Basic principles of ensuring the external economic security of the region in the legal field of customs and tariff regulation
Economic relations between states have a long history. For centuries, they existed mainly as foreign trade, solving the problems of providing the population with goods that the national economy did not produce efficiently or did not produce at all. In the course of evolution, foreign trade relations have grown into foreign trade and turned into a complex set of international economic relations, which are built on the basis of certain principles for ensuring the economic security of the subjects of these relations, corresponding to the legal field of the country to which they belong.
In Russian practice, the most important legal instruments include, in addition to the Constitution and the Civil Code, Federal Laws. The most important is the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities" (hereinafter referred to as the Law), which sets out the principles of state regulation of foreign trade activities.
These principles represent the initial base in the mechanism for the formation of approaches to ensuring foreign economic security at the macro and micro levels. They guarantee the continuity and consistency of the rule-making process, ensure the relationship between foreign trade legislation and foreign trade policy, and in particular, customs policy. Principles play a special role in the formation of judicial and administrative practice. They also contribute to the abolition of outdated and the adoption of new legal norms, the interpretation of legal acts and the elimination of gaps in legislation to ensure the foreign economic security of the national and regional economy.
Among the principles of ensuring the foreign economic security of the national and regional economy, which underlie its state regulation, there are general (respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, legality, federalism, legal equality and judicial protection of subjective rights, etc.) and special ones. Special principles are enshrined in Article 4 of the Law.
To the principles legal regulation ensuring foreign economic security externally economic activity regions include the following:
l unity of purpose of foreign trade regulation: protection of economic sovereignty, ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation, stimulating the development of national and regional economies and in the implementation of foreign trade activities and. ensuring conditions for effective integration as Russian economy in general, and its regions the world economy;
l unity of foreign trade national and regional policy;
ь assigning the following areas of activity to the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation: establishing legal framework single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, bases of price policy; federal economic services, including federal banks, etc.
unity of the customs territory of the Russian Federation.
This principle legally complements the requirement to establish a unified system of customs control of foreign trade activities. According to Article 35 of the Law, control over the implementation of foreign trade activities is carried out by the relevant state authorities of the Russian Federation and the State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within their competence. The third most important principle of ensuring foreign economic security is the principle of unity of export control policy, as the most important principle of legal support for the foreign economic security of the state and its regions.
The export control system, both at the national and regional levels, is a set of measures for the implementation by federal executive authorities of the procedure established by Russian law for the export of weapons and military equipment, as well as certain types of raw materials, materials, equipment, technologies and scientific technical information that can be used in the creation of weapons and military equipment (the so-called dual-use goods), to prevent the export of weapons of mass destruction and other most dangerous types of weapons and technologies for their creation, as well as measures to identify, prevent and suppress violations of this procedure .
The export control policy is carried out in order to implement the state tasks of ensuring, both in general, national security and the economic security of the regions, political, economic and military interests, as well as the fulfillment of international obligations of the Russian Federation.
One of the necessary conditions for achieving the goals set is to ensure the unity of the export control policy. The guarantor of the unity of the export control policy is the President of the Russian Federation, who regulates cooperation in the military-technical field, approves the lists of goods subject to export control.
The procedure for the export of goods, works, services, results of intellectual activity that fall under the export control system is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. In 2001, the Federal Law "On Export Control" was adopted, which established the principles for the implementation public policy, the legal basis for the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of export control, and also determined the rights, duties and responsibilities of participants in foreign economic activity to ensure economic security. In accordance with Article 3 of this Law, the issues of ensuring export control are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The principle of unity of export control policy is closely connected with the principle of unity of foreign trade policy.
The fourth most important principle is the unity of the customs territory of the Russian Federation. The concept of "customs territory" refers to the territory on which the customs legislation of a given country is fully in force. The customs territory of the Russian Federation is the territory over which the Russian Federation has exclusive jurisdiction in relation to customs affairs. The Customs Code of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2003, defines the customs territory of the Russian Federation as follows:
The principle of the unity of the customs territory is consistent with the legal norms contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establishes the unity of the economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of economic activity; contains a ban on the establishment of internal customs borders, as well as with Article 71, paragraph g, in which the establishment of the legal foundations of a single market and customs regulation are within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.
The next fifth most important principle is the principle of legal support for the priority of economic regulatory measures to ensure the foreign economic security of the national and regional economy. The state foreign trade policy is carried out through the application of economic and administrative methods of regulating foreign trade activities in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
One or another method of regulation involves the use of specific instruments of state regulation of foreign trade activities, which can be conditionally combined into the following groups:
The first group - customs-tariff instruments (import and export tariffs);
The second group is para-tariff (or quasi-tariff) instruments, the use of which is not formally related to customs and tariff regulation, but actually has a similar effect on foreign trade activity (customs fees and other non-tax customs payments, excises, VAT levied by customs authorities);
The third group is monetary and financial regulation (the procedure for performing foreign exchange transactions, foreign exchange restrictions, foreign exchange control over foreign trade activities, etc.);
The fourth group is anti-dumping and countervailing duties, with the help of which the interests of national producers are protected, the fight against underpricing of exported goods and the use of export subsidies;
The fifth group is the state monopoly on foreign trade in certain goods;
The sixth group - the establishment of technical barriers to control import supplies for their compliance with national safety and quality standards;
The seventh group - quoting (quoting) of foreign trade operations, meaning the restriction of export and/or import deliveries by a certain amount of goods or their total value for a specified period of time;
The eighth group is licensing, which involves the issuance of permits (licenses) by authorized executive authorities for export and / or import operations. On the present stage development, the state seeks to regulate foreign trade activities not by administrative prohibitions and restrictions, but through the creation of favorable economic conditions for the implementation of those foreign trade operations that contribute to increasing the efficiency of the Russian economy, the implementation of specific tasks of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and its regions.
And vice versa, for operations that threaten foreign economic security at all levels, less favorable conditions are created. economic conditions or even prohibitive barriers are erected. For these purposes, economic instruments of foreign trade regulation are used - a decrease or increase in import customs tariff rates, changes in the procedure for performing foreign exchange transactions, etc.
Administrative measures may be used only if it is impossible to achieve the set goals with the help of economic measures. Thus, in accordance with Article 15 of the Law, quantitative restrictions on exports and imports, which are a kind of administrative restrictions on foreign trade activities, can be introduced only for exceptional purposes (to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation and its regions, fulfill the international obligations of the Russian Federation, etc.).
The next sixth most important principle is the principle of equality of participants in foreign trade activities and their non-discrimination. is closely connected with the constitutional principle of legal equality, recognition and protection equally of private, state, municipal and other forms of ownership.
This principle is of particular importance also in connection with the following circumstance. The Russian Federation and its subjects (republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, autonomous regions, autonomous districts) act in the foreign trade sphere in two main qualities - as a bearer of state power (regulatory regulation of foreign trade activities , licensing of foreign trade operations, etc.) and as a business entity (becoming direct participants in foreign trade activities, they enter into civil law relations with foreign foreign trade counterparties).
At the same time, the state (the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation), entering into civil law relations in the foreign trade sphere, acts as an equal subject, along with other participants in foreign trade activities. The corresponding provision is guaranteed by the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The next seventh most important principle of ensuring the foreign economic security of the state and regions is the principle of state protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in foreign trade activities.
The state ensures the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities and individuals participating in foreign trade activities.
If the interests of participants in foreign trade operations have suffered due to the participation of the Russian Federation in international sanctions, they are entitled to compensation for losses in court at the expense of the federal budget.
For guard economic interests Russian persons affected by the actions of foreign states, the Russian Federation may introduce retaliatory measures. Accordingly, the annual federal program development of foreign trade activities in terms of ensuring VEB should contain a list of cases of discrimination and violation of obligations against Russian persons, as well as a list of taken or planned response measures.
Thus, the boundaries of state regulation of the mechanism for ensuring the economic security of foreign economic activity are determined, on the one hand, by the need to expand national exports and develop forms of international cooperation; and on the other hand, the rules of international organizations on the regulation of foreign trade activities of states.
The world practice of a market economy has developed quite effective methods of state regulation of the mechanism for ensuring foreign economic security both at the federal and regional levels, although two contradictory trends still collide in this area: protectionism (protecting one's own production from foreign competition) and liberalism (providing it possible greater freedom of access for foreign goods and services to the domestic market).
Summing up the above, it should be stated that the effectiveness of ensuring the external economic security of the region will only be achieved when an effective barrier to threats to the regional economy is provided on the basis of the most complete consideration of legal requirements, norms and standards.
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Soldatenkov Vitaly Viktorovich Foreign economic activity as a factor of economic security: Dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01: Yaroslavl, 2002 183 p. RSL OD, 61:03-8/401-4
Introduction
Chapter 1. Economic security in the country's national security system 9
1.1. Economic security of the country: essence and place in the national security system of the country 9
1.2. Externally economic security countries: concept, threats and ways to ensure 28
Chapter 2 Methodological foundations for studying the economic security of the region 50
2.1. Regional economic security as an element of the country's economic security 50
2.2. Economic security of the region: essence and indicators 59
Chapter 3 Activation of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region ...87
3.1. The institutional aspect of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region 87
3.2. Innovative aspect of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring the economic security of the region 104
Conclusion 131
List of used abbreviations 140
List of references 141
Applications
Introduction to work
By the turn of the third millennium, Russia had lost its position as a superpower and faced the threat of being on the periphery of the emerging new world. The danger of ending up on the sidelines of the processes of globalization, the formation of an open community and a post-industrial, informational economy is becoming more and more real for Russia.
The level of competitiveness of the Russian Federation corresponds to 45th place out of 49 (International Institute for Management Development), country risk - 97th place (Evromoney), sovereign rating - 85 out of 87 (Standard and Poor's), level economic freedom- 127 (Heritage Foundation, Wall Street Journal), human development - 62 (UN), corruption - 84 out of 90 (Transperency International, March-April 2001).
Since the 21st century will be a continuation of a period of profound changes, various kinds of social transformations, taking into account the security factor in the modernization of global, national and regional scales, the establishment of security as the first principle of the formation and implementation of foreign and domestic policies, designing and constructing international and domestic structures and relations.
The urgency of the problem is due to the important circumstance that it is possible to destroy the base for national interests easily and quickly, and to create a mechanism for their protection is a rather lengthy and complicated process. In a developed market economy, represented by the state, society has not only the guarantor of the principles of free enterprise, freedom of competition and the individual within national borders, but also the basis of economic security. Sustainable growth of the economy, raising the standard of living of the population are now at the center of the political, social and economic life Russia. One of the important ways to solve this problem at the local level
nyh authorities - the implementation of regional advantages through foreign economic activity, tk. many of them the center cannot implement, because they are always concrete and contradictory. The regions potentially have more opportunities for this. The intensive development of exports of science-intensive products is regarded as a catalyst for increasing aggregate demand in the economy, an additional impetus for economic growth in the country and a tool to increase competitiveness. At the same time, there will be an increase in the economic security of the region. The center eventually gets the effect on a higher level and on a larger scale.
Consideration of the regional aspect of security is due to the social division of labor, which is the separation of various types of human activity into special production types and subspecies assigned to individuals, industries, territories and countries, and is a condition for development productive forces society. At the same time, the social division of labor appears and develops in two main forms - territorial and sectoral.
Based on the foregoing, there is no doubt the relevance of a detailed assessment of the current state of the problem of economic security (ES) of the region and the region's foreign economic activity (FEA), identifying specific aspects that need to be deepened theoretical analysis, studies of the features of the formation and optimization of foreign economic activity in the region.
