Can be used when repeating the topic "Economics" in preparation for the exam. A selection of tests from various sources contains tasks of all types of tasks encountered in the exam. There is a training option and a control option.
Control on the topic "Economics".
| production factor | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | |
Answer: labor
Answer: commercial organization
1)
numbers s, under which they
digital
numbers , under which they are listed.
numbers under which they are listed.
numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: 345.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
EXAMPLES TYPES OF FIRM COSTS
B) shipping costs
D) fuel costs
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
D) balanced
D) crawling
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
B) consumer expectations
D) prices for related goods
D) the number of manufacturers
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 12112
D) excess
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
fry under which they are listed.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: 135.
digital ry under which they are indicated.
6) Studying the economy of the region.
S numbers, p about which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
S R - the price of the product, Q -
write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) income growth
3) increase in the price of pork
)
D R - commodity price. Q
S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q
4) income growth of the population
R- the price of the product, Q -
1) consumer income growth
one
List of terms:
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one
List of terms:
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of the selected vamp word.
words in in once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
To record answers to the tasks of this part (21-29), use the ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the task number (21. 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.
in
O.I.
Answer: (As examples of state regulation of a market economy, the following can be given: a decrease by the Central Bank of the size of the discount rate of interest (regulation of monetary relations); an increase in indirect taxes on a number of goods (regulation of taxation); adoption of a law on increasing minimum size wages ( legal regulation legal relations), etc.)
40. Analyze the situation.
Answer: (Since the cost of labor in Western countries is very high, the American cell phone company preferred to transfer production to countries that have cheaper and more skilled labor (for example, China and countries of Eastern Europe. Such a transfer of production indicates such a global process as the globalization of the economy)
29. 1. Economics
29.3 Economy.
29.4 Economy
Control on the topic "Economics".
Write down the missing word in the table.
| production factor | Characteristic |
| ………………………… | the use in the process of production of goods and services of the physical and mental abilities of people |
| money, knowledge, facilities, equipment used in the production of goods, services |
Answer: ___________
2. In the row below, find a concept that is general for all
other concepts presented. Write down the word (phrase).
Production cooperative; fellowship of faith; commercial organization; joint-stock company; state unitary enterprise.
Answer: _____________________
3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, refer to the concept of "manufacturer".
1) emission; 2) profit; 3) costs; 4) devaluation: 5) competition; c) investments.
Find two terms that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
Answer: _____________
4. Select correct judgments about globalization and write down numbers s, under which they
1) International economic integration is one of the directions of globalization.
2) The process of globalization contributes to the development of cultural and historical specificity different countries.
3) The transition from an industrial society to an information society created the prerequisites for the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization.
4) Globalization stimulates the implementation of extreme actions in politics by states. 5) The positive consequences of globalization include the concentration of efforts
on the development of new advanced technologies.
Answer:_______________
5. Match the examples with the activities they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, match the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITY TYPES OF ACTIVITY
A) modernization transport infrastructure 1) practical
B) implementation of scientific discovery 2) spiritual
B) small business investment
D) implementation of global modeling
D) holding economic reforms in society
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _________________
6. Select the correct judgments about inflation and write down digital ry under which they are indicated.
1) The issue of money is the most effective method of reducing inflation.
2) The consequence of inflation is a decrease in the income of those who pay debts at fixed interest rates.
3) One of the immediate causes of inflation is due to excessive monopolization of prices and costs.
4) Depending on the causes, demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation are distinguished.
5) The danger of inflation lies in the fact that savings depreciate, the standard of living of the population decreases.
Answer:________________
7. Select the correct judgments about economic growth and write down numbers , under which they are listed.
1) Extensive economic growth is ensured through a more rational use of the previous volume of resources.
2) Economic growth is facilitated by an increase in the scale of production to a certain limit, which allows saving resources and increasing output.
3) To intensive factors economic growth refers to an increase in the physical capital of firms.
4) Intensive factor of growth and development modern economy is high quality human capital.
5) Stable economic growth is possible due to the widespread introduction of innovations.
Answer: ______________
8. Select the correct judgments about factors of production and factor income and write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) The factors of production that a person uses to create various goods are limited at any given time.
2) Land and labor as factors of production hinder the increase in the volume of economic benefits.
3) Each factor of production is capable of bringing income to its owner.
4) Distinctive feature entrepreneurship as a factor of production is the adoption of the initiative to combine the factors of production into a single process.
5) The basis for obtaining factor income is the desire for the maximum production result.
Answer:_________________
9. Select the correct judgments about financial institutions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) central bank carries out the issue of money and is the main link in the financial and credit system of the country.
2) All financial institutions accept deposits.
3) pension funds specialize in sales credit consumer goods in installments and issuance consumer loans.
4) The central bank sets the discount rate.
5) Financial institutions provide funds transfer and lending services.
Answer: ________________
10. Select the correct judgments about the role of the state in a market economy and write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) In a market economy, the state sets prices for all goods and services.
2) The state in market conditions carries out centralized planning of production.
3) The state in a market economy satisfies the needs in public
goods or public goods.
4) In a market economy, the state protects the interests of owners.
5) State intervention in the economy is associated with imperfections in the market mechanism.
Answer: ________________
11. Select the correct judgments about taxes and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Taxes fill the state budget and pay government expenses.
2) K indirect taxes include income tax individuals. inheritance tax.
3) Taxes are directed to support the low-income segments of society through a partial redistribution of funds.
4) Direct taxes, unlike indirect taxes, are mandatory.
