Of course, lending in Russia, in particular consumer lending, lags far behind developed countries. First of all, because in our country this type of lending appeared much later than in other countries, but this is not the only reason.
One of the factors constraining consumer lending is the banking system itself, which until recently was focused primarily on servicing legal entities. It takes time for banks to adjust to retail business. As is known, the Russian banking system, in comparison with the foreign one, has an extremely low level of capitalization. And if a relatively small commercial bank successfully develops its financial retail, then one day it may come to a situation where all the free credit resources it has are “distributed” in the form of loans. After that, the bank remains to service the issued loans, but the development of its business actually stops. Not everyone is ready for such a radical step as attracting new founders. Of course, there is another standard way: attracting resources on the international financial market by issuing bonds or attracting syndicated loans. But this path is wide open only for large banks with a relatively high international credit rating. Otherwise, international credit resources may turn out to be too expensive for a financial institution. True, the bank can start by attracting a small syndicated loan, gradually building up a credit history, as well as establish cooperation with international rating agencies and thus increase the credit rating. But this process may take several years.
Many others an important factor, which hinders the development of private lending, is low level people's trust in banking system. Unfortunately, many are still psychologically unprepared to cooperate with credit institutions. In Russia, they are very distrustful of banks because of the negative examples of the past, and because of the lack of awareness among the population. However, competition in the market consumer lending is present.
The unresolved problem is still legal regulation consumer credit. In fact, there is no regulation of consumer lending in our country. The extension of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" to the sphere of banking services is nothing more than a directive, since the Law itself does not take into account the specifics banking operations, being developed for consumer purchase and sale transactions more familiar to domestic circulation. Based on foreign as well as international experience, it should be concluded that the regulation of consumer lending can only be carried out by a law specially adopted for this purpose and on these issues.
In Russian banking turnover, the concept of "consumer credit" is perceived as a synonym for the concept of "credit for consumer purposes", that is, exclusively for its intended purpose, which means the use of a loan for purposes that do not have the nature of entrepreneurial activity. However, in developed banking systems and legal systems adequate to them, a consumer loan is not just a transaction that meets a similar criterion. consumer needs”, but a transaction that provides the consumer with special remedies that are not typical of other bank credit transactions.
At present, almost all European countries Ah adopted special laws on consumer credit. In addition, attention has been drawn to this problem at the level of the European Union and European law.
So, back in 1975, a resolution of the Council of Europe was adopted on the preliminary program of the EEC on consumer protection and information policy. This document notes that the protection of the economic interests of consumers should be based on the following principles:
purchasers of goods and services should be protected from the provisions of standard contracts and, in particular, from the exclusion of essential consumer rights in contracts (this area was considered as a priority);
the consumer must be protected from damage to his economic interests as a result of unsatisfactory provision of services;
the presentation and promotion of goods and services, including financial services, must not mislead, directly or indirectly, the persons to whom they are provided or who are interested in such services.
In the context of the widespread development of consumer lending, the insolvency of the borrower goes beyond the scope of specific contractual legal relations and turns into a social problem that cannot be solved by the usual methods of enforcement of contracts or compensation for losses. This may seem surprising, but the state is forced to take measures (of a legislative nature) aimed at alleviating the situation of faulty consumer debtors, and not at tightening sanctions against them.
A construction aimed at solving the problem of the consumer's insolvency is, for example, establishing a different procedure for distributing the amounts of money received from the debtor than under normal circumstances. Thus, German law provides that, first of all, the funds received from the debtor are directed to cover the (legal) costs of collection, if any, in the second place - to reduce the amount of the principal debt, and only in the third - to pay interest . Thus, the legislator aims to involve the creditor in the destruction of the so-called "debtor's tower", and not in its construction. French law provides for the possibility for a debtor in good faith who is in distress to obtain (in judicial order) deferral of payment of the debt, while, by a court decision, interest may not be charged for the period of deferment. In addition, French law allows you to suspend the execution of a consumer loan agreement in the event of the dismissal of the borrower at the initiative of the employer.
As a consequence of non-compliance with the requirements for form and content loan agreement legislation most often establishes the invalidity of the contract or the impossibility of forcibly exercising the rights of the creditor from such an agreement. Along with this, the law of European countries is aware of the construction of filling in missing or invalid contractual terms with the conditions prescribed by law.
For example, Italian law provides that in the absence of a number of essential conditions(interest rate, terms and possibility of early repayment of the loan, provision of collateral) they are replenished according to the following rules:
the annual interest rate will be equal to the minimum interest rate on government securities issued within 12 months from the date of conclusion of the loan agreement;
the loan repayment period should not exceed 30 months, the lender cannot be provided with security;
possibility early return credit or termination of the contract is considered as the prerogative of the consumer, who can use it at any time without any additional costs or penalties.
“In 2005, unpaid debts of borrowers to banks increased significantly. The share of "non-returns" was 1.3%, and last year rose to 2%. And taking into account prolonged loans, information about which is not at the disposal of the Central Bank, even up to 3.5%. Which is steadily approaching a critical mark of 5%, and according to analysts, this is a critical point. Moreover, according to more accurate calculations, it turns out that the growth of "no return" was almost 170%, and the market as a whole grew by 90.5%. (27, p. 35)
The Central Bank is going to take advantage of improved reporting on international standards and to determine the real level of "non-return" dangerous for the capital adequacy of banks. After that, banks are advised to more realistically assess risks. There are two options for this: the first is to increase capitalization, which is difficult, the second is to improve and complicate the system for checking potential borrowers, which is more likely. This means that conscientious clients will spend much more time obtaining a loan.
An objective condition necessary for the wide spread of consumer lending is the normalization of the political and economic climate in the country, including streamlining and strict observance of economic legislation. Economic stabilization is important from the point of view that it generates mutual trust between the lender and the borrower (consumer) in the context of each other's long-term financial viability. In consumer lending transactions, the predictability of the other party is important for both the lender and the borrower. In other words, when issuing a loan for the purchase, for example, of a car in installments or issuing a credit card, the creditor bank focuses on the level wages(or other income of the consumer) and it is important for him that this level of income, which is the source of the loan coverage, with a high degree of probability remains for the entire - sometimes very long - term of the loan. In the same way, the consumer must be confident in the long-term financial stability of the creditor bank as a factor in fulfilling his obligations "(this is especially true, for example, when buying a house on an installment plan, partially financed by a lump sum contribution by the buyer of his own savings)". (47, p. 56) Clear specification regulatory framework is the protection of both the creditor and the buyer from force majeure circumstances caused by the conscious or forced evasion of the participant in the transaction from fulfilling his own.
In September 2008, consumer lending dropped sharply, as the ability to attract borrowed resources from banks is deteriorating, banks themselves are experiencing a lack of liquidity, so that only largest banks, and even then on a much smaller scale.
In general, consumer loans are now much more attractive for banks than mortgages, since they do not require long-term investments that have nothing to finance, and allow you to earn a higher margin. Therefore, in recent months there has been an active replacement mortgage loans consumer. But, of course, consumer loans are also becoming more expensive and less affordable, which is quite natural given the severe funding restrictions faced by banks. (57)
Recall that today in Russia there are about 1,200 banks. Experts believe that with the recovery of foreign capital markets, the growth rate of consumer lending in the Russian Federation will again grow to high levels, however, according to forecasts, it is premature to expect a full normalization of credit markets before the middle of next year. (58)
Analyzing the development of lending in Russia, one can distinguish positive and negative features.
The positive ones include:
For negatives:
Nevertheless, the comprehensive implementation of consumer lending programs brings more positive trends for the country's economy than negative ones. However, the preservation of consumer lending in the forms that it is now very problematic. The next stage (which has already begun to be implemented) will be non-targeted lending with the help of plastic cards.
Now forms of such lending exist in Russia, but they are not very popular. This is primarily due to the underdevelopment of the infrastructure for accepting plastic cards for payment (not a large number of POS-terminals, imprinters, ATMs). And secondly, in order to obtain such loans, banks require additional confirmation of solvency from borrowers.
However, in the near future, following the global trends in the development of consumer lending, in our country, banking retail direction evolves into three main areas:
To develop these programs, banks need to:
Introduction
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
Introduction
Consumer credit occupies a special place in the general banking system and plays an important role in the modern market economy. It serves as a means of meeting the various consumer needs of the population and contributes to the alignment of consumer groups with different income levels.
In recent years, consumer lending has developed dynamically. The geography of consumer credit expanded, the interest rates on loans, etc.
Currently, the problem of consumer lending is given much attention due to the fact that in the conditions of the global financial crisis, credit organizations had to change the policy of providing consumer loans. The requirements for borrowers have become tougher, interest rates on loans have increased, which now mean a practical refusal to issue a loan, loans with zero or minimal down payment have ceased, the amount of down payment up to 30% of the loan amount, mortgage programs and car loan programs have been reduced, and some banks have completely stopped.
This term paper is the study of the organization and registration of lending individuals.
The purpose of the study led to the formulation and solution of the following tasks:
To study the essence of consumer lending;
Track the types of consumer lending;
Disclose the technology and scheme for providing a consumer loan, as well as the procedure for its repayment;
Analyze the loan portfolio of a commercial bank, namely its quality, structure and dynamics, in particular the portfolio consumer loans;
To identify problems and prospects for the development of the consumer lending system;
Develop proposals for improving the organization of consumer lending.
The commercial bank CJSC "VTB 24" was chosen as the object of the study.
The subject of the study is the process of lending to individuals by a commercial bank.
The first chapter studies the essence of consumer credit, provides a classification of consumer credit, and analyzes the current state of consumer credit. In the analytical part of the work, the features of the organization of consumer lending are considered, the technology and scheme for granting loans to individuals, the procedure for repayment of loans issued, and an analysis of the bank's loan portfolio are disclosed.
In the final chapter of the course work, the problems and prospects for the development of consumer credit in Russia are considered.
When writing a term paper, legislative and regulatory documents governing credit relations in the territory were used Russian Federation, various kinds of reference and educational publications, as well as materials of the periodical press.
1. Theoretical foundations of consumer credit
The lending process is the transfer of money or material assets by one party (lender or lender) to the other party (borrower) on terms of repayment, payment and urgency. A loan is a loan agreement regarding the provision of funds or inventory items on certain conditions (interest payment, repayment period) in order to ensure economic activity, meet the needs for provided things, etc.
Consumer credit is a form of credit and serves as a means of meeting various consumer needs of the population. To a certain extent, it helps to equalize the consumption of population groups with different income levels.
In Russia, consumer credit is called any type of loans provided to the population, including loans for the purchase of durable goods, mortgage loans, loans for urgent needs, etc.
Unlike other loans, the object of a consumer loan can be both goods and money. Goods sold on credit, as well as paid for by bank loans, are consumer durables. The subjects of the loan, on the one hand, are lenders - commercial banks, special consumer credit institutions, shops and other institutions entitled to carry out lending activities, and on the other hand - human borrowers. But since the latter receive the funds they need to a greater extent through bank loans, in fact, 90% of the total amount of consumer credit is provided by banks. A consumer loan is repaid in a one-time order or with an installment payment.
A credit institution must carry out lending to the population in compliance with the most important principles, i.e. the main rules that allow you to ensure the return flow of funds, namely: the principles of urgency, repayment, security, paid and differentiated. The application of all principles of lending allows you to meet the interests of both subjects of the credit transaction: the bank and the borrower.
Consider the meaning of the above lending principles:
The principle of urgency means that the loan must not only be returned, but returned within a strictly defined period, that is, the loan period is the maximum time the borrower has the borrowed funds.