The problem of methodological and theoretical study of the relationship between economic security and foreign economic activity, determining the content of the category "economic security", characterization existing species security and the prospects for their development and application to the category of "foreign economic activity" requires the development of new principles in understanding this phenomenon based on a preliminary analysis of existing concepts and methods of theoretical knowledge of ES, their assessment from the standpoint of modern transformations of society.
The degree of knowledge of the problem. In its various aspects, the problem of security was touched upon in ancient philosophy, in the works of philosophers and economists of the 17th-18th centuries. (T. Hobbes, J. Locke, G.F.G. Hegel, W. Humboldt, A. Smith, D. Ricardo), and later in the writings of the socialists of the 19th century. (A. Saint-Simon, R. Owen, J.B. Fourier, P.J. Proudhon), economists of the XIX-XX centuries. K. Marx, A. Marshall, J.M. Keynes, M. Friedman and others.
The domestic economic school has traditionally paid great attention to the problem of security (military aspect). The works of L.I. Abalkin, A. Arkhipov, A. Gorodetsky, S. Glazyev, A. Illarionov, B. Mikhailov, E. Buchwald, N. Glovatskaya, S. Lazurenko, V. Senchagov, devoted to theoretical issues of economic security, as well as the works of B Milner, E. Oleinikov, I. Faminsky, M. Portnoy, A. Skopin and others, aimed at studying the applied aspects of this problem.
On the topic of foreign economic activity and the management of the regional economy, the works of A.G. Aganbegyan, A.N. Alisova, V.A. Burenina, L.B. Vardomsky, V.A. Vorotilov, A.G. Granberg, Yu.S. Dulytsikova, B.I. Efimova, S.N. Zakharov, G.I. Karkhina, L.B. Krasina, V.V. Kuznetsova, SB. Lavrova, N.N. Nekrasov, S.L. Savina, B.I. Sinetsky, N.B. Smorodinskaya, I.P. Faminsky and others, as well as foreign authors - V. Leontiev, J. Kornay, P. Lindert and others:
Studies on general foreign trade issues, in the works of V.A. Burenina, S.N. Zakharova, G.I. Karkhina, V.V. Kuznetsova, L.B. Krasina, B.I. Sinetsky, I.P. Faminsky and others;
The works of A.G. Granberg, L.B. Vardomsky, V.A. Vorotilov, Yu.S. Dulytsikova, N.N. Nekrasov and others.
At the same time, the range of works devoted to the issues of regulation of foreign trade activities of the regions, in the conditions of the transition of the country's economy to new economic conditions, is much narrower, mainly articles and translated literature.
General theoretical issues of problematic zoning of the territory modern Russia and practical recommendations developed on their basis
The purpose of the dissertation research is to specify the socio-economic content of the ES region in modern economy, the theoretical substantiation of a new concept of the institutional and innovative mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity in the region to ensure the development of the region's economy in terms of ensuring ES.
The goal is specified in solving the following tasks:
Consideration and characterization of modern approaches to the disclosure of the essence and content of the concept of EB at the macro- and mesolevels, developed in domestic and foreign theories and concepts;
Determination of objective trends and prospects for further development of factors affecting the ES of the country and region;
Identification of the features of the mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity in the region;
Justification of the institutional and innovative mechanism for regulating foreign economic activity on the example of the Yaroslavl region on the principles of EB.
The object of the study is the system of economic relations between the state and the region to ensure economic security.
The subject of the study is the impact of foreign economic activity on economic security, incl. and at the regional level.
The methodological basis of the work was the provisions of dialectical logic, systemic and integrated approaches. The following methods were used in the work: scientific abstraction, analysis, synthesis, modeling, grouping, comparison.
The theoretical base was made up of legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation that regulate economic security, foreign economic activity and taxation, scientific monographs, dissertations, and economic periodicals.
The information base of the work was the statistical data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, materials of scientific and practical conferences, publications in domestic and foreign periodicals, regulatory and reference information of government bodies.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
Additional arguments are given when highlighting an additional feature of national ES - ensuring the country's competitiveness in the world economy, which made it possible to justify the need to identify the leading areas of ES: achieving the level of indicators of the developed countries of the world, focusing on high economic growth rates, creating an integrated system for preventing the emergence and elimination of threats;
The author's version of the system of indicators for assessing foreign economic security (VEB) is given and, in accordance with it, the rationale for the balanced use of protectionist measures to overcome threats in the field of VEB is given; considered the author's grouping of these measures in the short and long term;
The most important specific features of the region's ES are identified: the delimitation of powers in the field of security between governments of different levels, significant differences in the levels of economic development of the regions, raw material dominance in the export of regions. In accordance with them, the priority directions for achieving the region's ES are substantiated: diversification of the economy, parity participation of regions in the neutralization of crisis situations, prevention of autarkic tendencies, intensification of innovations;
Based on the use of the multiplier model of J. M. Keynes, the author's version is proposed modern model the relationship between the export of the region and its EB. Segments of insufficient development of economic potential are identified, which contributes to the emergence of weak links in the ES system: ignoring the export opportunities of medium and small businesses, lack of financial resources, underdevelopment of the institutional environment when organizing interaction between federal and local authorities; The author has developed a variant of a comprehensive program for the transition within the region from a consumer-raw material model of foreign economic activity to an innovative production model in order to increase the ES of the region, the classification of indicators for measuring this program has been clarified, where, along with general indicators, groups of indicators of innovative result, innovative process, and innovative resources have been identified . Theoretical and practical significance of the work. The author has compiled a summary table of empirical studies by foreign scientists for the period 1978-96. with conclusions supporting the positive impact of exports on the country's economic growth. In addition, the main theoretical provisions and conclusions developed in the course of the dissertation research can be used in the process of further development of the modern concept of the mutual influence of the relations between economic security and foreign economic activity. The results of theoretical research can be implemented in teaching the course of economic theory, as well as in the development of special courses on contemporary issues relations of electronic economics, foreign economic activity, state regulation of the economy, innovation management and preparation of teaching aids. Also, it is possible to use certain provisions of work in the practical activities of state authorities to improve the processes of attracting foreign investment, managing the innovative development of the region and effective use state property.
Approbation of work. The most significant provisions of the study were reflected in 11 publications of the author with a total volume of 2.2 pp.
The volume and structure of the dissertation. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of abbreviations used and a list of references. The work contains 3 figures, 1 table and 17 applications. The list of used literature contains 204 titles, including 17 foreign ones.
Before solving any problem, it seems appropriate to pose basic questions, the understanding of which allows us to understand the problem as a whole. Such questions in relation to the research topic are: a clear idea of what should be understood by the term "economic security" in relation to the changed internal and external conditions; what exactly are the signs of threats to economic security now and may be in the future; what is the place of state bodies in countering these threats; what are the mechanisms for protecting the economic interests of Russia and its constituent regions.
The most difficult polemical problem is the definition of the very concept of "economic security", on the basis of which the goals, tasks and functions of state structures that ensure the protection of Russia's economic interests can be formulated, criteria and indicators of the economic security of the state can be developed.
The concept of economic security (ES), despite its seeming simplicity and obviousness, and perhaps for this reason, is not a clearly defined area. In world practice, it is customary to distinguish four levels of ES: international, national, regional and the level of an individual firm. In a similar order, we consider all levels except for the last one, which is beyond the scope of the study.
Aspects of ensuring the international level of ES are of particular importance for the development of relations between industrialized and developing countries. Their analysis is devoted to the resolution of the UN General Assembly "International economic security" and the report of the UN Secretary General "The concept of international economic security"1. These documents list the main problems of the world economy, analyze the national and international threats to the ES of developing countries, and also emphasize that international economic security depends on the ES of all countries of the world and the safety of transport arteries from pirate attacks.
In industrial developed countries, there is increasing concern about maintaining the achieved high level of economic development, so it was there that a large number of studies on national economic security. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry of Japan has prepared a document where ES is defined as "... the state of the economy in which it is protected, primarily by economic means, from serious threats to its security arising under the influence of international factors" . It is stated that in the early 1980s There were four main factors threatening the national economy. This is the provision of energy and mineral resources, food, the safety of maritime transport.
Most of the scientists who studied the structure of activities to ensure the country's ES defined the protection of the economy as a system, the elements of which, among other things, are state bodies, enterprises and citizens of the country. The tasks solved at each of these levels were also highlighted. In other works of Western experts, such phenomena and processes related to the country's ES, such as the disproportionate development of the economy, the degree of controllability of foreign economic relations, the ability to introduce technological innovations, are studied, and ES3 criteria are determined.
V. Senchagov notes that the concept of national security is broader than the concept of ES. It includes defense, environmental, energy and other aspects. Since the economy is one of the vital aspects of the activity of society, the state and the individual, the concept of national security will be deprived of any meaning without assessing the viability of the economy, its strength against possible internal and external threats. And further: “The lesson of the collapse of the USSR is that for a secure existence it is not enough to have a powerful army and a high-tech defense industry, many more components of the economy are needed: a developed sector of consumer goods and services; internal socio-political stability and a reliable social base for reforms; sufficient defense potential, balanced with the overall potential of the economy”4.
The opinion of Abalkin L. coincides with the position on the narrower concept of ES, under the assumption that the concepts of national and state security coincide: “... economic security is organically included in the state security system, along with such components as ensuring the reliable defense social peace in society, protection from environmental disasters”5.
They are echoed by Gusakov N.P. and Zotova N.A.: “National security as a system includes security subsystems: military, economic, political, social, informational, scientific and technical, foreign economic”6.
As a result of a partial generalization of various opinions, the definition of the concept of national security is given, as "... a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life ... in economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other areas. They are of a long-term nature and determine the main goals, strategic and current tasks of the domestic and foreign policy of the state”7. Also one of the central places in this normative act dedicated to solving economic problems.
Based on the above opinions and in accordance with the ideas of the author, some important features and essential ideas about the concept of national security follow: the importance and severity of national security problems increase at the turning points in the development of the country, its individual regions; the content of the concept of national security is influenced by national-state interests and the national idea; with all the mobility of the criteria and parameters of national security, their specificity for different countries, as a result, are associated with general trends in the socio-economic progress of mankind; the concept of national security is much broader than the concept of ES, the latter is an integral part with an indefinite place. Adopted in 1996, the “State Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation” defines the goal and objects of the state strategy for the Russian economic security, forms the criteria and parameters for the state of the economy that meets the requirements of the country’s economic security, describes the mechanisms and measures of economic policy aimed at ensuring the economic security. Such attention to the problems of ES is explained, first of all, by the fact that the state of the economy is of paramount importance for the national security of the country.
The dominant trend in the restructuring of the regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) in Russia since 1991 has been the liberalization of the rules governing the circulation of goods, services and capital between the national and world economies. Liberalization of foreign economic activity has become an integral part of the shock strategy economic reforms, having a contradictory effect on the economy and the process of its integration into the world economy.
The author agrees with the opinion of the authors of the report from the IVEI RAS that “foreign economic relations were a catalyst for economic transformations in Russia. They actively influence the formation of market structures and mechanisms in the country, contribute to the initial accumulation of capital, the creation of a competitive environment and the formation of market motivation in domestic business, introducing it to foreign entrepreneurial experience”2.