5) Direct taxes are taken directly from the income of the taxpayer
Answer: ______________
12. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of economic systems that they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) In country R. manufacturers compete 1) traditional for the most favorable conditions
production and sale of goods 2) command
B) In country N. in conditions of free enterprise among consumers 3) the market has the widest choice of goods and services
B) the only producer and seller of goods and services in country K. is the state, private enterprise is prohibited
D) in country A. the state centrally distributes the factors of production and sets the prices of goods and services
D) the basis of the economy of the country D. is agriculture, the land belongs to tribal communities and is cultivated by them
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: ________________
13. Establish a correspondence between the examples and the types of costs of the company in the short term, which they illustrate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES TYPES OF FIRM COSTS
A) purchase of semi-finished products 1) permanent
B) entertainment expenses 2) variables
B) shipping costs
D) fuel costs
D) the cost of retraining personnel
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
14. Establish a correspondence between the signs and types of economic systems to which they relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
SIGNS TYPES ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
A) prices for goods are determined by the ratio 1) command demand and supply 2) market
B) the main means of production belong to the state
B) economic proportions are set centrally
D) the development of production is based on the competition of producers
D) periodically there is a shortage of goods
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
15. Establish a correspondence between the types of inflation and the basis for their classification; for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF INFLATION BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) discoveries 1) the nature of the flow
B) galloping 2) dependence on the rate of price growth
C) suppressed 3) the degree of divergence of price increases for various product groups
D) balanced
D) crawling
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
16. Establish a correspondence between the factors of influence (on supply and demand) and elements market mechanism: for each position given in the first column, match the corresponding position from the second column.
FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ELEMENTS OF THE MARKET MECHANISM
A) religious preferences 1) demand
B) resource prices 2) supply
B) consumer expectations
D) prices for related goods
D) the number of manufacturers
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
17. Establish a correspondence between the types of markets and the basis of their classification: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
TYPES OF MARKETS BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
A) retail 1) nature of sales
B) oligopoly 2) saturation level
R ) equilibrium 3) type of competition
D) excess
D) monopolistic competition
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer: _______________________
18. Due to the installation of cash machines in the trolleybus to pay for the fare, conductor F.
was fired from the fleet and completely lost his job. For a year and a half he could not
find a full-time job, doing temporary odd jobs at a nearby grocery store. During the summer months, he took a job at construction company which generated income.
Choose from the list of characteristics associated with the unemployment of this citizen, and write down the qi fry under which they are listed.
1) stagnant 4) cyclic
2) frictional 5) seasonal
3) structural c) hidden
Answer: ___________________
19. In the country of D., a two-level banking system, in which the Central Bank occupies the top level. What features are related to Central Bank? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) granting a loan secured by property collateral
2) licensing activities financial institutions
3) granting loans commercial banks
4) attraction and storage of free Money population
5) service of settlements of enterprises
6) establishment of the norm of required reserves
Answer: ____________________
20. The state of Poland seeks to satisfy the purchasing needs of the population of its country by using foreign trade. By what signs can it be established that this state is pursuing a policy of free trade in the field of foreign trade? write down digital ry under which they are indicated.
1) Implementation of the protection of national producers.
2) Raise customs duties for import.
3) Attracting foreign manufacturers.
4) The consequence is a fall in domestic production.
5) The result is an increase in employment in national economy.
6) The result is a struggle to improve the quality and efficiency of production.
Answer: ____________________
21. Fund "L." deals with the state and development of the economy as a whole, the economic health of the country and the world. By what signs can one establish that we are talking about macroeconomics? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Deal with the problem economic crises.
2) Investigates the influence of prices on individual elements of the economy.
3) Considers the action of three subjects economic life: firms, household and states.
4) Studying the issues of increasing the employment of the population.
5) Analyzes the processes of production and consumption of individual goods in individual markets.
6) Studying the economy of the region.
Answer: ___________________
22. The graph shows the change in supply in the kitchen furniture market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph P - price of goods, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors can cause such a change? write down numbers, p about which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
2) lower prices for kitchen furniture
3) reducing the cost of components for kitchen furniture
4) lower taxes on kitchen furniture manufacturers
5) the growing popularity of new models of kitchen furniture.
Answer:________________.
23. The graph shows the change in supply in the pork market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1. (On the graph R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the following factors can cause such a change?
write down numbers under which they are listed.
1) income growth
2) increase taxes on importers of pork
3) increase in the price of pork
4) decrease in prices for chicken meat 5 ) reduction in the number of pork processors
Answer: ____________________
24. The graph shows the change in demand in the furniture market: demand curve D moved to a new position D 1. (On the graph R - commodity price. Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) decrease in consumer income
2) higher taxes on furniture manufacturers
3) increase in the volume of transport services
4) waiting for the start of the Christmas sales
5) cost reduction for furniture manufacturers
Answer: ____________________
25. The graph shows the change in supply in the housing market: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 . (On the chart R - the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods.) Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) development of lending programs for the purchase of apartments
2) increase in profits for sellers of housing under construction
3) the ruin of a number of construction companies
4) income growth of the population
5) value increase building materials
Answer:____________________
26. The graph reflects the change in supply in the market banking services: the supply curve has moved from position S to position S 1 (On the graph R- the price of the product, Q - quantity of goods). Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) consumer income growth
2) the ruin of several large banks
3) increase in the number of clients in the banking sector
4) growing popularity of banking services
5) increase tax burden to the banking sector
Answer:______________________
27. In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked to estimate the number of domestic and imported products on store shelves in their localities.
The results obtained (in % of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
Find in the above description the conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The share of those who noted that there are more domestic products in stores is less in country Z than in country Y .
2) The share of those who noted that there are more imported products in stores is higher in country Z than in country Y .
3) In country Z, half of the respondents noted that the stores have an approximately equal number of domestic and imported products.
4) Equal shares of respondents in both countries found it difficult to estimate the number of domestic and imported products in stores.
5) In country Y, the same proportions of respondents noted that there are more imported products in stores and that there are approximately equal numbers of domestic and imported products in stores.
Answer:____________________
28. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
Stock __________(A) is the place where the sale and purchase takes place
valuable papers. Her activities in developed countries is under strict control by ____________ (B). From the average ____________ (C) transactions concluded on it, ____________ (D) securities (shares and ____________ (D)) issued by individual ____________ (E) are added.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one pa h. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1) rate 4) state 7) stock exchange
2) contract 5) company 8) information
3) price 6) infrastructure 9) bond
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of the selected vamp word.