The repayment principle is that at the end of the term of the loan agreement, the borrowed money must be returned to the lender in full (principal debt) plus interest. This implies not only the repayment of the loan within the deadline, but also intermediate payments.
The principle of security implies that the borrower has legally formalized obligations that guarantee the timely repayment of the loan: a pledge obligation, a guarantee agreement, a surety agreement
The principle of payment means that each borrower must pay a certain fee to the bank for the temporary use of funds. The implementation of this principle is carried out through the mechanism bank interest. The payability of the loan provides the Bank with the coverage of its costs associated with the payment of interest on borrowed funds, the costs of maintaining its apparatus, and also provides a profit to increase the resource funds of lending.
The differentiation of lending means that commercial banks should not unequivocally approach the issue of issuing a loan. Credit should be granted only to those borrowers who are able to repay it in a timely manner. Therefore, the differentiation of lending should be carried out on the basis of creditworthiness indicators, which is understood as the financial condition of the borrower, giving confidence in his ability and willingness to repay the loan within the terms stipulated by the contract.
Classification consumer loans can be carried out on a number of grounds, including the type of borrower, types of collateral, maturities, repayment methods, intended use, lending objects, volume, etc. (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Classification of consumer loans
| 1. By directions of use (objects of lending) | Loans for urgent needs; Auto loans; Loans for the construction and purchase of housing; Credits for paid services(medicine, tourism, education); Loans for the purchase of goods. |
| 2. By subjects of the credit transaction | Bank consumer loans; Loans provided to the population by trade organizations; Consumer loans from non-bank credit institutions (pawnshops, rental offices, pension funds); Consumer loans provided to borrowers directly at the enterprises and organizations in which they work. |
| 3. Assurance | Loans unsecured (blank) Secured (pledge, guarantees, guarantees, insurance). |
| 4. By terms of crediting | Short-term (from 1 day to 1 year); Medium-term (from 1 year to 3-5 years); Long-term (over 3-5 years) |
| 5. Depending on the order of provision | issued in cash, Issued by non-cash |
| 6. By way of provision | One-time loans Revolving credits (revolving, rollover) |
| 7. By repayment method | Loans repaid at a time; Installment loans (monthly, quarterly, etc.) |
| 8. By the method of charging interest | With deduction of interest at the time of the loan; With the payment of interest at the time of loan repayment; With the payment of interest in equal installments throughout the entire period of use |
There is such a type of consumer lending as a trust loan or a loan for conscientious borrowers. It is provided to citizens who have previously applied to a particular bank for a consumer loan and who have faithfully fulfilled their obligations to repay it.
The benefit from participation in such a program is obvious for both parties: the bank minimizes the risk of non-repayment of loaned funds (since it provides them to a borrower with a known trustworthy reputation), and the borrower receives loan funds for the maximum favorable conditions. This benefit usually consists of the following for the borrower:
A consumer loan is provided to the borrower at a lower rate (compared to the rate for other types of loans of this bank);
When providing credit funds, the borrower is not charged a one-time fixed fee.
1.3 The state of consumer lending in Russia
The volume of loans issued to the population in 2010 decreased by almost 50% compared to 2009. The reasons for this trend, according to analysts, are the unwillingness to once again get involved in lending. If for consumers this is due to uncertainty about their future financial situation, then for bankers the problem of “bad” debts and the need to create reserves for them remains relevant.
As can be seen from Table 2, a significant number of participants in this ranking experienced a decrease in the volume of unsecured loans in 2010. Thus, the volume of loans from VTB 24 (1st place) over the past year decreased by almost 28% and amounted to about 75 billion rubles. On the second line is "HKF-Bank" with an indicator of 53.5 billion rubles, while in 2009 this bank issued unsecured loans in the amount of 79.5 billion rubles. – decrease by 33%. Smaller losses, only 14% of the volume of 2009, were suffered by Alfa-Bank, which occupies the third place (44.6 billion rubles). The volume of unsecured loans from OTP Bank, Rosselkhozbank and Rusfinance Bank, ranked fourth, fifth and sixth respectively, fell by less than 10%.
Table 2 - The most consumer banks in 2010 (RBC. Rating)
| № | Bank | Unsecured loans issued in 2010 (thousand rubles) | Unsecured loans issued in 2009 (thousand rubles) | Change (%) |
| 1 | VTB 24 | 74 666 135.06 | 103 453 970.03 | -27.83 |
| 2 | HCF-Bank | 53 497 019.85 | 79 512 597.97 | -32.72 |
| 3 | Alfa Bank | 44 584 436.45 | 51 908 479.65 | -14.11 |
| 4 | OTP Bank | 31 245 945.79 | 33 220 288.06 | -5.94 |
| 5 | Rosselkhozbank | 27 249 928.82 | 28 474 731.95 | -4.30 |
| 6 | Rusfinance Bank | 25 318 418.41 | 28 090 017.45 | -9.87 |
| 7 | Eastern Express | 24 745 397.00 | 14 959 629.00 | 65.41 |
| 8 | Rosbank | 12 914 192.40 | 34 602 106.06 | -62.68 |
| 9 | Sovcombank | 11 529 639.00 | 12 163 197.00 | -5.21 |
| 10 | Uralsib | 7 456 778.24 | 13 687 823.46 | -45.52 |
However, among the participants there is an exception. For example, the volume of loans from the Orient Express Bank, contrary to the general dynamics, on the contrary, increased by 65% and amounted to almost 25 billion rubles, which corresponds to the seventh place. Perhaps this is the only bank among the top ten that showed an increase in the volume of unsecured loans to the population.
In eighth place is Rosbank, the same indicator of which amounted to about 13 billion rubles, against 34.6 billion rubles. a year earlier. In ninth and tenth places, respectively, are Sovcombank (11.5 billion rubles, -5.21%) and Uralsib (7.5 billion rubles, -45.52%).
The gradual recovery in the labor market, the growth of household incomes and the reduction in consumer lending rates led to a significant increase in the 1st half of 2011. volumes of unsecured loans issued by banks to the population. According to RBC.Rating, the total volume of unsecured loans issued in the last half of the year exceeded the same indicator of the first half of 2010 by more than 80%. An increase in volumes is observed in the vast majority of ranking participants, and for some, this change is hundreds of percent (see Table 3).
Table 3 - The most consumer banks in the 1st half of 2011 (RBC. Rating)
| № | Bank | Unsecured loans issued in the first half of 2011 (million rubles) | Unsecured loans issued in the first half of 2010 (million rubles) | Change (%) |
| 1 | VTB 24 | 51 933.65 | 33 029.19 | 57.24 |
| 2 | Home Credit | 29 537.36 | 27 061.06 | 9,15 |
| 3 | OTP Bank | 23 893.30 | 11 873.21 | 101.24 |
| 4 | Eastern Express Bank | 19 538.25 | 8 648.70 | 125.91 |
| 5 | Rosbank | 16 397.91 | 4 510.51 | 263.55 |
| 6 | Trust | 12 760.92 | 1 475.63 | 764.78 |
| 7 | Rusfinance Bank | 10 717.41 | 10 988.11 | -2.46 |
| 8 | Credit Europe Bank | 8 072.43 | 2 085.51 | 287.07 |
| 9 | Renaissance Capital | 7 309.79 | 1 347.31 | 442.55 |
| 10 | Sovcombank | 7 048.44 | 3 390.38 | 107.90 |
It should be noted that the growth in lending is observed in almost all segments, ranging from car loans and ending with loans for the purchase of real estate (mortgage) that are not yet very affordable for the majority. Positive dynamics is also observed in the field of unsecured loans. The total volume of unsecured loans issued by all participants in the ranking in the first half of 2011 amounted to more than 258 billion rubles, while in the same period last year the total volume of unsecured loans from the same banks was only 142 billion rubles. An increase of more than 80% is quite impressive, given the fact that since the beginning of the crisis, many banks have tightened their requirements for borrowers.
According to analysts, the tightening of conditions on loans has been going on since the beginning of the crisis. Banks have become more conservative in assessing credit risks and, accordingly, they now conduct a more thorough analysis of the financial condition of the borrower and a more cautious forecast of its solvency.
The tightening of conditions takes place against the backdrop of lower consumer lending rates, which in turn has a positive effect on the number of customers and, accordingly, on the total volume of loans issued by the bank. Such a policy is more than justified, banks are forced to tighten conditions on loans in order to cut off "unfavorable borrowers", but on the other hand, compete among themselves for customers, and the loan rate becomes one of the tools of this struggle.
In terms of the volume of issued unsecured loans in the first half of 2011, VTB24 is the leader. In the past half year, the bank issued loans in the amount of 51.9 billion rubles, which is 57% more than in the first half of 2010. The same indicator of Home Credit Bank amounted to 29.5 billion rubles, which corresponds to the second place and which is also more than in 2010, but only by 9%. The volume of unsecured loans issued by OTP Bank grew more significantly (+101%) - up to 23.9 billion rubles.
In terms of the size of the portfolio of unsecured loans as of July 1, 2011, the first and second places are also occupied by VTB24 (175 billion rubles) and Home Credit (61 billion rubles), while Rosbank is in third place with As of July 1, 2011, the portfolio of unsecured loans amounted to 54.6 billion rubles, while the volume of unsecured loans issued by this participant in the past half year amounted to 16.4 billion rubles, which corresponds to the fifth place.
2. Analysis of consumer lending in CJSC VTB 24
2.1 Organization of consumer lending
The credit process in the bank is regulated normative documents establishing the procedure for lending. Also, the procedure for granting a loan is usually developed and set out in a credit policy manual and may cover such parties as applying for a loan, processing an application, the credit analysis process, general rules maintaining credit files, exchanging credit information with other banks and providers.
A credit transaction implies the emergence of an obligation of the borrower to repay the corresponding debt. Specific practice shows that the presence of an obligation does not mean a guarantee and timely return. Therefore, the experience of banks has developed a mechanism for organizing the return of a loan, including the use of various forms of ensuring the completeness and timeliness of the reverse movement of the loaned value.
The form of securing the repayment of a loan should be understood as the legal and economic obligations of the borrower, indicating additional specific sources of repayment of the loan in cases of non-repayment from the main sources. They increase the loan repayment guarantee and thus serve as a tool to minimize credit risk. These obligations include:
An agreement on the pledge of material assets, property, rights and other assets that can be levied on a loan;
Guarantees, guarantees;
Agreement on liability insurance for non-repayment of the loan;
Assignment agreement in favor of the bank claims to a third party.
The borrower, in agreement with the bank, can use one or several forms at the same time. The selected collateral option is fixed in the loan agreement, to which, as a rule, the relevant document is attached (collateral agreement, guarantee agreement, letter of guarantee, etc.).
One of the most common forms of securing the repayment of a consumer loan is a guarantee. A guarantee in banking practice is used quite widely when the guarantor undertakes to be responsible to the creditor of another person for the fulfillment by the latter of his obligations in full or in part. The guarantee agreement must be made in writing, while it acts as an additional one in relation to the main (loan) agreement.
The considered forms of loan repayment security are a secondary source of loan repayment security. The primary source is income received by the borrower. Therefore, before issuing a loan to a bank, it is important to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower.
The goals and objectives of the creditworthiness analysis are to determine the ability of the borrower to repay the loan debt in a timely manner and in full, the degree of risk that the bank is ready to take on; the amount of credit that can be provided in these circumstances and, finally, the conditions for its provision.