There is no doubt that WES, primarily foreign trade, act as a factor counteracting crisis phenomena in the domestic economy and, to a certain extent, reducing their severity. The expansion of imports of foodstuffs and consumer goods eliminated the previously existing deficit and expanded the product range in the domestic market. Due to the fact that Russia is structurally, technologically and managerially a weak link in the world economy, it could not in 1992-1997. take full advantage of the open economy. Foreign trade did not become a catalyst for economic growth, "it only partially compensated for the contraction of the domestic market" . Large-scale exports prevented an even deeper decline in production than it actually is. According to VNIKI estimates, in the absence of foreign supplies, the volume of industrial production in the country could have decreased by 70% by 1998 compared to the actual 50%. Customs payments have become an important source of budget revenues (in 1996 - 1/3).
As a result, there have been noticeable changes in the nature of Russia's economic interaction with the outside world - the exchange of fuel and raw materials for finished products, mainly for consumer purposes, i.e. The WES of the country has acquired features characteristic of underdeveloped countries.
The report's drafting group believes that Russia has become more dependent on external markets and the developments in them, the trade and financial policies of industrialized countries and international economic organizations. “Liberalized wind farms, absorbing the imbalance of supply and demand in the domestic market, did not have a transformative effect on domestic production ... However, the mistakes and omissions made in the course of the liberalization policy and the formation of the state system of foreign economic regulation (primarily in the insufficient use of protective measures ), predetermined the emergence of a number of serious difficulties and deformations in the very process of the country's foreign economic development. This was manifested, in particular, in a significant deterioration in the structure of exports and imports, in the deindustrialization of foreign trade exchange”30.
Inshakova E.I. states: “Thus, in terms of the number of quantitative and technical regulators of the import of products, Russian imports are the most liberalized in the world. Thus, the achieved openness of the Russian economy can be characterized as excessive. Such "openness" as a manifestation of the "shock" liberalization of foreign trade does not contribute to improving the efficiency of the economy, its competitiveness. On the contrary, it causes significant damage, exacerbates economic difficulties, undermines the country's economic security, weakens Russia's international position, depriving it of the opportunity to adequately respond to the discriminatory measures of foreign partners.
The degree and nature of the involvement of the country's economy in the WEC is influenced by the nature and composition of the economic complex, including resource availability, the development of intra-industry specialization, production cooperation, the general level of economic development and competitiveness. Any inclusion in the WEC not only gives impetus to economic growth, but at the same time increases the dependence of the economy on the outside world, and in parallel, increases its influence in the world.
Zagashvili V. explains this statement as follows: “On the one hand, the more significant a country's share in world trade, in the export of capital, technical assistance, the more opportunities it has to influence other countries. But, on the other hand, the greater the share of foreign trade in relation to GNP, the stronger the penetration of foreign capital into the economy, the more the country is subject to outside influence.
Faminsky I. argues that: “Specific threats to the economic security of the country include a sharp drop in prices for exported goods or, conversely, a sharp increase in prices for imported goods. Such price jumps in conditions of a high degree of dependence on the external market are very dangerous for the state of the economy. It is dangerous to impose an embargo on trade with a country or group of countries that are important markets or suppliers of products for Russia. Such high degree dependence on the supply of certain types of products from one or a group of countries that would provide them with the opportunity to use this dependence for political pressure on Russia.
Therefore, the author considers the correct position of V. Zagashvili, according to which it is more rational to adhere to the diversification strategy: “The greater the diversification of foreign trade by countries and goods, the less opportunities to use it to exercise power. But the less exposure to external influences. At the same time, a high concentration of foreign trade by country and product increases both power and exposure to power. Concentration efficiency can be enhanced by a structural factor. At the same time, the country supplies its partner with goods for which it has a monopoly of the producer and the demand for which is inelastic, and imports from him goods for which it has a monopsony and the demand for which is elastic in it. However, one must bear in mind the slowing effect that such specialization has on the course of economic development. Hence the need to balance between diversification for the sake of independence and concentration for the sake of efficiency”34.
V. Senchagov, for example, noted that when substantiating the state economic policy “... one should take into account the limits of system stability developed by the state strategy of economic security, qualitative and quantitative characteristics under which entry into the global international system does not violate national interests, but, on the contrary, strengthens the competitive position of domestic producers”35.
Foreign economic security (VES), having qualitative and quantitative characteristics, includes a system of categories and concepts included in the scope of the country's foreign economic interaction with the rest of the world, as well as the area of their interaction with categories and concepts of domestic economics. This finds its concrete expression in the correlation of the courses of the country's economic and foreign economic policy.
This approach allows us to agree with the definition given by Gusakov N.P. and Zotova N.A.: “VEB is an opportunity to implement a consistent strategy of the country's foreign economic course, based on fundamental forecasting of the development of world markets, demand and supply of domestic products abroad; high competitiveness of the national economy, achieved through a system of protectionist measures, which are combined with the consistent liberalization of the economic activities of economic entities”36.
Specific conditions Russian reforms introduced great inconsistency in the question of society's assessment of the role and functions of the state in the modern economy. In the scientific community, two diametrically different approaches have emerged and continue to exist. The first is from the standpoint of the laissez-faire principle, which assumes a decisive role in economic relations of individual entrepreneurial interest as the main engine of development and the principle of minimizing state intervention in the economy. Another approach is based on the opinion that the laissez-faire principle is not adequate to the interconnections of modern economic systems, since it ignores the problem of significant uncertainty of information about competitors and the external environment and does not imply the presence of a factor of huge transaction costs in the market environment and, ultimately, leads the macrosystem to economic a crisis that has to be overcome with the help of targeted policies.
From the point of view of institutional theory, the formation of the state means the formation of non-personalized rules and contractual relations. P. Heine notes that “the state can be regarded as an instrument that serves to reduce transaction costs through the use of coercion”1.
Only market mechanisms without state intervention cannot ensure the flow of socio-economic processes in line with development. As J. Sapir noted, “the transition to the market cannot be left to the market itself. It is absurd to try to take advantage of an institution that does not yet exist.
The degree and necessity of state intervention as a regulator of socio-economic processes extends to those areas that are not of interest to business or where, without a single coordinator, the process of achieving results is seriously complicated or impossible. Finding and distributing resources among consumers in order to achieve the public good becomes the concern of the state. For effective development and smoothing out various deviations in the economy, the state is obliged to regulate the antimonopoly and anti-crisis development of business.
The author acknowledges the correctness of J. Wolfensohn's statement: “Of course, development based on the dominant role of the state has failed. But a similar result will be the result of development without a state. .. History insistently repeats that good government is not a luxury, but a vital necessity. Without an effective state, sustainable development, both economic and social, is impossible”3.
Despite the fact that since 1992 the mode of production has changed dramatically in Russia and the pace of transformation is still high, transition process is still far from complete. The study of any new forms and relations of reality should be based on an understanding of the specifics of the transitional economy. We share the point of view of Radaev V.V. about the functioning of the transitional economy as an "extra-systemic" one, the regularity of which is a specific instability. In a normal system, it signals the need for actions aimed at ensuring its equilibrium state. AT transition economy instability must be persistent in order to eventually ensure a “gradual transition to another economic system”4.
Under the transitional economy, a number of economists understand such a management system in which elements of the industrial and post-industrial economies are combined, intertwined and confronted, with a gradual increase in the share and role of the latter with the following main features:
Painful change of technological and economic modes of production, socio-political upheavals, confrontation of economic structures cause a crisis economic system, falling growth rates or an economic recession, instability of the financial and credit system, a decrease in the efficiency of reproduction and a fall in the standard of living of significant segments of the population;
Increasing instability of the economy, an increase in the frequency and amplitude of fluctuations in the economic situation lead to social conflicts of varying severity;
The acceleration of the globalization of the world economy causes chaos in the WEC, which leads to synchronization of the shocks of the national economy and the world market5.
Thus, the transitional economy, which is being formed as a product of the contradiction between inertia and qualitative transformations in the system of socio-economic relations, is characterized by instability and instability. Transformation processes significantly weaken the "immunity" against external and internal threats.
In the transition period, the management of the ES, in our opinion, should be focused on maintaining an adequate standard of living for the population, ensuring the socio-political security of society, maintaining the constitutional order of the Russian Federation and forming a stable system of national interests. The management of the country's regional security is carried out through federal regional policy.
The diversity of natural and climatic conditions, different production and economic potential, the huge size of the territory of the Russian Federation with a relatively small population ten times less in density than in neighboring states causes the unevenness of their NER, the presence in Russia of depressive, crisis and economically backward regions. These factors dictate the need for a strong regional policy both on the part of the federal center and the authorities of the subjects of the Federation. In my opinion, the opinion of Balabina L. and Kruglov V. seems to be correct, who believe that “On the one hand, this pushes for the provision of relatively greater economic independence to the regions, and on the other hand, it imperatively requires, in the name of maintaining the territorial unity of the country, a much greater concentration of political powers at the center"6.
A single internal market operates on the territory of the country, representing a set of regional economies, each acting as an integral economic mechanism, which is a relatively independent subsystem National economy countries. At the same time, the region as part of the system is in relation to it in a certain dependence, which is due to the complex nature of the development of the economy.
Before considering the problem of activation of foreign economic activity in the region, it seems appropriate to raise a number of questions, the understanding of which allows us to understand the problem as a whole. Such issues are a clear idea of what should be understood by the term institutional and innovative aspects of foreign economic activity; what is the place of state bodies in these conditions; what are the mechanisms for realizing the interests of the region.
We understand the institutional aspect of foreign economic activity in the region as a system of interaction between mechanisms for stimulating and regulating export, import, investment and other forms of foreign economic activity at the mesolevel.
Iskrenko E.V. believes that underestimation of the role of foreign economic activity leads to insufficient use of regional resources, to a drop in economic growth rates and, as a result, to a decrease in the effect of regional socio-economic policy. He believes that "an important component of the latter should be the region's foreign economic activity in the form of a system of measures to determine the mode of regulation of wind farms, optimize the participation of the region in the MRT and aimed at realizing the advantages of this region, at protecting the domestic market from competition of foreign goods in order to solve the problems of geographical balance of foreign economic operations "one.
The author considers it appropriate to use the term "foreign economic complex of the region" (FEC), which was previously used mainly in relation to the national economic level as a whole. In the context of the implementation of an independent WEP by the subjects of the Federation, it makes sense to define this concept.
Iskrenko E.V. offers the following interpretation of the EQR: “The latter is a part of the production and economic sector (sphere) of the region in the form of a set of economic entities (enterprises, organizations) that systematically produce and sell export resources of all kinds, consuming imported goods(services) or carrying out other types of foreign economic activity. In structural and functional terms, the foreign economic complex of the region consists of two relatively independent, but closely interacting parts: 1) the production and economic activities of economic entities whose products are exported in whole or in part, this also includes those economic units that act as consumers of imports ( directly and indirectly); 2) foreign economic relations proper, through which the deliveries of products of national labor to foreign consumers are realized, as well as the necessary products manufactured abroad are received”2.
According to the author, this definition, despite its completeness, has some vagueness and offers its own interpretation of the EQR as a set of interacting economic entities of various sectors of the region in the development of R&D, production, transportation, marketing and servicing of export-import flows of goods, works, services. The structure of the FER has its own specifics: it is formed under the influence of the concept and program of foreign economic activity of the country and the region, the presence of certain factors for the development of the relevant sectors of the complex, historical conditions, and established cooperation ties.
The specificity of the current stage of the EQR is due to the need to establish a direct, long-term connection between production and foreign economic activity, transforming it into a dynamic balanced production and commercial system by increasing the export potential of the region and intensifying participation in the foreign economic activity.