Answer: _______________________
29. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
Monetary policy is the government's policy through the Central Bank.
measures in the field of monetary circulation and ____________ (A) aimed at ensuring
sustainable, efficient functioning of the economy. The purpose of the monetary
policy - helping the economy to achieve a level of ____________ (B) that
will provide full ____________ (C) and absence of ____________ (D). Operations in the open
The market is held by the Central Bank, which sells government securities, paying a high __________ (D) on them, attracts investors' funds to cover the budget ___________ (E)".
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1) interest 4) deposit 7) mortgage
2) deficit 5) production 8) inflation
3) employment 6) credit 9) modernization
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write down in the table under each letter the number of the selected vamp word.
Answer: _______________________
30. Read the text below, which skipped a number of layers. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
"International capital migration is carried out in three main forms: direct private ___________ (A), public __________ (B), loans from international financial organizations. This takes into account such characteristics of the local market as its availability, the quality of the labor force, currency risk, protection of intellectual ___________( C), state ___________ (D) and much more.To attract investments and ___________ (D) in the most backward (problem) regions, territories with a preferential economic regime are created - free economic _____ (E).
words in The list is given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once in once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1) loan 4) investment 7) property
2) technology 5) license 8) area
3) service b) zone 9) settlement
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.
Answer: _______________________
To record answers to the tasks of this part (31-29), use the ANSWER FORM No. 2
First write down the task number (31. 32, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 31-34.
“...Modern labor is intensifying. The logic of movement towards success, towards access to goods determines the spontaneous, spontaneous growth of the volume of labor in life of modern man. Labor is condensed in time, and also multiplies - doubles, triples, etc. The modern worker - a qualified specialist, who has been preparing the possibility of his career for a long time, with great effort, is less and less able to control the process of consumption by society "of his labor. “Investments should pay off, and preferably as soon as possible. And therefore, a person, satisfied with the demand for his work, is drawn into an increasing number of labor practices. "Proliferating" labor inevitably becomes more superficial.
Alienation of labor continues. Although it takes on new forms. So far, we have been talking about one - internal - form of alienation due to the complication of the perception of labor by those who are in demand, employed and, therefore, in a privileged position.
Another form of alienation of labor is external, literal unemployment. (...) It begins from the moment when labor goes beyond natural production, develops in an industrial society and acquires a completely special character in a post-industrial society. First of all for account of what is growing powerfully ”(Kozlova O.I. Labor in social life// Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2003. No. 6. pp. 111-112.),
31. Based on the text, write down the signs of modern labor.
32. Using the content of the text, complete the table.
| Forms of alienation of labor | Internal | |
| Their essence. |
35. What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of "inflation"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of inflation, and one sentence revealing one of the possible measures of anti-inflationary policy.
36. Open on three examples various manifestations of state regulation
market economy.
37. Name any three tasks Russian government on the development of market relations in the economy and illustrate each of them with an example.
38. Name two types of company costs in the short run and illustrate each of them with an appropriate example.
39. Name any three factors that affect the change in demand, and illustrate each of them with an appropriate example.
40. Analyze the situation.
The US cell phone company has cut 15,000 jobs and moved much of its production to China and Eastern Europe (the company cut 25,000 jobs in the previous two years). At the same time, unemployment in the United States is currently 9 percent.
What are the reasons for this company policy? Name the global process, the manifestation of which are the given and similar facts.
41. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Unemployment". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Define the problem. Pick up arguments.
29. 1. Economics
“Business is a combination of war and sport” (A. Morois).
29. 2. Not for gold and silver, but only for labor initially all the riches of the world were acquired. (A. Smith).
29.3 Economy.
Raising the technical level of industry increases its capabilities, its competitiveness” (M. Konotopov).
29.4 Economy
“If there are too many poor people, then state spending will increase greatly, which will immediately affect the well-being of other segments of the population” (A. Kravchenko).
Secondary general education
Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)
Social science
My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Examination in social studies, argue that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting the tasks gives a good effect when doing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is removed, brain activity is directed to the analysis of materials, and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for doing the work.
As materials for work we use version of the exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.
Write down the missing word in the table.
Factors of production and factor income
When performing task number 1, you need to carefully look at the name of the table. In our case, the table is called Factors of Production and Factor Income. One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) and its factor income: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with the knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial ability, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the full characteristics of all factors of production.
In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. write it down word (phrase).
State shape, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.
Answer: ___________________________.
In task number 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In our version, the following are presented: the form of the state, as device the political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the way the organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is a form of government. For my students, I always strongly recommend that, in a draft, as soon as they begin to complete tasks related to the topic "Politics", draw a diagram:
This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting trial exams is related to mixing concepts. And when the scheme is in front of your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.
Accordingly, based on the scheme, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for everyone else here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part of forms of the state and the republic, as one of the types of form of government.
Correct Answer: State.
Below is a list of features. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.
Find two characteristics that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
When performing task number 3, we pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, it is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is considered in the topic "The spiritual sphere of society." The generic concept is "Culture". In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of an elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement for special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready for the perception of Schnittke's musical works, the analysis of Kafka's highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared for the perception of complex works. Elite culture is not looking for commercial gain, it is important for authors to express themselves and search for new forms in art.
Two characteristics left out of our attention: entertainment and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case, we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.
Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
In task number 4, we must find judgments about society and public institutions. Here one cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; "social institution", as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main areas of society.
The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.
The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from the lowest to the highest. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships, which is quality characteristics another direction of social development - regression.
The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of "society" in a broad sense, and therefore is true. It lacks "consisting of individuals with consciousness and will."
The fourth proposition is correct. In the course of socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions set patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.
The fifth proposition is not correct. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is practically impossible to apply the concepts of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It suffices to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of "a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it."
Thus, the following statements will be correct: 1, 3, 4.
Thematic planning in social studies
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.
Task number 5 refers to the topic "Activities". Types (forms of activity) are considered: game, teaching, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to learning (AT 3). And none of the types (forms) of activity can do without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on the exchange of information reflect the essence of communication. (G 1, D 1). Just remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.