When analyzing the borrower's creditworthiness, the bank takes into account many factors that make up the reputation of an individual. According to the principle of belonging to a certain field of human activity, all factors fall into: social, professional, property, special banking and others.
The client's creditworthiness is assessed in the credit department of the bank on the basis of information that characterizes: the client's ability to receive income sufficient to repay the loan on time; the borrower's possession of property, which, if necessary, can serve as collateral for the loan, etc. Sources of information about an individual borrower can be information from the place of work, place of residence, etc.
To determine the borrower's creditworthiness, the client's income and expenses are analyzed. Income, as a rule, is determined in three areas: income from wages, from savings and capital investments, and other income. The main expenses of the borrower include: payment of income and other taxes, alimony, monthly or quarterly payments on previously received loans, life and property insurance payments, communal payments etc. Issues of confirming the amount of income and expenses are assigned to the client, who presents the necessary documents.
As a result of the work carried out, the client’s ability to make payments to repay the principal and interest is determined, and the guarantor to make them in case of insolvency of the main borrower, and a decision is made by bank employees on the possibility of granting a loan to the borrower.
Loan approval at commercial banks usually occurs either through a credit committee or through a sequential loan approval process. In the first case, loans are approved by the credit committee, whose members are usually the heads of the bank and its credit department. In the second case, loan approval goes from the bottom up the chain from simple employees of the loan department to management with the right (in accordance with the requirements credit policy bank) for final loan approval.
The issuance of a loan is executed by a credit officer, the maintenance of personal accounts of borrowers - by employees of the accounting department, and operations directly for the issuance of funds - by employees of the bank's operational department.
After paying the client the amount stipulated by the terms of the loan agreement, the stage of repaying the debt and paying interest for using the loan begins. Individual borrowers submit to the bank documents confirming the expenses and intended use of loans.
The bank must take steps to ensure the return of the loan. Credit management is one of the main tasks of the bank's credit department employees. Banks monitor borrowers in order to make sure that their financial situation is sound and that they comply with the terms of the loan agreement; as well as to search for new opportunities for business cooperation with the client. Loan monitoring is essential to detect at an early stage signs that a borrower may be having difficulty repaying a loan and to maximize the effect of a bank's corrective actions and mitigate its losses.
Another aspect of the borrower's activity is compliance with the terms of the loan agreement. In addition to the obligation of the borrower to repay the loan, the contract may include other conditions. Non-compliance by the borrower with these conditions may lead to the need to apply various sanctions to him, such as, for example, cancellation of the contract and acceleration of the loan repayment process.
2.2 Analysis of the dynamics and structure of the loan portfolio
To study the dynamics of the loan portfolio, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the loan portfolio for the analyzed periods, as well as a number of necessary indicators, and enter the data in a table (see Table 4).
The share of the loan portfolio in total assets shows how much the bank's activity in placing monetary resources in the form of loans is concentrated in the loan capital market. The analyzed bank has a growing dynamics of the absolute value of the loan portfolio, while the share of the portfolio in total assets is also increasing. This indicates an increase in the importance of credit activities for the bank and, at the same time, an increase in credit risks.
The share of the loan portfolio in working assets also has a positive trend, while the volume of working assets is growing. That is, in other words, the bank prefers to use profitable (risk) directions for investing resources.
Table 4 - Analysis of the dynamics of the loan portfolio of a commercial bank
Let us consider the growth rates of the loan portfolio and total assets of the bank (see Table 5).
Table 5 - Dynamics of the loan portfolio
Analysis of table 5 showed that the size of the loan portfolio has a growing trend. This circumstance can be regarded as an expansion of the scope of the credit market in which the analyzed bank operates as a result of any factors. Such as, for example, lowering the requirements for completing a package of documents, increasing lending limits, lowering the minimum age limit for a borrower, etc. The growth rate of the loan portfolio also has a growing trend.
The growth rate of the loan portfolio must be compared with the growth rate of total assets. This ratio is called the lead factor. This ratio shows how many times the growth of the loan portfolio outpaces the growth of assets.
Let us calculate the presented coefficient for the analyzed bank (see Table 6).
Table 6 - Dynamics of the lead ratio of the total assets of the loan portfolio
As can be seen from the table, the value of the lead coefficient for the analyzed period increased, which indicates an increase in the importance of lending activities for the bank.
More clearly, the change in the volume of the loan portfolio against the background of a change in its share in the total volume of total assets is shown in Figures 1, 2.
Analyzing the dynamics of the volume of the loan portfolio, it is necessary to identify the reasons for its increase; for this, it is necessary to structure the loan portfolio according to the type of borrower and examine the changes in each of the articles (see Table 7).
Table 7 - Structure of the loan portfolio by type of borrower
Analysis of the structure showed that, in general, the bank focuses its activities on the retail lending market. Yes, as of January 1, 2008. the share of loans granted to individuals is 70% of the total loan portfolio, as of 01.01.09. - 78%, as of 01.01.10 – 62%.
The value of the portfolio of loans issued to individuals has a positive trend. In addition, this portfolio has a higher growth rate and surpasses other loan portfolios in absolute terms, which once again indicates that the analyzed bank focuses its activities on the retail lending market.
2.3 Analysis of the quality of the consumer loan portfolio
After analyzing the dynamics and structure of the loan portfolio, an analysis of consumer loans issued by the bank should be carried out, depending on the degree of their urgency. This study aims to identify the bank's capabilities both in terms of financing long-term loans and in matters of credit risk (the longer the loan is placed by the bank, the higher the risk of its default).
Analysis of the loan portfolio by degree of urgency should be carried out using the table.
Table 8 - Structure of the portfolio of consumer loans by maturity
For a more detailed analysis, it is necessary to compile a comprehensive analytical table according to the degree of urgency (Table 9).
Table 9 - Summary classification of the structure of the loan portfolio by maturity
| Terms of placement | Loan group | 01.01.2009 | 01.01.2010 | 01.01.2011 | |||
| thousand roubles. | beats the weight | thousand roubles. | beats the weight | thousand roubles. | beats the weight | ||
| Demand and overdraft | Short term | 3 958 211 | 2,50 | 12 315 065 | 3,70 | 19 401 892 | 5,69 |
| from 31 to 90 days | medium term | 5 477 | 0,0035 | 2 000 | 0,0006 | 7 611 | 0,0022 |
| from 91 to 180 days | 91 242 | 0,06 | 154 161 | 0,05 | 118 007 | 0,03 | |
| from 181 to 1 year | 1 537 079 | 0,97 | 3 985 961 | 1,20 | 1 522 468 | 0,45 | |
| from 1 year to 3 years | Long term | 18 953 115 | 11,95 | 32 762 904 | 9,85 | 30 551 714 | 8,96 |
| over 3 years | 134 070 810 | 84,53 | 283 323 452 | 85,20 | 289 335 556 | 84,86 | |
| Total | 158 615 934 | 100,00 | 332 543 543 | 100,00 | 340 937 248 | 100,00 | |
Analysis of the table showed that long-term loans are the prevailing item. The main loans are loans placed for a period of more than 3 years, as well as loans placed for a period of 1 to 3 years.
Thus, the main groups of loans in the loan portfolio are long-term (see Table 10). Considering that the bank attracts long-term resources during the analyzed periods, this situation can be called a positive characterization of the bank's policy on the allocation of resources.
On the one hand, long-term placements characterize the bank positively, since the formation of a long-term base is typical for large and reliable banks with a positive reputation in the market. On the other hand, long-term placements are the most risky, since there is a high probability of default by the borrower, and, consequently, the probability of loan default.
Table 10 - Classification of the loan portfolio by maturity
The last step in the analysis of the loan portfolio is the risk analysis of the loan portfolio. The assessment of the loan portfolio by risk level is carried out using four main coefficients:
Coverage ratio;
Ratio of overdue payments on principal debt;
Default rate;
Collateral ratio.
We calculate the presented coefficients and enter the data in the tables.
Table 11 - Calculation of the consumer loan portfolio coverage ratio
As can be seen from the table, the coverage ratio has a growing trend. The reason for this is the fact that the growth rate of reserves is higher than the growth rate of the loan portfolio. This phenomenon is negative side bank activities.
Table 12 - Calculation of the overdue payment ratio of the portfolio of consumer loans
The overdue payment ratio also has a growing dynamics, which indicates an inefficient policy of the bank in terms of supporting a credit transaction and is a negative characteristic for the bank.
Collateral and principal default ratios cannot be calculated for the portfolio of consumer loans issued by the bank. In view of this, we calculate these coefficients for the total loan portfolio of the analyzed bank.
Collateral ratio of the analyzed bank as of 01.01.09. had a value of 3.28; as of 01.01.10 - 2.38. That is, this coefficient has a negative trend, which is a negative characteristic of the bank's activities.
Table 13 - Calculation of the loan portfolio collateral ratio
To analyze the composition of the collateral accepted by the bank and its structure, the following table should be formed (see Table 14).
Table 14 - Classification of types of collateral for repayment of loans
Table 15 - Calculation of the default ratio of the principal amount of the debt for the total loan portfolio
The ratio of non-repayment of the principal amount of the debt during the analyzed periods decreased. This happened due to the fact that the growth rate of the loan portfolio exceeded the growth rate of the debt written off (see Table 16).
Table 16 - Dynamics of debt written off
After analyzing these coefficients, it is possible to draw conclusions about the total banking risk. So, if the coverage ratios, and overdue payments and increase their values in dynamics, then this indicates an increase in the credit risk of the analyzed bank.
At the same time, the collateral ratio decreases, which also indicates the need for bank control and the implementation of various measures to maintain the level of risk at a sufficient level.
consumer credit
3. Problems and prospects for the development of consumer credit
Currently, in our country there is a rapid development of the market for lending to the population. The volumes of loans granted to individuals continue to grow, despite the fact that many credit organizations are doing their best to hide the real cost of a loan from a potential borrower at the stage of processing a loan application. Banks, when advertising their loan products, are silent or do not fully disclose information about the real interest rates charged for using a loan, commissions and other hidden additional payments ah on credit.
Statistics show that the majority of consumers make a hasty decision when purchasing goods in installments. And this is a very serious problem. At the same time, the Russians do not study the terms of lending in detail, which they later regret, because. in the process of servicing the loan, they "stumble upon pitfalls" of additional payments and the terms of the loan agreement.
If the borrower tries to carefully read the text of the loan agreement, he will be able to find in it the relevant items printed in small print, which the bank representatives did not pay attention to when applying for a loan. We can safely say that hiding the real cost of the loan by hiding additional payments is a kind of ploy used to attract customers.
Thus, one of the most important problems of consumer lending is that a potential borrower is not always able to independently carefully study and comprehend the terms of a loan agreement.
Instead of applying for an express loan, say, at 10% per annum plus hidden additional payments (resulting in almost 50% on a loan taken for a year), it is much more profitable to contact a bank that offers 20% per annum and does not require any additional payments . As a rule, the client chooses lower declared interest (10% per annum) and will apply for a loan directly in point of sale end up taking the worst offer.
Many credit institutions acquaint their clients with the details of the loan agreement only after the loan is issued. Such customers are unlikely to reuse low percentage and the possibility of fast loan processing. This phenomenon naturally undermines public confidence in credit institutions.
For an exhaustive objective analysis, it is necessary to perform additional mathematical calculations, because at present, the interest rate on a loan, announced in advertising, is losing its role as a guideline for potential borrowers. As a result, banks leave customers alone with aggressive consumer lending advertising that a person who does not have a lot of free time and good mathematical skills cannot quickly understand.