The growth of independence of the governing bodies of the subject of the Federation, being a characteristic feature of the regionalization of the mechanism of foreign economic activity, also implies an increase in their economic responsibility, which makes it necessary to strengthen the coordinating and controlling functions of regional authorities that affect the effectiveness of foreign economic activity. As an evaluation criterion for the final results of the functioning of the ECR, indicators of the effectiveness of the socio-economic development of the region can serve.
An objective consequence of the globalization of world economic relations is that the closed Russian economy will inevitably be forced to activate the WPP. In our opinion, one of the most important means of facilitating the growth of regional export potential, increasing foreign exchange earnings as a base for revenues to budgets of different levels, is the creation of motivational incentives for foreign economic activity in relation to the characteristics of the region based on the products of high technology industries.
The development of international economic relations should not be an end in itself. This is only a means of solving the internal problems of the region. It seems reasonable to see the main goal of the functioning of the ECR in the maximum implementation of the existing regional potential for foreign economic activity in the interests of sustainable and balanced socio-economic development of the Yaroslavl region and smoothing out territorial disproportions (see 2.2.).
The Yaroslavl region is an active foreign trade partner. Foreign trade turnover in 2000 increased by 83.9% compared to 1999 (see Appendix 10)3. During the same period, exports increased by 138.6%, while imports decreased by 20.9%. In the commodity structure of exports, 86.8% accounted for the products of the fuel and energy complex. Significant specific gravity in the structure of export deliveries, products of the machine-building and petrochemical complex occupied 4.5% and 4.2%, respectively. The increase in exports is associated with an increase in world prices for oil products, carbon, timber, waste and scrap of ferrous metals and other goods. The decrease in imports is associated with a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, as well as a change in the solvent demand of enterprises for imported raw materials and equipment. In addition, during the same period, world prices for meat, grain, sunflower oil, canned vegetables, raw tobacco, ferrous metals, pipes made of ferrous metals and some other goods increased.
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Borodovskaya Marina B. Economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations ( Theoretical aspect): Dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01: Moscow, 2000 171 p. RSL OD, 61:01-8/1618-1
Introduction
Chapter 1 Foreign economic relations of Russia: the current stage 10
1. Foreign economic relations as a factor in the economic development of the country 10
2. Foreign trade: development trend 16
3. Migration of capital (investment in Russia; flight of capital from Russia) 39
4. The role of international economic organizations 60
Chapter 2 National economic security: foreign economic parameters 80
1. Foreign economic security as the most important component of economic security 80
2. The main directions and indicators of ensuring Russia's foreign economic security 91
3. Foreign economic sphere of Russia and ensuring financial security 114
4. Relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security 131
Conclusion 142
Bibliography 150
Applications:
Introduction to work
At present, Russia is on the way to the formation of a qualitatively new organization of economic relations and ties, economic mechanisms and institutional structures. The inclusion of Russia in the global economic system is an objective process of the country's integration into the system of world economic relations, the need to "open" Western markets for domestic products and increase the competitiveness of our industry. It is the potential of this increase in the context of the lack of alternatives to the task of realizing the comparative advantages of the Russian economy, the possibility of developing competitive industries of national specialization - this is the main benefit that Russia will receive from being included in the world economic processes.
Following the transformation of former socio-economic relations, there is an evolution of views on what constitutes the economy as a self-developing system, what tasks in the field of foreign economic relations and economic security should be solved by the state and by what means.
The current situation in the domestic economy determines the relevance of systematizing the preliminary results of Russia's economic development at the turn of the century, makes it possible to compare the place in the world economy that the country occupied earlier and occupies today, to assess the extent of Russia's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of its security.
In this regard, it is important to highlight four main areas that require the most attention in the study of economic security.
First, foreign trade and its impact on the economic development of the country. It has become almost universally recognized that foreign economic relations act as a powerful amplifier of development trends. In the context of the rise, these ties reinforce the favorable market situation, stimulate technological progress in the country, lead to lower costs and improve the quality of products, promote progressive changes in the industry structure; during periods of recession and crisis - on the contrary, exacerbate economic difficulties.
Secondly, the migration of capital and the problem of financial security. Consideration of this problem allows us to talk about the causes, motives and consequences of capital flight, as well as to explore the quantity and quality of foreign investment, methods of attracting them and the reasons for their low volume.
Thirdly, the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the country's economy. The economic relations of Russia with different regions of the world have their own specifics, especially today, due to changes both in Russia itself and in the outside world, as well as the fact that structural adaptation to the world economy of Russia takes place in much more difficult conditions than in Western European or East Asian states .
Fourth, the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security. Modern facts show that even countries that are successfully developing and integrating with the world economy are at great risk, fully opening their economies to international flows.
capital. But this does not mean a call for isolation, but only for the optimal opening of the country's economy.
In the domestic economic literature, issues related to foreign economic relations and economic security have recently been widely covered. It is traditional to consider individual aspects of these processes, while, however, the systematization of all issues into a single interconnected whole has not been achieved.
The problem of studying foreign economic relations of Russia and issues of its economic security is presented in detail in the works on general problems of the world economy and security issues of domestic authors: Abalkina L., Anikina A., Vasilyeva N., Glazyev S. Gusakova N.. Illarionova A., Kireeva A. ., Oleinikov E., Olsevich Yu.. Popov V. Porokhovsky A., Senchagov V., Sidorovich A.. M. Saks J., Fischer S. et al.
The official publications of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, publications in scientific journals, and the work of leading Russian and Western economists were used as the basis for analysis and systematization. The study used official documents of the Russian government, materials and statistics from the Customs Committee, the Bank of Russia and other departments of the country.
The subject of the study is the economic security of Russia in the field of foreign economic relations. At the same time, the object of research is specific phenomena that are highlighted for detailed study in this work: foreign trade and its impact on the economic development of the country; capital migration and the problem of financial security; the impact of participation in international economic organizations on the development of the Russian economy; the relationship between the openness of the country and its economic security.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and systematize the general trends in the functioning of foreign trade, capital migration and their impact on the economic security of the Russian Federation.
The implementation of the research goal involves the solution of the following tasks:
To study, generalize and systematize the main approaches to the problems of Russia's foreign economic relations and economic security, available in domestic and foreign literature;
Identify and analyze the main trends in the development of Russia's foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security;
Establish the importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition;
Determine the role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy;
Explore the possibility of forming an open economy while maintaining the country's economic security.
The purpose and objectives of the study involve the use of the dialectical method, which makes it possible to systematize the problems of foreign economic
ties and economic security, not only at the moment, but also in development. At the same time, the paper provides an economic analysis of the country specifics of Russia in the conduct of foreign trade, capital migration and their relationship with economic security.
The theoretical basis of the research is fundamental works in the field of economic theory, monographs and articles by domestic and foreign scientists on methodological, theoretical and applied problems of foreign economic relations and economic security. For the purpose of comparative analysis, legislative and regulatory documents, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation were widely used in the work. resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, the State Duma, ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank and other government bodies of the Russian Federation.
The reference and statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, periodicals, analytical reports served as the information base of the work.
The dissertation attempts to systematize various approaches to the development of economic security in the field of foreign economic relations.
The scientific novelty of the topic is as follows:
1. The main trends in the development of foreign trade and its impact on the country's economic security are identified, which allows us to speak about the importance of foreign economic relations in ensuring the country's security. A trend towards a gradual decrease in the share of raw materials and materials and an increase in the share of engineering products in Russia's exports has been determined.
2. The special importance of financial security for countries with economies in transition has been established, a comparative analysis of the relationship between capital migration and financial security in the transitional economy of Russia has been carried out. Several main reasons for the low volume of foreign investment in the Russian economy are identified.
3. The role of international economic organizations in the development of the country's economy is analyzed and the significant impact of international organizations on the economic development of Russia and on its relations with different countries is proved. Priority country directions for Russia at the present stage are determined.
4. The inconsistency of opening the economy and strengthening its economic security, especially in countries with economies in transition, has been studied and theoretically substantiated.
The main provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used in the educational process when reading the courses "World Economy", "International Economic Relations", as well as special courses on economic, financial and international security.
The main provisions of the work were reported at the scientific and practical conference "New Trends in Political Life and the Economic Security of Russia" at the Faculty of Economics of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and were published in the form of abstracts in the conference proceedings in 1998; at the Department of Economic Theory of the IPPK MSU, where two articles were also published in the collections "Problems of the Transitional Economy" - the second and third editions; at the Department of Political Economy of the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University.
Conceptual approaches and conclusions of the study are reflected in publications on the topic of the dissertation, with a total volume of 1.5 pp.
The logic of the presentation of the material in the dissertation work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. It allows through the prism of analysis of foreign economic relations and economic security to show their relationship. For this, four main areas were identified, which were analyzed in each of the chapters in accordance with their influence on foreign economic relations and the economic security of the country. Particular attention is paid to the problem of Russia's inclusion in world economic relations and the impact of this inclusion on the country's economic security.
The turn of the century, although somewhat formal, seems to be a very convenient occasion for summing up the preliminary results of Russia's economic development in the outgoing century, comparing the place in the world economy that the country occupied a century ago and occupies today, assessing the scale of truly enormous shifts that have occurred over the past century. this is the time to formulate the most important lessons.
Inclusion in the world economic processes is a complex and lengthy process for every national economy, including the Russian one, but it corresponds to the leading trends in world development and national interests. That. that the path of national isolation, isolation from the system of the international division of labor is futile, is a fairly obvious conclusion and does not require special proof.
At the turn of the century, national economies and the world economy were closely and deeply intertwined and complement each other. As a result, almost all national economies are becoming more and more open.
The degree of openness of national economies is steadily increasing. For example, in the US, the share of exports in GDP increased from 5% in 1960 to about 10% in the 1990s. According to the World Trade Organization, since the beginning of the current decade, 10% of the growth in world production accounts for 16% of the growth in world trade. In order for the national economic organism to function effectively, favorable conditions must be created for the development of foreign economic relations.
There is no doubt that foreign economic relations act as a powerful amplifier of development trends. In the context of the rise, these ties reinforce the favorable market situation, stimulate technological progress in the country, lead to lower costs and improve the quality of products, promote progressive changes in the industry structure; during periods of recession and crisis - on the contrary, exacerbate economic difficulties. good example can serve as a crisis in the countries of Southeast Asia, which began in the summer of 1997.
Strengthening foreign economic orientation opens up many new opportunities for development, allows solving some problems, but at the same time gives rise to new questions and difficulties. As a result of the expansion of world economic relations, the total amount of resources that the country has is changing, their material form is being transformed, and the possibilities of borrowing knowledge are increasing. The interdependence of countries is growing so much that disruptions in the functioning of the economy of any major participant in the world system inevitably entail international consequences, including the spread of crisis phenomena to other countries.
The main benefits from the expansion of world economic relations are received, as a rule, by the most competitive parts of the economy of individual countries, primarily TNCs and companies with a long-standing export orientation. They find themselves in a particularly advantageous position: foreign economic operations further enhance their competitiveness, reducing production costs, expanding markets, and increasing profits.
Many of the links national economy lagging industries and regions, small and medium-sized businesses - as a result of increased interaction with the world economy, find themselves in a difficult position. It is they who are primarily affected by the competition of imported products, the expansion production activities foreign companies in the country, as well as the strengthening of domestic TNCs.
The formation of a market mechanism for foreign economic relations was one of the most important components of systemic reforms that determined the nature of the country's entry into the world economy. It began with the abolition of the state monopoly on foreign trade and foreign exchange transactions and covered three main areas - the regulation of foreign trade, currency relations, activities of foreign capital.
Therefore, for individual countries, integration into the world economy is a long and complex process of changing economic development priorities, modifying economic structures and regulatory mechanisms.