With the seeming ease of tasks, it is important not to rush, to conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.
Students conducted a study of the motives of the educational activities of primary school students. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
In task number 6, they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - "science", recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and spread the methods related to each level. Remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects under study, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.
So we found the right answers: 1, 4, 6
Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Task number 7 aims us at the knowledge of the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate who wants to get a high score on the exam.
So let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for existence market model economic system. We are told in the judgment that the command economy. This is not true, also because the command economy is dominated by state ownership, as well as the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. So the second statement is also wrong. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.
The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.
Right answers: 3, 4, 5.
Establish a correspondence between examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with tax code RF): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Task number 8 is related to financial literacy graduate, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The task defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by levels:
Thus, in our task, we again apply the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.
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Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the foundations of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. |
Firm Y is a tailoring studio for wedding dresses. Find examples of firm Y's short run variable costs in the list below and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Task number 9 requires knowledge of the topic "Firm" and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profits. The assignment should clearly state the company's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.
To complete the task without error, it is also necessary to remember that variable costs change when the volume of production changes.
A firm's credit history will always be a fixed cost, so the first option is not correct. But the acquisition of fabrics, threads, accessories refers to consumables, which means variable costs, as well as payment of piecework wages to employees, in contrast to salaries, which are fixed costs of the company. Rent, insurance premiums are fixed costs of any company. And here is the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) - will be a variable cost.
Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .
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Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social science for grade 11 ( a basic level of). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook deals with the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings "Think, compare, draw conclusions", "Check our knowledge", "Research, design, discuss, argue". |
The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the relevant market: the supply line S moved to a new position S 1 . (P- price; Q- amount.)
Which of the following factors can cause such a change? write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what they are asking: about a change in the magnitude of demand or the magnitude of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that the supply has decreased. When performing the task, it must be remembered that the change in supply is affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, tax policy states, governmental support, price expectations, competition, etc.
Therefore, the first answer is that an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will just help to reduce the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in the wages of workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time lowers the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But the increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the cost of consumables, electricity tariffs, wages of workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.
Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .
Choose the correct judgments about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Performing task No. 11, we proceed from the knowledge of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social mobility", the criteria for social stratification, and the types of social mobility.
Horizontal mobility involves the transition from one social group to another, located on the same rung of the social ladder. Therefore, the first statement is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. The personal qualities of a person are not a criterion of social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct because sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the revolution of 1917, there was a shift in the position of social groups.
Right answers: 2, 4, 5.
In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which of the directions of the youth policy of the state do you consider the most important?”
The results of the surveys (in % of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.
Find in the list of conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Performing task number 12, you need to carefully read the conditions of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important areas of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows the data for these countries. Before reading the presented judgments, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each of the countries, the leading position was taken by the answer “provision of social support”. Further, in country Z, the position “carrying out educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “providing access to decision-making ...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “providing access to decision-making ...” and “creating conditions for self-expression”. After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.
The first judgment is correct, since the diagram data demonstrate this position. The second judgment is not correct, since there are more people in country Z who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.
The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.
The fourth judgment is also true, we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally the same.
The fifth judgment is not true, this is clearly seen in the diagram. The figures show the opposite result.
Right answers: 1, 3, 4.
Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Performing task number 13, it is important to remember the concept of "state", its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a sign of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the judgment “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of countries' environmental security" is correct. The second judgment is not true, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.
The third proposition “the state has the monopoly right to lawfully apply coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security” in fact, sends us to the most important feature of the state - the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state "determining the general direction of the state's economic policy." The fifth judgment brought together two features of the state: law-making and a system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public authority (we are talking about state authorities). We read: "The state creates normative and institutional framework for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.
Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .
Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to which these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
For the correct fulfillment of task No. 14, it is necessary to know the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of power in the Russian Federation. To begin with, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the delimitation of powers are implemented, which is what we are asked about. Earlier, we saw the separation of powers when doing the task about taxes. You need to remember what is in the exclusive competence federal bodies: all questions international relations, defense and security, judiciary, federal property, etc.
The first competence - issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are jointly administered A 2. Those. it is a question on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. So, it would be correct to attribute to the same position “implementation of measures to combat disasters” IN 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, that's why B 1. Positions D and E are within the exclusive competence of the federal authorities, therefore G 1, D 1.
In the democratic state Z, in the course of the reform of the electoral system of parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.
Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.
Answer: ___________________________.
Question number 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems, their reform, but about elections as a whole(topic "Political participation"). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.
Accordingly, the first proposition is correct. The second judgment relates us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct, one of the principles is also presented - secret ballot.
The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate districts sends us to the organization of the electoral process under the majoritarian system, as opposed to proportional, where the state acts as a single constituency. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.
Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .
Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Question number 16 again brings us back to the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our task asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to state bodies is correct, participating in the management of state affairs through one's representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, defense of the Fatherland are among the constitutional duties of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage care for children and disabled parents.
Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .
Select the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we single out the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, as it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is a marriage concluded in the registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little, it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to get a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, termination of marriage. In our task, it is formulated: the marriage is suspended as a result of the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options send us to property rights and duties of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the junction of constitutional obligations and family law: parents are obliged to provide maintenance for their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of property of the spouses is established only marriage contract. This is not true, because Not only marriage contract, but also the norms of family law, i.e. legal regime Spouses' property is governed by family law and established by the marriage contract.
Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .
Establish a correspondence between examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Task number 18 is related to legal liability. When completing a task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. The warning refers to the type of administrative punishment - B 3. Dismissal on relevant grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated non-fulfillment of labor duties by an employee, etc.) - IN 2. Notice - disciplinary action G 2. Deprivation of liberty - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.
Joint Stock Company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery. Find in the above list the features of the difference between a joint-stock company and other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. write down numbers under which they are listed.
Answer: ___________________________.