In addition, an equally important problem is that the phenomenon of unfair competition is currently observed in the retail lending market, i.e. banks that offer loans to the population on more favorable terms lose potential customers due to unscrupulous competitors who provide biased advertising information that does not disclose the real cost of the loan product.
So far, commercial banks have the opportunity to dictate their terms to the consumer and set high interest rates. But soon competitiveness, a tough fight for each client and the very ability to stay and develop in the retail lending market will depend on the bank's ability to set its own pricing policy, and hence the ability to work with problem loans.
Another very important problem in consumer lending is the growing share of loan defaults. Even now, only according to official statistics, the share of problem loans in banks' portfolios averages 1.3%. According to unofficial data, the real level of problem debt in some banks reaches 5-6% of the loan portfolio. It should be noted that these figures do not apply to mortgage lending.
One of the main reasons for this level of non-performing debt (rather high) is that the improvement of risk assessment methods and systems in Russian banks not keeping up with the development of a rapidly growing market. Therefore, banks often choose the following “way of working” with bad debts- existing and expected default rates on loans cover very high interest rates, commissions and tariffs for these products.
To avoid a brewing crisis of distrust due to a lack of transparency in lending conditions, potential borrowers must understand how much it will cost them to service a loan, and lending institutions are required to inform clients at the stage of processing a loan application about all related lending conditions, lump-sum payments and periodically charged fees for billing periods.
With regard to problem debt, several options for organizing work with it can be applied:
1. Creation in the bank of a separate division responsible for working with bad debts, or creation of a “subsidiary” company at the bank - a collection agency dealing only with bad debts of the bank.
2. Transfer of debts for collection to non-specialized companies.
3. Transfer of problem debts for collection by independent collection agencies specializing in problem loans.
As for increasing profitability in consumer lending, in this case we are talking about reducing a number of risks, reducing losses due to inefficient operations, inefficient actions. There are several ways to reduce losses in consumer lending. First of all, this, of course, is a reduction in risk when issuing a loan, i.e. optimization of decision-making on the applicant. Secondly, it is the optimization of work with bad debts that arise in any bank. And this is support for existing borrowers (ie, how to reduce risks in the process, when the debt has already been issued).
To solve these problems, it is possible to tighten the scoring system or issuance policy, i.e. conservative credit policy. It provides a quality loan portfolio. On the other hand, it is possible to expand the market for issuing loans, but then the risk portfolio increases. At the same time, it should be noted that under both types of policy, the situation is monitored only partially. It is known that in the process of consumer lending, about 80% of the main losses are losses from obvious fraud, but 20% (quite a large percentage) are losses due to various circumstances. For a conservative credit policy, the main task is a comparative analysis of the input stream and the existing base (in order to understand who else from the input stream can be attracted). First of all, this is an expert analysis. Using various methods, the flow is analyzed and conclusions are made by experts.
The FAS is fighting the problem of unfair competition and violations of the law on the protection of competition in the financial services market. This service detects fraudulent credit financial institutions, which hide or biasedly inform potential borrowers about the size of real interest rates for using a loan, commissions and other hidden additional payments.
Consumer lending is one of the main activities of banks. Consumer credit, as a source of additional income for the bank, is also one of the most reliable and secure, as it acts as a secured loan or is secured by a guarantee.
A consumer loan is issued on the same principles of urgency, payment, repayment, security, differentiation and target nature as other loans, but these principles are manifested in this lending in a special way.
The main differences between a consumer loan and other types of loans are as follows: the purpose of obtaining a loan is to satisfy the needs for consumer goods; it is difficult to assess the borrower's creditworthiness (often the decision to grant a loan is made on the basis of the intuition of a loan officer); The loan amount is usually small.
The main principle of interaction between the bank and the client on present stage, is an individual approach, all loans are issued on special, individual conditions.
At present, consumer credit at a very rapid pace has gained confidence and has become widespread in our country. Already, the lending market in the RF population is developing at an accelerated pace. Gradually, consumer lending is becoming one of the most dynamic areas for the development of the banking sector, which is primarily due to the need of banks for new profitable loan products. Many banks, including those with 100% foreign participation, now intend to master this type of activity. Recently, the retail banking market has become the main hobby of Russian banks.
But along with the tempting prospects, there are a large number of problems associated with consumer lending.
The problems of the Russian credit market relate, first of all, to the legal side: the legal protection of the rights of consumers of credit services, the responsibility of both parties in case of violation of a loan agreement, the existence of an established system of credit bureaus to collect information about borrowers. A clear specification of the regulatory framework is a protection for both the lender and the buyer from force majeure caused by the conscious or forced evasion of the transaction participant from fulfilling its obligations under the consumer loan agreement. Effective economic legislation in such cases promptly and with minimal costs in court protects the financial interests of the injured party.
The role of consumer credit in development national economy is great, it helps to improve the lives of the population that has available funds and the desire to acquire something, knowing in advance that he has a constant income that will be enough to repay the loan.
This is how the situation looks like in a country with a stable economy and confidence in the future, but in the context of the global crisis, the question arises not only of obtaining new loans and improving living conditions, but also of repaying loans for already purchased goods, since the stability of income is called into question. Thus, credit can become both an assistant in raising the standard of living of the population, and a destroyer that will make life even more difficult and even unbearable in times of crisis.
List of used literature
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2. the federal law"On banks and banking activities" dated 02.12.1990. No. 395-1 [Legal System Consultant Plus, ed. dated 23.07.2010]
3. Federal Law “On Credit Histories” dated December 30, 2004 No. 218-FZ [Legal System Consultant Plus, ed. dated 24.07.2007]
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11. Endovitsky, D.A. Analysis and assessment of creditworthiness. – M.: KNORUS, 2009. – 264 p.
12. Ermakov S.L. Fundamentals of organizing the activities of a commercial bank / S.L. Ermakova, Yu.N. Yudenko. – M.: KNORUS, 2010.
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Attachment 1
Account turnover sheet accounting credit institution
Name of credit organization: Bank VTB 24 (closed joint-stock company)
Registration number: 1623
| Account number | Account name | 01.01.2009 | 01.01.2010 | 01.01.2011 | |
| 10207 | Authorized capital of credit institutions established in the form of a joint-stock company | 30007812 | 33567652 | 50636514 | |
| 10501 | Own shares repurchased from shareholders | 476498 | 476498 | 476498 | |
| 10601 | Increase in the value of property upon revaluation | 31843 | 7724 | 7724 | |
| 10602 | Share premium | 11370585 | 14528162 | 22625380 | |
| 10701 | reserve fund | 633639 | 673098 | 888535 | |
| 10702 | Special Purpose Funds | 51071 | 0 | 0 | |
| 10703 | accumulation funds | 1585733 | 0 | 0 | |
| 10801 | Undestributed profits | 0 | 1660924 | 1660959 | |
| 20202 | Cash desk of credit organizations | 10061597 | 23224592 | 20187993 | |
| 20203 | Checks (including traveler's checks), the nominal value of which is indicated in foreign currency | 1094 | 4650 | 3253 | |
| 20207 | Cash in cash desks located outside the premises of credit institutions | 0 | 0 | 13359 | |
| 20208 | Cash in ATMs | 4170815 | 9684189 | 16990706 | |
| 20209 | Cash on the way | 1295096 | 3485511 | 2373878 | |
| 20210 | Checks (including traveler's checks), the nominal value of which is indicated in foreign currency, in transit | 6797 | 3209 | 1512 | |
| 20302 | Gold | 98 | 123 | 159 | |
| 20308 | Precious metals in coins and commemorative medals | 2 | 1 | 887 | |
| 30102 | Correspondent accounts of credit institutions with the Bank of Russia | 4096399 | 5268213 | 8077014 | |
| 30109 | Correspondent accounts of correspondent credit institutions | 678137 | 485983 | 541778 | |
| 30110 | Correspondent accounts with correspondent credit institutions | 2317996 | 46750624 | 1113232 | |
| 30111 | Correspondent accounts of non-resident banks | 89 | 107 | 110 | |
| 30114 | Correspondent accounts in non-resident banks | 1529757 | 6054672 | 2220854 | |
| 30119 | Correspondent accounts with non-resident banks in precious metals | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 30126 | Provisions for possible losses | 1 | 0 | 18 | |
| 30202 | Required reserves of credit institutions on accounts in the currency of the Russian Federation transferred to the Bank of Russia | 2132622 | 367848 | 2109899 | |
| 30204 | Required reserves of credit institutions on foreign currency accounts transferred to the Bank of Russia | 1237142 | 217288 | 2176295 | |
| 30210 | Accounts of credit institutions (branches) for cash service structural divisions | 35450 | 45000 | 177300 | |
| 30213 | Accounts of Settlement Participants with Settlement Non-Banking Credit Institutions | 34376 | 2424 | 1151 | |
| 30220 | Customer accounts on outstanding settlement transactions | 27324 | 304 | 1029 | |
| 30221 | 11081 | 0 | 20000 | ||
| 30222 | Incomplete settlements of a credit institution | 3045 | 1018 | 129 | |
| 30226 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 7417 | 3752 | |
| 30232 | 374540 | 798837 | 1016997 | ||
| 30233 | Incomplete settlements on transactions made using payment cards | 507808 | 255028 | 517097 | |
| 30301 | 92813920 | 168292695 | 244087221 | ||
| 30302 | Settlements with branches located in the Russian Federation | 92813920 | 168292695 | 244087221 | |
| 30305 | Settlements between divisions of the same credit institution for the resources received | 60931081 | 66162698 | 22656368 | |
| 30306 | Settlements between divisions of the same credit institution for transferred resources | 60931081 | 66162698 | 22656368 | |
| 30402 | Accounts of RC OSM participants | 1050359 | 1102655 | 1615091 | |
| 30406 | Funds of RC participants of the OSM, deposited in the settlement center for guaranteeing settlements on transactions in the sectors of the OSM | 333047 | 0 | 0 | |
| 30601 | Customer accounts on brokerage operations with securities and other financial assets | 3107144 | 2342202 | 6192238 | |
| 30603 | Settlements with issuers for servicing securities issues | 44880 | 6 | 0 | |
| 30606 | Funds of non-resident clients on brokerage operations with securities and other financial assets | 339844 | 6692 | 68720 | |
| 31203 | loans for a period of 8 to 30 days | 0 | 10000000 | 0 | |
| 31205 | loans for a period of 91 to 180 days | 0 | 45000000 | 0 | |
| 31206 | loans for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 20000000 | 0 | |
| 31304 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 2573000 | 3608000 | 15885000 | |