The opening of the Russian economy, which put the country's firms in front of the need to compete with foreign competitors both in foreign and domestic markets, did not become an impetus for updating technologies, reducing price costs and improving product quality on a national economy scale in favor of industries with development prospects.
A sharp decline in the country's foreign trade turnover in the early 1990s: from $220 billion in 1990 (of which the RSFSR accounted for 70%) to $97 billion in 1992, led to a noticeable weakening of the world economic positions Russia.
The current stage is a turning point for Russia in terms of the role of external factors in its economy. Extensive and diverse natural resources, a large-scale and sparsely saturated domestic market, significant state demand for industrial products - all these circumstances, even in the Russian empire, led to a relatively low involvement of the country in world economic relations. During the Soviet period, these factors were supplemented by long-term economic isolation from the world market. Only with the transition in the 90s. to a market economy, Russia's integration into the world economy begins. Foreign trade policy is a set of goals, means and methods used by the state to develop trade relations with other countries. Foreign trade policy includes the definition of the geographical and commodity structure of exports and imports, as well as the system of their state regulation. Modern world trade is characterized by higher growth rates than industrial production, which makes it the engine of economic development. Trade in high-tech products and services is developing most dynamically, the importance of transnational corporations and international cooperation is growing. Russia, like other countries undergoing a difficult transitional period of transformation, has not yet taken the appropriate place in the world economic processes. To develop a foreign trade policy and specific measures for its implementation in a transitional economy, the following facts should be taken into account: with the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost many economic ties with the former Soviet republics, which cannot yet be restored within the CIS. The collapse of the integration bloc within the framework of the CMEA and the Warsaw Pact also weakened Russia, because the transition to trade with the former CMEA countries on currency basis has not yet fully taken place, and no other foundations for their construction have been found; Becoming the successor of the USSR in the international arena. Russia has acquired fewer rights, but more obligations, especially in terms of debt, the burden of which fundamentally hampers its economic relations with creditors. As for Russia's debts, from a number of foreign countries (about 140 billion dollars), their return in currency or commodity form is problematic. The task of restructuring the Russian economy from the point of view of world economic relations is its entry into competition, primarily with industrialized countries, which least of all expect Russia in this arena in this capacity, are and will be pursuing a tough policy aimed at turning it into a raw material appendage of the West. and will never make large investments in the Russian economy in order to restructure it and make it competitive in the production of goods based on high technologies. And world experience shows that the income from the export of raw materials has never provided coverage for the purchase and implementation of foreign science-intensive technologies; The currently existing system of international settlements based on the dollar and other hard currencies is not quite effective for the Russian economy. In addition, for a normal participation in international settlements, Russia does not currently have the necessary gold and foreign exchange reserves. At present, Russian foreign trade does not correspond to the economic potential of the country, is not used to the proper extent as a stimulator of economic growth and technological progress, or a catalyst for market reforms (for details, see Appendix, Table 12). After the collapse of the CMEA and the weakening of economic ties within the CIS, Russia found itself outside the established trade and economic associations and does not fully benefit from the international division of labor. Nevertheless, the implementation of market reforms and the liberalization of foreign economic activity, for all their incompleteness, allowed foreign trade not only to get out of the crisis faster than other sectors of the national economy, but also to pull economic sectors out of it. export-oriented, as well as compensate for the deep decline in the domestic market in the agro-industrial complex and light industry. Foreign trade relations are among the sectors of the Russian economy in which the transition to market mechanisms acquired the most obvious forms. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation in November 1991, foreign economic relations were liberalized, which, in essence, was the prologue to a radical market reform launched by price liberalization in January 1992. In accordance with the decree, participation in foreign economic transactions was allowed for all interested legal entities and individuals. This meant the virtual elimination of the state monopoly of foreign trade as one of the foundations socialist economy former USSR. At the same time, such aspects of it as centralized planning of external relations, their implementation by a small group (about 50) of state monopoly export-import associations, were eliminated. They were replaced, although not immediately, by national instruments of foreign trade regulation generally accepted in world practice. The creation of space for the action of market forces in the foreign trade sphere was also facilitated by other measures of market reform in Russia: the liberalization of domestic prices and the beginning of their level and structure convergence with world prices; privatization of state and municipal property; introduction since the summer of 1992, the internal convertibility of the ruble; opening the economy to foreign private capital.
The transition of the Russian Federation to new socio-economic relations, as well as its entry into the global economic system, requires Russia to have an appropriate degree of openness of the economy. The question arose about the optimal balance between the openness of the economy, its liberalization and the policy of reasonable selective protectionism. In addition, the collapse of the USSR and the CMEA, the emergence of new states and the formation of Russia as a sovereign state, other changes in geopolitical conditions required an understanding of the approaches and development of the concept of the national security of the Russian state, and within the framework of the general concept, the main provisions of the state strategy in the field of economic security of the country. As world experience shows, ensuring economic security is a guarantee of a country's independence, a condition for the stability and efficiency of society's life, and success. Therefore, ensuring the economic security of the country is one of the most important national priorities. The need to ensure economic security increases significantly in the crisis phase of development. The inevitable economic and social costs of this phase largely deform the factors and criteria of security and, at the same time, additionally burden all the mechanisms for maintaining stability in society and narrow their possibilities. In the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, the most important requirement of the time is the internationalization of economic life. Growth in the efficiency of the economy is achieved through the growth of international specialization and cooperation, international technology exchange. International competition is a powerful factor in technical progress, because it requires constant updating of products, improving their quality and reducing production costs based on the most modern technology. It was these factors that forced the industrialized countries to embark on the path of an open economy, which Russia has now chosen. The rejection of the state monopoly of foreign trade and Russia's transition to an open economy should be seen as a means of increasing its efficiency. This course will inevitably lead to an increase in Russia's dependence on external relations in terms of increasing exports and imports. Therefore, the issues of external economic security are becoming more relevant in modern conditions. A certain prerequisite for solving this problem can be considered the creation of the Security Council and the adoption at the beginning of 1992. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", which fixed the following basic fundamental provisions: security - the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats; vital interests - a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibilities for the progressive development of the individual, society and the state; the main objects of security include: personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity; security threat - a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state; the real and potential threat to security objects, emanating from internal and external sources of danger, determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security. Without belittling the importance of solving the problem of security in all areas of activity, it is necessary to emphasize the basic role of the economy. Firstly, the production, distribution and consumption of material goods are primary for each of them, they determine the vital activity and viability of society. Secondly, the crisis of society has affected the economy to the greatest extent, since the existing economic system has practically collapsed, and attempts are being made to build something else, similar to Western-style capitalism. Such a "perestroika" in itself is a source of incalculable shocks, and, consequently, threats to the country's security. Thirdly, an isolated, non-complex identification of all kinds of security threats is unproductive and can hardly be used as a basis for developing a state strategy in the field of the country's economic security. Of course, economic security is organically included in the system of state security, along with such components as ensuring the reliable defense of the country, maintaining social peace in society, and protecting against environmental disasters. Here everything is interconnected and one direction complements the other: there can be no military security in a weak and inefficient economy, just as there can be neither military security nor an effective economy in a society torn apart by social conflicts. the decisive, basic role in it belongs to economic security. The most important blocks of problems are singled out, which allow revealing the content of economic security: problems related to the preservation and maintenance of the national economic complex of the country; problems associated with maintaining the functioning of the economy in emergency situations; military-economic problems; problems associated with the transformation of property relations; economic problems of interaction with the outside world.
The Russian economy has become practically open to uncontrolled and uncontrolled movement across visible and invisible borders of almost all types of resources: material, monetary, human, information. It is well known that any disproportions and fluctuations in parameters within the system and on its borders set in motion material, monetary, information flows, and this movement is all the more intense, the greater the disproportions and fluctuations. This is exactly the situation in the Russian economy. First, there is an extreme and ever-increasing intra-system imbalance of economic indicators caused by the collapse of the Union, structural imbalances, etc. Secondly, there is a difference between world and domestic prices. Although prices for many consumer goods and reached the world level, there is and even intensifies the difference in the price of labor, primarily skilled. There is a huge gap in prices for intellectual products. In the short term, there will undoubtedly be huge fluctuations in prices for production assets, real estate, land, natural resources, etc., exacerbated by the irrational exchange rate of the dollar against the ruble, formed on the basis of prices for consumer goods and products of a speculative nature. Thirdly, border barriers have been removed. As is known, these barriers are effective only when applied systematically, otherwise they are either bypassed or they create a temporary effect, which then leads to catastrophic breakthroughs. This applies to all forms of interaction with the external worlds. Whether it is customs policy, export and import of goods, foreign investment or the protection of state secrets, the departure of qualified specialists from the country, etc. Security issue in the outside economic sphere requires consideration of all options for the movement of physical and potential resources between Russia and the outside world on the basis of an analysis of: the reasons causing this movement; traffic patterns, taking into account the mechanism for overcoming the economic border of Russia; results - direct and indirect, positive and negative (acceptable and unacceptable); possible measures to combat negative consequences (legislative, purely economic, administrative, technical, etc.). Foreign economic security in an open economy requires: First, that the country's participation in world economic relations creates favorable conditions for the development of national production; Secondly, that the national economy should feel the least adverse developments in the world, both in the economic and political spheres, although it is impossible to completely avoid this influence in an open economy.1 As production is internationalized, national economic security is increasingly associated with international economic security. The latter is such a complex of international conditions for coexistence, agreements and institutional structures that could provide each member state of the world community with the opportunity to freely choose and implement its strategy of social and economic development, without being subject to external economic and political pressure and relying on non-interference, understanding and mutually acceptable and mutually beneficial cooperation on the part of other states. The path to the implementation of international economic security lies through the rejection of the imposition of development models, from economic and political coercion, through the recognition of the right of any people to choose their own path, through respect for the legitimacy of the existence of various forms of ownership and interests, through the realization that a “peace dividend” is possible not only in military-strategic, but also in economic relations, as they are freed from confrontationalism and orientation towards momentary profit. In the long run, even private capital gains much more from the progress of foreign countries than from their primitive robbery and exploitation by old-fashioned methods. Legal guarantees for the implementation of international economic security consist in the recognition of the principles of equality of states, regardless of the social and political system; freedom to choose the path of development and forms of organization of economic life; sovereignty of states over natural resources and economic potential in their countries; economic cooperation and freedom from coercion; mutually beneficial cooperation and free development of economic, financial, scientific, technical and other peaceful relations between states; international cooperation for economic development and social progress; special benefits for less developed member countries of the world community; peaceful settlement of economic disputes without the use of force or the threat of force.
Essence foreign economic security lies in the conformity of the results of foreign economic activity with the national-state interests of Russia. A policy aimed at achieving foreign economic security should ensure the sustainable, independent development of the country as an integral economic structure, its natural economic growth based on rational and effective foreign economic relations, and an innovative revolution in various spheres of human activity.
Foreign economic security is achieved by increasing competitiveness, adaptability of the national economy to the conditions of the world market, ensuring its manageability and adaptive susceptibility to both protective protection measures and liberalization policies in order to ensure sustainable economic growth.
Let's single out the most important tasks in the field of foreign economic activity aimed at ensuring economic security:
Regulation of the development of foreign trade while observing the economic interests of Russia;
Further development of export potential by expanding the production of machinery, equipment and other high-tech goods, pursuing an import substitution policy;
Supporting the interests of Russian exporters in foreign markets in order to restore and maintain their positions in the world commodity markets;
Pursuing a policy of reasonable protectionism in relation to Russian producers that are not monopolists in the domestic market;
Restructuring external debt to reduce the burden of servicing it;
Stabilization of the ruble exchange rate against freely convertible currencies.
