement on materials, the contractor will buy the amount of building materials exceeding the required volume.
As a result, it turns out that the contractor, when drawing up the estimate, indicated only the main work on this object, and forgot the additional, smaller ones (on purpose or by accident - it does not matter in this case). The client has to pay.
For example, in a store, the ceiling is leveled. The contractor decided to use mesh and a minimum layer of plaster. But during the removal of the old coating, very large joints between the plates are found, which requires 5 times more plaster consumption. The customer's repair costs are on the rise.
As a result, the contractor does the rough work and disappears. The customer, having carefully looked at the estimate, sees that he really paid only the preparatory part. As a result, such a “mistake” in the construction estimate leads to an overpayment.
Anyone who wants to build a house or make repairs in an apartment initially calculates how much it will cost him. For complete clarity, it is necessary to draw up a list of necessary materials and work, as well as their cost. Based on this, it will be possible to find out how much money is needed. And also decide whether to involve builders or do everything yourself. Not everyone knows how to make an estimate, what positions to include in it and how to calculate everything correctly. Let's try to figure this out.
An estimate is a document that systematizes all the costs of the upcoming construction or repair. This can be easily done on your own, without having specially designed programs.
How to make an estimate on your own? It is enough to have the Excel program on your computer. It is necessary to carry out the calculation of funds and materials very carefully in order to avoid errors and exceeding the planned costs. It should display everything to the smallest detail.
When drawing up estimates, many make mistakes, which then come out and provoke unforeseen waste:
The main expense document for repairs or construction requires a serious approach and accurate calculations. Otherwise, you may get incorrect results.
Before drawing up an estimated estimate for construction or repair, first of all, it is necessary to inspect the object. After that, a list of all ongoing work should be compiled.
How to draw up a budget? You need to know construction technology. Without this, it is impossible to correctly and correctly calculate and record all upcoming expenses. Therefore, we recommend that before making an estimate, study the sequence of the production cycle of work that needs to be evaluated. This will help to understand the need for ongoing operations and the need for building materials.
Any construction estimate consists of three main positions:
All other items (the cost of electricity, equipment operation, etc.) are added to them.
In the first position indicate the list of necessary materials for each cycle of work, unit of measurement, quantity and price. For example: brick, glue, plaster, cement, wallpaper, linoleum and others. This also includes "consumables" (brushes, rollers, gloves, etc.). Before making an estimate, find out the cost of materials directly in the store, or find on the Internet on sites specializing in the sale of building materials.
The second position includes a listing of all actions performed. Here it is necessary to take into account both preparatory and finishing work, their complexity and the conditions in which they are carried out. For example, you need to paste over the room with new wallpaper. For this, it will be necessary to preparatory work: remove the old coating, clean the walls, prime them. The approximate cost of the necessary work can be found in the ads.
The position "transport" includes: delivery of materials, unloading, removal and removal of construction debris, indicating each item on a separate line. Information about the cost of these services is provided in the price lists of firms.
How to draw up an estimate correctly in order to carefully plan the repair work in the apartment, finish them in short time With minimum expenses? First you need to decide what kind of repair you will do: cosmetic or major. It depends on the amount of materials needed and the amount of work. If you decide to spend overhaul, then the estimate should be divided into two parts:
How to learn how to make an estimate to avoid mistakes? To do this, you should inspect all the premises of the apartment, measure the surface area of walls, floors, window slopes, compile a list of finishing and draft materials, determine the cost and scope of work for each room separately.
Here is an example of how to make an estimate for repairs. Prices and consumption of materials are fictitious.
Repair and finishing works:
Place of work | Type of work | unit of measurement | Quantity | Price per unit of measurement, rub. | Total amount, rub. |
Putty | |||||
alignment | |||||
Painting | |||||
alignment | |||||
Putty | |||||
Wallpapering | |||||
Dismantling | |||||
Laying tiles | |||||
Skirting boards | Dismantling | ||||
Installation | |||||
Sockets, switches | |||||
Total | |||||
Consumables and finishing materials:
Material | unit of measurement | Quantity | Unit price | total amount |
Starting putty | ||||
Finishing putty | ||||
Wallpaper glue | ||||
acrylic paint | ||||
Tile adhesive | ||||
Skirting boards | ||||
Socket, switch | ||||
Gloves | ||||
Total | ||||
Transport:
To get the preliminary results of the cost of repairing an apartment, you need to add up the total amounts from each column.
18819 + 7870 + 4000 = 30689 (rubles)
You should be aware that the final costs always come out more by 10-15%.
30689 + 15% = 35292.35 (rubles)
The principle of calculating construction costs is no different from estimates for repairs. Only production cycles and materials will change. How to make an estimate for construction with minimal costs? To do this, you need to carefully plan all the work, clarify what materials will be needed, find out the prices.
Drawing up an estimate is a very important stage from which you need to start any repair or construction. A properly drawn up document will help to carefully plan and rationally allocate costs - both material and money. The main thing is to take the calculations seriously and perform them as accurately as possible.