| 31308 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 5000000 | 25005910 | 2854302 | |
| 31309 | for more than 3 years | 0 | 17949018 | 18036520 | |
| 31310 | poste restante | 0 | 294 | 302 | |
| 31405 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 0 | 137000 | 0 | |
| 31407 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 632488 | 534320 | |
| 31408 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 16102206 | 6803849 | 11496540 | |
| 31409 | for more than 3 years | 7624780 | 8088251 | 11995567 | |
| 31501 | poste restante | 0 | 9 | 13 | |
| 31504 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 350000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31506 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 2454620 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31507 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 982 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31508 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 7385754 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31608 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 4897639 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31609 | for more than 3 years | 4020000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32004 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 0 | 28328600 | 0 | |
| 32006 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 0 | 65224 | 0 | |
| 32007 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 0 | 74946910 | |
| 32009 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 0 | 0 | 55744205 | |
| 32010 | for more than 3 years | 3500 | 3500 | 3500 | |
| 32011 | poste restante | 0 | 8653 | 0 | |
| 32104 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 0 | 0 | 768686 | |
| 32108 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 0 | 2644236 | 0 | |
| 32109 | for more than 3 years | 0 | 2203530 | 0 | |
| 32201 | poste restante | 7625 | 441 | 454 | |
| 32204 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 7363860 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32211 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
| 32301 | poste restante | 2455 | 2938 | 99503 | |
| 32303 | for a period of 2 to 7 days | 13402 | 1880 | 3327 | |
| 32304 | for a period of 8 to 30 days | 916052 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32308 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 4418316 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32309 | for more than 3 years | 3681930 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32801 | Future receipts from transactions related to the provision (placement) of interbank loans, deposits and other placed funds | 45585 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32802 | Upcoming payments on transactions related to raising funds on interbank loans, deposits and other attracted funds | 406748 | 0 | 0 | |
| 32901 | Other funds received from the Bank of Russia | 0 | 13103245 | 12270076 | |
| 40302 | Funds received at the temporary disposal of budgetary institutions | 88 | 4082 | 0 | |
| 40404 | Territorial funds of obligatory medical insurance | 9875 | 40853 | 34098 | |
| 40502 | Commercial organizations | 502827 | 380151 | 650612 | |
| 40503 | Non-Profit Organizations | 15512 | 23078 | 2546 | |
| 40602 | Commercial organizations | 38084 | 108654 | 280771 | |
| 40603 | Non-Profit Organizations | 15084 | 17791 | 30602 | |
| 40701 | Financial institutions | 1187299 | 775477 | 1527871 | |
| 40702 | Commercial organizations | 18562296 | 28365802 | 31895097 | |
| 40703 | Non-Profit Organizations | 522579 | 1125011 | 1861687 | |
| 40802 | Individuals - individual entrepreneurs | 1600993 | 1962923 | 2426058 | |
| 40804 | Legal entities and individual non-resident entrepreneurs - type T accounts | 25 | 25 | 24 | |
| 40805 | Legal entities and individual non-resident entrepreneurs - type I accounts | 9 | 9 | 8 | |
| 40807 | Legal entities-non-residents | 551891 | 1152942 | 1110680 | |
| 40813 | Non-resident individuals - type F accounts | 58 | 58 | 58 | |
| 40814 | Legal and non-resident individuals- type K accounts (convertible) | 120 | 121 | 121 | |
| 40815 | Non-resident legal entities and individuals - type H accounts (non-convertible) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 40817 | Individuals | 27237461 | 42905403 | 67415905 | |
| 40818 | Special bank accounts of non-residents in the currency of the Russian Federation | 1812 | 8 | 3 | |
| 40820 | Accounts of non-resident individuals | 412849 | 947294 | 1219788 | |
| 40901 | Letters of credit payable | 103290 | 52847 | 112916 | |
| 40905 | Current accounts of commissioners and unpaid transfers | 11146 | 15096 | 14514 | |
| 40909 | Transfers to the Russian Federation | 3763 | 3499 | 3276 | |
| 40910 | Transfers to the Russian Federation to non-residents | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 40911 | Transit accounts | 45294 | 37295 | 36060 | |
| 40912 | Transfers from the Russian Federation | 1555 | 465 | 242 | |
| 40913 | Transfers from the Russian Federation by non-residents | 2607 | 0 | 0 | |
| 41504 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 50 | 0 | 0 | |
| 41604 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 0 | 0 | 6000000 | |
| 41705 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 10100 | 0 | |
| 41706 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 5000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 41803 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 0 | 219000 | 0 | |
| 41804 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 0 | 0 | 3000 | |
| 41805 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 2000 | 0 | |
| 41806 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 0 | 1500 | 1500 | |
| 41903 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 0 | 0 | 1000 | |
| 41905 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 0 | 1228 | 1000 | |
| 41906 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 2098 | 9493 | 7573 | |
| 42001 | poste restante | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
| 42002 | for up to 30 days | 112000 | 0 | 625000 | |
| 42003 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 1168100 | 338810 | 196777 | |
| 42004 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 5000 | 390926 | 718408 | |
| 42005 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 412703 | 771304 | 624139 | |
| 42006 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 120343 | 53701 | 2377161 | |
| 42101 | poste restante | 33 | 4 | 0 | |
| 42102 | for up to 30 days | 1758407 | 66001 | 252963 | |
| 42103 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 173279 | 460330 | 3125693 | |
| 42104 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 106121 | 457676 | 620863 | |
| 42105 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 1177962 | 2343437 | 4181564 | |
| 42106 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 56880 | 48410 | 258858 | |
| 42107 | for more than 3 years | 4341 | 6034 | 0 | |
| 42201 | poste restante | 0 | 0 | 2000000 | |
| 42203 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 1500 | 18003 | 1046000 | |
| 42204 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 11500 | 5446 | 38630 | |
| 42205 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 17000 | 13922 | 68919 | |
| 42206 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 3081 | 4101800 | 46975 | |
| 42207 | for more than 3 years | 1602 | 10945 | 0 | |
| 42301 | Demand deposits | 578922 | 605355 | 974275 | |
| 42303 | 775097 | 6732384 | 4504794 | ||
| 42304 | 532849 | 1710295 | 10112715 | ||
| 42305 | 7036121 | 16049715 | 42322891 | ||
| 42306 | 134479169 | 205288836 | 235310344 | ||
| 42307 | Deposits for more than 3 years | 114678 | 26294776 | 66038025 | |
| 42309 | 21839 | 37338 | 41578 | ||
| 42313 | Other borrowed funds for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 42502 | for up to 30 days | 0 | 0 | 50000 | |
| 42503 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 0 | 29380 | 0 | |
| 42506 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 170000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 42507 | for more than 3 years | 46 | 46 | 46 | |
| 42601 | Demand deposits | 17156 | 18503 | 20806 | |
| 42603 | Deposits for a period of 31 to 90 days | 17348 | 88948 | 82102 | |
| 42604 | Deposits for a period of 91 to 180 days | 19603 | 30061 | 98471 | |
| 42605 | Deposits for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 138215 | 277785 | 445426 | |
| 42606 | Deposits for a period of 1 to 3 years | 2821893 | 3453940 | 3929182 | |
| 42607 | Deposits for more than 3 years | 1320 | 323420 | 1080396 | |
| 42609 | Other borrowed funds on demand | 485 | 617 | 619 | |
| 43401 | poste restante | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| 43701 | poste restante | 7 | 14 | 9 | |
| 43705 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 9 | 5 | 5 | |
| 43801 | poste restante | 2212 | 2259 | 617 | |
| 43901 | poste restante | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| 44001 | poste restante | 12 | 15 | 17 | |
| 44006 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 12273100 | 14690200 | 0 | |
| 44007 | for more than 3 years | 490924 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44205 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 797500 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44206 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 91498 | 80000 | 0 | |
| 44207 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 1042992 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44208 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 25000 | 0 | 1756 | |
| 44215 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 0 | 10 | |
| 44605 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 150000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44607 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 466500 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44608 | for more than 3 years | 30000 | 30000 | 0 | |
| 44615 | Provisions for possible losses | 4320 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44904 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 4009 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44906 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 197186 | 0 | 133 | |
| 44907 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 1893020 | 705752 | 1279 | |
| 44915 | Provisions for possible losses | 7323 | 167681 | 140 | |
| 45007 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 0 | 53555 | 29960 | |
| 45015 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 11 | 168 | |
| 45101 | 1349118 | 1737 | 0 | ||
| 45103 | for up to 30 days | 0 | 0 | 3000000 | |
| 45107 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 122909 | 35791 | 0 | |
| 45108 | for more than 3 years | 9421 | 8424 | 844107 | |
| 45115 | Provisions for possible losses | 7531 | 4 | 8426 | |
| 45201 | A loan granted in case of insufficient funds on the settlement (current) account (overdraft) | 2699101 | 1947200 | 594818 | |
| 45203 | for up to 30 days | 3200000 | 0 | 0 | |
| 45204 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 524700 | 79400 | 88096 | |
| 45205 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 543457 | 822283 | 628646 | |
| 45206 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 8124619 | 3405144 | 1275786 | |
| 45207 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 16172397 | 15673108 | 14829848 | |
| 45208 | for more than 3 years | 14354263 | 28805350 | 27732954 | |
| 45215 | Provisions for possible losses | 182939 | 1335664 | 5975230 | |
| 45301 | A loan granted in case of insufficient funds on the settlement (current) account (overdraft) | 0 | 1863 | 446 | |
| 45305 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 1800 | 4100 | 1600 | |
| 45306 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 1322 | 1528 | 351 | |
| 45307 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 39783 | 47723 | 31185 | |
| 45308 | for more than 3 years | 63968 | 90983 | 78114 | |
| 45315 | Provisions for possible losses | 338 | 522 | 468 | |
| 45401 | A loan granted in case of insufficient funds on the settlement (current) account (overdraft) | 335249 | 292609 | 152336 | |
| 45404 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 5477 | 2000 | 7600 | |
| 45405 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 91242 | 139526 | 116932 | |
| 45406 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 535628 | 652508 | 399287 | |