Foreign economic policy can not only directly counter economic threats, but also play an independent role in changing the balance of economic potentials of participants in the international integration process.
Considering the importance of ensuring economic security in the foreign economic sector, let us consider main trends emerging in the modern foreign economic sector of Russia.
Foreign economic relations of modern Russia make a significant contribution to domestic economic growth and largely determine the state and prospects of the domestic economy.
The main part of the products of the basic industries (60-70% of liquid fuel, metal, chemical fertilizers, over a third of natural gas and timber products) is now sold on foreign markets, about 40% of consumer and more than 20% of investment domestic market. Real receipts from foreign non-economic activities form a significant part of the financial resources of enterprises, as well as about 60% of the federal budget revenue.
The model of Russia's participation in international trade that has developed over the years of reforms is characterized by the exchange of mainly fuel and raw materials for consumer and industrial manufacturing products . Such a model is characterized, as a rule, by a tendency to slow down economic growth and stagnation of exports, which are in a direct and close relationship. The main reason for the consolidation of this negative trend is the progressive lag of Russia in the scientific and technical sphere and the renewal of the production base, the absence of positive changes in the structure of the national economy and exports.
still the basis of Russian exports (80-85%) are energy carriers (primarily oil and natural gas) and various types of raw materials and semi-finished products, the share of finished products does not exceed 15-18%, including engineering products - 10%. In terms of the share of machinery and equipment, Russian exports are 3.5 times inferior to industrialized countries.
Thus, the inclusion of Russia and the industrially advanced powers in the world economy takes place at different levels of the global market. Russia absolutely does not fit into the qualitative changes that are taking place in international trade.
The emerging trends are turning into extremely negative consequences, both for foreign trade and for the entire economy of the country:
Strengthening the bias in the domestic industry in favor of the industries for the extraction and primary processing of raw materials to the detriment of the manufacturing industries;
Deteriorating terms of trade for Russia due to faster growth in world prices for finished goods than for raw materials, while imported goods are paid for by growing amounts of (mostly non-renewable) fuel and raw materials;
The growing lag behind the pace of Russia's foreign trade exchange from world indicators (Russia's share in international trade decreased over
1990s from 2.5 to 1.2%);
The growth of a real threat to the Russian economy as a result of its high vulnerability due to constant changes in the external economic situation and fluctuations in prices on the world oil market; in fact, the fate of Russian exports, the federal budget, and the country's economic growth rates have become significantly dependent on a single export resource.
Structure Russian imports also differs significantly from the structure of imports of developed and many developing countries. In terms of imports of food and agricultural raw materials, Russia exceeds the share in the imports of developed countries by almost 2 times. Due to food imports, Russia forms almost half of the resources of the retail trade turnover of food products.
Russia's imports, if evaluated by the share of engineering products, at first glance, are quite comparable with the average indicators of industrialized and developing countries. However, a significant part of the import of such products accounted for not for investment goods , i.e., for example, for equipment for re-equipment of production, but for consumer durables (cars, household appliances, etc.).
Analysis Russian export and import structures shows that its trade with the outside world is reduced mainly to the exchange of raw materials and semi-finished products for finished products and foodstuffs. Such exchange of goods is typical for those developing countries that have not yet completed industrialization stage . According to most experts, this type of international exchange does not give the country tangible impulses for economic growth and does not allow hope for the prospect of leaving the peripheral zone.
According to the Rybchinsky theorem, with world prices unchanged and with only two sectors in the country's economy, the growth of one (raw materials) will inevitably lead to a reduction in output in the other sector (output of manufacturing products). Consequently, the Russian economy can turn into a raw materials appendage of developed countries, giving the domestic market to foreign TNCs that sell not the most modern products and developments of scientific and technical progress.
The concentration of investments in export raw materials industries leads to the de-industrialization of the Russian economy and to the loss of competitiveness, both in foreign and domestic markets. Thus, the growth of exports hinders the development of other industries. However, in the short term, the costs of oil production will increase due to climatic conditions (they are already higher than similar costs in Saudi Arabia), which makes Russia's future in the international division of labor more difficult due to the practically absent development of manufacturing and the declining profitability of exports of raw materials.
It becomes obvious that, without state intervention, reaching the trajectory of real economic growth is unlikely.
In the current conditions, special attention is paid to the monitoring of the main indicators characterizing the state of foreign economic activity:
Foreign trade turnover - the amount of exports and imports of goods, billion rubles;
The trade balance is the difference between exports and imports of goods. Positive balance - exports exceed imports, negative balance - imports exceed exports.
The share of commodity resources received from imports in the total volume of commodity resources, including for the main groups of goods;
Ratio of total exports to GDP, %;
The ratio between the volume of exports and imports of products,%;
The ratio of the volume of the external debt of the state to GDP,%;
Share of imports in domestic consumption, % including food;
The share of exports in the total volume of production and production,%;
Introduction
The geopolitical situation in modern world characterized by a complex of sharp contradictions of a historical, political, economic and social nature. Changes in the world that have taken place in various areas have affected both the international and domestic situation in Russia. The implementation of internal reforms and transformations is impossible without taking into account the new geopolitical position of Russia. Of particular importance was the problem of ensuring national security, without the successful solution of which it is impossible to successfully reform the country.
Ensuring national security is a central task of strategic importance for the development of the country. To solve it, appropriate management personnel, professional specialists in this topical area of human activity are required.
In modern conditions, all countries are included in the process of nationwide world economic development. At the same time, the country's entry into the world economy in an open economy hides various threats - from a slight negative impact on the economic activity of individual subjects of foreign economic activity to the loss of national state sovereignty.
The relationship between the categories of "economic security" and "foreign economic security" deserves special attention. In this case, from the point of view of economic security, we are talking about the need to preserve the national-state sovereignty of the country. If such a task is not set, then problems arise related to the country's foreign economic security.
As one of the most important components of the country's economic security, the country's foreign economic security consists in identifying and preventing threats directed against the economic interests of the state and other subjects of foreign economic activity, creating favorable conditions for the development of the national economy by strengthening its international competitiveness, protecting and realizing national economic interests in foreign economic sphere.
The development of economic policy to ensure national security involves the use of various forms and instruments of state regulation, the introduction of new methods of organizing labor and production, and the improvement on this basis of the organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring the economic security of all life in Russia.
The purpose of this work is to characterize the external economic threats to national security in modern conditions.
The object of the study is the country's foreign economic security.
The subject of the research is threats in the external economic security of the country.
Research objectives:
To study the concept and essence of national security.
Consider the features of foreign economic security.
Formulate a classification and characteristics of threats to foreign economic security.
To characterize Russia's foreign economic security in the context of globalization.
1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE PLACE OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY IN IT
1.1 The concept and essence of national security
The concept of "security" is quite accessible at an intuitive everyday level. Therefore, it is relatively widely used. But still, the concept of "security" is a philosophical category and its essence in scientific terms has not yet been fully explored. Proof of the above, in particular, are the constant discussions around different approaches to ensuring national security, the worldview and philosophical understanding of such concepts as "national interests", "individual security", "public security", "international security", criteria for their assessment, structuring and characteristics of possible threats to security, principles for building effective mechanisms to ensure it, and others, including in developed countries.
Explanatory dictionaries interpret the concept of security as a state when there is no danger, or as a state in which nothing threatens anyone or anything.
But under any conditions, security cannot be regarded as a state where there is no danger. Historical experience does not contain examples when such a state could be achieved even by an individual, not to mention different forms social formations. On the contrary, trying to protect themselves from certain threats, they created such types and systems of production and technological capacities, weapons, and in such quantity that it became one of the greatest threats to every person. Given this, as a basis for disclosing the content of the concept of "security" S.V. Alekseev proposes to consider a certain state of the system, achieved as a result of preventing harm to its development (life activity).
This allows us to state that security can be considered as a kind of integral characteristic of a social system, which depends on many parameters and characterizes one or another of its state (up to and including human civilization). In this case, the achievement of such a state of the social system determines its main goal, as well as the mode and conditions of existence under the influence of certain factors.
Since security is a public need, the main principle of the sustainable development of society should be, first of all, public agreement on the need for a comprehensive consideration of the above factors. Therefore, a split in national identity in any direction inevitably leads to a lack of national agreement on the main directions of socio-political and socio-economic reforms in Ukrainian society and, thus, should be considered as a significant threat to Russia's security.
Thus, security, on the one hand, is the development trends and conditions for the life of society, its structures, institutions, which are determined by the relevant settings (political, legal and others), which ensure the preservation of their qualitative certainty and free, which corresponds to their nature, functioning. . On the other hand, this is a certain security of the specified functioning from potential and real threats.
Under the concept " National security» means the protection of the vital interests of a person and a citizen, society and the state, which ensures the sustainable development of society, the timely identification, prevention and neutralization of real and potential threats to national interests.
The main objects of national security are established by law: the individual - his rights and freedoms; society - material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity.
The main subject of ensuring national security is the state, which performs functions in this area through legislative, executive and judicial authorities.
When studying the problems and organization of ensuring national security, its structural classification becomes important. Of course, any classification is rather conditional, and each of them is built with certain goals and objectives.
Currently, for the first time, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of 2010 "On Security", national security is divided into two types depending on the location of the source of danger - internal and external security (Fig. 1.1). This division is based on the territorial boundaries between states. Now, in the context of globalization and internationalization of all aspects of public life, the line between internal and external security is very blurred, and many threats - international terrorism, drug trafficking, environmental and natural disasters - are sometimes difficult to link to any single source. Nevertheless, such a division seems to be very useful from a practical point of view, since, first of all, it makes it possible to clearly classify certain conceptual approaches to solving problems of ensuring national security. In addition, the division into internal and external security is also necessary for the realization that when ensuring internal security, completely different methods, forms and methods are required than when ensuring external security.
Rice. 1.1 Types of national security depending on the location of the source of danger
Russia's approach to the problems of external security is characterized by the understanding that in the conditions of the modern nuclear era it is unacceptable and impossible to ensure one's own security by reducing the level of security of other countries.
It is advisable to subdivide internal security into two types: internal federal and internal regional security (Fig. 1.2).
Rice. 1.2 The structure of internal security in the territorial context
Internal security is the protection of federal interests from internal threats, and internal regional security is the protection of regional interests from internal and external threats. There is much in common in the structure of federal and regional interests. First of all, this is the unity of security objects (individual, community, society, state), as well as the functional qualities of the interests of these objects.
Nevertheless, there are many fundamental differences in the structure of federal and regional interests, which serves as the initial basis for their separation. The federal interests are dominated by the interests of the state and society as a whole, while the regional interests are dominated by the interests of the individual and the community.
International security is divided into global, or universal, regional and collective (Fig. 1.3).
Rice. 1.3 Classification of types of international security
Global security is the protection of the system of relations of the entire world community from the threat of destabilization, crises, armed conflicts and wars.
Regional security is the protection of the system of relations between the states of a particular region of the world from threats of destabilization, crises, armed conflicts and wars of a regional scale.
Collective security is the protection of the interests of a group (alliance) of states from external threats, guaranteed by mutual assistance, cooperation in the military sphere and collective actions to prevent and repel aggression.
International security is based on the observance by all states of the universally recognized principles and norms of international law, which preclude the settlement of disputes and disagreements between them with the help of force or the threat of force.
The most important principles of international security are the principle of equality and equal security, as well as the principle of not harming anyone's security in relations between states.