To complete task number 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint-stock company. We remember that joint-stock companies, as well as limited liability companies, belong to business companies. it commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activities is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Members can be citizens legal entities and public law entities. Therefore, answer option 1 - "dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed by a security" will be correct. It is known that the shareholders are not liable for the obligations of the JSC, but they bear the risk of losses on the activities of the company within the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 - "carrying the risk of loss within the value of securities owned by the participant" (share - security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 - "payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year." 2 and 3 judgments - "mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees", "the duty of employees to observe labor discipline" refer to the general places of the Labor Law. But "the distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation" is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a "production cooperative" (artel).
Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .
Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“A person who actively explores and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________ (A). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (C), cognizes and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).
Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________ (D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries _________ (E) for his choice.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.
Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.
When completing task number 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, in your opinion, suitable in meaning. Thus, a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, choose the words from the list. You will have a situation of success when your chosen words match those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then choose from those available in the task.
“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a person is formed - in society. What a person does - transforms the world and himself). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, during which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the outside world). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (D).
Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized aspiration (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person's life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).
Read the text and do tasks 21-24.
In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) which could be claimed...
Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business activity recovers. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those employed in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs, and those who are currently unemployed due to moving from one place to another, are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered an inevitable but still acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, employees will move from place to place.
Structural unemployed people find it difficult to get a job due to insufficient or no longer sufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment, the structural unemployed remain disproportionately unemployed.
Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing challenge, most survivors say they have experienced despair, powerlessness, and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, employment is the main, and often the only means of providing for material needs in food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their work still prefer to keep it even when it is possible to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse effects, being out of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, addiction to alcohol and drugs.
(K.H. Brier)
Starting to complete tasks on the text 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen for maximum assimilation of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, with a cursory reading, look for answers. As a rule, this practice leads to erroneous answers and lower scores on the exam.
How does the text indicate the impact of the recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?
Answer: “A downturn is a cyclical downturn in business that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business picks up.” Those. demand for labor fluctuates.
Task number 22 is also best done in parts.
Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) for which I could apply…”
Suggest why some workers settle for part-time employment (make two suggestions). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write down each assumption on a new line.
In our case, we can model the answer using text. We do not provide examples because it is not specified in the task.
Answer: employees agree to part-time employment, because it is important for a person to feel significant, necessary. Even part-time employment gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and makes it possible to participate in public life.
Workers agree to part-time employment, because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to save their lifestyle.
The author notes that "even during periods of high employment among the structural unemployed, disproportionately high unemployment persists." Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The author gives us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficiently high or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the assignment requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the course of social science we know that structural unemployment is associated with the impossibility of finding employment for people of certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.
Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand on the labor market (examples are not required in the assignment, only an explanation of the problem).
Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to refer to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of wage labor.
Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:
As a guarantee of non-discrimination, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated in the sphere of work to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.
Why, according to the author, unemployment causes a state of despair, confusion of a person? Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.
Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person manifests itself (in this case, we must give examples, because the question sounds “facts of public life”).
What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "art"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.
Task number 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. The artistic image can be expressed in different types arts: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person's personality.
Name and illustrate with examples any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code:
A new political party has been registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual. The political party during the elections won the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.
Now questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.
Answer: Conservative Party.
Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion.
Answer: Since it upholds the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).
Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.
Answer: In terms of ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.
You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
To write a plan for any of the social science topics, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of the study of the topic. In fact, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, the writing of the plan also depends on the quality of mastering the material of the topic, understanding its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is "Types of families."
Select one from the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).
When presenting your thoughts on the issue raised (marked topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge obtained during the study of the course of social science, corresponding concepts, as well as data social life and own life an experience.
(Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)
29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; but justice is the law of the life of mankind.” (D. Ruskin)
29.2. Economy. "The types of business are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets." (P. Drucker)
29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)
29.4. Political science. "The supreme power is worthy of honor only insofar as it is a means of ensuring human rights." (A. Custin)
29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of law is a duty to society. He who defends his right defends the right in general. (R. Iering)
Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)
When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly represent the sphere of society to which the chosen topic belongs. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your "bag of knowledge", understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas, for which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.
In this case, we have chosen a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school, the education system is immediately raised. The eternal question: the tasks of education are training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual”. I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So let's try to write.
What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or to fulfill an equally important mission - the education of the individual?
As is known from the course of social science, education is a way of becoming a person by obtaining knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is the school.
When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, principles of functioning, including a network educational institutions and governing bodies.
To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the training period, raising the requirements for the level of qualification of teachers, using variability educational programs, individual educational trajectories of students are being built, schools are being equipped with modern equipment, new forms of final certification are being introduced.
As a result, we see how high school graduates demonstrate high scores on the Unified State Examination, which make it possible to take state-funded places in the leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international research presented by the HSE, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy a leading position in the world in reading, mathematics and science. As well as 8th grade math. According to the researchers, this result was achieved due to the introduction of new educational standards, a system of unified state certification.
But is it enough only educational results for society and the individual? The author of the quote clearly points out to us the most important component of the educational process: the upbringing of a person's personality.
Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate a person, develop his creative abilities that this problem manifests itself.
In addition to lessons, marks, exams, there is also the richest school life in events: class hours, school festivals, trips, joint trips with classmates around Russia and to other countries.
In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, shows his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.
As an example, one can cite the favorite film from childhood, “The Eccentric of 5 B”, which vividly demonstrates how the school team, the class forms the personality of Bori. How does he learn responsibility when he is appointed counselor in grade 1.
Thus, V.V. Putin in his statement once again emphasized the importance of understanding by society and the school of the inseparability of the two critical processes associated with the socialization of the individual - education and upbringing.
Search
"1) One of the subjects of study of macroeconomics is the problem of interaction between consumers and producers in market conditions.
2) Microeconomics studies the role of the state in regulating the economy.
3) Economics as a science studies the ways of managing, the relationship between economic entities.
4) Scientists study both the general patterns of the functioning of the economy and the local problems of running a market economy.
5) Economics as a science originated in ancient times.
Explanation.
1) One of the subjects of study of macroeconomics is the problem of interaction between consumers and producers in market conditions - no, that's not true.
2) Microeconomics studies the role of the state in regulating the economy - no, it's not true, macroeconomics studies it.