| 45407 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 7475644 | 7757019 | 5312273 | |
| 45408 | for more than 3 years | 7536436 | 18369901 | 17727064 | |
| 45415 | Provisions for possible losses | 99697 | 557319 | 1708504 | |
| 45503 | for a period of 31 to 90 days | 0 | 0 | 11 | |
| 45504 | for a period of 91 to 180 days | 0 | 14635 | 1075 | |
| 45505 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 999249 | 3333453 | 1123181 | |
| 45506 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 11475345 | 25003287 | 25238616 | |
| 45507 | for more than 3 years | 125531228 | 263574159 | 270500218 | |
| 45509 | 3622611 | 12018544 | 19231416 | ||
| 45515 | Provisions for possible losses | 3092136 | 8092141 | 13356683 | |
| 45606 | for more than 3 years | 0 | 6027536 | 6152390 | |
| 45615 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 0 | 61524 | |
| 45704 | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 2202 | 0 | 0 | |
| 45705 | for a period of 1 to 3 years | 2126 | 2598 | 825 | |
| 45706 | for more than 3 years | 1003146 | 1379392 | 1108274 | |
| 45708 | Credit granted in case of insufficient funds on the deposit account (overdraft) | 351 | 3912 | 18140 | |
| 45715 | Provisions for possible losses | 12027 | 13830 | 33469 | |
| 45809 | 0 | 0 | 867 | ||
| 45810 | 0 | 21000 | 0 | ||
| 45811 | 0 | 393 | 393 | ||
| 45812 | 749648 | 1553499 | 5903573 | ||
| 45813 | 23 | 67 | 601 | ||
| 45814 | 116805 | 494316 | 2210983 | ||
| 45815 | Citizens | 882246 | 3067650 | 8275665 | |
| 45817 | 4290 | 11156 | 25284 | ||
| 45818 | Provisions for possible losses | 1278361 | 3845604 | 13683924 | |
| 45909 | Commercial organizations owned by the state (other than federal) | 0 | 0 | 45 | |
| 45910 | Non-profit organizations owned by the state (other than federal) | 0 | 5002 | 4208 | |
| 45911 | Non-state financial organizations | 0 | 12 | 12 | |
| 45912 | Non-governmental commercial organizations | 776 | 53253 | 241068 | |
| 45913 | Non-governmental non-profit organizations | 0 | 17 | 18 | |
| 45914 | Individuals - individual entrepreneurs | 0 | 24605 | 92974 | |
| 45915 | Citizens | 0 | 761215 | 1434078 | |
| 45917 | For non-resident individuals | 0 | 719 | 3611 | |
| 45918 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 446829 | 1166117 | |
| 47002 | for up to 30 days | 0 | 567483 | 21497170 | |
| 47401 | Settlements with clients on factoring, forfaiting transactions | 201517 | 7156 | 20 | |
| 47404 | Settlements with currency and stock exchanges | 853485 | 620350 | 3440774 | |
| 47405 | Settlements with clients for the purchase and sale of foreign currency | 790 | 11400 | 19172 | |
| 47407 | 34329 | 0 | 403482 | ||
| 47408 | Settlements on conversion transactions and futures transactions | 9634 | 0 | 0 | |
| 47409 | Commitments under letters of credit on foreign operations | 13553 | 44842 | 36052 | |
| 47410 | Letters of credit requirements for foreign operations | 0 | 44842 | 28159 | |
| 47411 | Accrued interest on bank accounts and attracted funds of individuals | 904156 | 1574588 | 3200734 | |
| 47415 | Payment requirements for purchased and sold commemorative coins | 2183 | 12866 | 90180 | |
| 47416 | Amounts received on correspondent accounts, pending clarification | 169031 | 285203 | 246557 | |
| 47417 | Amounts debited from correspondent accounts pending clarification | 12 | 0 | 9 | |
| 47422 | Liabilities on other transactions | 268418 | 346634 | 354534 | |
| 47423 | Requirements for other transactions | 54760 | 245239 | 2813104 | |
| 47425 | Provisions for possible losses | 94682 | 902229 | 979082 | |
| 47426 | Interest obligation | 487074 | 987178 | 295650 | |
| 47427 | Interest requirements | 100204 | 2560760 | 8544502 | |
| 47501 | Future receipts from transactions related to the provision (placement) of funds to customers | 55394 | 0 | 0 | |
| 47502 | Upcoming payments on transactions related to raising funds from clients | 984482 | 0 | 0 | |
| 47801 | Rights of claim under contracts for the provision (placement) of funds, the fulfillment of obligations under which is secured by a mortgage | 13375221 | 31034838 | 30244258 | |
| 47802 | Rights of claim under contracts for the provision (placement) of funds | 24058182 | 10637890 | 7107856 | |
| 47804 | Provisions for possible losses | 477650 | 1246170 | 3440233 | |
| 50104 | Debt obligations of the Russian Federation | 5397300 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50105 | Debt obligations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments | 233566 | 187994 | 114121 | |
| 50106 | 5627252 | 5697031 | 31427919 | ||
| 50107 | 12159601 | 2476776 | 4989467 | ||
| 50110 | Other debentures non-residents | 0 | 9352123 | 0 | |
| 50118 | 0 | 11138359 | 16325311 | ||
| 50120 | Revaluation of securities - negative differences | 0 | 311655 | 21722 | |
| 50121 | Revaluation of securities - positive differences | 0 | 263276 | 616114 | |
| 50307 | Debt obligations of credit institutions | 0 | 17875 | 1649498 | |
| 50308 | Other debt obligations | 0 | 2384019 | 5296343 | |
| 50318 | Debt transferred without derecognition | 0 | 3935647 | 0 | |
| 50319 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 57614 | 83443 | |
| 50406 | Paid upon purchase | 366102 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50505 | Debt obligations not repaid on time | 0 | 0 | 18159 | |
| 50507 | Provisions for possible losses | 0 | 0 | 18159 | |
| 50605 | Credit organizations | 428307 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50606 | Other residents | 548980 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50611 | Under agreements to resell | 339574 | 0 | 0 | |
| 50706 | Other residents | 336000 | 336000 | 336035 | |
| 50708 | Other non-residents | 438 | 506 | 1227 | |
| 50905 | Upfront costs for the purchase of securities | 238 | 0 | 0 | |
| 52005 | 0 | 4467938 | 4467938 | ||
| 52006 | 6000000 | 17532062 | 40532062 | ||
| 52301 | poste restante | 0 | 452 | 0 | |
| 52302 | with maturity up to 30 days | 88604 | 0 | 0 | |
| 52303 | with a maturity of 31 to 90 days | 505898 | 0 | 16526 | |
| 52304 | with a maturity of 91 to 180 days | 3101 | 1237 | 206702 | |
| 52305 | with maturities from 181 days to 1 year | 50000 | 986293 | 1063378 | |
| 52306 | with maturities over 1 year up to 3 years | 0 | 5514 | 5651 | |
| 52307 | with maturity over 3 years | 11000 | 11000 | 0 | |
| 52406 | Bills for execution | 9471 | 7402 | 510 | |
| 52501 | Interest and coupon liabilities on issued securities | 110520 | 469820 | 1049150 | |
| 52503 | Discount on issued securities | 0 | 53729 | 61346 | |
| 52502 | Upcoming interest, coupon and discount payments on issued securities | 116206 | 0 | 0 | |
| 60102 | Shares of subsidiaries and affiliates | 10 | 10 | 10 | |
| 60202 | Funds contributed to the authorized capital of organizations | 30058 | 32558 | 32548 | |
| 60206 | Provisions for possible losses | 48 | 48 | 48 | |
| 60301 | Calculations for taxes and fees | 10341 | 48998 | 57810 | |
| 60302 | Calculations for taxes and fees | 2450 | 69008 | 136819 | |
| 60303 | 13714 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 60304 | Settlements with off-budget funds for payroll | 4303 | 0 | 0 | |
| 60305 | 49 | 38 | 155 | ||
| 60306 | Settlements with employees for wages | 126 | 684 | 1982 | |
| 60307 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 60308 | Settlements with employees on accountable amounts | 3882 | 8863 | 6916 | |
| 60309 | Value added tax received | 14197 | 48836 | 93206 | |
| 60311 | 137490 | 62038 | 38894 | ||
| 60312 | Settlements with suppliers, contractors and buyers | 926340 | 1253926 | 856946 | |
| 60313 | 722 | 104343 | 6475 | ||
| 60314 | Settlements with non-resident organizations for business transactions | 4230 | 59519 | 34618 | |
| 60322 | Settlements with other creditors | 87 | 12340 | 25654 | |
| 60323 | Settlements with other debtors | 19109 | 46606 | 94071 | |
| 60324 | Provisions for possible losses | 36270 | 36897 | 92967 | |
| 60401 | Fixed assets (other than land) | 4874290 | 7351244 | 10549880 | |
| 60404 | Earth | 924 | 1738 | 14317 | |
| 60601 | Depreciation of fixed assets | 943520 | 1616501 | 2717490 | |
| 60701 | Investments in the construction (construction), creation (manufacturing) and acquisition of fixed assets and intangible assets | 542285 | 678901 | 469346 | |
| 60901 | Intangible assets | 18 | 113 | 4006 | |
| 60903 | Amortization of intangible assets | 5 | 36 | 337 | |
| 61002 | Spare parts | 3537 | 12561 | 25141 | |
| 61008 | materials | 53617 | 37655 | 16299 | |
| 61009 | Equipment and accessories | 37401 | 24384 | 3484 | |
| 61010 | Editions | 7 | 0 | 1 | |
| 61011 | non-current inventory | 15319 | 3938 | 581138 | |
| 61304 | Deferred income from other operations | 8568 | 87369 | 98751 | |
| 61403 | Deferred expenses on other operations | 276447 | 524017 | 809017 | |
| 70301 | Profit of the reporting year | 1200245 | 0 | 0 | |
| 70501 | Use of the profit of the reporting year | 527613 | 1881297 | 0 | |
| 70601 | Income | 0 | 117764315 | 245338650 | |
| 70602 | Income from revaluation of securities | 0 | 268467 | 655925 | |
| 70603 | Positive revaluation of foreign currency funds | 0 | 147851129 | 458805307 | |
| 70604 | Positive revaluation of precious metals | 0 | 196 | 212 | |
| 70605 | Income from the use of embedded derivatives that are inseparable from the host contract | 0 | 6454 | 3640 | |
| 70606 | Expenses | 0 | 111654764 | 242518684 | |
| 70607 | Expenses from revaluation of securities | 0 | 430364 | 13924 | |
| 70608 | Negative revaluation of foreign currency funds | 0 | 146707827 | 456727236 | |
| 70609 | Negative revaluation of precious metals | 0 | 171 | 176 | |
| 70610 | Expenses from the use of embedded derivatives that are inseparable from the host contract | 0 | 7832 | 6032 | |
| 70611 | income tax | 0 | 0 | 1349749 | |
| 98000 | Securities held in a depository | 89 | 43 | 19 | |
| 98010 | Securities in custody at the leading depository (NOSTRO depot basic) | 260791334401 | 268969382969 | 250100549405 | |
| 98015 | Securities held in other depositories (NOSTRO depot settlement) | 1934 | 0 | 0 | |
| 98020 | Securities in transit, being checked, being reissued | 0 | 30000 | 0 | |
| 98030 | Shortage of securities | 32094 | 32094 | 32094 | |
| 98040 | Holders' securities | 63962678 | 549521928 | 308278486 | |
| 98050 | Securities owned by the depositary | 853061806 | 893580163 | 3124721325 | |
| 98053 | Securities of clients under brokerage agreements | 534 | 0 | 0 | |
| 98055 | Securities in trust management | 79651410 | 17187332 | 176024231 | |
| 98060 | Securities accepted for safekeeping from grass-roots depositories (LORO depot basic) | 65795309 | 130905908 | 49132812 | |
| 98070 | Securities Encumbered with Liabilities | 259728420253 | 267377554354 | 246441729253 | |
| 98080 | Securities whose owners are not identified | 0 | 218900 | 218900 | |
| 98090 | Securities out of circulation | 476528 | 476521 | 476511 | |
| 80201 | Securities under management | 424837 | 175044 | 304626 | |
| 80601 | 0 | 439 | 7953 | ||
| 80701 | Paid accumulated interest (coupon) income on interest (coupon) debt obligations | 623 | 0 | 0 | |
| 80801 | Current accounts | 220914 | 53062 | 75958 | |
| 81001 | Trust loss | 1745 | 54604 | 12702 | |
| 85101 | Capital in management (founders) | 550611 | 274657 | 324098 | |
| 85201 | Trust management settlements | 70913 | 925 | 7991 | |
| 85301 | Interest income on debt obligations accrued before sale or redemption | 0 | 2998 | 4260 | |
| 85501 | Trust Profit | 26595 | 4569 | 64890 | |
| 99998 | Account for correspondence with passive accounts with double entry | 31854172 | 472302123 | 473355301 | |
| 99999 | Account for correspondence with active accounts in case of double entry | 869502090 | 1193251713 | 1100764502 | |
| 90701 | Forms of own securities for distribution | 17 | 18 | 19 | |
| 90702 | Forms of own securities for destruction | 19 | 0 | 0 | |
| 90803 | Securities in storage under storage agreements | 278535 | 269591 | 220829 | |
| 90901 | Settlement documents awaiting acceptance for payment | 12751 | 203851 | 106787 | |
| 90902 | Settlement documents not paid on time | 3954235 | 7028067 | 17022258 | |
| 90907 | Letters of credit exposed | 202664 | 119307 | 147015 | |
| 90908 | Issued letters of credit for settlements with non-residents | 447333 | 511172 | 419298 | |
| 91101 | Foreign currency, checks (including traveler's checks), the nominal value of which is indicated in foreign currency, accepted for sending for collection | 1862 | 4049 | 5605 | |