In addition to distinguishing the above two types in the structure of national security - internal and external security - its classification by types of security is important, which contributes to the development of a more specific policy and strategy for ensuring national security.
The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" provides for the division of national security into the following types: state, economic, public, defense, information, environmental and others (Article 13). However, the legislator did not give either a strict interpretation of the principles of classification by types of security, or a definition of these concepts, which in practice led to real lawlessness in the completely unreasonable division of the generic concept.
Any classification should be based on some of the most significant common features. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to single out security objects, the nature of threats, and spheres of life.
Rice. 1.4 Classification of types of national security by objects
Depending on the object, the vital interests of which are protected from internal and external threats, such types of security are distinguished as the security of the individual, society, state, Russian-speaking population, civil servants, etc. (Fig. 1.4).
1.2 Features of foreign economic security
Economic security is a central component of national security. This is a state of protection of the most important economic interests of the individual, society and the state, the development of sufficient daily potential, this is the maintenance and improvement of the standard of living of citizens, the satisfaction of fundamental national interests in various fields.
Foreign economic security is an integral part of the economic security of the state, which plays a decisive role in its national security. It is she who is the material basis of the entire security system of the state and reflects the key interests of people, business entities, society and the state.
It should be noted that, as the analysis showed, the content-conceptual interpretation of the category "foreign economic security" is still in its infancy. In domestic and foreign scientific literature, the concept of foreign economic security is almost never found in an “explicit form”, only its various interpretations by specialists as a component of economic security, which indicates the need for further research on this problem, both in general theoretical and in theoretical and applied terms.
Based on the analysis of the literature on the issues under study and the rules for constructing concepts, the following interpretation of the category "foreign economic security" is proposed: the ability of the state to withstand external threats, adapt and realize its economic interests in the domestic and foreign markets by creating competitive advantages that ensure continuous economic growth.
In general, economic security should be understood as the most important qualitative characteristic economic system, which determines its ability to maintain normal living conditions for the population, sustainable provision of resources for the development of the national economy.
When analyzing foreign economic security, the following main components are distinguished, first of all:
Economic independence, which means, first of all, the possibility of exercising state control over national resources, using national competitive advantages to ensure equal participation in international trade.
Sustainability and stability of the national economy, which provides for the power and reliability of all elements of the economic system, the protection of all forms of ownership, the creation of guarantees for entrepreneurship, containment of destabilizing factors.
The ability to self-development and progress, there is an opportunity to independently realize and protect national economic interests.
Creating conditions for the comprehensive development of the individual and increasing the level of social security of the population.
At the same time, the main foreign economic interests of the country are:
maintaining a high degree of adaptability of the national economy to changes in the global economic environment (rational use of geographic, geopolitical, technological position, international division of labor and markets for goods, works and services, etc.);
expansion of foreign economic relations (participation in multilateral cooperation within the framework of international organizations, institutions and forums, in customs unions, free trade zones and other forms economic integration, development of international cooperation with states that take part in the multilateral system of trade regulation, etc.);
increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of the national production of goods, works, services, as well as creating favorable conditions for their participation in international trade and economic turnover (protection of the domestic market and domestic production from unfair competition from foreign countries, protecting the interests of organizations and individual entrepreneurs - residents in the foreign market, etc.);
ensuring the optimization of the structure of foreign trade and an effective trade balance (providing conditions for the growth and development of exports of the final products of high-tech industrial production, a minimum level of meeting domestic needs through imports, as well as promoting the import of high technologies, etc.);
stability of the financial position of the state (ensuring an effective balance of payments, access to credit resources of international financial institutions, the implementation of external government borrowings within the limit of external government debt, attracting foreign investment, maintaining an effective exchange rate of the Russian monetary unit in the global financial market, etc.);
ensuring access to foreign sources of raw materials, goods and services, the production of which is impossible or inefficient in the country, as well as the development of a system of international transport hubs and communications for their supply; a reasonable degree of state regulation of foreign economic activity, which corresponds to the economy, with the creation of conditions that exclude the criminalization of foreign economic relations.
Thus, the state seeks to ensure both internal and external security. Internal security is a certain state of the political, economic and social structure within the state and such provision that makes it possible for its citizens to feel safe and at the same time create conditions for the development of the state. As for the external security of the state, this concept often changes. The state provides its external security in two ways:
independently, by means of unilateral security measures;
collectively, as a result of concluding and participating in military-political alliances with other states.
When a state realizes its goals, it develops relations with other states that either contribute to or hinder their implementation. Therefore, the concept of the country's economic security should be based on an assessment of both internal and external threats.
economic security national threat
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY AND FOREIGN ECONOMIC THREATS IN RUSSIA
2.1 Components of foreign economic security
Foreign economic security is such a state of compliance of foreign economic activity with national economic interests, which ensures the minimization of state losses from the impact of negative external factors and the creation of favorable conditions for the development of the economy due to its active participation in the global division of labor.
To assess the level of foreign economic security of the country, it is necessary to study its components, such as: macroeconomic, financial, investment, scientific and technological, energy, industrial, demographic, social, food security.
Macroeconomic security is the state of the economy in which a balance of macroeconomic reproduction proportions is achieved.
Financial security is such a state of the budgetary, monetary, banking, monetary system and financial markets, which is characterized by balance, resistance to internal and external negative threats, the ability to ensure the effective functioning of the national economic system and economic growth.
Financial security, in turn, includes the following components:
budgetary security is the state of ensuring the solvency of the state based on the balance of revenues and expenditures of the state and local budgets and the efficiency of use budget funds;
currency security is such a state of exchange rate formation that creates optimal conditions for the progressive development of domestic exports, the unimpeded flow of foreign investment into the country, Russia's integration into the world economic system, and also protects as much as possible from shocks in international markets. currency markets;
Monetary security is such a state of the monetary system, which is characterized by the stability of the monetary unit, the availability of credit resources and such a level of inflation that ensures economic growth and increase real income population;
debt security is such a level of internal and external debt, taking into account the cost of servicing it and the efficiency of using internal and external borrowings and the optimal ratio between them, sufficient to solve urgent socio-economic needs, which does not threaten the loss of sovereignty and the destruction of the domestic financial system;
security of the insurance market is such a level of provision of insurance companies financial resources which would enable them, if necessary, to compensate for the losses of their clients stipulated in the insurance contracts and to ensure efficient functioning;
security of the stock market is the optimal amount of market capitalization (taking into account the securities, their structure and level of liquidity) capable of providing sustainable financial condition issuers, owners, buyers, organizers of trade, traders, joint investment institutions, intermediaries (brokers), consultants, registrars, depositories, custodians and the state as a whole.
Investment security is such a level of national and foreign investments (subject to their optimal ratio) that is able to ensure long-term positive economic dynamics with an adequate level of funding for the scientific and technical sphere, the creation of an innovative infrastructure and adequate innovative mechanisms.
Scientific and technological security is such a state of the scientific, technological and production potential of the national economy, which makes it possible to ensure its proper functioning, sufficient to achieve and maintain the competitiveness of domestic products, as well as to ensure state independence at the expense of its own intellectual and technological resources.
Energy security is such a state of the economy that ensures the protection of national interests in the energy sector from existing and potential threats of an internal and external nature, allows you to meet the real needs for fuel and energy resources to ensure the livelihoods of the population and the reliable functioning of the national economy in normal, emergency and martial law.
Social security is such a state of development of the national economy, in which the state is able to provide a decent and high-quality standard of living for the population, regardless of the influence of internal and external threats.
Demographic security is such a state of protection of the national economy, society and the labor market from demographic threats, in which the development of Russia is ensured, taking into account the totality of balanced demographic interests of the state, society and the individual in accordance with the constitutional rights of Russian citizens.
Food security is such a level of food supply for the population that guarantees socio-economic and political stability in society, sustainable and high-quality development of the nation, family, individual, as well as sustainable economic development of the state.
Industrial safety is such a level of development industrial complex countries capable of ensuring economic growth and its expanded reproduction.
Each of the identified areas of economic security pursues the implementation of the relevant national interests.
The creation of a self-sufficient socially oriented market economy provides for the implementation of the priorities proposed above. The state should act as a guarantor of the protection of national economic interests. However, in Russia there are still no clearly defined national economic interests, their complete system. This allows officials at various levels to justify their actions, assuring that they are fully in the national economic interest.
Foreign economic security lies in the ability of the state to resist the influence of negative external factors and minimize the damage caused by them, actively use participation in the global division of labor in order to create favorable conditions for the development of the economy, and ensure that foreign economic activity is in line with national economic interests.
The danger of being left behind the globalization processes, the formation of an open state with a post-industrial economy is becoming more and more real for the country. If Russia does not use its chance, given today's certain positive trends in the implementation of structural restructuring of the economy through the priority development of science, education, healthcare, social protection of the population, that is, the creation of favorable conditions for life for a person as a carrier of knowledge and the most important factor in increasing labor productivity, then the economic backwardness of the country will become irreversible. This threatens not only social stability, but also the existence of the nation and the state.
2.2 Classification and characteristics of threats to foreign economic security
The integration of the Russian economy into the world economic system has exacerbated the issue of external economic security, without guaranteeing which the country cannot be a full-fledged participant in world economic relations, take its proper place in the international division of labor and have an appropriate system for protecting and countering global challenges to its economic security, including national security. When integrating the state into the system of world economic relations, it faces the problem of bifurcation between the need, on the one hand, to integrate into the world economy, and on the other hand, to ensure the harmonious development of the national economy, to protect national economic interests, the domestic market and domestic producers.
The primary task of foreign economic security is monitoring and assessing internal and external threats, as well as forecasting the development of situations related to the realization of one or another economic interest of the state in the world and domestic markets.
Threats to the economic security of the state are understood as a set of existing and potential possible phenomena and factors that create a danger to the realization of national interests in the economic sphere.
L.I. Abalkin considers threats to the economic security of the state to be explicit or potential actions that complicate or make it impossible to realize national economic interests and create a danger to the socio-economic and political system, national values, the life support of the nation and individual.
In accordance with the theory of systems, the definition of threats is as follows: "a threat is the danger of destroying any system, or the danger of causing more or less significant damage to it."
To create a reliable system for ensuring the economic security of the state, an effective mechanism is needed to identify threats to national interests that create a direct danger to the economic system.
Foreign economic security manifests itself in all areas of economic security, interacting with them in an explicit or latent form, and, in turn, accumulates their effect, while remaining a separate area of economic and national security.
The level of foreign economic threats depends on a number of factors, among which the leading place is occupied by the intensity of foreign economic relations. Each type of international economic activity is associated with risk and poses a certain threat to the socio-economic position of the territory. The more such activities are carried out, the greater will be the level of total threats. It should also take into account the volume commercial transactions, the number of transactions and foreign partners. Another leading factor in external economic threats is the degree of openness of the economy. The liberalization of foreign economic relations, the weakening of state control increases the level of threats. This is due to the unsettledness of international economic relations (with the exception of barter), opportunistic actions of foreign counterparties, unfair competition, etc. Thus, foreign economic threats are associated with two main factors: the degree of openness of the economy and the intensity of foreign economic activity.
Threats to national economic security are defined in the State Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The most probable threats to the economic security of the Russian Federation, the localization of which should be directed by the activities of federal government bodies, are the following.
An increase in property differentiation of the population and an increase in the level of poverty, which leads to a violation of social peace and public harmony. The achieved relative balance of social interests may be disturbed as a result of the following factors:
the stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of poor people who are uncertain about their future;
an increase in the proportion of the poor in the city compared to the countryside, which creates social and criminal tension and the ground for the widespread spread of negative phenomena that are relatively new for the Russian Federation - drug addiction, organized crime, prostitution, and the like;
rising unemployment, which can lead to social conflicts;
delay in payment of wages, shutdown of enterprises and so on.