3) Economics as a science studies the ways of managing, relations between economic entities - yes, that's right.
4) Scientists study both the general patterns of the functioning of the economy and the local problems of running a market economy - yes, that's right.
5) Economics as a science originated in ancient times - no, that's not true.
Answer: 34.
Vasily Ermakov 15.05.2016 21:25
For the first time in a scientific work, the word "economy" appears in the 5th century. BC e. from Xenophon, who calls it "natural science". So answer 5 must be correct.
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Word yes, science no.
Choose the correct judgments about economics as a science and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Economics as a science is illustrated by the study of ways to use scarce resources.
2) The economy as a science is illustrated by the production of food industry goods.
3) Economics acts as a science in the process of introducing new technologies in agriculture.
4) Economics as a science includes a body of knowledge about the economy and related activities of people.
5) Economics as a science includes material and non-material production.
Explanation.
1) Economics as a science is illustrated by the study of ways to use scarce resources - yes, that's right.
2) The economy as a science is illustrated by the production of food industry goods - no, it’s not true, this is an economy.
3) Economics acts as a science in the process of introducing new technologies into agriculture - no, it's not true, this is an economy.
4) Economics as a science includes a body of knowledge about the economy and related activities of people. - yes, that's right.
5) Economics as a science includes material and non-material production - no, it is not true, this is an economy.
Answer: 14.
Answer: 14|41
Select the correct judgments about the conditions for the emergence of a market economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Explanation.
1) The regularity of the exchange leads to the formation of the market. Yes, that's right, the free exchange of goods underlies the market economy. The division of labor made exchange necessary, which eventually led to the formation of the market.
2) The transition to parliamentary democracy is a key factor in the transition to a market economy. No, it is not true, the form of the state is not a factor in the formation of the market. For example, in monarchies there can be a market economy.
3) The spread of the scientific worldview leads to a transition to the market. No, that's not true, these processes are not related to each other.
4) Deepening the social division of labor contributes to the development of market relations. Yes, that's right, the division of labor leads to a deepening of exchange and the formation of market relations.
5) The emergence of the rule of law leads to the transition to a market economy. No, it is not true, they appear even in the conditions of the traditional economy and do not lead to the transition to the market.
Answer: 14.
Answer: 14
Select the correct judgments about the economic functions of the state and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The fiscal policy of the state cannot be used to stimulate the development of the economy.
5) One of the ways the state influences the country's economy is to change the refinancing rate.
Explanation.
1) The fiscal policy of the state cannot be used to stimulate the development of the economy. No, that's not true, fiscal policy can stimulate the economy. For example, reductions tax rates leads to faster economic growth.
2) Within monetary policy The Central Bank may change the required reserve ratio of commercial banks. Yes, that's right, this is one of the tools of monetary policy.
3) Indirect state regulation of the economy mainly involves the use of administrative methods. No, it's not true, indirect regulation involves the use of monetary and fiscal policy.
4) The problem of externalities contributes to the intervention of the state in the areas of activity of private enterprises. Yes, the state intervenes in the economy to correct them.
5) One of the ways the state influences the country's economy is to change the refinancing rate. Yes, that's right, this tool is used in the framework of monetary policy.
Answer: 245.
Answer: 245
Select the correct judgments about the economy of the company from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Explanation.
1) Fixed costs in the short run include logistics costs. No, it is not true, since their volume depends on the volume of goods and services produced.
2) Firms have the opportunity to use part of the profits as sources of financing. Yes, that's right, this is one of the internal sources of business financing.
3) One of the external sources of business financing is the attraction of loans. Yes, that's right.
4) The profit of the firm is the sum of costs and revenues. No, it's not true, profit is the difference between revenue and costs.
5) Revenue is the value received from the sale of products manufactured by the company or services rendered by the company. Yes, that's right. Not to be confused with profit.
Answer: 235.
Answer: 235
Choose the correct judgments about economic growth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) GDP growth always indicates economic growth in the country.
2) The availability of higher quality natural resources is both a condition and an indicator of extensive economic growth.
3) The need to attract additional workers indicates extensive economic growth.
4) Scientific organization of labor is an indicator of intensive economic growth.
5) Intensive economic growth can be judged by the improvement of the professional skills of workers.
Explanation.
The problem of economic growth and its rates is one of the most important in macroeconomics. Its study allows, firstly, to understand the causes of differences in living standards and economic growth rates between different countries in the same period (intercountry differences) and within the country in different periods (intertemporal differences); secondly, to identify the factors of economic growth; thirdly, to determine the conditions for maintaining a high standard of living in countries that have already achieved it, and, finally, to develop measures public policy to ensure and accelerate economic growth. Economic growth is a long-term upward trend in real GDP. In this definition, the key words are: trend, which means that real GDP should not necessarily increase every year, it means only the direction of the economy, the so-called "trend"; long-term, since economic growth is an indicator that characterizes long term, and, therefore, we are talking about an increase in potential GDP (i.e., GDP at full employment of resources), an increase in the production capabilities of the economy; real GDP (rather than nominal GDP, which can grow due to an increase in the price level, even with a reduction in real output). That's why important indicator economic growth is an indicator of the value of real GDP. The main goal of economic growth is the growth of prosperity and the increase in national wealth.
1) GDP growth always indicates economic growth in the country - no, that's not true.
2) Availability natural resources higher quality is both a condition and an indicator of extensive economic growth - no, that's not true.
3) The need to attract additional workers indicates extensive economic growth - yes, that's right.
4) Scientific organization of labor is an indicator of intensive economic growth - yes, that's right.
5) Intensive economic growth can be judged by the improvement of the professional skills of workers - yes, that's right.
Answer: 345.
Katya Salnikova 07.04.2016 23:53
The answer at number "1" is correct, because even in your explanation it says "an important indicator of economic growth is the indicator of the value of real GDP" !!!
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
The answer is wrong, ALWAYS. If it is an increase in nominal GDP. it does not always indicate economic growth.
Explanation.
1) The main subjects of the command economy are economically independent participants in economic life.