| 91102 | Foreign currency, checks (including traveler's checks), the nominal value of which is indicated in foreign currency, sent for collection | 11684 | 21731 | 19632 | |
| 91104 | Foreign currency accepted for examination | 178 | 87 | 36 | |
| 91202 | Miscellaneous values and documents | 63356210 | 142033663 | 135204826 | |
| 91203 | Miscellaneous valuables and documents sent and issued against a report, for a commission | 235340 | 113933 | 1717678 | |
| 91207 | Forms | 26 | 43 | 42 | |
| 91302 | 6605336 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 91303 | Securities accepted as collateral for loans issued | 74699212 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91305 | 564427391 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 91307 | Property accepted as collateral for issued loans, except for securities | 119714575 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91309 | Unused limits on granting a loan in the form of (overdraft) and (under the debt limit) | 24712347 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91310 | 37758558 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 91311 | Securities accepted as collateral for placed funds | 0 | 186936335 | 182770304 | |
| 91312 | Property accepted as collateral for placed funds, except for securities and precious metals | 0 | 204076483 | 220689893 | |
| 91314 | Securities received from transactions made on a repayable basis | 0 | 567483 | 21497169 | |
| 91315 | 0 | 19860679 | 4470857 | ||
| 91316 | Unused credit lines for the provision of loans | 0 | 8532361 | 9651462 | |
| 91317 | Unused limits on the provision of funds in the form of overdraft and under the debt limit | 0 | 49257256 | 30593507 | |
| 91403 | Unused credit lines for obtaining loans | 11180 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91404 | Issued guarantees and guarantees | 536489 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91412 | Property transferred as collateral for borrowed funds, except for securities and precious metals | 0 | 0 | 3402847 | |
| 91414 | Received guarantees and guarantees | 0 | 999396853 | 901182997 | |
| 91418 | Nominal value of acquired rights of claim | 0 | 41716081 | 37399656 | |
| 91501 | Fixed assets leased | 221534 | 416205 | 104998 | |
| 91502 | Other property leased | 49 | 34 | 23 | |
| 91503 | 1999984 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 91504 | 1201 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 91507 | Leased fixed assets | 0 | 3069561 | 3680225 | |
| 91508 | Leased other property | 0 | 1965 | 1884 | |
| 91604 | Lost interest on loans and other placed funds (except for interbank funds) provided to customers | 2002196 | 1221594 | 3619443 | |
| 91704 | Lost interest on loans and other placed funds (except for interbank funds) provided to customers debited from the balance sheet of a credit institution | 85361 | 101804 | 102297 | |
| 91802 | Debt on loans and other placed funds provided to customers (except for interbank funds), written off against provisions for possible losses | 72968 | 86544 | 87277 | |
| 91803 | Debts written off at a loss | 7027 | 7086 | 939 | |
| 93001 | Requirements for the supply of funds | 15377303 | 10545642 | 12030841 | |
| 93002 | Requirements for the supply of funds from non-residents | 34590339 | 7651996 | 5456147 | |
| 93302 | 7373867 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 93303 | 0 | 1245000 | 0 | ||
| 93304 | 3064562 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 93306 | 12414778 | 108707 | 4834395 | ||
| 93307 | 12285004 | 6122337 | 1536269 | ||
| 93308 | 0 | 4144110 | 1301649 | ||
| 93309 | 0 | 15747618 | 9979309 | ||
| 93310 | 0 | 6216165 | 0 | ||
| 93503 | with a deadline of 8 to 30 days | 22336 | 0 | 0 | |
| 93602 | with a deadline of 2 to 7 days | 2687667 | 0 | 0 | |
| 93702 | with a deadline of 2 to 7 days | 902576 | 0 | 0 | |
| 93801 | 0 | 1937614 | 336915 | ||
| 94001 | 42513 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 96001 | Commitments to deliver cash | 15336100 | 10599796 | 11986467 | |
| 96002 | Obligations to supply funds from non-residents | 34574902 | 7662312 | 5457221 | |
| 96302 | with a deadline of 2 to 7 days | 7283225 | 0 | 0 | |
| 96303 | with a deadline of 8 to 30 days | 21049 | 1469020 | 0 | |
| 96304 | with a due date of 31 to 90 days | 3068275 | 0 | 0 | |
| 96306 | due next day from non-residents | 12305152 | 108983 | 4864698 | |
| 96307 | with a term of execution from 2 to 7 days from non-residents | 12305825 | 6163702 | 1536988 | |
| 96308 | with a term of execution from 8 to 30 days from non-residents | 0 | 4558075 | 1350364 | |
| 96309 | with a due date of 31 to 90 days from non-residents | 0 | 16820279 | 10215735 | |
| 96310 | with a maturity of more than 91 days from non-residents | 0 | 6234117 | 0 | |
| 96602 | with a deadline of 2 to 7 days | 2629226 | 0 | 0 | |
| 96702 | with a deadline of 2 to 7 days | 945089 | 0 | 0 | |
| 96801 | Unrealized exchange differences for revaluation of foreign currency | 232374 | 102905 | 64052 | |
| 97001 | Unrealized exchange differences on revaluation of securities | 59728 | 0 | 0 | |
Annex 2
| Bank VTB 24 (closed joint stock company) | ||||
| Balance sheet | ||||
| Registration number: 1623 | ||||
| BIC code: 44525716 | ||||
| Address: Moscow, st. Myasnitskaya, 35 | ||||
| thousand rubles | ||||
| № | Name of balance sheet items | 01.01.2009 | 01.01.2010 | 01.01.2011 |
| I. Assets | ||||
| 1 | Cash | 15 535 497 | 36 402 274 | 39 570 860 |
| 2 | Due to credit institutions in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation | 8 885 019 | 7 001 004 | 14 155 599 |
| 3 | Funds in credit institutions | 3 882 130 | 52 807 721 | 3 335 238 |
| 4 | Net investments in securities valued at fair value through profit or loss | 24 734 580 | 28 803 904 | 53 451 210 |
| 5 | Net debt | 262 242 118 | 459 657 644 | 578 600 244 |
| 6 | Net investments in securities and other available-for-sale financial assets | 366 458 | 369 026 | 369 772 |
| 7 | Net investment in securities held to maturity | 0 | 6 279 927 | 6 862 398 |
| 8 | fixed assets, intangible assets and inventories | 4 583 873 | 6 493 997 | 8 945 785 |
| 9 | Other assets | 3 288 541 | 5 846 145 | 17 517 187 |
| 10 | Total assets | 323 518 216 | 603 661 642 | 722 808 293 |
| II. Liabilities | ||||
| 11 | Loans, deposits and other funds of the Central Bank | 0 | 88 103 245 | 12 270 076 |
| 12 | Funds of credit organizations | 51 087 207 | 62 710 909 | 61 344 452 |
| 13 | Due to customers (non-credit institutions) | 219 143 914 | 365 284 043 | 502 129 341 |
| 14 | Issued debt | 6 668 074 | 23 011 898 | 46 292 767 |
| 15 | Other liabilities | 2 249 951 | 4 583 619 | 6 390 126 |
| 16 | Provisions for possible losses on contingent liabilities of a credit nature, other possible losses and transactions with residents of offshore zones | 1 421 341 | 4 798 560 | 14 850 984 |
| 17 | Total liabilities | 280 570 487 | 548 492 274 | 643 277 746 |
| III. Sources of own funds | ||||
| 18 | Funds of shareholders (participants) | 30 007 812 | 33 567 652 | 50 636 514 |
| 19 | Own shares (shares) redeemed from shareholders (participants) | 476 498 | 476 498 | 476 498 |
| 20 | Share premium | 11 370 585 | 14 528 162 | 22 625 380 |
| 21 | Reserve and other funds, deferred income and expenses | 1 341 355 | 673 098 | 888 535 |
| 22 | Revaluation of fixed assets | 31 843 | 7 724 | 7 724 |
| 23 | Undestributed profits ( uncovered losses) previous years | 0 | 1 660 924 | 1 660 959 |
| 24 | Unused profit (loss) for the reporting period | 672 632 | 5 208 306 | 4 187 933 |
| 25 | Total sources of own funds | 42 947 729 | 55 169 368 | 79 530 547 |
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Problems and prospects of lending in Russia
Bunyaeva A.M.,
student of group ME-1301,
3rd year, Faculty of Economics,
Ivanova I.G., Ph.D., docent,
Russia, G. Krasnodar
annotation
The article considers the main regularities functioning of the credit system in Russia. The features of the key directions of the credit system of the Russian Federation are briefly outlined. The problems of their development are described and the prospects for further application in modern economic conditions are outlined. Recommendations have been developed to improve the efficiency of certain types of lending.
Keywords: credit system; problems of the credit system; lending; improving the efficiency of lending.
Abstract
The article describes the main principles of the functioning of the credit system in Russia. Summarizes the features of the key directions of the credit system of the Russian Federation. Described problems of their development and pros-pects for future use in modern economic conditions. Developed recommendations on improving the efficiency of certain types of lending.
Keywords: the credit system; the problem of the credit system; credit; enhance operations.
The modern credit system in the Russian Federation is one of the forms of stability and economic growth countries. This is "a set of a wide variety of credit and financial institutions operating in the loan capital market and carrying out the accumulation and mobilization of income, consisting of several institutional links or tiers" .
Bank lending is carried out on various types of loans. Their classification can be based on numerous features that reflect various aspects of the lending process.
The classification criteria and types of loans are presented in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Classification of loans.
commercial bank lending
The rapid restructuring in the world economy made it possible to identify, in the conditions of the crisis, the problems of the modern credit system of the Russian Federation, which hinder its development.
Such problems include:
1) the existence of small commercial banks with a weak financial base;
2) problems of the mortgage system;
3) car loan problems;
4) rise in the cost of loans for the population;
5) tightening the conditions of banks for all types of loans for the population and legal entities in the context of the unstable economic situation;
6) competition from new financial institutions, insurance companies and investment funds that attract deposits from the public not on genuine commercial basis, but on the principle of "pyramid";
7) the inability of many banks to lend to production;
8) falling demand for loans;
9) decrease in lending volumes.
Thus, the modern credit system in the Russian Federation does not fully meet all the needs of the economy; changes are needed in certain areas of lending.
During the last months of 2015, there has been an outflow of capital from foreign investors from some sectors Russian economy in connection with the aggravation of relations between the Russian Federation and a number of EU countries, the USA and Canada. There is a trend of curtailing the activities of some foreign banks in the Russian Federation, a decrease in the volume of lending attributable to these financial institutions, which, according to forecasts, will continue in 2016.
But at the same time, Russian banks in such a situation acquire stronger competitive advantages. Investor confidence in foreign banks decreases due to freezing of accounts individuals, violation of the rights of depositors. At the same time, Russian financial institutions appear to be more stable. Therefore, in the near future there will be a demand for borrowing from large Russian banks. This will be facilitated by the restoration of the population's solvency and a slowdown in the growth of overdue payments.
It is necessary to apply a number of measures to improve the efficiency of certain types of lending:
1) provision state support Russian banks;
2) an increase in the volume of loans from federal budget subjects of the Russian Federation and the period of their provision up to 3 years;
3) creating favorable conditions for lending commercial banks small and medium-sized businesses (increasing loan amounts for legal entities up to 20 million rubles, for entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity up to 1 million rubles and the term of its provision up to 5 years, lowering interest rates on loans);
4) expansion of targeted lending to enterprises against payments for delivered products (factoring);
5) provision of subsidies for the development of educational loans;
6) providing subsidies to strengthen the banking system;
7) improvement of requirements for borrowers (reduction of requirements for the age of borrowers, etc.);
8) an increase in the volume of loans from large Russian banks.