Deformed structure of the Russian economy due to factors such as:
strengthening the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy;
backlog of exploration of mineral reserves from their extraction;
low competitiveness of the products of most domestic enterprises;
curtailment of production in the vital branches of the manufacturing industry, primarily in mechanical engineering;
decrease in effectiveness, destruction of the technological unity of scientific research and development, disintegration of established research teams and, on this basis, undermining the scientific and technical potential of the Russian Federation;
the conquest by foreign firms of the domestic market of the Russian Federation for many types of consumer goods;
acquisition by foreign firms Russian enterprises in order to oust domestic products from both the external and internal markets;
the growth of the external debt of the Russian Federation and the associated increase in budget expenditures for its repayment.
Increasing uneven socio-economic development of regions. The most important factors this threat are:
objectively existing differences in the level of socio-economic development of regions, the presence of depressive, crisis and backward in economic terms districts against the background of structural shifts in industrial production accompanied by a sharp decrease in the share of manufacturing industries;
violation of production and technological ties between enterprises of certain regions of the Russian Federation;
an increase in the gap in the level of production of national income per capita between individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
Criminalization of society and economic activity, caused mainly by the following factors:
an increase in unemployment, since a significant part of crimes is committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income;
the merging of a part of government officials with organized crime, the possibility of access by criminal structures to the management of a certain part of production and their penetration into various power structures;
the weakening of the state control system, which led to the expansion of the activities of criminal structures in the domestic financial market, in the field of privatization, export-import operations and trade.
The state strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation was focused on the implementation of ongoing economic transformations in the next three to five years, however, all of the above threats remain fully relevant today, although the period for which the state strategy was developed has already expired. Moreover, the situation is changing, which implies the emergence of new threats and, therefore, the development of a new State strategy for the economic security of the Russian Federation is required, which would take them into account in full.
Most researchers try to classify and generalize threats. All threats are divided into threats to international, national and regional economic security, as well as threats to the economic security of an enterprise and a person. There are two approaches to classifying threats: classification by threat source and by threat type.
Threats to economic security are modified depending on the state and level of development of the economic system and for each individual state they differ in nature and level of severity. In a generalized form, the classification of threats to the economic security of the state can be represented as follows (Fig. 2.1).
When classifying threats to economic security by source, they are divided into two large groups - threats of economic and political origin. The source of most environmental, criminal and other threats is the imperfection of economic and political institutions or the economic and political processes taking place in international system(such as globalization, political integration, development of information technology, etc.).
After analyzing the main threats to economic security in the foreign economic sphere, we can distinguish three main areas of economic activity that are subject to them, namely:
financial;
trading;
infrastructure.
Threats in the financial sector are in the irrational placement and structure of financial reserves and the policy of the NBU; FATF sanctions (bringing national legislation to the requirements of this organization), which can complicate the activities of the domestic banking system.
In the trade sphere - a receptive commodity structure (export of four commodity groups: ferrous metals and products from them; mineral fuel, oil and products of its processing; grain crops); geographical concentration (high dependence on the export of goods and services from the Russian Federation).
Regarding infrastructure, the author identifies three areas: transport (possible threats from other states), information (deterioration of the ratings of the state economy) and research (financing of scientific and technical developments).
The most dangerous threats to the foreign economic security of the Russian Federation that have been in effect over the past few years:
loss of production potential due to high depreciation of fixed assets;
external debt - the danger of an aggravation of the financial crisis;
unstable investment activity;
low competitiveness of products;
high level poverty of the population and low quality of life of the majority of the population;
resource leak;
possible sharp fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate (devaluation or revaluation of the ruble due to the dual nature of monetary system based on Russian and foreign currency).
Defining internal and external threats to economic security, the author of the work can distinguish them by areas of direction:
In the institutional sphere - insufficient activity of the branches of government. The disagreement of the current legislation and the legal unsettledness of a wide range of issues of economic development, in particular, the market transformation of the economy, the creation of an effective competitive environment, etc.
In the social sphere - the underestimated cost of one of the main production resources - labor. The consequence of this is the low solvency of the population, the lack of incentives for the growth of its qualification potential, the accumulation of capital, and technical progress. The deep differentiation of the population makes it impossible to create a significant stratum of the middle class; critical border reached poverty and unemployment.
Threats to financial security. The financial sector of the economy remains structurally unbalanced. The low level of capitalization of Russian banks does not meet the requirements of growth policy and structural and innovative restructuring of the economy. Russia has not yet taken its proper place in the international movement of capital, which is becoming a characteristic feature of modern international integration processes and the material basis for stable economic growth. Mutual debt of enterprises and organizations does not decrease.
Tenization and corruption of the Russian economy. The shadow economy is one of the main factors that create a real threat to national security. It has a negative impact on all spheres of public life, slows down and distorts socio-economic reforms. The large scale of shadow economic activity significantly affects the volume and structure of GDP and distorts official data on the state of the economy. At the same time, shadowing forms a negative image of the state among the international community.
Structural imbalances. There is an extremely high foreign economic orientation and the critical dependence of the national economy on the conjuncture of foreign markets, an irrational structure of exports with a predominantly raw material character and a low share of products with a high share of value added.
The economic security is also affected by the critical state of fixed production assets in the leading areas of industry, the agro-industrial complex, as well as the inefficient use of fuel and energy resources, the insufficient pace of diversification of their supply sources and the lack of an active state policy of energy saving, the aggravation of the problems of maintaining nuclear facilities in proper condition on the territory Russia.
Imperfection of the system of innovative development. At the moment, it has not been possible to create viable incentive mechanisms innovation activities enterprises and organizations, which led to the degradation of the existing scientific and technical potential, the slow renewal of the products of the industrial complex. The level of state financing of scientific and technical activities remains critical.
Thus, the greatest danger to Russia is represented by internal threats combined with external ones.
Significant threats in the field of foreign trade include: deterioration in the foreign trade balance, limited opportunities for geographic diversification of exports; insufficient competitiveness of domestic producers; dependence on imports of energy carriers and certain types of products; discrimination against Russia in trade relations. Internal problems that increase the impact of external threats are the imperfect sectoral and technological structure of the economy, the high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, the significant resource and energy intensity of production, the absence of own transnational companies, and the high share of the "shadow" sector.
The analysis of the results of scientific research allows us to draw the following conclusion: today there is no exhaustive definition of the number and complete classification of threats in the foreign economic sphere. There are significant differences in approaches to determining the number and scope of threats. However, it can be argued that most scientists classify economic (foreign economic) threats according to the place of occurrence: external and internal. The variety of the number and classifications of threats to economic security is due not only to the complexity of their definition, but also to the fact that each author, depending on the specific object and goals of his research, focuses on the most important aspect for the study.
8 threats are classified as external (the following have the largest share: irrational structure of exports; import dependence and loss of domestic markets; outflow of foreign exchange funds; terrorism and criminalization; inefficient growth of foreign capital; increase in external debt and limited access to foreign markets); to internal - 13 threats to economic security (the following have the largest share: unfavorable political and legal climate; financing of R&D; low share of value added; decline in production of high-tech products; unstable investment activity; decline in production; outflow of qualified personnel; structural deformation of the economy and energy intensity of production ).
In table. 2.1 shows the possible consequences and relationships between the main threats to the economic and foreign economic security of the state.
Thus, the foreign economic security of the state cannot be objectively studied without taking into account its links with more general levels - the economic and national security of the country. Identification of the main foreign economic threats of the state is the basis for further development of a system of indicators (indicators) that allow timely development and implementation of practical measures to reduce the negative impact of threats or their complete elimination.
Table 2.1 Threats to the external economic security of the state and their possible consequences
Threats to economic securityThreats to foreign economic security12External threats: Irrational structure of exportsGrowth in the negative balance of foreign trade (export of raw materials and imports of high value-added goods)Import dependence and loss of domestic marketsForcing out imported products from the domestic market of national producers. Dependence on individual commodities (energy) Outflow of foreign exchange funds Decrease in foreign exchange reserves of the state and the liquidity of domestic enterprisesTerrorism and criminalization Deterioration of investment attractiveness and outflow of foreign investmentInefficient growth of foreign capital Deformation of the sectoral structure of the economy, the possibility of losing control over strategic sectors of the economy foreign marketsDecrease in exports of products, narrowing the geography of foreign trade relationsStruggle for natural resourcesPossibility of military conflicts and significant intensification of competitionInternal threats:Unfavorable political and legal climateComplication of relations with international organizations and funds. Low activity of foreign and domestic investorsR&D financingLagging behind in the development of the high-tech sector of the economy and a decrease in the range of its productsLow share of value addedTrade in raw materials and shortfall in financial profits. Import dependence on goods with high added value Decreased production of high-tech products Loss of competitive advantages in foreign and domestic markets Unstable investment activity Shortage of investment funds. Slowdown in economic development Decline in production Decline in GDP growth Outflow of qualified personnel Lack of qualified personnel Structural deformation of the economy Dependence of the national economy on foreign market conditions Energy intensity of production High cost of production of national producers and loss of competitiveness Depreciation of fixed assets Low technical and economic level of production. Environmental threats Shadowing and corruption of the economy Negative image of the state in the world. Decrease in the volume and structure of GDP Underdevelopment of infrastructure Significant slowdown in growth in all sectors of the economy Deterioration of the environmental situation Trade sanctions on products of national producers
CONCLUSION
Under the conditions that have now developed in Russia and the world, the role of the national security strategy is growing, which should consist not so much in protecting the state and its political institutions as in protecting the individual and society. The main principle of the national security strategy should be the principle of balancing the interests of the individual, society and the state.
Under the new conditions, Russia's national security strategy should be based on universal value orientations aimed at building a democratic state based on the rule of law, civil society and a socially oriented market economy.
Economic security is understood as the optimal level for the enterprise to use the economic potential, when real or possible losses are below the boundary established by the enterprise.
The goal of ensuring foreign economic security is achieved not only by overcoming the danger: it is even better to prevent the very occurrence of an undesirable situation. This function falls mainly on the system of international economic security, which also relies on two subsystems - the world market subsystem and the interstate subsystem. Prevention is preferable to cure in all areas, whether it is the protection of biological, environmental or economic health.
An appropriate level of economic security, including foreign economic security, is achieved by creating a unified state policy, reinforced by a system of coordinated measures that are adequate to internal and external threats.
The country at the present stage is in a state of equilibrium, however, due to the irrational and inefficient structure of exports and imports, the dependence of the national economy on the conjuncture of foreign markets, the presence of a large external debt, a certain financial and technological dependence, there is a possibility of transition to an unstable and even critical state.
Thus, today, more than ever, the important issue of ensuring Russia's foreign economic security is exacerbated, which is one of the most important national priorities and requires increased attention from representatives of power structures, public and political movements, scientists, and the general public. Ensuring economic security is the guarantor of Russia's state independence, a condition for its sustainable development and growth in the well-being of citizens.
The priority direction of the work of the Russian government should be the adoption of a sound strategy for imports, which will lead to its transformation into an effective factor in the technological reconstruction of the domestic industry. Diversified customs and tariff policy should be consistent with the interests of the national industry, specific manufacturers of high-tech export products.
An important task of ensuring the economic security of the state is to create conditions for the realization of the geo-economic potential of Russia, the integration of the national transport system into the network of international transport and communication corridors created between Europe and Asia.
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