2) The incentive for the activities of enterprises in the traditional economy is to make a profit. No, it is not true, it is typical for a market economy.
3) The main features of a market economy include free pricing. Yes, that's right.
4) The traditional economy is characterized by an extensive path of economic development. Yes, that's right, intensive is characteristic of a market economy.
5) The market encourages manufacturers to look for ways to reduce costs. Yes, that's right, we are talking about the stimulating function of the market.
Answer: 345.
Answer: 345
Are the following statements about economics correct?
BUT. The economy is not influenced by other spheres of society.
B. The economy allows you to fully meet the diverse needs of man and society.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Explanation.
Statement A is wrong. All spheres of society (economic, spiritual, social, political) are interconnected.
Statement B is wrong. It is impossible to fully satisfy the diverse needs of a person and society, they are unlimited, and resources are limited.
The correct answer is numbered: 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Economics. Economics and economic science
Source: Unified State Examination in Social Studies 06/10/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 6.
Select the correct statements about the hallmarks of a command economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Explanation.
1) One of the disadvantages of a command economy is the shortage of certain goods, especially consumer goods. Yes, that's right, a command economy is characterized by a shortage of goods.
2) Private property in the command-administrative system extends to the means of production and property intended for housekeeping. No, it is not true, it is typical for a market economy.
3) At the core economic mechanism The command economy is underpinned by directive economic planning. Yes, that's right, manufacturers are guided by government plans, not demand.
4) In a command economy, prices for products are set by the state and, as a rule, do not depend on market conditions. Yes, that's right, directive pricing.
5) Enterprises independently determine trading partners, including foreign economic ones. No, it is not true, it is typical for a market economy.
Answer: 134.
Answer: 134
Select the correct judgments about the distinctive features of a market economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2) In the conditions of the traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are decided by the central state bodies.
3) The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4) The incentive for the activities of enterprises in a market system is profit.
5) The signs of a market economy include free pricing.
Explanation.
1) Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy - no, incorrectly, the state.
2) In the conditions of a traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are decided by the central state bodies - no, incorrectly, traditions and customs.
3) The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life - yes, that's right, freedom of choice is one of the main features.
4) The stimulus for the activities of enterprises in a market system is profit - yes, that's right.
5) The signs of a market economy include free pricing - yes, that's right, freedom is one of the main signs.
Answer: 345.
Answer: 345
Source: USE - 2017. Early wave
Choose the correct judgments about the basics of a market economy and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The market economy is based on state ownership of the means of production.
2) The equilibrium market price is the price of agreement between the seller and the buyer.
3) In a market economy, producers compete.
4) The aggravation of competition in the market conditions leads to an increase in prices for goods and services.
5) The law of demand manifests itself in the fact that with an increase in the price of a product, its supply increases.
Explanation.
1) The market economy is based on state ownership of the means of production - no, that's not true.
2) The equilibrium market price is the price of agreement between the seller and the buyer - yes, that's right.
3) In a market economy, manufacturers compete - yes, that's right.
4) The aggravation of competition in the market conditions leads to an increase in prices for goods and services - no, not true, to a fall.
5) The law of demand manifests itself in the fact that with an increase in the price of a product, its supply increases - no, it is not true, this is the law of supply.
Answer: 23.
Answer: 23|32
Choose the correct judgments about economic development and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by the historical and geographical conditions of its existence.
2) There are no uniform patterns for the economic development of different countries.
3) One of the indicators of the economic development of society is the sectoral structure of the economy.
4) Economic development is characterized by both positive and negative dynamics of the economy.
5) The volume of GDP per capita characterizes the economic potential of the country.
Explanation.
The economic development of a society is a multifaceted process that includes economic growth, structural changes in the economy, and an increase in the level and quality of life of the population. This process does not always follow an ascending line, it includes periods of growth and decline.
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by the historical and geographical conditions of its existence - yes, that's right.
2) There are no uniform patterns for the economic development of different countries - no, it is not true.
3) One of the indicators of the economic development of society is the sectoral structure of the economy - yes, that's right.
4) Economic development is characterized by both positive and negative dynamics of the economy - yes, that's right.
5) The volume of GDP per capita characterizes the economic potential of the country - no, it is not true.
Answer: 134.
Answer: 134
Ivan George
There are universal economic patterns that affect the development of various countries.
Athena Magerramova 23.01.2019 11:09
Please explain why 5 is wrong? Doesn't the volume of GDP determine the economic development of the country?
Ivan Ivanovich
Real GDP is a macroeconomic indicator that determines the economic growth of the state. But the statement is not about economic growth or development, but about the economic potential, that is, the total ability of the country's economy, its industries, to produce products, goods, services, meet the needs of the population, social needs, ensure the development of production and consumption.
Select the correct judgments about economic systems from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Explanation.
1) The signs of a command economic system include directive pricing. Yes, that's right, directive, that is, state pricing.
2) Under a command economic system, private property is completely absent. No, it is not true, it is absent from the means of production, but it remains for things for individual use.
3) Under the traditional economic system, the economic roles of members of society are determined by heredity and class. Yes, that's right.
4) Decisions on the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services in society within the framework of the command economic system are made by the state. Yes, that's right command economy suggests state regulation economy.
5) The basis of the traditional economy is free competition. No, it is not true, this is the basis of a market economy.
Answer: 134.
Answer: 134
Select the correct judgments about the measures of economic growth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Measures of economic growth include GDP, GNP, national income.
2) GDP refers to the amount of output per each monetary unit invested in fixed assets.
3) The government can plan GDP growth and conduct economic policy providing this growth.
4) Stable GDP growth indicates the development of the economy, the improvement of the well-being of the citizens of the country.
5) GDP is calculated only per capita.
Explanation.
GNP - calculated in market prices, the value of final goods and services produced by the country during the year (our producers in the country and abroad). When calculating the GNP, the following is not taken into account: the purchase and sale of securities, the purchase of goods in the secondary markets, the operations of the shadow economy, the cost of services provided within one's own household. Net national product = GNP - depreciation. Gross domestic product - the value of final goods and services produced from the factors of production available in the country, regardless of who owns them.