In modern conditions, a certain restraining position of the state is necessary in relation to the regulation of rates and the creation of favorable conditions for paying debts on loans. The stability of the credit system of the Russian Federation and the growth of its qualitative indicators should be priority issues, because. a well-defined lending mechanism ensures the sustainable development of the country's economy.
Used sources
1. Monetary encyclopedic dictionary / comp. S.R. Moiseev. - M.: Delo Service, 2006. - 383 p.
2. Zakharova E. 2014 will increase car loan rates [ Electronic resource] // Gudok. rn: site. - URL: http://www.gudok.ru/transport/auto/?ID=1033710 (accessed 05/03/2014).
3. Kosterina T.M. Banking: educational and practical guide. - M.: Ed. Center EAOI, 2009. - 360 p.
4. Kuleshova L.V., Lapina E.N. Mortgage lending as a solution housing problem in Russia (Scientific journal KubG AU) [Electronic resource]. - Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2012. - No. 05 (079). - With. 648-659. URL: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2012/05/pdf/47.pdf (accessed 02.05.2012).
5. Seleznev A. Problems of improving the credit and banking system // The Economist. - 2009. - p. 96-101
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...Features of forms and types of consumer lending, assessment of its role and significance in the modern economy, principles and directions of regulation in Russia. Problems and prospects for further development of consumer lending in the bank under study.
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The study of the nature, essence, stages and features of the development of consumer lending in Russia. The practice of consumer lending in the market of the Orenburg region. Problems faced by Russian banks in the field of consumer lending.
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Consideration of the features of the development of proposals for the improvement of mortgage lending. Analysis of the activities of the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation. Characteristics of the current state of the mortgage lending market in Russia, the main problems.
Consumer lending is an important factor in economic growth, increasing consumer demand in every country. This means that it is necessary to create conditions under which the population will not be afraid to take loans. However, loans to be issued by banks should not be unsecured. Accordingly, the increase in the number of loans issued should not be at the expense of the quality of these loans.
The formation of consumer lending in modern Russia is invariably associated with problems, to solve and overcome, which are necessary for the successful development of the direction of banks' work with individuals.
Consumer lending programs play an important role in bank management and banking services. The reason for this is not only that consumer loans are among the most profitable and promising types of lending, but also that as their educational qualifications increase, customers are increasingly turning to lending to improve their living standards and align their spending plans with expected income. Despite the widespread development of consumer lending, there are currently certain factors in the Russian Federation that hinder the issuance of consumer loans to the population. These include:
The presence of a predominantly short-term structure of bank liabilities, which does not allow the full development of long-term lending to the population;
Difficulties in assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers associated with the presence of the so-called "gray" and "black" incomes of individuals - potential borrowers. This does not allow, on the one hand, banks to judge with full confidence about the real financial condition potential customers, and on the other hand, individuals themselves to fully satisfy their needs through consumer loans due to the impossibility of documentary confirmation of their financial condition.
The relatively high level of interest rates applied by banks (due to high inflation and credit risk), which makes it obviously unprofitable for potential clients with average incomes to use consumer loans, etc.
The main problems in the field of lending to individuals facing banks today:
The low solvency of the population is a significant economic constraint for the development of the market for consumer and mortgage lending services;
One of the most significant barriers to entry into the consumer and mortgage lending market are high initial capital investments required to organize the provision of new banking products and services. Such costs are associated primarily with the organization of lending programs, the selection and training of specialists, the re-equipment of existing premises for the provision of services under new lending programs or the lease (purchase) of space for additional offices. Also, when a credit institution enters this service market, significant costs are required to finance marketing programs.
One of the most important problems of consumer lending is that a potential borrower is not always able to independently carefully study and comprehend the terms of a loan agreement. The real cost of the loan (taking into account all commissions and payments) significantly exceeds the interest on the loan stated in the public offer of individual credit institutions. That is, we are talking about the presence of hidden fees and other additional costs, about which the borrower is not properly informed. Thus, insufficient disclosure of information about the conditions for granting a loan misleads borrowers about the full cost of this bank service.
Lack of complete transparency of citizens' incomes. Individuals continue to receive income in "black cash", without declaring it and not being able to provide reliable information about the amount of wages to the bank. This state of affairs complicates the calculation of the loan, and also forces banks to simplify the lending procedure. As a result, banks find themselves in a situation that requires certain financial risks.
Weak loan collateral and difficult implementation of collateral in case of loan default.
The problem of consumer loans in Russia is the presence of foreign banks in the market. From the point of view of borrowers, this condition ensures diversity loan products which means lower interest rates. However, this threatens Russian banks with increased competition and all the ensuing consequences.
The large spread of express lending can also become a problem for consumer lending in Russia, since the vast majority of loan defaults are in the area of express lending. This is because with this type of lending minimum requirements to borrowers, the speed of obtaining a loan allows even unreliable customers to issue bank loans.
An equally important problem is that the phenomenon of unfair competition is currently observed in the retail lending market, i.e. banks that offer loans to the population on more favorable terms lose potential customers due to unscrupulous competitors who provide biased advertising information that does not reveal the real cost of the loan product.
Another very important problem in consumer lending is the growing share of loan defaults. Even now, only according to official statistics, the share of problem loans in banks' portfolios averages 1.3%. According to unofficial data, the real level of problem debt in some banks reaches 5-6% of the loan portfolio. It should be noted that these figures do not apply to mortgage lending.
One of the most important problems that negatively affects the volume of loans provided is the lack of legislative regulation consumer lending in Russia. The Association of Russian Banks is seriously involved in solving this problem.
In order to develop lending to individuals in the legislative sphere, it is necessary to:
1. Adopt a basic law on consumer lending.
2. Adopt a law on collection activities.
3. Adopt amendments to Law 115 FZ “On Combating Money Laundering”, to the Law “On Personal Data” and “On Credit Histories” in connection with the need to stimulate the development of remote banking services.
4. Adopt a law on the financial ombudsman to reduce the burden on the courts.
5. Adopt a law on bankruptcy of individuals to ensure a balance between the interests of creditors and debtors.
Despite the existing problems, the consumer and mortgage lending market is fast growing and highly profitable.
If we compare Russian market consumer loans and the similar market of Western countries, we can conclude that our country is lagging far behind foreign experience. Our country lags behind in terms of the volume of loans issued to the population in comparison with Russia's GDP, not only from developed countries (Germany, France, the USA, etc.), but also from countries with comparable per capita incomes (such as Poland, the Czech Republic, etc.). etc.), - said Yury Kormosh, Executive Vice President of the ARB.
We learned that, according to Expert RA, for the period from July 1, 2011 to July 1, 2012, the portfolio of unsecured loans to the population increased by 65% and amounted to 4.1 trillion. rubles. This is more than two and a half times the mortgage portfolio of banks (1.6 trillion rubles) and is comparable to the portfolio of loans to small and medium-sized businesses (4.2 trillion rubles). By the end of 2012, the portfolio of unsecured loans will reach 5-5.2 trillion. rubles.
In the West, banks have long been maintaining a base credit histories. Information accumulated over decades reduces the risk of loan defaults. Which means given base simplifies the process of issuing loans. If the risks of banks are reduced, we can talk about lowering interest rates. In Russia, although a credit history bureau has been created and even its activities are confirmed by the relevant legislation, this aspect of lending has not received proper development.
Most banks clearly underestimate the risks that, on the one hand, lead to an increase in the current profitability of banks, on the other hand, pose a threat to a future credit crisis. To do this, it is necessary to create reserves for doubtful debts. As long as the market is growing at a huge pace, doubling annually, low provisions for potential losses will not make themselves felt. Non-return will become topical issue when the market stops its growth, stabilizing at the same level.
The main losses for commercial banks are credit activity, attracting too expensive resources and the impossibility of their cost-effective placement. The lack of an opportunity to receive inflationary profits requires the bank to take a serious approach to the quality of the loan portfolio. In the asset structure of commercial banks credit operations are approximately 15%. AT total amount credit debt overdue loans are: 17%, prolonged, 19%, unsecured loans, 8%, bad loans 1%. Indicators of the debt structure indicate a significant increase in overdue and extended loans. To do this, it is necessary to constantly maintain the liquidity of banks.
One of the main reasons for this level of problem debt (rather high) is that the improvement of risk assessment methods and systems in Russian banks has not kept pace with the development of a rapidly growing market. Therefore, banks often choose the following “way of dealing” with bad debts - existing and expected default rates on loans cover very high interest rates, commissions and tariffs for these products.
To avoid a brewing crisis of distrust due to a lack of transparency in lending conditions, potential borrowers must understand what the total cost of servicing a loan will cost them, and lending institutions are required to inform clients at the stage of processing a loan application about all related lending conditions, lump-sum payments and periodically charged payments for settlement payments. periods.
During 2012, the share of overdue loans in Russia, which were provided by the country's banks to individuals, increased, Izvestia writes on February 13.
According to the Central Bank, by the beginning of 2013, the total amount of loans paid to the population exceeded 220 billion rubles. 19.7 billion here are loans not repaid in due time. The total number of overdue loans in 2012 increased to 8.8 percent - compared to 8.3 in 2011. Finally, the number of loans with bad credit history has nearly doubled.
Interestingly, the share of delinquencies on targeted and housing loans has been steadily decreasing since 2010. But the number of delays in the payment of consumer loans, on the contrary, is only growing - for Last year it increased from 9.3 to 10 percent. It should be noted that consumer loans now account for 90 percent of all lending in the country.
Representatives of a number of banks admit that at present the requirements they put forward for borrowers are somewhat reduced in order to be able to return to the lending market, which almost died out during the 2008-2009 crisis. At the same time, it is possible that the growth of arrears on debts will continue in the near future, which, in turn, can cause a lot of harm in the event of another economic crisis.
With regard to problem debt, several options for organizing work with it can be applied:
1. Creation in the bank of a separate division responsible for working with bad debts, or creation of a “subsidiary” company at the bank - a collection agency dealing only with bad debts of the bank.
2. Transfer of debts for collection to non-specialized companies.
3. Transfer of bad debts for collection to independent collection agencies specializing in work with problem loans.
To solve these problems, it is possible to tighten the scoring system or issuance policy, i.e. conservative credit policy. It provides a quality loan portfolio. On the other hand, it is possible to expand the market for issuing loans, but then the risk portfolio increases. At the same time, it should be noted that under both types of policy, the situation is monitored only partially. It is known that in the process of consumer lending, about 80% of the main losses are losses from obvious fraud, but 20% (a fairly large percentage) are losses due to various circumstances. For a conservative credit policy, the main task is a comparative analysis of the input stream and the existing base (in order to understand who else from the input stream can be attracted). First of all, this is an expert analysis. Using various methods, the flow is analyzed and conclusions are made by experts.
Despite all the problems, the consumer credit market is actively developing due to the huge interest from the population and retail chains, which have found that the provision of consumer credit is an excellent way to increase their profits.
The history of the emergence of consumer credit Principles and methods of consumer credit. All facts economic development Russia is told that it is necessary to pay great attention to the problem of credit, including consumer credit, since economic condition country largely depends on the state of the consumer market. It should be noted that the main distinguishing feature of consumer credit is the targeted form of lending to individuals.
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