1) Measures of economic growth include GDP, GNP, national income - yes, that's right.
2) GDP is called the amount of production per each monetary unit invested in fixed assets - no, it's wrong.
3) The government can plan GDP growth and pursue economic policies that ensure this growth - yes, that's right.
4) Stable GDP growth indicates the development of the economy, the improvement in the well-being of the country's citizens - yes, that's right.
5) GDP is calculated only per capita - no, that's not true.
Answer: 134.
Nastya Stepannikova 09.03.2017 15:48
4 is incorrect, since only real GDP can indicate the economic development in the country
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
It did not specify what GDP. If it's real then it's 100% correct. In social science, there are many such questions because of the specifics of our subject. This question is from the KIM developers. this may well occur in a real exam .......
Choose the correct judgments about economic growth and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Extensive economic growth is ensured through more rational
using the same amount of resources.
2) Economic growth is facilitated by an increase in the scale of production to a certain limit, which allows saving resources and increasing output.
3) Intensive factors of economic growth include an increase in the physical capital of firms.
4) An intensive factor in the growth and development of the modern economy is high-quality human capital.
5) Stable economic growth is possible due to the widespread introduction of innovations.
Explanation.
Intensive due to the growth of qualitative changes, extensive - quantitative.
1) Extensive economic growth is ensured through a more rational use of the previous volume of resources - no, that's not true, it's intensive.
2) Economic growth is facilitated by an increase in the scale of production to a certain limit, which allows saving resources and increasing output - yes, that's right.
3) Intensive factors of economic growth include an increase in the physical capital of firms - no, that's not true, it's extensive.
4) An intensive factor in the growth and development of the modern economy is high-quality human capital - yes, that's right.
5) Stable economic growth is possible due to the widespread introduction of innovations - yes, that's right.
Answer: 245.
Answer: 245
Ivan Ivanovich
Fixed costs remain unchanged, and only variable costs increase, therefore, the total average cost with an increase in output will be less.
Select the correct judgments about the sources of business financing and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The level of self-financing of an enterprise depends on its internal capabilities.
2) The profit of the firm is considered as an external source of business financing.
3) In a market economy, the production and economic activities of firms can be carried out with the involvement of borrowed funds.
4) The issue of shares and their placement on the stock exchange can become a source of financing for an enterprise.
5) Financing at the expense of own funds simplifies the process of making managerial decisions on the development of the enterprise.
Explanation.
1) The level of self-financing of an enterprise depends on its internal capabilities - yes, that's right. ·
Choose the correct judgments about society and its types and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Society is a combination of all forms of association and ways of interaction between people, in which their interdependence is expressed.
2) The main factor of production of an industrial society is land.
3) In a narrow sense, society is understood as a certain stage of historical development.
4) In a society of a traditional type, the economy is of an agrarian and raw material nature, dominated by natural economy, extensive technology and manual labor prevail.
5) Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.
Explanation.
Society - in a broad sense - a part of the material world, inextricably linked with nature and including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification; in a narrow sense - a set of people endowed with will and consciousness, carrying out actions and deeds under the influence of certain interests, motives, moods (for example, a society of book lovers, etc.). Society types:
1) Pre-industrial (traditional) - the competition of man with nature. It is characterized by the predominant importance of agriculture, fishing, cattle breeding, mining and woodworking industries. About 2/3 of the able-bodied population is employed in these areas of economic activity. Manual labor dominates. The use of primitive technologies based on everyday experience passed down from generation to generation.
2) Industrial - the competition of man with the transformed nature. It is characterized by the development of the production of consumer goods, which is carried out through the widespread use of various kinds of equipment. Economic activity is dominated by centralism, gigantism, uniformity in work and life, mass culture, low level spiritual values, the oppression of people, the destruction of nature. The time of brilliant craftsmen who could invent a loom, a steam engine, a telephone, an airplane, etc. without fundamental special knowledge. Monotonous assembly line work.
3) Post-industrial - competition between people. It is characterized not only by the widespread use of the achievements of science and technology in all areas of human activity, but also by the purposeful improvement of technology itself on the basis of the development of fundamental sciences. Without the application of the achievements of fundamental sciences, it would be impossible to create either an atomic reactor, or a laser, or a computer. Man is being replaced automated systems. One person, with the help of modern technology armed with a computer, can produce the final product, and not in a standard (mass) version, but in an individual version in accordance with the consumer's order. New information technologies, according to modern scientists, can lead to fundamental changes in our entire way of life, and their widespread use will mark the creation of a new type of society - information.
1) Society is a combination of all forms of association and ways of interaction between people, in which their interdependence is expressed - yes, that's right.
2) The main factor of production of an industrial society - land - no, that's not true.
3) In a narrow sense, society is understood as a certain stage of historical development - yes, that's right.
4) In a society of a traditional type, the economy is of an agrarian-raw material nature, subsistence farming dominates, extensive technology and manual labor predominate - yes, that's right.
5) Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment - no, that's not true.
Answer: 134.
Answer: 134
3) Economic growth is directly expressed in the improvement of working conditions.
4) The scientific and technological revolution is one of critical factors economic growth.
5) Nominal GDP/GNP is the leading indicator of the level of economic development.
Explanation.
1) The economic development of the country is influenced by geographical factors. Yes, that's right economic specialization determined by natural and climatic conditions.
2) Economic development- this is a process of economic growth, structural changes in the economy, improvement of conditions and quality of life of the population. Yes, that's right, that's the definition of economic development.
1) The state carries out a centralized distribution of resources.
2) Prices for goods and services are determined by the ratio of demand
and suggestions.
3) Enterprises have to deal with the problem of limited resources.
4) Producers of goods and services compete for consumer demand.
5) Everyone has the right to freely dispose of their abilities
and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law.
Explanation.
A market economy is an economy based on the principles of free enterprise, a variety of forms of ownership of the means of production, market pricing, contractual relations between economic entities, and limited state intervention in the economic activities of entities.
Answer: 2, 4, 5.
